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Lisbon

February 05, 2023

This article is about the Governmental capital city. For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation) and Lisboa (disambiguation).

Lisbon (/ˈlɪzbən/; Portuguese: Lisboa [liʒˈboɐ] (listen))[5] is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851[1] within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.[6] Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people, being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union.[4] About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula, after Madrid and Barcelona. It represents approximately 27% of the country's population.[3] It is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost portions of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, form the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.

Lisbon
Lisboa
Capital city
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal
"Very Noble and Always Loyal"
Lisbon
Location within Portugal
Lisbon
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 38°43′31″N 9°09′00″W / 38.7252668°N 9.1500193°W / 38.7252668; -9.1500193Coordinates: 38°43′31″N 9°09′00″W / 38.7252668°N 9.1500193°W / 38.7252668; -9.1500193
Country Portugal
MetroLisbon metropolitan area
DistrictLisbon
Historic provinceEstremadura
Settlementc. 1200 BCE
Roman Olissipoc. 138 BCE
Moorish rule711 CE
Siege of Lisbon1147 CE
Civil parishes(see text)
Government
 • TypeLAU
 • BodyConcelho/Câmara Municipal
 • MayorCarlos Moedas
 • Municipal chairRosário Farmhouse
Area
 • Capital city100.05 km2 (38.63 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,376 km2 (531 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,015.24 km2 (1,164.19 sq mi)
Elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Capital city544,851[1]
 • Density5,445.7/km2 (14,104/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,719,000[4]
 • Metro
2,871,133[2][3]
Demonym(s)Lisboan
Lisboeta
Olissiponense
Alfacinha (colloquial)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
Postal zone
1149-014 Lisboa
Area code(+351) 21 XXX XXXX
Patron saintVincent of Saragossa and Anthony of Lisbon
Municipal addressPraça do Município, 1
1149-014 Lisboa
Municipal holidays13 June (St. Anthony's Day)
Websitecm-lisboa.pt

Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance, commerce, fashion, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education and tourism.[7] Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities (alongside Porto) to be recognised as a global city.[8][9] Lisbon is home to three companies in the Global 2000. It is one of the major economic centres in Europe, with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe's Atlantic coast.[10] Additionally, Humberto Delgado Airport served 31 million passengers in 2019, being the busiest airport in Portugal, the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe.[11] The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular link the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon.[12] The city is the ninth-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Milan, Athens, Venice, Madrid and Florence with 3,539,400 tourists in 2018.[13] The Lisbon region has a higher GDP PPP per capita than any other region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to US$110.3 billion and thus $39,434 per capita.[14][15] The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world.[16] Most of the headquarters of multinational corporations in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area.[17] It is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of government and residence of the head of state.

Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world[18] and the second-oldest European capital city (after Athens), predating other modern European capitals by centuries.[19] Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia,[20] adding to the name Olissipo. After the fall of the Roman Empire it was ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century; later it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century. In 1147 Afonso Henriques conquered the city and since then it has been the political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal.

Etymology

Lisbon's name may have been derived from Proto-Celtic or Celtic Olisippo, Lissoppo, or a similar name which other visiting peoples like the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans adapted accordingly, such as the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River, Lisso or Lucio. Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek, including Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella,[21][22] referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses (Odysseus).[23][24] Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela, a native of Hispania. It was later referred to as "Olisippo" by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo (Ὀλισσιπών) or Olissipona (Ὀλισσιπόνα).[25][26]

Another claim repeated in literature is that the name of Lisbon could be traced back to Phoenician times, referring to a supposed Phoenician term Alis-Ubbo, meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".[27][28][29] Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[30] this folk etymology "is never attested in ancient classical literature".[31]

Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as ‘‘Lixbõa’’.[32] While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.

History

Main article: History of Lisbon
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Lisbon.

Origins

 
Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the Lisbon Cathedral

During the Neolithic period, the region was inhabited by Pre-Celtic tribes, who built religious and funerary monuments, megaliths, dolmens and menhirs, which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon.[33] The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or Sefes.

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's Castelo hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC, recent archaeological finds have shown that Iron Age people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC.[34][35][36] This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Archaeological excavations made near the Castle of São Jorge (Castelo de São Jorge) and Lisbon Cathedral indicate a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[30] and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site[37][38] now the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of Castle hill.[39] The sheltered harbour in the Tagus River estuary was an ideal spot for an Iberian settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning Phoenician ships.[40] The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the Lusitanian horses renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the mythical Ulysses, who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.[29]

Roman era

Main article: Olisipo
 
Part of the Cerca Velha (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans[41]

Following the defeat of Hannibal in 202 BC during the Punic wars, the Romans determined to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession: Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). The defeat of Carthaginian forces by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Decimus obtained the alliance of Olissipo (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia. Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended 50 kilometres (31 miles); exempt from taxes, its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship,[20] and it was then integrated with the Roman province of Lusitania (whose capital was Emerita Augusta).

Lusitanian raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During Augustus' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath Rua da Prata); temples to Jupiter, Diana, Cybele, Tethys and Idea Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Praça da Figueira; a large forum and other buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of Pompeii made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as piracy was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently Felicitas Julia became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its garum (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in amphorae to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania. The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius. Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was Potamius (c. 356), and there were several martyrs during the period of persecution of the Christians: Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia are the most significant examples. By the time of the Fall of Rome, Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

 
São Jorge Castle and the surrounding neighborhoods of Castelo, Mouraria, and Alfama

Middle Ages

Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were barbarian invasions; between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by Sarmatians, Alans and Vandals. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with its capital in Bracara Augusta, also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

 
King Afonso Henriques reconquered the city from the Almoravid Empire at the 1147 siege of Lisbon.

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by Muslim forces. These conquerors, who were mostly Berbers and some Arabs from North Africa and the Middle East, built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the Cerca Moura) and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population (Muwallad, Mozarabs, Berbers, Arabs, Jews, and Saqaliba) to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. Mozarabic was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The Muslim influence is still visible in the Alfama district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger Taifa of Badajoz.

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by Norwegian crusaders led by Sigurd I on their way to the Holy Land as part of the Norwegian Crusade and occupied by crusader forces for three years.[42] It was taken by the Moorish Almoravids in 1111.

In 1147, as part of the Reconquista, crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal besieged and reconquered Lisbon. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, was returned to Christian rule. The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the Virgin Mary as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily Muslim Spain and North Africa. All mosques were either completely destroyed or converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in the everyday life of the city and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King Denis I; for many years the Studium Generale (General Study) was transferred intermittently to Coimbra, where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the University of Coimbra.

In 1384, the city was besieged by King Juan I of Castille, as a part of the ongoing 1383–1385 Crisis. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno Álvares Pereira.

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities.

Early Modern

 
The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques by Duarte Galvão

When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of the Jews fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity, Manuel I decreed in 1497 that all Jews must convert to Christianity, only those who refused being forced to leave, but not before the expropriation of their property.[43] In 1506, an anti-semitic movement among the Old Christians of Lisbon culminated in a massacre lasting four days in which some 1,000 to 4,000 New Christian men, women and children, converted descendants of Sephardic Jews, are estimated to have been killed.[44] The king was at Évora when these events occurred, but angered when he received the news, he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive.[45]

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the Age of Discovery left Lisbon during the period from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century, including Vasco da Gama's expedition to India in 1498. The following years of the 16th century began Lisbon's golden era: the city was the European hub of commerce between Africa, India, the Far East and later, Brazil, and acquired great riches by exploiting the trade in spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This period saw the rise of the exuberant Manueline style in architecture, which left its mark in many 16th-century monuments (including Lisbon's Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery, which were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites). A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by Damião de Góis and published in 1554.[46]

 
Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço depicted in 1662 by Dirk Stoop

The succession crisis of 1580, initiated a sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal and Spain under the Spanish Habsburgs.[47][48] This is referred to as the "Philippine Dominion" (Domínio Filipino), since all three Spanish kings during that period were called Philip (Filipe). In 1589, Lisbon was the target of an incursion by the English Armada led by Francis Drake, while Queen Elizabeth supported a Portuguese pretender in Antonio, Prior of Crato, but support for Crato was lacking and the expedition was a failure. The Portuguese Restoration War, which began with a coup d'état organised by the nobility and bourgeoisie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640, restored Portuguese independence. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 1668.

In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.

On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another devastating earthquake, which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents[49] of a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000,[50][51] and destroyed 85 percent of the city's structures.[52] Among several important buildings of the city, the Ribeira Palace and the Hospital Real de Todos os Santos were lost. In coastal areas, such as Peniche, situated about 80 km (50 mi) north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the following tsunami.

 
 
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0.

By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. Voltaire wrote a long poem, Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne, shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the 1st Marquis of Pombal; the lower town began to be known as the Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline central district). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design. It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares: the Praça do Rossio and the Praça do Comércio. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafés, theatres and restaurants; the second became the city's main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels, adorned by a triumphal arch (1873) and a monument to King Joseph I.

Modern era

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte, forcing Queen Maria I and Prince-Regent John (future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the Passeio Público, a Pombaline era park, into the Avenida da Liberdade, as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.

 
The Palace of Ajuda was built as a residence for the King of Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake.
 
Queen Maria II National Theatre was built in 1842.

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica – now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are two public universities in the city (University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon), a public university institute (ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute) and a polytechnic institute (IPL – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa).

During World War II, Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany via Lisbon.[53]

During the Estado Novo regime (1926–1974), Lisbon was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of Belém was modified for the 1940 Portuguese Exhibition, while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the 5 October 1910 revolution, brought an end to the Portuguese monarchy and established the highly unstable and corrupt Portuguese First Republic. The 6 June 1926 revolution ended the first republic and firmly established the Estado Novo, or the Portuguese Second Republic, as the ruling regime.

Contemporary

 
The Treaty of Lisbon, which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union, was signed at the Jerónimos Monastery in 2007.

The Carnation Revolution, which took place on 25 April 1974, ended the right-wing Estado Novo regime and reformed the country to become as it is today, the Portuguese Third Republic.

In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas, for instance, architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the Vasco da Gama Bridge was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for Expo '98 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India, a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon's landmarks to be built.

In 1988, a fire in the historical district of Chiado saw the destruction of many 18th-century Pombaline style buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.

The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the 2007 EU Summit, where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.

Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture. On 3 November 2005, Lisbon hosted the MTV European Music Awards. On 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"[54] election, in the Luz Stadium, with live transmission for millions of people all over the world. Every two years, Lisbon hosts the Rock in Rio Lisboa Music Festival, one of the largest in the world. Lisbon hosted the NATO summit (19–20 November 2010), a summit meeting that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and Heads of Government of NATO member states to evaluate and provide strategic direction for Alliance activities.[55] The city hosts the Web Summit and is the head office for the Group of Seven Plus (G7+). In 2018 it hosted the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time as well as the Michelin Gala.[56] On 11 July 2018, the Aga Khan officially chose the Henrique de Mendonça Palace, located on Rua Marquês de Fronteira, as the Divan, or seat, of the global Nizari Muslim Imamate.[57][58]

Geography

 
Map of the 24 freguesias (administrative divisions of the city) of Lisbon grouped by zone:
  Historic Center
  Western Lisbon
  Central Lisbon
  Eastern Lisbon
  Northern Lisbon

Physical geography

 
View of the Lisbon metropolitan area, with the Portuguese Riviera to the west of Lisbon and the Setúbal Peninsula south of the Tagus River

Lisbon is located at 38°42′49.75″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138194°N 9.1393861°W / 38.7138194; -9.1393861, situated at the mouth of the Tagus River and is the westernmost capital of a mainland European country.

The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, a 10 km2 (4 sq mi) urban park, one of the largest in Europe, and occupying 10% of the municipality.

The city occupies an area of 100.05 km2 (39 sq mi), and its city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, coincide with those of the municipality.[59] The rest of the urbanised area of the Lisbon urban area, known generically as Greater Lisbon (Portuguese: Grande Lisboa) includes several administratively defined cities and municipalities, in the north bank of the Tagus River. The larger Lisbon metropolitan area includes the Setúbal Peninsula to the south.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Lisbon

Lisbon has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[60] with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) during the day and 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) at night.

In the coldest month – January – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 11 to 19 °C (52 to 66 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 3 to 13 °C (37 to 55 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F).[61] In the warmest month – August – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) and the average sea temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F).[61]

Among European capitals, Lisbon ranks among those with the warmest winters and has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city, with an average of 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) in the coldest month, and 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) in the warmest month. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was −1.2 °C (30 °F) in February 1956. The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August 2018.[62]

The city has around 2,806 hours of sunshine per year, averaging 4.6 hours of sunshine per day in December and 11.4 hours of sunshine per day in July, though when disregarding the duration of the day August is actually the sunniest, with over 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.[63]

Lisbon has around 750 mm (30 in) of precipitation per year. November and December are the wettest months, accounting for a third of the total annual precipitation. July and August are the driest.[64]

Climate data for Lisbon (altitude: 77 m.a.s.l., ~1km from sea, location on map)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.8
(94.6) 		41.5
(106.7) 		40.6
(105.1) 		44.0
(111.2) 		41.4
(106.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		44.0
(111.2)
Average high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		17.4
(63.4)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.5
(56.2)
Record low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		4.3
(39.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93) 		84.9
(3.34) 		53.2
(2.09) 		68.1
(2.68) 		53.6
(2.11) 		15.9
(0.63) 		4.2
(0.17) 		6.2
(0.24) 		32.9
(1.30) 		100.8
(3.97) 		127.6
(5.02) 		126.7
(4.99) 		774
(30.47)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.0 15.0 13.0 12.0 8.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 11.0 14.0 14.0 117
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 156.6 207.7 234.0 291.4 303.0 353.4 344.1 261.0 213.9 156.0 142.6 2,806.3
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia,[64] Hong Kong Observatory[65] for data of avg. precipitation days & sunshine hours

Freguesias

The municipality of Lisbon included 53 freguesias until November 2012. A new law ("Lei n.º 56/2012") reduced the number of freguesias to the following 24:[66]

Neighborhoods

 
Partial view of Lisbon's waterfront districts from the Tagus River

Locally, Lisbon's inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic Bairros de Lisboa (neighbourhoods). These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture, similar living standards, and identifiable architectural landmarks, as exemplified by the Bairro Alto, Alfama, Chiado, and so forth.

Alcântara

Main article: Alcântara

Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces. In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats. During the late 19th century, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with many small factories and warehouses.

In the early 1990s, Alcântara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discothèques. This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings, which acted as barriers to the noise-generating nightlife (which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it). In the meantime, some of these areas began to become gentrified, attracting loft developments and new flats, which have profited from its river views and central location.

The riverfront of Alcântara is known for its nightclubs and bars. The area is commonly known as docas (docks), since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses.

Alfama

Main article: Alfama
 
Alfama, with the churches of S. Vicente de Fora, S. Engrácia, and S. Estêvão, and the Tagus river behind

The oldest district of Lisbon, it spreads down the southern slope from the Castle of São Jorge to the River Tagus. Its name, derived from the Arabic Al-hamma, means fountains or baths. During the Islamic invasion of Iberia, the Alfama constituted the largest part of the city, extending west to the Baixa neighbourhood. Increasingly, the Alfama became inhabited by fishermen and the poor: its fame as a poor neighbourhood continues to this day. While the 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused considerable damage throughout the capital, the Alfama survived with little damage, thanks to its compact labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares.

 
View from the São Jorge Castle, including the Praça do Comércio on the waterfront

It is a historical quarter of mixed-use buildings occupied by Fado bars, restaurants, and homes with small shops downstairs. Modernising trends have invigorated the district: old houses have been re-purposed or remodelled, while new buildings have been constructed. Fado, the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music, is common (but not obligatory) in the restaurants of the district.

Mouraria

The Mouraria, or Moorish quarter, is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon,[67] although most of its old buildings were demolished by the Estado Novo between the 1930s and the 1970s.[68] It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon, the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city.[69] In turn, the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called "Judiarias".[70]

Bairro Alto

Main article: Bairro Alto
 
Duke of Cadaval Square, bordering Bairro Alto and the Baixa Pombalina

Bairro Alto (literally the upper quarter in Portuguese) is an area of central Lisbon that functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district; it is the center of the Portuguese capital's nightlife, attracting hipster youth and members of various music subcultures. Lisbon's punk, gay, metal, goth, hip hop and reggae scenes all find a home in the Bairro with its many clubs and bars that cater to them. The crowds in the Bairro Alto are a multicultural mix of people representing a broad cross-section of modern Portuguese society, many of them being entertainment seekers and devotees of various music genres outside the mainstream, Fado, Portugal's national music, still survives in the midst of the new nightlife.

Baixa

Main article: Baixa Pombalina

The heart of the city is the Baixa or city centre; the Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district, primarily constructed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, taking its name from its benefactor, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, who was the minister of Joseph I of Portugal (1750–1777) and a key figure during the Portuguese Enlightenment. Following the 1755 disaster, Pombal took the lead in rebuilding Lisbon, imposing strict conditions and guidelines on the construction of the city, and transforming the organic street plan that characterised the district before the earthquake into its current grid pattern. As a result, the Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of earthquake-resistant construction. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage, a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake forces, and inter-terrace walls that were built higher than roof timbers to inhibit the spread of fires.

 
Praça do Comércio, with the Rua Augusta Arch, in the Lisbon Baixa

Beato

 
Facade of Teatro Ibérico, in Beato

The parish of Beato stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries, iconic bars, and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets. This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press, and Visão,[71] TimeOut,[72] or Jornal de Negócios[73] have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the National Museum of the Azulejo or the Palacio do Grilo.

Belém

Main article: Belém

Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great Portuguese explorers set off on their voyages of discovery. In particular, it is the place from which Vasco da Gama departed for India in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral departed for Brazil in 1499. It is also a former royal residence and features the 17th – 18th-century Belém Palace, a former royal residence now occupied by the President of Portugal, and the Ajuda Palace, begun in 1802 but never completed.

Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower, Torre de Belém, whose image is much used by Lisbon's tourist board. The tower was built as a fortified lighthouse late in the reign of Dom Manuel l (1515–1520) to guard the entrance to the port. It stood on a little island on the right side of the Tagus, surrounded by water. Belém's other major historical building is the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos (Jerónimos Monastery), which the Torre de Belém was built partly to defend. Belém's most notable modern feature is the Padrão dos Descobrimentos (Monument to the Discoveries) built for the Portuguese World Fair in 1940. In the heart of Belém is the Praça do Império: gardens centred upon a large fountain, laid out during World War II. To the west of the gardens lies the Centro Cultural de Belém. Belém is one of the most visited Lisbon districts. Here is located the Estádio do Restelo, home to Belenenses.

 
View of Jerónimos Monastery and Praça do Império (Empire Square) from the top of the Padrão dos Descobrimentos in Belém

Chiado

Main article: Chiado
 
Monument to Luís de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language, in Chiado

The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is A Brasileira, famous for having had poet Fernando Pessoa among its customers. The Chiado is also an important cultural area, with several museums and theatres, including the opera. Several buildings of the Chiado were destroyed in a fire in 1988, an event that deeply shocked the country. Thanks to a renovation project that lasted more than 10 years, coordinated by celebrated architect Siza Vieira, the affected area has now virtually recovered.

The ornate, late 18th-century Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of this district. The church with its large dome is located on a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be seen from great distances. The style is similar to that of the Mafra National Palace, late baroque and neoclassical. The façade has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegorical figures. São Bento Palace, the seat of the Portuguese parliament and the official residences of the Prime Minister of Portugal and the President of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, are in this district. Also in this district is Estrela Park, a favorite with families. There are exotic plants and trees, a duck pond, various sculptures, a children's playground, and many cultural events going on throughout the year, including outdoor cinema, markets, and music festivals.

Parque das Nações

Main article: Parque das Nações
 
The Parque das Nações district was initially built for the Lisbon World Expo.

Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) is the newest district in Lisbon; it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon, also known as Expo'98. The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nações a futuristic look. A long-lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher-end residential area for the city.

Central in the area is the Gare do Oriente (Orient railway station), one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains, buses, taxis, and the metro. Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture, lending the whole structure a visual fascination (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia, Spain. The Parque das Nações is across the street.

The area is pedestrian-friendly with new buildings, restaurants, gardens, the Casino Lisbon, the FIL building (International Exhibition and Fair), the Camões Theatre and the Oceanário de Lisboa (Lisbon Oceanarium), which is the second-largest in the world. The district's Altice Arena has become Lisbon's "jack-of-all-trades" performance arena. With seating for 20,000, it has staged events ranging from concerts to basketball tournaments.

Politics

 
Lisbon City Hall, the seat of Lisbon's municipal government
 
Composition of Lisbon city council (2021–2025):
  PSD / CDS / A / MPT / PPM (7)
  PS / L (7)
  CDU (2)
  BE (1)
See also: List of mayors of Lisbon

Carlos Moedas took office as the 78th and current Mayor of Lisbon on 18 October 2021, following the 2021 local elections.

Local election results 1976–2021

Summary of local elections for Lisbon city hall, 1976–2021
Election PCP PS PSD CDS PPM UDP APU CDU BE CR HR PAN IL CH O/I* Turnout
1976 20.7 35.5 15.2 19.0 0.4 - - - - - - - - - 9.1 66.5
1979 - 23.4 46.7 2.2 25.1 - - - - - - - 2.7 75.6
1982 - 27.0 41.3 0.8 26.7 - - - - - - - 4.3 72.2
1985 - 18.0 44.8 - 5.1 1.5 27.5 - - - - - - - 3.2 58.7
1989 - 49.1 42.1 - - w.PS - - - - - - 8.9 54.8
1993 - 56.7 26.4 7.8 - - - w.PS - - - - - - 9.3 53.5
1997 - 51.9 39.3 - - - w.PS - - - - - - 8.8 48.3
2001 - 41.7 42.0 7.6 w.PSD - - w.PS 3.8 - - - - - 4.9 55.0
2005 - 26.6 42.4 5.9 - - - 11.4 7.9 - - - - - 5.9 52.7
2007 - 29.5 15.7 3.7 0.4 - - 9.5 6.8 16.7 10.2 - - - 7.8 37.4
2009 - 44.0 38.7 - - 8.1 4.6 - - - - - 4.7 53.4
2013 - 50.9 22.4 1.2 - - 9.9 4.6 - - 2.3 - - 8.7 45.1
2017 - 42.0 11.2 20.6 - - 9.6 7.1 - - 3.0 - - 6.5 51.2
2021 - 33.3 34.3 - - 10.5 6.2 - - 2.7 4.2 4.4 4.4 50.9
*O/I: Other parties and Invalid/Blank votes.
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Culture

See also: Tourism in Lisbon
 
The National Coach Museum has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon's most visited institutions.

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Modern and Postmodern constructions can be found all over Lisbon. The city is also crossed by historical boulevards and monuments along the main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade (Avenue of Liberty), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Avenue of the Republic).

Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections, from all around the world. The National Museum of Ancient Art, which has one of the largest art collections in the world, and the National Coach Museum, which has the world's largest collection of royal coaches and carriages, are the two most visited museums in the city. Other notable national museums include the National Museum of Archaeology, the Museum of Lisbon, the National Azulejo Museum, the National Museum of Contemporary Art, and the National Museum of Natural History & Science.

 
The Belém Tower, one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal

Prominent private museums and galleries include the Gulbenkian Museum (run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, one of the wealthiest foundations in the world), which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world, the Berardo Collection Museum, which houses the private collection of Portuguese billionaire Joe Berardo, the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology, and the Museum of the Orient. Other popular museums include the Electricity Museum, the Ephemeral Museum, the Museu da Água, and the Museu Benfica, among many others.

Lisbon's Opera House, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II, the Gulbenkian Foundation, and the Teatro Camões.

The monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei) stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River, in Almada. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.

 
 
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation is one of the wealthiest foundations in the world and houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world, within the Gulbenkian Museum.

13 June is Lisbon´s holiday in honour of the city's saint, Anthony of Lisbon (Portuguese: Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is Saint Vincent of Saragossa, whose remains are housed in the Sé Cathedral, there are no festivities associated with this saint.

Eduardo VII Park, the second-largest park in the city following the Parque Florestal de Monsanto (Monsanto Forest Park), extends down the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade), with many flowering plants and green spaces, that includes the permanent collection of subtropical and tropical plants in the winter garden (Portuguese: Estufa Fria). Originally named Parque da Liberdade, it was renamed in honour of Edward VII who visited Lisbon in 1903.

Lisbon is home every year to the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival,[74] the Lisboarte, the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,[75] the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Monstra – Animated Film Festival, the Lisbon Book Fair,[76] the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,[77] and many others.

Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site: Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and, in 1998, organised the Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition).

Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,[78] the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),[79] ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design[80] and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.[81]

In addition, the mosaic Portuguese pavement (Calçada Portuguesa) was born in Lisbon, in the mid-1800s. The art has since spread to the rest of the Portuguese Speaking world. The city remains one of the most expansive examples of the technique, nearly all walkways and even many streets being created and maintained in this style.

In May 2018, the city hosted the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, after the victory of Salvador Sobral with the song "Amar pelos dois" in Kyiv on 13 May 2017.

Demographics

Largest groups of foreign residents in 2021[82]
Nationality Population
  Brazil 19,465
  France 8,514
  Italy 8,401
    Nepal 8,199
  China 6,190
  Bangladesh 5,951
  Spain 4,921
  United Kingdom 4,768
  Germany 4,519
  India 4,114
  Angola 2,604
  Netherlands 2,221
  Cabo Verde 2,214
  Romania 1,949
  United States 1,771
  Ukraine 1,446
  Guinea-Bissau 1,305
  Pakistan 1,168
  Belgium 1,163
  Sweden 1,128

The historical population of the city was around 35,000 in 1300 AD. Up to 60,000 in 1400 AD, and rising to 70,000 in 1500 AD. Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70,000 to 120,000. The population was about 150,000 in 1600 AD, and almost 200,000 in 1700 AD.[83][84][85]

The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two NUTS III (European statistical subdivisions): Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon), along the northern bank of the Tagus River, and Península de Setúbal (Setúbal Peninsula), along the southern bank. These two subdivisions make for the Região de Lisboa (Lisbon Region). The population density of the city itself is 6,458 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,730/sq mi).

Lisbon has 544,851[1] inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05 km2[6] Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has a population of 2,666,000 inhabitants, being the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union.[4] The whole metropolis of Lisbon (metropolitan area) has about 3 million inhabitants. According to official government data, the Lisbon metropolitan area has 3,643,876 inhabitants.[3]

Other sources also show a similar number, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – 2,797,612 inhabitants;[86] according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations – 2,890,000;[87] according to the European Statistical Office Eurostat – 2,839,908;[88] according to the Brookings Institution has 2,968,600 inhabitants.[89]

Religion in the municipality of Lisbon (Census 2021)[90]

  Catholicism (65.59%)
  Orthodoxy (0.68%)
  Protestantism (2.44%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.61%)
  Other Christian (1.27%)
  Buddhism (0.54%)
  Hinduism (1.07%)
  Judaism (0.12%)
  Islam (1.63%)
  Other Religion (0.50%)
  No Religion (25.55%)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
43 30,000—    
900 100,000+233.3%
1552 200,000+100.0%
1598 150,000−25.0%
1720 185,000+23.3%
1755 180,000−2.7%
1756 165,000−8.3%
1801 203,999+23.6%
1806 250,000+22.5%
1849 174,668−30.1%
1864 190,311+9.0%
1878 240,740+26.5%
1890 300,964+25.0%
YearPop.±%
1900 351,210+16.7%
1911 431,738+22.9%
1920 484,664+12.3%
1930 591,939+22.1%
1940 694,389+17.3%
1950 783,226+12.8%
1960 802,230+2.4%
1970 769,044−4.1%
1981 807,937+5.1%
1991 663,394−17.9%
2001 564,657−14.9%
2011 552,700−2.1%
2021 544,851−1.4%
Source: INE[91]

Economy

 
Avenida da Liberdade is one of the most expensive shopping streets in Europe and famous as a popular destination for luxury goods shopping.

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP. Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the tertiary sector. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa Subregion, especially in the Oeiras municipality. The Lisbon metropolitan area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).

 
Lisbon is the home of Web Summit, the largest tech event in the world.
 
The Port of Lisbon is one of the busiest ports in Europe.[92]

The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, with GDP (PPP) per capita calculated for each year as follows: €22,745 (2004)[93] – €23,816 (2005)[94] – €25,200 (2006)[95] – €26,100 (2007).[96] The Lisbon metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $110.4 billion, and $32,434 per capita.[97]

The country's chief seaport, featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets on the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings are also developing as an important financial centre and a dynamic technological hub. Automobile manufacturers have erected factories in the suburbs, for example, AutoEuropa.

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers.

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, part of the pan-European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges.

The lisbonite industry has very large sectors in oil, as refineries are found just across the Tagus, textile mills, shipyards and fishing.

Before Portugal's sovereign debt crisis and an EU-IMF rescue plan, for the decade of 2010 Lisbon was expecting to receive many state-funded investments, including building a new airport, a new bridge, an expansion of the Lisbon Metro 30 km (18.64 mi) underground, the construction of a mega-hospital (or central hospital), the creation of two lines of a TGV to join Madrid, Porto, Vigo and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the main part of the town (between the Marquês de Pombal roundabout and Terreiro do Paço), the creation of a large number of bike lanes, as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities.[98]

Lisbon was the 7th most "livable city" in the world in 2021 according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[99]

Tourism is also a significant industry; a 2018 report stated that the city receives an average of 4.5 million tourists per year.[100] Hotel revenues alone generated €714.8 million in 2017, an increase of 18.7% over 2016.[101]

Lisbon was elected the "World's Leading City Destination and World's Leading City Break Destination 2018".[102]

Transport

Metro

 
The Lisbon Metro is Portugal's oldest and largest subway system.
Main article: Lisbon Metro

The Lisbon Metro connects the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and also reaches some suburbs that are part of the Lisbon metropolitan area, such as Amadora and Loures. It is the fastest way to get around the city and it provides a good number of interchanging stations with other types of transportation. From the Lisbon Airport station to the city centre it may take roughly 25 mins. In 2019, the Lisbon Metro served around 173 million passengers (and 475.000 daily). As of 2018, the Lisbon Metro comprises four lines, identified by individual colours (blue, yellow, green and red) and 56 stations, with a total length of 44.2 km. Several expansion projects have been proposed, being the most recent the transformation of the Green Line into a circular line and the creation of two more stations (Santos and Estrela).

Trams

Main article: Trams in Lisbon

A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the tram. Introduced in 1901, electric trams were originally imported from the US,[103] and called the americanos. The earliest trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum). Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.[104][105]

Trains

 
Gare do Oriente train station, designed by Santiago Calatrava

There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Sintra, Azambuja, Cascais and Sado lines (operated by CP – Comboios de Portugal), as well as a fifth line to Setúbal (operated by Fertagus), which crosses the Tagus river via the 25 de Abril Bridge. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, Entrecampos, and Cais do Sodré.

Buses

The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by Carris.

Outside Lisbon, there is two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon, and connecting these cities to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana,[106] a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes[107] (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.

Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the IC17 (CRIL), and the A9 (CREL).

Bridges and ferries

 
The 25 de Abril Bridge crosses the Tagus River from Alcântara to Almada.

The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

The foundations for a third bridge across the Tagus have already been laid, but the overall project has been postponed due to the economic crisis in Portugal and all of Europe.

Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The operator is Transtejo & Soflusa,[110] which runs from different locations within the city: Cacilhas, Seixal, Montijo, Porto Brandão and Trafaria under the brand Transtejo and to Barreiro under the brand Soflusa.

Air travel

Humberto Delgado Airport is located within the city limits. It is the headquarters and hub for TAP Portugal as well as a hub for Easyjet, Azores Airlines, Ryanair, EuroAtlantic Airways, White Airways, and Hi Fly. A second airport has been proposed, but the project has been put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis, and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed. However, the last proposal is a military airbase in Montijo that would be replaced by a civil airport. So, Lisbon would have two airports, the current airport in the north and a new one in the south of the city.

Cascais Aerodrome, 20 km West of the city centre, in Cascais, offers commercial domestic flights.

Cycling

 
See also: Gira (bicycle rental)

Following the Covid-19 pandemic, Lisbon has seen a significant increase in cycling and plans to expand the current Gira bike hire system from 600 bikes to 1,500 by summer 2021. Many of these bikes will be electric to deal with Lisbon's hills. The city will also expand its network of cycle paths.[111]

Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 11.5% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 23.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[112]

Education

 
The rectory and main campus of the New University of Lisbon

International schools

In Greater Lisbon area, particularly in the Portuguese Riviera, an area popular with expats and foreign nationals, there are numerous international schools, including the Carlucci American International School of Lisbon (only American school in Portugal), Saint Julian's School (British), Saint Dominic's International School (British), Deutsche Schule Lissabon (German), Instituto Español Giner de los Ríos (Spanish), and Lycée Français Charles Lepierre (French).

Higher education

 
Instituto Superior Técnico, which belongs to the University of Lisbon is based on the Alameda D. Afonso Henriques.

In the city, there are three public universities and a university institute. The University of Lisbon, which is the largest university in Portugal, was created in 2013 with the union of the Technical University of Lisbon and the Classical University of Lisbon (which was known as the University of Lisbon). The New University of Lisbon, founded in 1973, is another public university in Lisbon and is known internationally by its Nova School of Business and Economics (Nova SBE), its economics and management faculty. The third public university is Universidade Aberta. Additionally, there's ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute (founded in 1972), a university institute that provides degrees in all academic disciplines.

Major private institutions of higher education include the Portuguese Catholic University, focused on law and management, as well as the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, among others.

The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007–2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions.[113]

Libraries

Lisbon is home to Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, the Portuguese national library, which has over 3 million books and manuscripts. The library has some rare books and manuscripts, such as an original Gutenberg Bible and original books by Erasmus, Christophe Platin and Aldus Manutius. Torre do Tombo, the national archive, is one of the most important archives in the world, with over 600 years and one of the oldest active Portuguese institutions. There are, among several others, the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino and the Arquivo Histórico Militar.

Sports

 
 
Estádio da Luz (top), home to S.L. Benfica, and Estádio do Alvalade (bottom), home to Sporting CP.

Lisbon has a long tradition in sports. It hosted several matches, including the final, of the UEFA Euro 2004 championship. The city also played host to the final of the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the European Fencing Championships in 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship, and the 2008 European Judo Championships. From 2006 to 2008, Lisbon was the starting point for the Dakar Rally. The city hosted the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League finals. In 2008 and 2016, the city hosted the European Triathlon Championships. Lisbon has a leg at the Volvo Ocean Race.

Football

The city hosts three association football clubs in Portugal's highest league, the Primeira Liga. Sport Lisboa e Benfica, commonly known as simply Benfica, has won 37 league titles in addition to two European Cups. Lisbon's second-most successful club is Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly known as Sporting and often referred to as Sporting Lisbon abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name), winner of 19 league titles and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. A third club, C.F. Os Belenenses (commonly Belenenses or Belenenses Lisbon), based in the Belém quarter, has solely won one league title. Other major clubs in Lisbon include Atlético, Casa Pia, and Oriental.

Lisbon has two UEFA category four stadiums; Benfica's Estádio da Luz (Stadium of Light), with a capacity of over 65,000 and Sporting's Estádio José Alvalade, with a capacity of over 50,000. The Estádio da Luz held both the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League Final. There is also Belenenses' Estádio do Restelo, with a capacity of over 30,000. The Estádio Nacional, in nearby Oeiras, has a capacity of 37,000 and was used exclusively for Portuguese international football matches and cup finals until the construction of larger stadia in the city. It held the 1967 European Cup Final.

Other sports

Other sports, such as basketball, futsal, handball, roller hockey, rugby union and volleyball are also popular; the latter's national stadium is in Lisbon. There are many other sports facilities in Lisbon, ranging from athletics, sailing, golfing to mountain-biking. Lisboa and Troia golf course are two of many stunning golf courses located in Lisbon. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, while in September the Portugal Half Marathon.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

Lisbon is twinned with:[114]

Cooperation agreements

Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with:[114]

Membership in organizations

From 12 October 1982, Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.[114][117]

From 28 June 1985, Lisbon is part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language, alongside with 22 other cities from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.[114][118]

See also

References

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Lisbon

External links

  • Visit Portugal – Official page by the Government of Portugal
  • – Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
  • – Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
  • Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon
  • Lisbon voted European City of the Year 2012 – Award – Portuguese American Journal
  • TVL Lisbon TV

February 05, 2023
lisbon, this, article, about, governmental, capital, city, other, uses, disambiguation, lisboa, disambiguation, portuguese, lisboa, liʒˈboɐ, listen, capital, largest, city, portugal, with, estimated, population, within, administrative, limits, area, urban, are. This article is about the Governmental capital city For other uses see Lisbon disambiguation and Lisboa disambiguation Lisbon ˈ l ɪ z b en Portuguese Lisboa liʒˈboɐ listen 5 is the capital and largest city of Portugal with an estimated population of 544 851 1 within its administrative limits in an area of 100 05 km2 6 Lisbon s urban area extends beyond the city s administrative limits with a population of around 2 7 million people being the 11th most populous urban area in the European Union 4 About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula after Madrid and Barcelona It represents approximately 27 of the country s population 3 It is mainland Europe s westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus The westernmost portions of its metro area the Portuguese Riviera form the westernmost point of Continental Europe culminating at Cabo da Roca Lisbon LisboaCapital cityFrom top left to right view from Sao Jorge Castle Rua Augusta Arch Eduardo VII Park Belem Tower Lisbon Cathedral and Parque das Nacoes with Vasco da Gama Bridge FlagCoat of armsMotto s Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal Very Noble and Always Loyal LisbonLocation within PortugalShow map of PortugalLisbonLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 38 43 31 N 9 09 00 W 38 7252668 N 9 1500193 W 38 7252668 9 1500193 Coordinates 38 43 31 N 9 09 00 W 38 7252668 N 9 1500193 W 38 7252668 9 1500193Country PortugalMetroLisbon metropolitan areaDistrictLisbonHistoric provinceEstremaduraSettlementc 1200 BCERoman Olissipoc 138 BCEMoorish rule711 CESiege of Lisbon1147 CECivil parishes see text Government TypeLAU BodyConcelho Camara Municipal MayorCarlos Moedas Municipal chairRosario FarmhouseArea Capital city100 05 km2 38 63 sq mi Urban1 376 km2 531 sq mi Metro3 015 24 km2 1 164 19 sq mi Elevation2 m 7 ft Population 2021 Capital city544 851 1 Density5 445 7 km2 14 104 sq mi Urban2 719 000 4 Metro2 871 133 2 3 Demonym s LisboanLisboetaOlissiponenseAlfacinha colloquial Time zoneUTC WET Summer DST UTC 1 WEST Postal zone1149 014 LisboaArea code 351 21 XXX XXXXPatron saintVincent of Saragossa and Anthony of LisbonMunicipal addressPraca do Municipio 11149 014 LisboaMunicipal holidays13 June St Anthony s Day Websitecm lisboa ptLisbon is recognised as an alpha level global city because of its importance in finance commerce fashion media entertainment arts international trade education and tourism 7 Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities alongside Porto to be recognised as a global city 8 9 Lisbon is home to three companies in the Global 2000 It is one of the major economic centres in Europe with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe s Atlantic coast 10 Additionally Humberto Delgado Airport served 31 million passengers in 2019 being the busiest airport in Portugal the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe 11 The motorway network and the high speed rail system of Alfa Pendular link the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon 12 The city is the ninth most visited city in Southern Europe after Istanbul Rome Barcelona Milan Athens Venice Madrid and Florence with 3 539 400 tourists in 2018 13 The Lisbon region has a higher GDP PPP per capita than any other region in Portugal Its GDP amounts to US 110 3 billion and thus 39 434 per capita 14 15 The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world 16 Most of the headquarters of multinational corporations in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area 17 It is also the political centre of the country as its seat of government and residence of the head of state Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world 18 and the second oldest European capital city after Athens predating other modern European capitals by centuries 19 Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia 20 adding to the name Olissipo After the fall of the Roman Empire it was ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century later it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century In 1147 Afonso Henriques conquered the city and since then it has been the political economic and cultural centre of Portugal Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 Roman era 2 3 Middle Ages 2 4 Early Modern 2 5 Modern era 2 6 Contemporary 3 Geography 3 1 Physical geography 3 2 Climate 3 3 Freguesias 3 4 Neighborhoods 3 4 1 Alcantara 3 4 2 Alfama 3 4 3 Mouraria 3 4 4 Bairro Alto 3 4 5 Baixa 3 4 6 Beato 3 4 7 Belem 3 4 8 Chiado 3 4 9 Parque das Nacoes 4 Politics 4 1 Local election results 1976 2021 5 Culture 6 Demographics 7 Economy 8 Transport 8 1 Metro 8 2 Trams 8 3 Trains 8 4 Buses 8 5 Bridges and ferries 8 6 Air travel 8 7 Cycling 8 8 Public transportation statistics 9 Education 9 1 International schools 9 2 Higher education 9 3 Libraries 10 Sports 10 1 Football 10 2 Other sports 11 International relations 11 1 Twin towns sister cities 11 2 Cooperation agreements 11 3 Membership in organizations 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEtymology EditLisbon s name may have been derived from Proto Celtic or Celtic Olisippo Lissoppo or a similar name which other visiting peoples like the ancient Phoenicians Greeks and Romans adapted accordingly such as the pre Roman appellation for the Tagus River Lisso or Lucio Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek including Strabo Solinus and Martianus Capella 21 22 referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses Odysseus 23 24 Lisbon s name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela a native of Hispania It was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo Ὀlissipwn or Olissipona Ὀlissipona 25 26 Another claim repeated in literature is that the name of Lisbon could be traced back to Phoenician times referring to a supposed Phoenician term Alis Ubbo meaning safe harbour or pleasant haven 27 28 29 Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC 30 this folk etymology is never attested in ancient classical literature 31 Lisbon s name is commonly abbreviated as LX or Lx originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as Lixboa 32 While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards the abbreviation is still commonly used History EditMain article History of Lisbon For a chronological guide see Timeline of Lisbon Origins Edit Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the Lisbon Cathedral During the Neolithic period the region was inhabited by Pre Celtic tribes who built religious and funerary monuments megaliths dolmens and menhirs which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon 33 The Indo European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC mixing with the Pre Indo European population thus giving rise to Celtic speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or Sefes Although the first fortifications on Lisbon s Castelo hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC recent archaeological finds have shown that Iron Age people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC 34 35 36 This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects Archaeological excavations made near the Castle of Sao Jorge Castelo de Sao Jorge and Lisbon Cathedral indicate a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC 30 and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site 37 38 now the centre of the present city on the southern slope of Castle hill 39 The sheltered harbour in the Tagus River estuary was an ideal spot for an Iberian settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning Phoenician ships 40 The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes providing an outlet for the valuable metals salt and salted fish they collected and for the sale of the Lusitanian horses renowned in antiquity According to a persistent legend the location was named for the mythical Ulysses who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world 29 Roman era Edit Main article Olisipo Part of the Cerca Velha Old Wall originally built by the Romans 41 Following the defeat of Hannibal in 202 BC during the Punic wars the Romans determined to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession Hispania the Iberian Peninsula The defeat of Carthaginian forces by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus Decimus obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes by integrating it into the empire as the Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia Local authorities were granted self rule over a territory that extended 50 kilometres 31 miles exempt from taxes its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship 20 and it was then integrated with the Roman province of Lusitania whose capital was Emerita Augusta Lusitanian raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement During Augustus reign the Romans also built a great theatre the Cassian Baths underneath Rua da Prata temples to Jupiter Diana Cybele Tethys and Idea Phrygiae an uncommon cult from Asia Minor in addition to temples to the Emperor a large necropolis under Praca da Figueira a large forum and other buildings such as insulae multi storied apartment buildings in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid 18th century when the recent discovery of Pompeii made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe s upper classes The city prospered as piracy was eliminated and technological advances were introduced consequently Felicitas Julia became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of Britannia particularly Cornwall and the Rhine Economically strong Olissipo was known for its garum a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in amphorae to Rome wine salt and horse breeding while Roman culture permeated the hinterland The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania s two other large cities Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis Portuguese Braga and Emerita Augusta the capital of Lusitania The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families the Julii and the Cassiae although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves Olissipo like most great cities in the Western Empire was a center for the dissemination of Christianity Its first attested Bishop was Potamius c 356 and there were several martyrs during the period of persecution of the Christians Verissimus Maxima and Julia are the most significant examples By the time of the Fall of Rome Olissipo had become a notable Christian center Sao Jorge Castle and the surrounding neighborhoods of Castelo Mouraria and Alfama Middle Ages Edit Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire there were barbarian invasions between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by Sarmatians Alans and Vandals The Germanic Suebi who established a kingdom in Gallaecia modern Galicia and northern Portugal with its capital in Bracara Augusta also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585 In 585 the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula Lisbon was then called Ulishbona King Afonso Henriques reconquered the city from the Almoravid Empire at the 1147 siege of Lisbon On 6 August 711 Lisbon was taken by Muslim forces These conquerors who were mostly Berbers and some Arabs from North Africa and the Middle East built many mosques and houses rebuilt the city wall known as the Cerca Moura and established administrative control while permitting the diverse population Muwallad Mozarabs Berbers Arabs Jews and Saqaliba to maintain their socio cultural lifestyles Mozarabic was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs Berbers Saqaliba and Muwallad The Muslim influence is still visible in the Alfama district an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake many place names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama the oldest existing district of Lisbon was derived from the Arabic al hamma For a brief time Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the Taifa of Lisbon 1022 1094 before being conquered by the larger Taifa of Badajoz In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by Norwegian crusaders led by Sigurd I on their way to the Holy Land as part of the Norwegian Crusade and occupied by crusader forces for three years 42 It was taken by the Moorish Almoravids in 1111 The 1384 siege of Lisbon in Froissart s Chronicles In 1147 as part of the Reconquista crusader knights led by Afonso I of Portugal besieged and reconquered Lisbon The city with around 154 000 residents at the time was returned to Christian rule The reconquest of Portugal and re establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon s history described in the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi which describes among other incidents how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city s residents prayed to the Virgin Mary as it happened Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world primarily Muslim Spain and North Africa All mosques were either completely destroyed or converted into churches As a result of the end of Muslim rule spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in the everyday life of the city and disappeared altogether With its central location Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255 The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King Denis I for many years the Studium Generale General Study was transferred intermittently to Coimbra where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the University of Coimbra In 1384 the city was besieged by King Juan I of Castille as a part of the ongoing 1383 1385 Crisis The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno Alvares Pereira During the last centuries of the Middle Ages the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities Early Modern Edit The oldest known panorama of Lisbon 1500 1510 from the Cronica de Dom Afonso Henriques by Duarte Galvao When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory many of the Jews fled to Lisbon Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city s prosperity Manuel I decreed in 1497 that all Jews must convert to Christianity only those who refused being forced to leave but not before the expropriation of their property 43 In 1506 an anti semitic movement among the Old Christians of Lisbon culminated in a massacre lasting four days in which some 1 000 to 4 000 New Christian men women and children converted descendants of Sephardic Jews are estimated to have been killed 44 The king was at Evora when these events occurred but angered when he received the news he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive 45 Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the Age of Discovery left Lisbon during the period from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century including Vasco da Gama s expedition to India in 1498 The following years of the 16th century began Lisbon s golden era the city was the European hub of commerce between Africa India the Far East and later Brazil and acquired great riches by exploiting the trade in spices slaves sugar textiles and other goods This period saw the rise of the exuberant Manueline style in architecture which left its mark in many 16th century monuments including Lisbon s Belem Tower and Jeronimos Monastery which were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by Damiao de Gois and published in 1554 46 King Manuel I ordered Jeronimos Monastery to be built in Belem to serve Portuguese discoverers Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paco depicted in 1662 by Dirk Stoop The succession crisis of 1580 initiated a sixty year period of dual monarchy in Portugal and Spain under the Spanish Habsburgs 47 48 This is referred to as the Philippine Dominion Dominio Filipino since all three Spanish kings during that period were called Philip Filipe In 1589 Lisbon was the target of an incursion by the English Armada led by Francis Drake while Queen Elizabeth supported a Portuguese pretender in Antonio Prior of Crato but support for Crato was lacking and the expedition was a failure The Portuguese Restoration War which began with a coup d etat organised by the nobility and bourgeoisie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640 restored Portuguese independence The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 1668 In the early 18th century gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city Prior to the 18th century Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes eight in the 14th century five in the 16th century including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1 500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished and three in the 17th century On 1 November 1755 the city was destroyed by another devastating earthquake which killed an estimated 30 000 to 40 000 Lisbon residents 49 of a population estimated at between 200 000 and 275 000 50 51 and destroyed 85 percent of the city s structures 52 Among several important buildings of the city the Ribeira Palace and the Hospital Real de Todos os Santos were lost In coastal areas such as Peniche situated about 80 km 50 mi north of Lisbon many people were killed by the following tsunami The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8 5 and 9 0 By 1755 Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche Voltaire wrote a long poem Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne shortly after the quake and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide indeed many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr also mentions it in his 1857 poem The Deacon s Masterpiece or The Wonderful One Hoss Shay After the 1755 earthquake the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Melo the 1st Marquis of Pombal the lower town began to be known as the Baixa Pombalina Pombaline central district Instead of rebuilding the medieval town Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares the Praca do Rossio and the Praca do Comercio The first the central commercial district is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafes theatres and restaurants the second became the city s main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels adorned by a triumphal arch 1873 and a monument to King Joseph I Modern era Edit The Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910 In the first years of the 19th century Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte forcing Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John future John VI to flee temporarily to Brazil By the time the new King returned to Lisbon many of the buildings and properties were pillaged sacked or destroyed by the invaders During the 19th century the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district where shops tobacconists shops cafes bookstores clubs and theatres proliferated The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city seeing the transformation of the Passeio Publico a Pombaline era park into the Avenida da Liberdade as the city grew farther from the Tagus Lisbon was the site of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal in 1908 an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic The Palace of Ajuda was built as a residence for the King of Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake Queen Maria II National Theatre was built in 1842 The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon incorporating reformed former colleges and other non university higher education schools of the city such as the Escola Politecnica now Faculdade de Ciencias Today there are two public universities in the city University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon a public university institute ISCTE Lisbon University Institute and a polytechnic institute IPL Instituto Politecnico de Lisboa During World War II Lisbon was one of the very few neutral open European Atlantic ports a major gateway for refugees to the U S and a haven for spies More than 100 000 refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany via Lisbon 53 During the Estado Novo regime 1926 1974 Lisbon was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country resulting in nationalist and monumental projects New residential and public developments were constructed the zone of Belem was modified for the 1940 Portuguese Exhibition while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century The first the 5 October 1910 revolution brought an end to the Portuguese monarchy and established the highly unstable and corrupt Portuguese First Republic The 6 June 1926 revolution ended the first republic and firmly established the Estado Novo or the Portuguese Second Republic as the ruling regime Contemporary Edit The Treaty of Lisbon which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union was signed at the Jeronimos Monastery in 2007 The Carnation Revolution which took place on 25 April 1974 ended the right wing Estado Novo regime and reformed the country to become as it is today the Portuguese Third Republic In the 1990s many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas for instance architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated the northern margin of the Tagus was re purposed for leisure and residential use the Vasco da Gama Bridge was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re purposed for Expo 98 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama s sea voyage to India a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon s landmarks to be built In 1988 a fire in the historical district of Chiado saw the destruction of many 18th century Pombaline style buildings A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high scale shopping district The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy signed in Lisbon in March 2000 In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the 2007 EU Summit where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model The resulting Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009 Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes In 1994 Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture On 3 November 2005 Lisbon hosted the MTV European Music Awards On 7 July 2007 Lisbon held the ceremony of the New 7 Wonders Of The World 54 election in the Luz Stadium with live transmission for millions of people all over the world Every two years Lisbon hosts the Rock in Rio Lisboa Music Festival one of the largest in the world Lisbon hosted the NATO summit 19 20 November 2010 a summit meeting that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and Heads of Government of NATO member states to evaluate and provide strategic direction for Alliance activities 55 The city hosts the Web Summit and is the head office for the Group of Seven Plus G7 In 2018 it hosted the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time as well as the Michelin Gala 56 On 11 July 2018 the Aga Khan officially chose the Henrique de Mendonca Palace located on Rua Marques de Fronteira as the Divan or seat of the global Nizari Muslim Imamate 57 58 Geography Edit Map of the 24 freguesias administrative divisions of the city of Lisbon grouped by zone Historic Center Western Lisbon Central Lisbon Eastern Lisbon Northern Lisbon Physical geography Edit View of the Lisbon metropolitan area with the Portuguese Riviera to the west of Lisbon and the Setubal Peninsula south of the Tagus River Lisbon is located at 38 42 49 75 N 9 8 21 79 W 38 7138194 N 9 1393861 W 38 7138194 9 1393861 situated at the mouth of the Tagus River and is the westernmost capital of a mainland European country The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park a 10 km2 4 sq mi urban park one of the largest in Europe and occupying 10 of the municipality The city occupies an area of 100 05 km2 39 sq mi and its city boundaries unlike those of most major cities coincide with those of the municipality 59 The rest of the urbanised area of the Lisbon urban area known generically as Greater Lisbon Portuguese Grande Lisboa includes several administratively defined cities and municipalities in the north bank of the Tagus River The larger Lisbon metropolitan area includes the Setubal Peninsula to the south Climate Edit Main article Climate of Lisbon Lisbon has a Mediterranean climate Koppen Csa 60 with mild rainy winters and warm to hot dry summers The average annual temperature is 17 4 C 63 3 F 21 3 C 70 3 F during the day and 13 5 C 56 3 F at night In the coldest month January the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 11 to 19 C 52 to 66 F the lowest temperature at night ranges from 3 to 13 C 37 to 55 F and the average sea temperature is 16 C 61 F 61 In the warmest month August the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 25 to 32 C 77 to 90 F the lowest temperature at night ranges from 14 to 20 C 57 to 68 F and the average sea temperature is around 20 C 68 F 61 Among European capitals Lisbon ranks among those with the warmest winters and has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city with an average of 8 3 C 46 9 F in the coldest month and 18 6 C 65 5 F in the warmest month The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 1 2 C 30 F in February 1956 The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 44 0 C 111 2 F on 4 August 2018 62 The city has around 2 806 hours of sunshine per year averaging 4 6 hours of sunshine per day in December and 11 4 hours of sunshine per day in July though when disregarding the duration of the day August is actually the sunniest with over 80 chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground 63 Lisbon has around 750 mm 30 in of precipitation per year November and December are the wettest months accounting for a third of the total annual precipitation July and August are the driest 64 Climate data for Lisbon altitude 77 m a s l 1km from sea location on map Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 22 6 72 7 24 8 76 6 29 4 84 9 32 2 90 0 34 8 94 6 41 5 106 7 40 6 105 1 44 0 111 2 41 4 106 5 32 6 90 7 25 3 77 5 23 2 73 8 44 0 111 2 Average high C F 14 8 58 6 16 2 61 2 18 8 65 8 19 8 67 6 22 1 71 8 25 7 78 3 27 9 82 2 28 3 82 9 26 5 79 7 22 5 72 5 18 2 64 8 15 3 59 5 21 3 70 4 Daily mean C F 11 6 52 9 12 7 54 9 14 9 58 8 15 9 60 6 18 0 64 4 21 2 70 2 23 1 73 6 23 5 74 3 22 1 71 8 18 8 65 8 15 0 59 0 12 4 54 3 17 4 63 4 Average low C F 8 3 46 9 9 1 48 4 11 0 51 8 11 9 53 4 13 9 57 0 16 6 61 9 18 2 64 8 18 6 65 5 17 6 63 7 15 1 59 2 11 8 53 2 9 4 48 9 13 5 56 2 Record low C F 1 0 33 8 1 2 29 8 0 2 32 4 5 5 41 9 6 8 44 2 10 4 50 7 14 1 57 4 14 7 58 5 12 1 53 8 9 2 48 6 4 3 39 7 2 1 35 8 1 2 29 8 Average rainfall mm inches 99 9 3 93 84 9 3 34 53 2 2 09 68 1 2 68 53 6 2 11 15 9 0 63 4 2 0 17 6 2 0 24 32 9 1 30 100 8 3 97 127 6 5 02 126 7 4 99 774 30 47 Average rainy days 0 1 mm 15 0 15 0 13 0 12 0 8 0 5 0 2 0 2 0 6 0 11 0 14 0 14 0 117Mean monthly sunshine hours 142 6 156 6 207 7 234 0 291 4 303 0 353 4 344 1 261 0 213 9 156 0 142 6 2 806 3Source Instituto de Meteorologia 64 Hong Kong Observatory 65 for data of avg precipitation days amp sunshine hours Freguesias Edit The municipality of Lisbon included 53 freguesias until November 2012 A new law Lei n º 56 2012 reduced the number of freguesias to the following 24 66 Ajuda Alcantara Alvalade Areeiro Arroios Avenidas Novas Beato Belem Benfica Campo de Ourique Campolide Carnide Estrela Lumiar Marvila Misericordia Olivais Parque das Nacoes Penha de Franca Santa Clara Santa Maria Maior Santo Antonio Sao Domingos de Benfica Sao Vicente Neighborhoods Edit Partial view of Lisbon s waterfront districts from the Tagus River Locally Lisbon s inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic Bairros de Lisboa neighbourhoods These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture similar living standards and identifiable architectural landmarks as exemplified by the Bairro Alto Alfama Chiado and so forth Alcantara Edit Main article Alcantara Alcantara from the Port of Lisbon Although today it is quite central it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces In the 16th century there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats During the late 19th century Alcantara became a popular industrial area with many small factories and warehouses In the early 1990s Alcantara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discotheques This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings which acted as barriers to the noise generating nightlife which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it In the meantime some of these areas began to become gentrified attracting loft developments and new flats which have profited from its river views and central location The riverfront of Alcantara is known for its nightclubs and bars The area is commonly known as docas docks since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses Alfama Edit Main article Alfama Alfama with the churches of S Vicente de Fora S Engracia and S Estevao and the Tagus river behind The oldest district of Lisbon it spreads down the southern slope from the Castle of Sao Jorge to the River Tagus Its name derived from the Arabic Al hamma means fountains or baths During the Islamic invasion of Iberia the Alfama constituted the largest part of the city extending west to the Baixa neighbourhood Increasingly the Alfama became inhabited by fishermen and the poor its fame as a poor neighbourhood continues to this day While the 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused considerable damage throughout the capital the Alfama survived with little damage thanks to its compact labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares View from the Sao Jorge Castle including the Praca do Comercio on the waterfront It is a historical quarter of mixed use buildings occupied by Fado bars restaurants and homes with small shops downstairs Modernising trends have invigorated the district old houses have been re purposed or remodelled while new buildings have been constructed Fado the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music is common but not obligatory in the restaurants of the district Mouraria Edit The Mouraria or Moorish quarter is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon 67 although most of its old buildings were demolished by the Estado Novo between the 1930s and the 1970s 68 It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city 69 In turn the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called Judiarias 70 Bairro Alto Edit Main article Bairro Alto Duke of Cadaval Square bordering Bairro Alto and the Baixa Pombalina Bairro Alto literally the upper quarter in Portuguese is an area of central Lisbon that functions as a residential shopping and entertainment district it is the center of the Portuguese capital s nightlife attracting hipster youth and members of various music subcultures Lisbon s punk gay metal goth hip hop and reggae scenes all find a home in the Bairro with its many clubs and bars that cater to them The crowds in the Bairro Alto are a multicultural mix of people representing a broad cross section of modern Portuguese society many of them being entertainment seekers and devotees of various music genres outside the mainstream Fado Portugal s national music still survives in the midst of the new nightlife Baixa Edit Main article Baixa Pombalina The heart of the city is the Baixa or city centre the Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district primarily constructed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake taking its name from its benefactor Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Melo 1st Marquis of Pombal who was the minister of Joseph I of Portugal 1750 1777 and a key figure during the Portuguese Enlightenment Following the 1755 disaster Pombal took the lead in rebuilding Lisbon imposing strict conditions and guidelines on the construction of the city and transforming the organic street plan that characterised the district before the earthquake into its current grid pattern As a result the Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of earthquake resistant construction Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage a symmetrical wood lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake forces and inter terrace walls that were built higher than roof timbers to inhibit the spread of fires Praca do Comercio with the Rua Augusta Arch in the Lisbon Baixa Beato Edit Facade of Teatro Iberico in Beato The parish of Beato stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries iconic bars and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press and Visao 71 TimeOut 72 or Jornal de Negocios 73 have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the National Museum of the Azulejo or the Palacio do Grilo Belem Edit Main article Belem Belem is famous as the place from which many of the great Portuguese explorers set off on their voyages of discovery In particular it is the place from which Vasco da Gama departed for India in 1497 and Pedro Alvares Cabral departed for Brazil in 1499 It is also a former royal residence and features the 17th 18th century Belem Palace a former royal residence now occupied by the President of Portugal and the Ajuda Palace begun in 1802 but never completed Perhaps Belem s most famous feature is its tower Torre de Belem whose image is much used by Lisbon s tourist board The tower was built as a fortified lighthouse late in the reign of Dom Manuel l 1515 1520 to guard the entrance to the port It stood on a little island on the right side of the Tagus surrounded by water Belem s other major historical building is the Mosteiro dos Jeronimos Jeronimos Monastery which the Torre de Belem was built partly to defend Belem s most notable modern feature is the Padrao dos Descobrimentos Monument to the Discoveries built for the Portuguese World Fair in 1940 In the heart of Belem is the Praca do Imperio gardens centred upon a large fountain laid out during World War II To the west of the gardens lies the Centro Cultural de Belem Belem is one of the most visited Lisbon districts Here is located the Estadio do Restelo home to Belenenses View of Jeronimos Monastery and Praca do Imperio Empire Square from the top of the Padrao dos Descobrimentos in Belem Chiado Edit Main article Chiado Monument to Luis de Camoes considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language in Chiado The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee The most famous cafe of Chiado is A Brasileira famous for having had poet Fernando Pessoa among its customers The Chiado is also an important cultural area with several museums and theatres including the opera Several buildings of the Chiado were destroyed in a fire in 1988 an event that deeply shocked the country Thanks to a renovation project that lasted more than 10 years coordinated by celebrated architect Siza Vieira the affected area has now virtually recovered The ornate late 18th century Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of this district The church with its large dome is located on a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be seen from great distances The style is similar to that of the Mafra National Palace late baroque and neoclassical The facade has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegorical figures Sao Bento Palace the seat of the Portuguese parliament and the official residences of the Prime Minister of Portugal and the President of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal are in this district Also in this district is Estrela Park a favorite with families There are exotic plants and trees a duck pond various sculptures a children s playground and many cultural events going on throughout the year including outdoor cinema markets and music festivals Parque das Nacoes Edit Main article Parque das Nacoes The Parque das Nacoes district was initially built for the Lisbon World Expo Parque das Nacoes Park of Nations is the newest district in Lisbon it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon also known as Expo 98 The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nacoes a futuristic look A long lasting legacy of the same the area has become another commercial and higher end residential area for the city Central in the area is the Gare do Oriente Orient railway station one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains buses taxis and the metro Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture lending the whole structure a visual fascination especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia Spain The Parque das Nacoes is across the street The area is pedestrian friendly with new buildings restaurants gardens the Casino Lisbon the FIL building International Exhibition and Fair the Camoes Theatre and the Oceanario de Lisboa Lisbon Oceanarium which is the second largest in the world The district s Altice Arena has become Lisbon s jack of all trades performance arena With seating for 20 000 it has staged events ranging from concerts to basketball tournaments Politics Edit Lisbon City Hall the seat of Lisbon s municipal government Composition of Lisbon city council 2021 2025 PSD CDS A MPT PPM 7 PS L 7 CDU 2 BE 1 See also List of mayors of Lisbon Carlos Moedas took office as the 78th and current Mayor of Lisbon on 18 October 2021 following the 2021 local elections Local election results 1976 2021 Edit Summary of local elections for Lisbon city hall 1976 2021 Election PCP PS PSD CDS PPM UDP APU CDU BE CR HR PAN IL CH O I Turnout1976 20 7 35 5 15 2 19 0 0 4 9 1 66 51979 23 4 46 7 2 2 25 1 2 7 75 61982 27 0 41 3 0 8 26 7 4 3 72 21985 18 0 44 8 5 1 1 5 27 5 3 2 58 71989 49 1 42 1 w PS 8 9 54 81993 56 7 26 4 7 8 w PS 9 3 53 51997 51 9 39 3 w PS 8 8 48 32001 41 7 42 0 7 6 w PSD w PS 3 8 4 9 55 02005 26 6 42 4 5 9 11 4 7 9 5 9 52 72007 29 5 15 7 3 7 0 4 9 5 6 8 16 7 10 2 7 8 37 42009 44 0 38 7 8 1 4 6 4 7 53 42013 50 9 22 4 1 2 9 9 4 6 2 3 8 7 45 12017 42 0 11 2 20 6 9 6 7 1 3 0 6 5 51 22021 33 3 34 3 10 5 6 2 2 7 4 2 4 4 4 4 50 9 O I Other parties and Invalid Blank votes Source Comissao Nacional de EleicoesCulture EditSee also Tourism in Lisbon The National Coach Museum has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon s most visited institutions The National Museum of Ancient Art has one of the largest art collections in the world The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture Romanesque Gothic Manueline Baroque Modern and Postmodern constructions can be found all over Lisbon The city is also crossed by historical boulevards and monuments along the main thoroughfares particularly in the upper districts notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade Avenue of Liberty Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da Republica Avenue of the Republic Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections from all around the world The National Museum of Ancient Art which has one of the largest art collections in the world and the National Coach Museum which has the world s largest collection of royal coaches and carriages are the two most visited museums in the city Other notable national museums include the National Museum of Archaeology the Museum of Lisbon the National Azulejo Museum the National Museum of Contemporary Art and the National Museum of Natural History amp Science The Belem Tower one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal Prominent private museums and galleries include the Gulbenkian Museum run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation one of the wealthiest foundations in the world which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world the Berardo Collection Museum which houses the private collection of Portuguese billionaire Joe Berardo the Museum of Art Architecture and Technology and the Museum of the Orient Other popular museums include the Electricity Museum the Ephemeral Museum the Museu da Agua and the Museu Benfica among many others Lisbon s Opera House the Teatro Nacional de Sao Carlos hosts a relatively active cultural agenda mainly in autumn and winter Other important theatres and musical houses are the Centro Cultural de Belem the Teatro Nacional D Maria II the Gulbenkian Foundation and the Teatro Camoes The monument to Christ the King Cristo Rei stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River in Almada With open arms overlooking the whole city it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro and was built after World War II as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal s being spared the horrors and destruction of the war The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation is one of the wealthiest foundations in the world and houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world within the Gulbenkian Museum 13 June is Lisbon s holiday in honour of the city s saint Anthony of Lisbon Portuguese Santo Antonio Saint Anthony also known as Saint Anthony of Padua was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor Although Lisbon s patron saint is Saint Vincent of Saragossa whose remains are housed in the Se Cathedral there are no festivities associated with this saint Eduardo VII Park the second largest park in the city following the Parque Florestal de Monsanto Monsanto Forest Park extends down the main avenue Avenida da Liberdade with many flowering plants and green spaces that includes the permanent collection of subtropical and tropical plants in the winter garden Portuguese Estufa Fria Originally named Parque da Liberdade it was renamed in honour of Edward VII who visited Lisbon in 1903 Rossio Square with Queen Maria II National Theatre in the background Lisbon is home every year to the Lisbon Gay amp Lesbian Film Festival 74 the Lisboarte the DocLisboa Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival 75 the Festival Internacional de Mascaras e Comediantes the Lisboa Magica Street Magic World Festival the Monstra Animated Film Festival the Lisbon Book Fair 76 the Peixe em Lisboa Lisbon Fish and Flavours 77 and many others Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site Belem Tower and Jeronimos Monastery Furthermore in 1994 Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and in 1998 organised the Expo 98 1998 Lisbon World Exposition Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial 78 the Moda Lisboa Fashion Lisbon 79 ExperimentaDesign Biennial of Design 80 and LuzBoa Biennial of Light 81 In addition the mosaic Portuguese pavement Calcada Portuguesa was born in Lisbon in the mid 1800s The art has since spread to the rest of the Portuguese Speaking world The city remains one of the most expansive examples of the technique nearly all walkways and even many streets being created and maintained in this style In May 2018 the city hosted the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest after the victory of Salvador Sobral with the song Amar pelos dois in Kyiv on 13 May 2017 Demographics EditLargest groups of foreign residents in 2021 82 Nationality Population Brazil 19 465 France 8 514 Italy 8 401 Nepal 8 199 China 6 190 Bangladesh 5 951 Spain 4 921 United Kingdom 4 768 Germany 4 519 India 4 114 Angola 2 604 Netherlands 2 221 Cabo Verde 2 214 Romania 1 949 United States 1 771 Ukraine 1 446 Guinea Bissau 1 305 Pakistan 1 168 Belgium 1 163 Sweden 1 128The historical population of the city was around 35 000 in 1300 AD Up to 60 000 in 1400 AD and rising to 70 000 in 1500 AD Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70 000 to 120 000 The population was about 150 000 in 1600 AD and almost 200 000 in 1700 AD 83 84 85 The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two NUTS III European statistical subdivisions Grande Lisboa Greater Lisbon along the northern bank of the Tagus River and Peninsula de Setubal Setubal Peninsula along the southern bank These two subdivisions make for the Regiao de Lisboa Lisbon Region The population density of the city itself is 6 458 inhabitants per square kilometre 16 730 sq mi Lisbon has 544 851 1 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100 05 km2 6 Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon The urban area has a population of 2 666 000 inhabitants being the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union 4 The whole metropolis of Lisbon metropolitan area has about 3 million inhabitants According to official government data the Lisbon metropolitan area has 3 643 876 inhabitants 3 Other sources also show a similar number according to the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 2 797 612 inhabitants 86 according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations 2 890 000 87 according to the European Statistical Office Eurostat 2 839 908 88 according to the Brookings Institution has 2 968 600 inhabitants 89 Religion in the municipality of Lisbon Census 2021 90 Catholicism 65 59 Orthodoxy 0 68 Protestantism 2 44 Jehovah s Witnesses 0 61 Other Christian 1 27 Buddhism 0 54 Hinduism 1 07 Judaism 0 12 Islam 1 63 Other Religion 0 50 No Religion 25 55 Historical populationYearPop 4330 000 900100 000 233 3 1552200 000 100 0 1598150 000 25 0 1720185 000 23 3 1755180 000 2 7 1756165 000 8 3 1801203 999 23 6 1806250 000 22 5 1849174 668 30 1 1864190 311 9 0 1878240 740 26 5 1890300 964 25 0 YearPop 1900351 210 16 7 1911431 738 22 9 1920484 664 12 3 1930591 939 22 1 1940694 389 17 3 1950783 226 12 8 1960802 230 2 4 1970769 044 4 1 1981807 937 5 1 1991663 394 17 9 2001564 657 14 9 2011552 700 2 1 2021544 851 1 4 Source INE 91 Economy Edit Avenida da Liberdade is one of the most expensive shopping streets in Europe and famous as a popular destination for luxury goods shopping The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union s GDP per capita average it produces 45 of the Portuguese GDP Lisbon s economy is based primarily on the tertiary sector Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa Subregion especially in the Oeiras municipality The Lisbon metropolitan area is heavily industrialized especially the south bank of the Tagus river Rio Tejo Lisbon is the home of Web Summit the largest tech event in the world The Port of Lisbon is one of the busiest ports in Europe 92 The Lisbon region is rapidly growing with GDP PPP per capita calculated for each year as follows 22 745 2004 93 23 816 2005 94 25 200 2006 95 26 100 2007 96 The Lisbon metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to 110 4 billion and 32 434 per capita 97 The country s chief seaport featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets on the Iberian Peninsula Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings are also developing as an important financial centre and a dynamic technological hub Automobile manufacturers have erected factories in the suburbs for example AutoEuropa Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange part of the pan European Euronext system together with the stock exchanges of Amsterdam Brussels and Paris is tied with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007 forming the multinational NYSE Euronext group of stock exchanges The lisbonite industry has very large sectors in oil as refineries are found just across the Tagus textile mills shipyards and fishing Before Portugal s sovereign debt crisis and an EU IMF rescue plan for the decade of 2010 Lisbon was expecting to receive many state funded investments including building a new airport a new bridge an expansion of the Lisbon Metro 30 km 18 64 mi underground the construction of a mega hospital or central hospital the creation of two lines of a TGV to join Madrid Porto Vigo and the rest of Europe the restoration of the main part of the town between the Marques de Pombal roundabout and Terreiro do Paco the creation of a large number of bike lanes as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities 98 Lisbon was the 7th most livable city in the world in 2021 according to lifestyle magazine Monocle 99 Tourism is also a significant industry a 2018 report stated that the city receives an average of 4 5 million tourists per year 100 Hotel revenues alone generated 714 8 million in 2017 an increase of 18 7 over 2016 101 Lisbon was elected the World s Leading City Destination and World s Leading City Break Destination 2018 102 Transport EditMetro Edit The Lisbon Metro is Portugal s oldest and largest subway system Main article Lisbon Metro The Lisbon Metro connects the city centre with the upper and eastern districts and also reaches some suburbs that are part of the Lisbon metropolitan area such as Amadora and Loures It is the fastest way to get around the city and it provides a good number of interchanging stations with other types of transportation From the Lisbon Airport station to the city centre it may take roughly 25 mins In 2019 the Lisbon Metro served around 173 million passengers and 475 000 daily As of 2018 the Lisbon Metro comprises four lines identified by individual colours blue yellow green and red and 56 stations with a total length of 44 2 km Several expansion projects have been proposed being the most recent the transformation of the Green Line into a circular line and the creation of two more stations Santos and Estrela Trams Edit A Lisbon tram by Lisbon Cathedral and Santo Antonio Church Main article Trams in Lisbon A traditional form of public transport in Lisbon is the tram Introduced in 1901 electric trams were originally imported from the US 103 and called the americanos The earliest trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris the Public Transport Museum Other than on the modern Line 15 the Lisbon tramway system still employs small four wheel vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city 104 105 Trains Edit Gare do Oriente train station designed by Santiago Calatrava There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon the Sintra Azambuja Cascais and Sado lines operated by CP Comboios de Portugal as well as a fifth line to Setubal operated by Fertagus which crosses the Tagus river via the 25 de Abril Bridge The major railway stations are Santa Apolonia Rossio Gare do Oriente Entrecampos and Cais do Sodre Buses Edit The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by Carris Outside Lisbon there is two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon and connecting these cities to Lisbon Carris Metropolitana 106 a brand operated by 4 companies all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Barraqueiro Transportes 107 with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon are the main ones operating from different terminals in the city Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network There are three circular motorways around the city the 2ª Circular the IC17 CRIL and the A9 CREL Bridges and ferries Edit The 25 de Abril Bridge crosses the Tagus River from Alcantara to Almada The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges The 25 de Abril Bridge inaugurated as Ponte Salazar on 6 August 1966 and later renamed after the date of the Carnation Revolution was the longest suspension bridge in Europe 108 The Vasco da Gama Bridge inaugurated in May 1998 is at 17 2 km 10 7 mi the longest bridge in Europe 109 The foundations for a third bridge across the Tagus have already been laid but the overall project has been postponed due to the economic crisis in Portugal and all of Europe Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry The operator is Transtejo amp Soflusa 110 which runs from different locations within the city Cacilhas Seixal Montijo Porto Brandao and Trafaria under the brand Transtejo and to Barreiro under the brand Soflusa Air travel Edit Humberto Delgado Airport is located within the city limits It is the headquarters and hub for TAP Portugal as well as a hub for Easyjet Azores Airlines Ryanair EuroAtlantic Airways White Airways and Hi Fly A second airport has been proposed but the project has been put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed However the last proposal is a military airbase in Montijo that would be replaced by a civil airport So Lisbon would have two airports the current airport in the north and a new one in the south of the city Cascais Aerodrome 20 km West of the city centre in Cascais offers commercial domestic flights Cycling Edit See also Gira bicycle rental Following the Covid 19 pandemic Lisbon has seen a significant increase in cycling and plans to expand the current Gira bike hire system from 600 bikes to 1 500 by summer 2021 Many of these bikes will be electric to deal with Lisbon s hills The city will also expand its network of cycle paths 111 Public transportation statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon for example to and from work on a weekday is 59 min 11 5 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min while 23 1 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km while 10 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 112 Education Edit The rectory and main campus of the New University of Lisbon International schools Edit In Greater Lisbon area particularly in the Portuguese Riviera an area popular with expats and foreign nationals there are numerous international schools including the Carlucci American International School of Lisbon only American school in Portugal Saint Julian s School British Saint Dominic s International School British Deutsche Schule Lissabon German Instituto Espanol Giner de los Rios Spanish and Lycee Francais Charles Lepierre French Higher education Edit Instituto Superior Tecnico which belongs to the University of Lisbon is based on the Alameda D Afonso Henriques In the city there are three public universities and a university institute The University of Lisbon which is the largest university in Portugal was created in 2013 with the union of the Technical University of Lisbon and the Classical University of Lisbon which was known as the University of Lisbon The New University of Lisbon founded in 1973 is another public university in Lisbon and is known internationally by its Nova School of Business and Economics Nova SBE its economics and management faculty The third public university is Universidade Aberta Additionally there s ISCTE Lisbon University Institute founded in 1972 a university institute that provides degrees in all academic disciplines Major private institutions of higher education include the Portuguese Catholic University focused on law and management as well as the Lusiada University the Universidade Lusofona and the Universidade Autonoma de Lisboa among others The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was for the 2007 2008 school year of 125 867 students of whom 81 507 in the Lisbon s public institutions 113 Libraries Edit Lisbon is home to Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal the Portuguese national library which has over 3 million books and manuscripts The library has some rare books and manuscripts such as an original Gutenberg Bible and original books by Erasmus Christophe Platin and Aldus Manutius Torre do Tombo the national archive is one of the most important archives in the world with over 600 years and one of the oldest active Portuguese institutions There are among several others the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino and the Arquivo Historico Militar Sports Edit Estadio da Luz top home to S L Benfica and Estadio do Alvalade bottom home to Sporting CP Lisbon has a long tradition in sports It hosted several matches including the final of the UEFA Euro 2004 championship The city also played host to the final of the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the European Fencing Championships in 1983 and 1992 as well as the 2003 World Men s Handball Championship and the 2008 European Judo Championships From 2006 to 2008 Lisbon was the starting point for the Dakar Rally The city hosted the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League finals In 2008 and 2016 the city hosted the European Triathlon Championships Lisbon has a leg at the Volvo Ocean Race Football Edit The city hosts three association football clubs in Portugal s highest league the Primeira Liga Sport Lisboa e Benfica commonly known as simply Benfica has won 37 league titles in addition to two European Cups Lisbon s second most successful club is Sporting Clube de Portugal commonly known as Sporting and often referred to as Sporting Lisbon abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name winner of 19 league titles and the UEFA Cup Winners Cup A third club C F Os Belenenses commonly Belenenses or Belenenses Lisbon based in the Belem quarter has solely won one league title Other major clubs in Lisbon include Atletico Casa Pia and Oriental Lisbon has two UEFA category four stadiums Benfica s Estadio da Luz Stadium of Light with a capacity of over 65 000 and Sporting s Estadio Jose Alvalade with a capacity of over 50 000 The Estadio da Luz held both the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League Final There is also Belenenses Estadio do Restelo with a capacity of over 30 000 The Estadio Nacional in nearby Oeiras has a capacity of 37 000 and was used exclusively for Portuguese international football matches and cup finals until the construction of larger stadia in the city It held the 1967 European Cup Final Other sports Edit Other sports such as basketball futsal handball roller hockey rugby union and volleyball are also popular the latter s national stadium is in Lisbon There are many other sports facilities in Lisbon ranging from athletics sailing golfing to mountain biking Lisboa and Troia golf course are two of many stunning golf courses located in Lisbon Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon while in September the Portugal Half Marathon International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal Lisbon is twinned with 114 Bissau Guinea Bissau 1985 Budapest Hungary 1992 Cacheu Guinea Bissau 1988 Fortaleza Brazil 2016 115 Guimaraes Portugal 1993 Luanda Angola 1988 Macau China 1982 Madrid Spain 1979 Malacca City Malaysia 1984 Maputo Mozambique 1982 Praia Cape Verde 1983 Rabat Morocco 1988 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1980 Salvador Brazil 1995 Sao Tome Sao Tome and Principe 1985 Cooperation agreements Edit Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with 114 Algiers Algeria 1988 Asuncion Paraguay 2014 Bangkok Thailand 2016 116 Beijing China 2007 Bethlehem Palestine 1995 Buenos Aires Argentina 1992 Curitiba Brazil 2005 Haimen China 2011 Kyiv Ukraine 2000 Miami United States 1987 Montevideo Uruguay 1993 Panaji India 1989 Paris France 1998 Qingdao China 2010 Santa Catarina Cape Verde 1997 Sofia Bulgaria 2001 Toronto Canada 1987 Tunis Tunisia 1993 Zagreb Croatia 1977 Membership in organizations Edit From 12 October 1982 Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero American Capital Cities 114 117 From 28 June 1985 Lisbon is part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language alongside with 22 other cities from Angola Brazil Cape Verde China East 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Wayback Machine OECD World Urbanization Prospects Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations 2007 Population by sex and age groups on 1 January Archived 22 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Eurostat 2012 2014 Global Metro Monitor Archived 21 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Brookings Institution 2015 Census Final results Portugal 2021 Statistics Portugal Retrieved 23 November 2022 Instituto Nacional de Estatistica Recenseamentos Gerais da Populacao https www ine pt xportal xmain xpid INE amp xpgid ine publicacoes Eurogate Lisbon Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 Retrieved 9 November 2017 GDP per inhabitant in 2004 PDF Eurostat Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2009 Retrieved 17 November 2012 GDP per inhabitant in 2005 PDF Eurostat Archived from the original PDF on 16 February 2008 Retrieved 17 November 2012 GDP per inhabitant in 2006 PDF Eurostat Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 17 November 2012 GDP per inhabitant in 2007 PDF Eurostat Archived from the original PDF on 9 November 2014 Retrieved 17 November 2012 Global Metro Monitor GDP 2014 Brookings Institution 22 January 2015 Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 Retrieved 16 February 2015 Pequeno Resumo Historico de Lisboa Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Camara Municipal de Lisboa The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2019 Monocle 2019 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Lisbon Porto have more tourists per local than Barcelona Prague report Xinhuanet com 5 April 2018 Archived from the original on 25 September 2019 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Candeias Francisco 24 June 2017 Tourism in Lisbon in 2017 reveals a bigger growth than in 2016 lisbon id com Archived from the original on 26 September 2019 Retrieved 21 August 2021 World s Leading City Destination 2018 World Travel Awards Archived from the original on 5 December 2019 Retrieved 7 April 2020 Electrical World McGraw Hill 1900 p 566 1 Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Information from Carris Lisbon transportation company Luso Pages Lisbon Portugal Trams Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 Retrieved 10 March 2011 Details of Lisbon s trams from Luso Pages Carris Metropolitana a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Barraqueiro Transportes a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Suspension bridge Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 November 2016 Archived from the original on 31 January 2018 Retrieved 30 January 2018 The highest tallest longest and oldest bridges in the world The Telegraph Archived from the original on 31 January 2018 Retrieved 30 January 2018 Transtejo e Soflusa Transtejo pt Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 Retrieved 8 July 2009 Lisboa duplica oferta de bicicletas Utilizacao subiu 50 num ano Lisboa Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Statistics on enrollment from GPEARI Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education MCES Excel spreadsheet 2007 08 school year Estatistics gpeari mctes pt Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 Retrieved 17 November 2012 a b c d Relacoes Internacionais lisboa pt in Portuguese City of Lisbon Retrieved 29 June 2022 Fortaleza se torna cidade irma de Lisboa oestadoce com br in Portuguese Oestado 30 June 2016 Retrieved 29 June 2022 The City of Lisbon Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 19 July 2016 Friendship And Co Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portuguese Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand PDF Archived PDF from the original on 8 October 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2018 Ciudades miembro in Portuguese Union de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas Retrieved 29 June 2022 Uniao das Cidades Capitais de Lingua Portuguesa in Portuguese Uniao das Cidades Capitais de Lingua Portuguesa Retrieved 29 June 2022 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of LisbonExternal links EditLisbon at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Visit Portugal Official page by the Government of Portugal Associacao de Turismo de Lisboa Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association OTLIS Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium Portal das Nacoes Official site of Parque das Nacoes in Lisbon Lisbon voted European City of the Year 2012 Award Portuguese American Journal TVL Lisbon TV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lisbon amp oldid 1137438316, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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