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Sustainable Development Goals


The United Nations created 17 world development goals called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were created in 2015 with the aim of "peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future."[1][2][3]

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Mission statement"A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future"[1]
Type of projectNon-Profit
LocationGlobal
FounderUnited Nations
Established2015
Websitesdgs.un.org

The SDGs emphasize the interconnected environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable development by putting sustainability at their center.[4][5]

The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and well-being (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17).

Results and outcomes edit

Most or all of the goals and targets are unlikely to be achieved by 2030.[6]: 41 

Of particular concern - which cut across many of the SDGs – are rising inequalities, ongoing climate change and increasing biodiversity loss.[6]: 41  In addition, there is a trade-off between the planetary boundaries of Earth and the aspirations for wealth and well-being. This has been described as follows: "the world's social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the aspirations for universal human well-being embedded in the SDGs."[6]: 41 

An independent group of scientists appointed by the Secretary General, found that: "the world is far off track".[7] This report urges "urgent course correction" to help achieve the SDGs.[7] This report blames the lingering drag of the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in conflicts and, inflation for the lagging progress of the SDGs.[7]

Due to various economic and social issues, many countries are seeing a major decline in the progress made. In Asia for example, data shows a loss of progress on goals 2, 8,10,11, and 15.[8] Recommended approaches to still achieve the SDGs are: "Set priorities, focus on harnessing the environmental dimension of the SDGs, understand how the SDGs work as an indivisible system, and look for synergies."[8]

Assessing the political impact of the SDGs edit

In 2022, the last book in series of books analysed the political impacts of the SDGs.[9] It reviewed over 3,000 scientific articles, mainly from the social sciences, and looked at possible discursive, normative and institutional effects. The presence of all three types of effects throughout a political system is defined as transformative impact, which is the eventual goal of the 2030 Agenda.[10]

Discursive effects relate to changes in global and national debates that make them more aligned with the SDGs.[10] Normative effects would be adjustments in legislative and regulatory frameworks and policies in line with, and because of, the SDGs. Institutional effects would be the creation of new departments, committees, offices or programs linked to the achievement of the SDGs or the realignment of existing institutions.[10]

The review found that the SDGs are too nonspecific to be quantified or measured. Subjective assessments are often paradoxical due to the nature of wealth and prosperity. An individual with good health, supportive family and social well-being could be considered a form of wealth not enjoyed by individuals who are isolated, in poor health and employed in labor which exacts an extreme physical toll and frequent injuries or toxin-related illness.[10] They have had mainly discursive effects only.[10] For example, the broad uptake of the principle of leaving no one behind in pronouncements by policymakers and civil society activists is a discursive effect. The SDGs have also led to some isolated normative and institutional reforms.[10] However, there is widespread doubt that the SDGs can steer societies towards more ecological integrity at the planetary scale.[10] This is because countries generally prioritize the more socioeconomic SDGs (e.g. SDGs 8 to 12) over the environmentally oriented ones (e.g. SDGs 13 to 15), which is in alignment with their long-standing national development policies.[10]

Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic edit

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had impacts on all 17 goals. It has become "the worst human and economic crisis in a lifetime."[11]: 2  The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3 (health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 6 (water and sanitation for all), SDG 10 (reduce inequality) and SDG 17 (partnerships).[11]

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by offering their support to developing countries.[12] For example, the IMF works to reduce poverty in low-income developing countries by offering financial support during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Uneven priorities of goals edit

In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published. Three came from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA),[13][14] one from the Bertelsmann Foundation and one from the European Union.[15][16] A review of the five reports analyzed which of the 17 Goals were addressed in priority and which ones were left behind.[17] In explanation of the findings, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion were "left behind" by quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind."[17]

It has been argued that governments and businesses actively prioritize the social and economic goals over the environmental goals (such as Goal 14 and 15) in both rhetoric and practice.[18]

SDG preferences in the World's five major SDG reports in 2019[17]
SDG Topic   Rank    Average Rank Mentions
Health 1 3.2 1814
Energy
Climate
Water
2 4.0 1328
1328
1784
Education 3 4.6 1351
Poverty 4 6.2 1095
Food 5 7.6 693
Economic Growth 6 8.6 387
Technology 7 8.8 855
Inequality 8 9.2 296
World War 3 9 10.0 338
Hunger 10 10.6 670
Justice 11 10.8 328
Governance 12 11.6 232
Decent Work 13 12.2 277
Peace 14 12.4 282
Clean Energy 15 12.6 272
Life on Land 16 14.4 250
Life below Water 17 15.0 248
Social Inclusion 18 16.4 22

Measuring progress edit

 
Countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs (in dark blue) and those with the greatest remaining challenges (in the lightest shade of blue) in 2018[19]

Monitoring tools and websites edit

The online publication SDG-Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all available indicators.[20] It relies on the Our World in Data database and is also based at the University of Oxford.[21][22] The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is making progress towards the SDGs.[23] It aims to make the data on the 17 goals available and understandable to a wide audience.[24] The SDG-Tracker highlights that the world is currently (early 2019) very far away from achieving the goals.

The Global SDG Index and Dashboards Report is the first publication to track countries' performance on all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[25] The annual publication, co-produced by Bertelsmann Stiftung and SDSN, includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges for each country in terms of implementing the SDGs. The publication also shows an analysis of government efforts to implement the SDGs.

UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) edit

This subdivision should be a "regular meeting place for governments and non-state representatives to assess global progress towards sustainable development."[9]: 206  The meetings take place under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council. In July 2020 the meeting took place online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The theme was "Accelerated action and transformative pathways: realizing the decade of action and delivery for sustainable development" and a ministerial declaration was adopted.[11]

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. The most recent one is from April 2020.[11]

However, the HLPF has a range of problems.[10] It has not been able to promote system-wide coherence. The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of resources and divergent national interests.[10] Therefore, this reporting system is mainly just a platform for voluntary reporting and peer learning among governments.[10]

The High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) replaced the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012.[9]: 206 

Examples of progress edit

These are examples of what different countries have done to progress the 17 goals.

Asia and Pacific edit

Australia edit

 
17 individual, yet interconnected, art strips symbolising each of the 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals in the shape of the Australian continent

The Commonwealth of Australia was one of the 193 countries that adopted the 2030 Agenda in September 2015. Implementation of the agenda is led by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) with different federal government agencies responsible for each of the goals.[26]

In November 2020, the Transforming Australia: SDG Progress Report stated that while Australia was performing well in health (SDG 3) and education (SDG 4) it was falling behind in the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13), waste and environmental degradation (SDG 12, SDG 14 and SDG 15), and addressing economic inequality (SDG 10).[27]

Africa edit

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has collected information to show how awareness about the SDGs among government officers, civil society and others has been created in many African countries.[28]

Nigeria edit

Nigeria is one of the countries that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2017 and 2020 on the implementation of the SDGs at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF).[29] In 2020, Nigeria ranked 160 on the 2020 world's SDG Index.[30] The government affirmed that Nigeria's current development priorities and objectives are focused on achieving the SDGs.[31]

Europe and Middle East edit

Baltic nations, via the Council of the Baltic Sea States, have created the Baltic 2030 Action Plan.[32]

Lebanon edit

Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review VNR in 2018 at the High Level Political Forum in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country.[33] In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.[34]

Syria edit

Higher education in Syria began with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.[35]

United Kingdom edit

The UK's approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030: Delivering the Global Goals, developed by the Department for International Development.[36] In 2019, the Bond network analyzed the UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[37] The Bond report highlights crucial gaps where attention and investment are most needed. The report was compiled by 49 organizations and 14 networks and working groups.

Challenges edit

Too many goals and overall problems edit

Scholars have pointed out flaws in the design of the SDGs for the following aspects: "the number of goals, the structure of the goal framework (for example, the non-hierarchical structure), the coherence between the goals, the specificity or measurability of the targets, the language used in the text, and their reliance on neoliberal economic development-oriented sustainable development as their core orientation."[38]: 161 

The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering an ambitious development agenda. The current status quo has been described as "separating human wellbeing and environmental sustainability, failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade-offs, root causes of poverty and environmental degradation, and social justice issues."[4]

A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many, describing them as sprawling, misconceived and a mess compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).[39]

Weak on environmental sustainability edit

 
SDG wedding cake model: A way of viewing the economic, social and ecological aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[40]

Scholars have criticized that the SDGs "fail to recognize that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are all part of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary integrity should not be a means to an end, but an end in itself."[38]: 147  The SDGs "remain fixated on the idea that economic growth is foundational to achieve all pillars of sustainable development."[38]: 147  They do not prioritize environmental protection.[38]: 144 

The SDGs include three environment-focused SDGs, which are Goal 13, 14 and 15 (climate, land and oceans), but there is no overarching environmental or planetary goal.[38]: 144  The SDGs do not pursue planetary integrity as such.[38]: 144 Other SDGs, which as Goal 7, 12 and 13  ignore the planetary limits and encourage consumption [41]

Environmental constraints and planetary boundaries are underrepresented within the SDGs. For instance, the way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between environmental sustainability and SDGs, with most indicators within even the sustainability-focused goals focusing on social or economic outcomes.[42] This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth.[41] They could unintentionally promote environmental destruction in the name of sustainable development.[43][44]

Certain studies also argue that the focus of the SDGs on neoliberal sustainable development is detrimental to planetary integrity and justice.[10] Both of these ambitions (planetary integrity and justice) would require limits to economic growth.[38]: 145 This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth. These studies question whether economic growth and ecological sustainability go hand in hand.

Scientists have proposed several ways to address the weaknesses regarding environmental sustainability in the SDGs:

  • The monitoring of essential variables to better capture the essence of coupled environmental and social systems that underpin sustainable development, helping to guide coordination and systems transformation.[45]
  • More attention to the context of the biophysical systems in different places (e.g., coastal river deltas, mountain areas)[46][47]
  • Better understanding of feedbacks across scales in space (e.g., through globalization) and time (e.g., affecting future generations) that could ultimately determine the success or failure of the SDGs.[48]
  • Reframing the message of the SDGs to help advocate to limits to growth rather than the empirically unfounded idea that economic growth can continue in a limited world.[41]
  • Reformulating specific goals that emphasis reduced consumption instead of the business as usual model.[41]

Ethical aspects edit

There are concerns about the ethical orientation of the SDGs: they remain "underpinned by strong (Western) modernist notions of development: sovereignty of humans over their environment (anthropocentricism), individualism, competition, freedom (rights rather than duties), self-interest, belief in the market leading to collective welfare, private property (protected by legal systems), rewards based on merit, materialism, quantification of value, and instrumentalization of labor."[38]: 146 

The SDGs have been criticised for furthering a neoliberal agenda that extends to promote neoliberal and business interests.[49] Furthermore, the framework represents a universal template grounded in Western ideology. This framework is then used to reproduce a flawed Western paradigm.[49] Some scientists worry that the SDGs could be used against legitimate protests about development initiatives.[49]

Some studies warn that the SDGs could be used to camouflage business-as-usual by disguising it using SDG-related sustainability rhetoric.[10] A meta-analysis review study in 2022 found that: "There is even emerging evidence that the SDGs might have even adverse effects, by providing a "smokescreen of hectic political activity" that blurs a reality of stagnation, dead ends and business-as-usual."[9]: 220 

Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators edit

Regarding the targets of the SDGs, there is generally weak evidence linking the means of implementation to outcomes.[50] The targets about means of implementation (those denoted with a letter, for example, Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and tracking their largely qualitative indicators will be difficult.[50]

Trade-offs not explicitly addressed edit

The trade-offs among the 17 SDGs might prevent their realization.[51]: 66  For example, these are three difficult trade-offs to consider: "How can ending hunger be reconciled with environmental sustainability? (SDG targets 2.3 and 15.2) How can economic growth be reconciled with environmental sustainability? (SDG targets 9.2 and 9.4) How can income inequality be reconciled with economic growth? (SDG targets 10.1 and 8.1)."[52]

The SDGs do not specifically address the tensions between economic growth and environmental sustainability. Instead, they emphasize "longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and resource efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis."[38]: 145  For example, continued global economic growth of 3 percent (SDG 8) may not be reconcilable with ecological sustainability goals, because the required rate of absolute global eco-economic decoupling is far higher than any country has achieved in the past.[53]

Covid-19 pandemic edit

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of communities around the world.[7] The COVID-19 pandemic slowed progress towards achieving the SDGs. The COVID-19 pandemic has "exacerbated existing fault lines of inequality".[7] The brunt of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were felt by poorer segments of the population.[7]

At the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2023, speakers remarked that the pandemic, and multiple worldwide crises such as climate change, threatened decades of progress on the SDGs.[54]

Rising Levels of Conflict, War and Instability edit

Conflict and unrest have increased in many regions around the world which has created tangible barriers to implementing the SDGs.[7] In 2021, the number of individuals forcibly displaced were the highest recorded.[7] Global military expenditure has also been rising, in 2021 this exceeded $2 trillion globally.[7]

Cost of Living Crisis edit

The COVID-19 pandemic and the War in Ukraine have caused a cost-of-living crisis.[7] The food prices globally peaked in March 2022.[7] Many countries around the world are still seeing domestic food inflation.[7] The poorest are most affected by this crisis which in turn respond by consuming less, cheaper, or less nutritious options.[7] These short-term solutions have long term heath impacts.[7]

Funding edit

Cost estimates edit

The United Nations estimates that for Africa, considering the continent's population growth, yearly funding of $1.3 trillion would be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. The International Monetary Fund also estimates that $50 billion may be needed only to cover the expenses of climate adaptation.[55][56][57]

Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.[58] The World Bank says that estimates need to be made country by country, and reevaluated frequently over time.[58]

In 2014, UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at US$2.5 trillion per year.[59] Another estimate from 2018 (by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that conducts the World Social Capital Monitor) found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require between US$2.5 and $5.0 trillion per year.[60]

Allocation of funds edit

In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD) that invited to a public dialogue.[61] The top-5 sources of financing for development were estimated in 2018 to be: Real new sovereign debt OECD countries, military expenditures, official increase sovereign debt OECD countries, remittances from expats to developing countries, official development assistance (ODA).[60]

The Rockefeller Foundation asserted in 2017 that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift."[62] Large-scale funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation-hosted design thinking workshop concluded that "while there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there aren't drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale change."[63]

A meta-analysis published in 2022 found that there was scant evidence that governments have substantially reallocated funding to implement the SDGs, either for national implementation or for international cooperation. The SDGs do not seem to have changed public budgets and financial allocation mechanisms in any important way, except for some local governance contexts.[10] National budgets cannot easily be reallocated.[64]: 81 

SDG-driven investment edit

Capital stewardship is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG agenda to "shift the economic system towards sustainable investment by using the SDG framework across all asset classes."[65][66] The notion of SDG Driven Investment gained further ground amongst institutional investors in 2019.[67][68]

In 2017, 2018 and early 2019, the World Pensions Council (WPC) held a series of ESG-focused (Environmental, Social and Governance) discussions with pension board members (trustees) and senior investment executives from across G20 nations. Many pension investment executives and board members confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG-informed investment processes, with more ambitious investment governance requirements – notably when it comes to climate action, gender equality and social fairness.[69][65]

Some studies, however, warn of selective implementation of SDGs and political risks linked to private investments in the context of continued shortage of public funding.[10]

17 goals edit

Structure of goals, targets and indicators edit

The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July 2017.[70] Each goal typically has 8–12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5 indicators per target.[71] The targets are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained) or means of implementation targets.[50] The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.[50]

The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means of implementation targets use lower case letters.[50] For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are means of implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.

The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.[72]

The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability of data at the global level.[73] Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no internationally established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined.[73] As of 17 July 2020, there were 231 unique indicators.[73]

Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children, elderly folks, persons with disabilities, refugees, indigenous peoples, migrants, and internally-displaced persons.[74]

Reviews of indicators edit

The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.[75] At the 51st session of the Statistical Commission (held in New York City from 3–6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes to the global indicator framework were proposed for the commission's consideration. Some indicators were replaced, revised or deleted.[75] Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020, other changes were made to the indicators.[76] Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with difficulties.[77]

Goal 1: No poverty edit

 
SDG 1

SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."[78] Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the poverty line.[78] The data gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural).

SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty.[79]

Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger) edit

 
Sufficient and healthy foods should be made available to everyone

SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture."[80] Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of undernourishment, prevalence of severe food insecurity, and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age.

SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress.[81] The five outcome targets are: ending hunger and improving access to food; ending all forms of malnutrition; agricultural productivity; sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices; and genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals; investments, research and technology. The three means of implementation targets[82] include: addressing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their derivatives.[81][83]

Goal 3: Good health and well-being edit

SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."[84] Important indicators here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are for example deaths from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide mortality rate.[84]

SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets. The first nine targets are outcome targets:

Sovereignty and Property Rights edit

In 2023, Tennessee enacted legislation to block the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other programs "originating in, or traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations."[86][87]

Goal 4: Quality education edit

 
School children in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya

SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."[88] The indicators for this goal are, for example, attendance rates at primary schools, completion rates of primary school education, participation in tertiary education, and so forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not miss out (data is collected on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples") . There is also an indicator around the facilities that the school buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers, drinking water, toilets etc.).[88]

SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators. The seven outcome targets are: free primary and secondary education; equal access to quality pre-primary education; affordable technical, vocational and higher education; increased number of people with relevant skills for financial success; elimination of all discrimination in education; universal literacy and numeracy; and education for sustainable development and global citizenship. The three means of implementation targets[89] are: build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools; expand higher education scholarships for developing countries; and increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries.

Goal 5: Gender equality edit

SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."[90] Indicators include, for example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national parliament or in local deliberative bodies.[11] Numbers on forced marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are also included in another indicator.[91][11]

The three means of implementation targets[92] are:

  • fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership, and financial services for women
  • promoting empowerment of women through technology
  • adopting and strengthening policies for gender equality, and supporting legislation to enforce it.[93]

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation edit

 
Example of sanitation for all: School toilet (IPH school and college, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)

SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all."[94] The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important indicators for this goal are the percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people do not have safely managed sanitation.[95] Another indicator looks at the proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater that is safely treated.

The six key outcome targets to be achieved by 2030 include:

  1. Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all,
  2. Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
  3. Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
  4. Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
  5. Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
  6. protect and restore water-related ecosystems including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy edit

SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."[96] One of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity (progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably India, Bangladesh, and Kenya[97]). Other indicators look at the renewable energy share and energy efficiency.

The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030.[98] Progress towards the targets is measured by six indicators.[98] Three out of the five targets are outcome targets: Universal access to modern energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency. The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets[99]: to promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries. In other words, these targets include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. They also focus on improving energy efficiency, international cooperation and investment in clean energy infrastructure.

Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth edit

SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all."[100] Important indicators for this goal include economic growth in least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita. Further examples are rates of youth unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in the labor force compared to men.[100]

SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030. Some targets are for 2030; others are for 2020. The first ten are outcome targets. These are; "sustainable economic growth; diversify, innovate and upgrade for economic productivity", "promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises", "improve resource efficiency in consumption and production", 'full employment and decent work with equal pay', 'promote youth employment, education and training', 'end modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour', 'protect labour rights and promote safe working environments', 'promote beneficial and sustainable tourism', universal access to banking, insurance and financial services. In addition, there are also two targets for means of implementation[101], which are: Increase aid for trade support; develop a global youth employment strategy.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure edit

SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."[102] Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who are employed in manufacturing activities, are living in areas covered by a mobile network, or who have access to the internet.[11] An indicator that is connected to climate change is "CO2 emissions per unit of value added."

SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve indicators. The first five targets are outcome targets: develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; increase access to financial services and markets; upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability; enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies. The remaining three targets are means of implementation targets[103]: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal access to information and communications technology.

Goal 10: Reduced inequality edit

SDG 10 is to: "Reduce income inequality within and among countries."[104] Important indicators for this SDG are: income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for migration and mobility of people.[105]

The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other three targets are means of implementation targets[106]: Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances.[107]

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities edit

SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."[108] Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums, the proportion of the urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the extent of built-up area per person.[11]

SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured with 15 indicators. The seven outcome targets include safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems, inclusive and sustainable urbanization,[109] protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage, reduction of the adverse effects of natural disasters, reduction of the environmental impacts of cities and to provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces. The three means of implementation targets[110] include strong national and regional development planning, implementing policies for inclusion, resource efficiency, and disaster risk reduction in supporting the least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building.[111][112]

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production edit

SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."[113] One of the indicators is the number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns.[11]: 14  Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies.[11]: 14  An increase in domestic recycling and a reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the goal.[114]

Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11 targets. The first 8 are outcome targets, which are: implement the 10‑Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns; achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and the reduction of food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses; achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle; reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices; promote public procurement practices that are sustainable; and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development. The three means of implementation targets[115] are: support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity; develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts; and remove market distortions, like fossil fuel subsidies, that encourage wasteful consumption.[116]

Goal 13: Climate action edit

SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy."[117] In 2021 to early 2023, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment Report which assesses scientific, technical, and socio-economic information concerning climate change.[118]

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are outcome targets: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters; integrate climate change measures into policies and planning; build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets[119]: To implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Goal 14: Life below water edit

SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development."[120] The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources.[11] Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly trio of climate change pressures on the marine environment.[121]

 
Nusa Lembongan Reef
The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce marine pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas; end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources. The last three targets are means of implementation targets[122]: To increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health; support small scale fishers; implement and enforce international sea law.[123] One indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal 14 specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic pollution.[124]

Goal 15: Life on land edit

SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss."[125] The proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and species extinction risk are example indicators of this goal.[11][126]

The nine outcome targets include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural habitats; protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three means of implementation targets[127] include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking.

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions edit

SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."[128] Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in this goal.[129][11]

SDG 16 has ten outcome targets: Reduce violence; protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence; promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice; combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows, substantially reduce corruption and bribery; develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions; ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making; strengthen the participation in global governance; provide universal legal identity; ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. There are also two means of implementation targets[130]: Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism; promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies.[131]

Goal 17: Partnership for the goals edit

SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development."[132] Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals.[133] Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange, expertise, technology, and financial resources is recognized as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The goal includes improving north–south and South-South cooperation. Public-private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned.[134][135]

SDG 17 is a vision for improved and more equitable trade, as well as coordinated investment initiatives to promote sustainable development across borders. It is about strengthening and streamlining cooperation between nation-states, both developed and developing, using the SDGs as a shared framework and a shared vision for defining that collaborative way forward.[136] It seeks to promote international trade and an equitable trading system.[137] The Goal has 17 targets to be achieved by 2030, broken down into five categories: finance, technology, capacity building, trade and systemic issues. Progress towards targets will be measured by 25 indicators.[136][138] All these targets are regarded as means of implementation targets.[139]

Public relations edit

SDG materials are being painted in the form of graffiti to raise public awareness by independent volunteers in Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration with UNDP, Bangladesh
 
Katherine Maher, then-Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, talks about "The role of free knowledge in advancing the SDGs" in Stockholm, 2019
 
A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs in a thematic pyramid

The 2030 Agenda did not create specific authority for communicating the SDGs; however, both international and local advocacy organizations have pursued significant non-state resources to communicate the SDGS.[140] UN agencies which are part of the United Nations Development Group decided to support an independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider audience. This campaign, Project Everyone, had the support of corporate institutions and other international organizations.[141]

Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of communication specialists developed icons for every goal.[142] They also shortened the title The 17 Sustainable Development Goals to Global Goals, then ran workshops and conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a global audience.[143][144]

The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations convention passed in 2001, explicitly to encourage and promote effective public engagement in environmental decision making. Information transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals that the convention has addressed.[145][146]

Advocates edit

In 2019 and then in 2021, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed 17 SDG advocates.[147][148] The role of the public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push for faster action on the SDGs. The co-chairs are: Mia Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados and Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada.[citation needed]

Global events edit

 
Global Goals Week logo

Global Goals Week is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals.[149] It is a shared commitment for over 100 partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to global problems.[150] It first took place in 2016. It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC.[151]

The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by HF Productions and supported by the SDGs' Partnership Platform. Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take place every year in September in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.[152][153]

History edit

 
The sustainable development goals are a UN initiative
 
Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development containing the targets and indicators, July 2017 (UN resolution A/RES/71/313)
 
UN SDG consultations in Mariupol, Ukraine

The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The SDGs were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015.

In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."[154] In 1992, the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, where the first agenda for Environment and Development, also known as Agenda 21, was developed and adopted.

In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to UNCED.[155][156] Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011.[157] In September 2011, this idea was picked up by the United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets. In the run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as "The Future We Want" was reached by member states.[158] Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and sanitation, health, and human settlement.

In January 2013, the 30-member UN General Assembly Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th session of the General Assembly in September 2014.[159] On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals.[160]

Background edit

In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) created the SDGs as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. This agenda sought to design a new global development framework, replacing the Millennium Development Goals, which were completed that same year.[161] These goals were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution known as the 2030 Agenda, often informally referred to as Agenda 2030.[162] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress.[70] Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date.[72]

There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).[163][51]: 70  On the other hand, critics and observers have also identified trade-offs between the goals,[51]: 67 such as between ending hunger and promoting environmental sustainability.[52]: 26  Furthermore, concerns have arisen over the high number of goals (compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals), leading to compounded trade-offs, a weak emphasis on environmental sustainability, and difficulties tracking qualitative indicators.

The SDGs are monitored by the UN (United Nations) High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), an annual forum held under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. However, the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of political leadership and divergent national interests.[9]: 206  To facilitate monitoring of progress on SDG implementation, the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available data across all indicators.[20] The COVID-19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on all 17 SDGs in 2020.[11] A scientific assessment of the political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that the SDGs have only had limited transformative political impact thus far.[10] At the very least, they have affected the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development.[10]

Adoption edit

 
Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN Resolution A/RES/70/1), containing the goals (October 2015)
 
A diagram listing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals

On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development."[164][165][166] This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.

The UN-led process involved its 193 Member States and global civil society. The resolution is a broad intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The SDGs build on the principles agreed upon in Resolution A/RES/66/288, entitled "The Future We Want".[167] This was a non-binding document released as a result of Rio+20 Conference held in 2012.[167]

Implementation edit

 
Cost comparison for UN Goals

Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. This process can also be called Localizing the SDGs. In 2019 António Guterres (secretary-general of the United Nations) issued a global call for a Decade of Action to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.[168] This decade will last from 2020 to 2030. The plan is that the secretary general of the UN will convene an annual platform for driving the Decade of Action.[169]

There are two main types of actors for implementation of the SDGs: state and non-state actors.[10] State actors include national governments and sub-national authorities, whereas non-state actors are corporations and civil society.[64]: 80  Civil society participation and empowerment is important but there are also diverse interests in this group.[64]: 80 

Building new partnerships is useful.[64] However, the SDGs are not legally binding and purposefully designed to provide much leeway for actors. Therefore, they can interpret the goals differently and often according to their interests.[10]

Issues edit

 
Young people holding SDG banners in Lima, Peru

Three aspects need to come together to achieve sustainable development: the economic, socio-political, and environmental dimensions are all vital and interdependent.[170] Multidisciplinary and trans-disciplinary research across all three sectors are required to achieve progress. This proves difficult when major governments fail to support it.[170]

Gender equality, education, culture and health are examples of cross cutting issues. These are some examples of various interlinkages inherent in the SDGs.

Gender equality

The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women's empowerment and gender equality are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The SDGs look to policy makers as well as private sector executives and board members to work toward gender equality.[171][65] Statements from diverse sources such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women and the World Pensions Forum, have noted that investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies. National and global development investments in women and girls often exceed their initial scope.[172]

Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG framework by ensuring that as much sex-disaggregated data as possible are collected.[173]: 11 

Education and culture

 
Training on Education for sustainable development workshop in Kasese district Uganda

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of the SDG on education. UNESCO promotes the Global Citizenship Education (GCED) as a complementary approach.[174] Education for sustainable development is important for all the other 16 SDGs.[175]

Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage"). However, culture is seen as a cross-cutting theme because it impacts several SDGs.[173] For example, culture plays a role in SDG targets where they relate to environment and resilience (within SDGs 11, 12 and 16), prosperity and livelihoods (within SDG 8), inclusion and participation (within SDG 11 and 16).[173]: 2 

Health

SDGs 1 to 6 directly address health disparities, primarily in developing countries.[176] These six goals address key issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and Food security, Health, Education, Gender equality and women's empowerment, as well as water and sanitation.[176] Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations.

The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well established:

  • SDG 1: Living below the poverty line is attributed to poorer health outcomes and can be even worse for persons living in developing countries where extreme poverty is more common.[177] A child born into poverty is twice as likely to die before the age of five compared to a child from a wealthier family.[178]
  • SDG 2: The detrimental effects of hunger and malnutrition that can arise from systemic challenges with food security are enormous. The World Health Organization estimates that 12.9 percent of the population in developing countries is undernourished.[179]
  • SDG 4 and 5: Educational equity has yet to be reached in the world. Public health efforts are impeded by this, as a lack of education can lead to poorer health outcomes. This is shown by children of mothers who have no education having a lower survival rate compared to children born to mothers with primary or greater levels of education.[178]

Synergies

Synergies amongst the SDGs are "the good antagonists of trade-offs."[51]: 67 With regards to SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies particularly for the SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).[163][51]: 70 

To meet SDG 13 and other SDGs, sustained long-term investment in green innovation is required to: decarbonize the physical capital stock – energy, industry, and transportation infrastructure – and ensure its resilience to a changing future climate; to preserve and enhance natural capital – forests, oceans, and wetlands; and to train people to work in a climate-neutral economy.[180][181][182]

See also edit

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External links edit

 
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  • UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – The SDGs
  • "Global Goals" Campaign Campaign on the SDGs published by Project Everyone
  • Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations
  • SDG-Tracker.org – Visualized tracking of progress towards the SDGs
  • SDG Pathfinder – Explore content on SDGs from six international organizations (powered by the OECD)

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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article January 2024 This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message SDG redirects here For other uses see SDG disambiguation This article is about the 2023 goals For the 2015 goals see Millennium Development Goals The United Nations created 17 world development goals called the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs They were created in 2015 with the aim of peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and into the future 1 2 3 Sustainable Development Goals SDGs Mission statement A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and into the future 1 Type of projectNon ProfitLocationGlobalFounderUnited NationsEstablished2015Websitesdgs wbr un wbr orgThe SDGs emphasize the interconnected environmental social and economic aspects of sustainable development by putting sustainability at their center 4 5 The short titles of the 17 SDGs are No poverty SDG 1 Zero hunger SDG 2 Good health and well being SDG 3 Quality education SDG 4 Gender equality SDG 5 Clean water and sanitation SDG 6 Affordable and clean energy SDG 7 Decent work and economic growth SDG 8 Industry innovation and infrastructure SDG 9 Reduced inequalities SDG 10 Sustainable cities and communities SDG 11 Responsible consumption and production SDG 12 Climate action SDG 13 Life below water SDG 14 Life on land SDG 15 Peace justice and strong institutions SDG 16 and Partnerships for the goals SDG 17 Contents 1 Results and outcomes 1 1 Assessing the political impact of the SDGs 1 2 Impacts of COVID 19 pandemic 1 3 Uneven priorities of goals 1 4 Measuring progress 1 4 1 Monitoring tools and websites 1 4 2 UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPF 2 Examples of progress 2 1 Asia and Pacific 2 1 1 Australia 2 2 Africa 2 2 1 Nigeria 2 3 Europe and Middle East 2 3 1 Lebanon 2 3 2 Syria 2 3 3 United Kingdom 3 Challenges 3 1 Too many goals and overall problems 3 2 Weak on environmental sustainability 3 3 Ethical aspects 3 4 Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators 3 5 Trade offs not explicitly addressed 3 6 Covid 19 pandemic 3 7 Rising Levels of Conflict War and Instability 3 8 Cost of Living Crisis 4 Funding 4 1 Cost estimates 4 2 Allocation of funds 4 3 SDG driven investment 5 17 goals 5 1 Structure of goals targets and indicators 5 1 1 Reviews of indicators 5 2 Goal 1 No poverty 5 3 Goal 2 Zero hunger No hunger 5 4 Goal 3 Good health and well being 5 5 Sovereignty and Property Rights 5 6 Goal 4 Quality education 5 7 Goal 5 Gender equality 5 8 Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation 5 9 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy 5 10 Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth 5 11 Goal 9 Industry Innovation and Infrastructure 5 12 Goal 10 Reduced inequality 5 13 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities 5 14 Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production 5 15 Goal 13 Climate action 5 16 Goal 14 Life below water 5 17 Goal 15 Life on land 5 18 Goal 16 Peace justice and strong institutions 5 19 Goal 17 Partnership for the goals 6 Public relations 6 1 Advocates 6 2 Global events 7 History 7 1 Background 7 2 Adoption 7 3 Implementation 7 4 Issues 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksResults and outcomes editMost or all of the goals and targets are unlikely to be achieved by 2030 6 41 Of particular concern which cut across many of the SDGs are rising inequalities ongoing climate change and increasing biodiversity loss 6 41 In addition there is a trade off between the planetary boundaries of Earth and the aspirations for wealth and well being This has been described as follows the world s social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the aspirations for universal human well being embedded in the SDGs 6 41 An independent group of scientists appointed by the Secretary General found that the world is far off track 7 This report urges urgent course correction to help achieve the SDGs 7 This report blames the lingering drag of the COVID 19 pandemic a rise in conflicts and inflation for the lagging progress of the SDGs 7 Due to various economic and social issues many countries are seeing a major decline in the progress made In Asia for example data shows a loss of progress on goals 2 8 10 11 and 15 8 Recommended approaches to still achieve the SDGs are Set priorities focus on harnessing the environmental dimension of the SDGs understand how the SDGs work as an indivisible system and look for synergies 8 Assessing the political impact of the SDGs edit In 2022 the last book in series of books analysed the political impacts of the SDGs 9 It reviewed over 3 000 scientific articles mainly from the social sciences and looked at possible discursive normative and institutional effects The presence of all three types of effects throughout a political system is defined as transformative impact which is the eventual goal of the 2030 Agenda 10 Discursive effects relate to changes in global and national debates that make them more aligned with the SDGs 10 Normative effects would be adjustments in legislative and regulatory frameworks and policies in line with and because of the SDGs Institutional effects would be the creation of new departments committees offices or programs linked to the achievement of the SDGs or the realignment of existing institutions 10 The review found that the SDGs are too nonspecific to be quantified or measured Subjective assessments are often paradoxical due to the nature of wealth and prosperity An individual with good health supportive family and social well being could be considered a form of wealth not enjoyed by individuals who are isolated in poor health and employed in labor which exacts an extreme physical toll and frequent injuries or toxin related illness 10 They have had mainly discursive effects only 10 For example the broad uptake of the principle of leaving no one behind in pronouncements by policymakers and civil society activists is a discursive effect The SDGs have also led to some isolated normative and institutional reforms 10 However there is widespread doubt that the SDGs can steer societies towards more ecological integrity at the planetary scale 10 This is because countries generally prioritize the more socioeconomic SDGs e g SDGs 8 to 12 over the environmentally oriented ones e g SDGs 13 to 15 which is in alignment with their long standing national development policies 10 Impacts of COVID 19 pandemic edit The COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 had impacts on all 17 goals It has become the worst human and economic crisis in a lifetime 11 2 The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3 health SDG 4 education SDG 6 water and sanitation for all SDG 10 reduce inequality and SDG 17 partnerships 11 The International Monetary Fund IMF has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by offering their support to developing countries 12 For example the IMF works to reduce poverty in low income developing countries by offering financial support during the COVID 19 pandemic Uneven priorities of goals edit In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published Three came from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDESA 13 14 one from the Bertelsmann Foundation and one from the European Union 15 16 A review of the five reports analyzed which of the 17 Goals were addressed in priority and which ones were left behind 17 In explanation of the findings the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said Biodiversity Peace and Social Inclusion were left behind by quoting the official SDGs motto Leaving no one behind 17 It has been argued that governments and businesses actively prioritize the social and economic goals over the environmental goals such as Goal 14 and 15 in both rhetoric and practice 18 SDG preferences in the World s five major SDG reports in 2019 17 SDG Topic Rank Average Rank MentionsHealth 1 3 2 1814EnergyClimate Water 2 4 0 132813281784Education 3 4 6 1351Poverty 4 6 2 1095Food 5 7 6 693Economic Growth 6 8 6 387Technology 7 8 8 855Inequality 8 9 2 296World War 3 9 10 0 338Hunger 10 10 6 670Justice 11 10 8 328Governance 12 11 6 232Decent Work 13 12 2 277Peace 14 12 4 282Clean Energy 15 12 6 272Life on Land 16 14 4 250Life below Water 17 15 0 248Social Inclusion 18 16 4 22Measuring progress edit nbsp Countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs in dark blue and those with the greatest remaining challenges in the lightest shade of blue in 2018 19 Monitoring tools and websites edit The online publication SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all available indicators 20 It relies on the Our World in Data database and is also based at the University of Oxford 21 22 The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is making progress towards the SDGs 23 It aims to make the data on the 17 goals available and understandable to a wide audience 24 The SDG Tracker highlights that the world is currently early 2019 very far away from achieving the goals The Global SDG Index and Dashboards Report is the first publication to track countries performance on all 17 Sustainable Development Goals 25 The annual publication co produced by Bertelsmann Stiftung and SDSN includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges for each country in terms of implementing the SDGs The publication also shows an analysis of government efforts to implement the SDGs UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPF edit Main article High level Political Forum on Sustainable DevelopmentThis article may contain excessive or irrelevant examples Please help improve the article by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples January 2024 This subdivision should be a regular meeting place for governments and non state representatives to assess global progress towards sustainable development 9 206 The meetings take place under the auspices of the United Nations economic and Social Council In July 2020 the meeting took place online for the first time due to the COVID 19 pandemic The theme was Accelerated action and transformative pathways realizing the decade of action and delivery for sustainable development and a ministerial declaration was adopted 11 High level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General The most recent one is from April 2020 11 However the HLPF has a range of problems 10 It has not been able to promote system wide coherence The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of resources and divergent national interests 10 Therefore this reporting system is mainly just a platform for voluntary reporting and peer learning among governments 10 The High level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPF replaced the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012 9 206 Examples of progress editThese are examples of what different countries have done to progress the 17 goals Asia and Pacific edit Australia edit This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals and Australia edit nbsp 17 individual yet interconnected art strips symbolising each of the 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals in the shape of the Australian continentThe Commonwealth of Australia was one of the 193 countries that adopted the 2030 Agenda in September 2015 Implementation of the agenda is led by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFAT and the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet PM amp C with different federal government agencies responsible for each of the goals 26 In November 2020 the Transforming Australia SDG Progress Report stated that while Australia was performing well in health SDG 3 and education SDG 4 it was falling behind in the reduction of CO2 emissions SDG 13 waste and environmental degradation SDG 12 SDG 14 and SDG 15 and addressing economic inequality SDG 10 27 Africa edit See also Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana The United Nations Development Programme UNDP has collected information to show how awareness about the SDGs among government officers civil society and others has been created in many African countries 28 Nigeria edit This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria edit Nigeria is one of the countries that presented its Voluntary National Review VNR in 2017 and 2020 on the implementation of the SDGs at the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPF 29 In 2020 Nigeria ranked 160 on the 2020 world s SDG Index 30 The government affirmed that Nigeria s current development priorities and objectives are focused on achieving the SDGs 31 Europe and Middle East edit See also Sustainable Development Goals and Iran Baltic nations via the Council of the Baltic Sea States have created the Baltic 2030 Action Plan 32 Lebanon edit This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon edit Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 It presented its first Voluntary National Review VNR in 2018 at the High Level Political Forum in New York A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country 33 In 2019 Lebanon s overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region 34 Syria edit Higher education in Syria began with sustainable development steps through Damascus University 35 United Kingdom edit The UK s approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030 Delivering the Global Goals developed by the Department for International Development 36 In 2019 the Bond network analyzed the UK s global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs 37 The Bond report highlights crucial gaps where attention and investment are most needed The report was compiled by 49 organizations and 14 networks and working groups Challenges editToo many goals and overall problems edit Scholars have pointed out flaws in the design of the SDGs for the following aspects the number of goals the structure of the goal framework for example the non hierarchical structure the coherence between the goals the specificity or measurability of the targets the language used in the text and their reliance on neoliberal economic development oriented sustainable development as their core orientation 38 161 The SDGs may simply maintain the status quo and fall short of delivering an ambitious development agenda The current status quo has been described as separating human wellbeing and environmental sustainability failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade offs root causes of poverty and environmental degradation and social justice issues 4 A commentary in The Economist in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many describing them as sprawling misconceived and a mess compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals MDGs 39 Weak on environmental sustainability edit nbsp SDG wedding cake model A way of viewing the economic social and ecological aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs 40 Further information Sustainability Scholars have criticized that the SDGs fail to recognize that planetary people and prosperity concerns are all part of one earth system and that the protection of planetary integrity should not be a means to an end but an end in itself 38 147 The SDGs remain fixated on the idea that economic growth is foundational to achieve all pillars of sustainable development 38 147 They do not prioritize environmental protection 38 144 The SDGs include three environment focused SDGs which are Goal 13 14 and 15 climate land and oceans but there is no overarching environmental or planetary goal 38 144 The SDGs do not pursue planetary integrity as such 38 144 Other SDGs which as Goal 7 12 and 13 ignore the planetary limits and encourage consumption 41 Environmental constraints and planetary boundaries are underrepresented within the SDGs For instance the way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between environmental sustainability and SDGs with most indicators within even the sustainability focused goals focusing on social or economic outcomes 42 This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth 41 They could unintentionally promote environmental destruction in the name of sustainable development 43 44 Certain studies also argue that the focus of the SDGs on neoliberal sustainable development is detrimental to planetary integrity and justice 10 Both of these ambitions planetary integrity and justice would require limits to economic growth 38 145 This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth These studies question whether economic growth and ecological sustainability go hand in hand Scientists have proposed several ways to address the weaknesses regarding environmental sustainability in the SDGs The monitoring of essential variables to better capture the essence of coupled environmental and social systems that underpin sustainable development helping to guide coordination and systems transformation 45 More attention to the context of the biophysical systems in different places e g coastal river deltas mountain areas 46 47 Better understanding of feedbacks across scales in space e g through globalization and time e g affecting future generations that could ultimately determine the success or failure of the SDGs 48 Reframing the message of the SDGs to help advocate to limits to growth rather than the empirically unfounded idea that economic growth can continue in a limited world 41 Reformulating specific goals that emphasis reduced consumption instead of the business as usual model 41 Ethical aspects edit There are concerns about the ethical orientation of the SDGs they remain underpinned by strong Western modernist notions of development sovereignty of humans over their environment anthropocentricism individualism competition freedom rights rather than duties self interest belief in the market leading to collective welfare private property protected by legal systems rewards based on merit materialism quantification of value and instrumentalization of labor 38 146 The SDGs have been criticised for furthering a neoliberal agenda that extends to promote neoliberal and business interests 49 Furthermore the framework represents a universal template grounded in Western ideology This framework is then used to reproduce a flawed Western paradigm 49 Some scientists worry that the SDGs could be used against legitimate protests about development initiatives 49 Some studies warn that the SDGs could be used to camouflage business as usual by disguising it using SDG related sustainability rhetoric 10 A meta analysis review study in 2022 found that There is even emerging evidence that the SDGs might have even adverse effects by providing a smokescreen of hectic political activity that blurs a reality of stagnation dead ends and business as usual 9 220 Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators edit Regarding the targets of the SDGs there is generally weak evidence linking the means of implementation to outcomes 50 The targets about means of implementation those denoted with a letter for example Target 6 a are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated and tracking their largely qualitative indicators will be difficult 50 Trade offs not explicitly addressed edit The trade offs among the 17 SDGs might prevent their realization 51 66 For example these are three difficult trade offs to consider How can ending hunger be reconciled with environmental sustainability SDG targets 2 3 and 15 2 How can economic growth be reconciled with environmental sustainability SDG targets 9 2 and 9 4 How can income inequality be reconciled with economic growth SDG targets 10 1 and 8 1 52 The SDGs do not specifically address the tensions between economic growth and environmental sustainability Instead they emphasize longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and resource efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis 38 145 For example continued global economic growth of 3 percent SDG 8 may not be reconcilable with ecological sustainability goals because the required rate of absolute global eco economic decoupling is far higher than any country has achieved in the past 53 Covid 19 pandemic edit The COVID 19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of communities around the world 7 The COVID 19 pandemic slowed progress towards achieving the SDGs The COVID 19 pandemic has exacerbated existing fault lines of inequality 7 The brunt of the impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic were felt by poorer segments of the population 7 At the UN High level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2023 speakers remarked that the pandemic and multiple worldwide crises such as climate change threatened decades of progress on the SDGs 54 Rising Levels of Conflict War and Instability edit Conflict and unrest have increased in many regions around the world which has created tangible barriers to implementing the SDGs 7 In 2021 the number of individuals forcibly displaced were the highest recorded 7 Global military expenditure has also been rising in 2021 this exceeded 2 trillion globally 7 Cost of Living Crisis edit The COVID 19 pandemic and the War in Ukraine have caused a cost of living crisis 7 The food prices globally peaked in March 2022 7 Many countries around the world are still seeing domestic food inflation 7 The poorest are most affected by this crisis which in turn respond by consuming less cheaper or less nutritious options 7 These short term solutions have long term heath impacts 7 Funding editCost estimates edit The United Nations estimates that for Africa considering the continent s population growth yearly funding of 1 3 trillion would be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa The International Monetary Fund also estimates that 50 billion may be needed only to cover the expenses of climate adaptation 55 56 57 Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US 200 billion 58 The World Bank says that estimates need to be made country by country and reevaluated frequently over time 58 In 2014 UNCTAD estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at US 2 5 trillion per year 59 Another estimate from 2018 by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics that conducts the World Social Capital Monitor found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require between US 2 5 and 5 0 trillion per year 60 Allocation of funds edit In 2017 the UN launched the Inter agency Task Force on Financing for Development UN IATF on FfD that invited to a public dialogue 61 The top 5 sources of financing for development were estimated in 2018 to be Real new sovereign debt OECD countries military expenditures official increase sovereign debt OECD countries remittances from expats to developing countries official development assistance ODA 60 The Rockefeller Foundation asserted in 2017 that The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a greater share of the 200 trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift 62 Large scale funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation hosted design thinking workshop concluded that while there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs failure is inevitable if there aren t drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale change 63 A meta analysis published in 2022 found that there was scant evidence that governments have substantially reallocated funding to implement the SDGs either for national implementation or for international cooperation The SDGs do not seem to have changed public budgets and financial allocation mechanisms in any important way except for some local governance contexts 10 National budgets cannot easily be reallocated 64 81 SDG driven investment edit Capital stewardship is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG agenda to shift the economic system towards sustainable investment by using the SDG framework across all asset classes 65 66 The notion of SDG Driven Investment gained further ground amongst institutional investors in 2019 67 68 In 2017 2018 and early 2019 the World Pensions Council WPC held a series of ESG focused Environmental Social and Governance discussions with pension board members trustees and senior investment executives from across G20 nations Many pension investment executives and board members confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG informed investment processes with more ambitious investment governance requirements notably when it comes to climate action gender equality and social fairness 69 65 Some studies however warn of selective implementation of SDGs and political risks linked to private investments in the context of continued shortage of public funding 10 17 goals editThis article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page January 2024 Structure of goals targets and indicators edit The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July 2017 70 Each goal typically has 8 12 targets and each target has between one and four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets with the average of 1 5 indicators per target 71 The targets are either outcome targets circumstances to be attained or means of implementation targets 50 The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved 50 The numbering system of targets is as follows Outcome targets use numbers whereas means of implementation targets use lower case letters 50 For example SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6 1 to 6 6 The final two targets are means of implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6 a and 6 b The United Nations Statistics Division UNSD website provides a current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020 72 The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability of data at the global level 73 Initially some indicators called Tier 3 indicators had no internationally established methodology or standards Later the global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned replaced or refined 73 As of 17 July 2020 there were 231 unique indicators 73 Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children elderly folks persons with disabilities refugees indigenous peoples migrants and internally displaced persons 74 Reviews of indicators edit The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2020 It will be reviewed again in 2025 75 At the 51st session of the Statistical Commission held in New York City from 3 6 March 2020 a total of 36 changes to the global indicator framework were proposed for the commission s consideration Some indicators were replaced revised or deleted 75 Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020 other changes were made to the indicators 76 Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with difficulties 77 Further information List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators Goal 1 No poverty edit nbsp SDG 1SDG 1 is to End poverty in all its forms everywhere 78 Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030 One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the poverty line 78 The data gets analyzed by sex age employment status and geographical location urban rural This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 1 edit SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food clean drinking water and sanitation Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty 79 Goal 2 Zero hunger No hunger edit nbsp Sufficient and healthy foods should be made available to everyoneSDG 2 is to End hunger achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 80 Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of undernourishment prevalence of severe food insecurity and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 2 edit SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress 81 The five outcome targets are ending hunger and improving access to food ending all forms of malnutrition agricultural productivity sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices and genetic diversity of seeds cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals investments research and technology The three means of implementation targets 82 include addressing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their derivatives 81 83 Goal 3 Good health and well being edit SDG 3 is to Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages 84 Important indicators here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality Further indicators are for example deaths from road traffic injuries prevalence of current tobacco use and suicide mortality rate 84 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 3 edit SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets The first nine targets are outcome targets reducing maternal mortality ending all preventable deaths under five years of age fighting communicable diseases reducing mortality from non communicable diseases and promoting mental health preventing and treating substance abuse reducing road injuries and deaths granting universal access to sexual and reproductive care family planning and education achieving universal health coverage reducing illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control supporting research development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines increasing health financing and support the health workforce in developing countries improving early warning systems for global health risks 85 Sovereignty and Property Rights edit In 2023 Tennessee enacted legislation to block the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other programs originating in or traceable to the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations 86 87 Goal 4 Quality education edit nbsp School children in Kakuma refugee camp KenyaSDG 4 is to Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 88 The indicators for this goal are for example attendance rates at primary schools completion rates of primary school education participation in tertiary education and so forth In each case parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not miss out data is collected on female male rural urban bottom top wealth quintile and others such as disability status indigenous peoples There is also an indicator around the facilities that the school buildings have access to electricity the internet computers drinking water toilets etc 88 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 4 edit SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators The seven outcome targets are free primary and secondary education equal access to quality pre primary education affordable technical vocational and higher education increased number of people with relevant skills for financial success elimination of all discrimination in education universal literacy and numeracy and education for sustainable development and global citizenship The three means of implementation targets 89 are build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools expand higher education scholarships for developing countries and increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries Goal 5 Gender equality edit SDG 5 is to Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 90 Indicators include for example having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national parliament or in local deliberative bodies 11 Numbers on forced marriage and female genital mutilation cutting FGM C are also included in another indicator 91 11 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 5 edit ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere ending violence and exploitation of women and girls eliminating harmful practices such as child early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation increasing value of unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision making ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health The three means of implementation targets 92 are fostering equal rights to economic resources property ownership and financial services for women promoting empowerment of women through technology adopting and strengthening policies for gender equality and supporting legislation to enforce it 93 Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation edit nbsp Example of sanitation for all School toilet IPH school and college Mohakhali Dhaka Bangladesh SDG 6 is to Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 94 The Joint Monitoring Programme JMP of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal Important indicators for this goal are the percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water and has access to safely managed sanitation The JMP reported in 2017 that 4 5 billion people do not have safely managed sanitation 95 Another indicator looks at the proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater that is safely treated This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 6 edit The six key outcome targets to be achieved by 2030 include Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations Improve water quality by reducing pollution eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials halving the proportion of untreated wastewater wastewater treatment and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally Substantially increase water use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity Implement integrated water resources management IWRM at all levels including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate protect and restore water related ecosystems including mountains forests wetlands rivers aquifers and lakes Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy edit SDG 7 is to Ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable and modern energy for all 96 One of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries notably India Bangladesh and Kenya 97 Other indicators look at the renewable energy share and energy efficiency This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 7 edit The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030 98 Progress towards the targets is measured by six indicators 98 Three out of the five targets are outcome targets Universal access to modern energy increase global percentage of renewable energy double the improvement in energy efficiency The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets 99 to promote access to research technology and investments in clean energy and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries In other words these targets include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix They also focus on improving energy efficiency international cooperation and investment in clean energy infrastructure Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth edit SDG 8 is to Promote sustained inclusive and sustainable economic growth full and productive employment and decent work for all 100 Important indicators for this goal include economic growth in least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita Further examples are rates of youth unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in the labor force compared to men 100 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 8 edit SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030 Some targets are for 2030 others are for 2020 The first ten are outcome targets These are sustainable economic growth diversify innovate and upgrade for economic productivity promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises improve resource efficiency in consumption and production full employment and decent work with equal pay promote youth employment education and training end modern slavery trafficking and child labour protect labour rights and promote safe working environments promote beneficial and sustainable tourism universal access to banking insurance and financial services In addition there are also two targets for means of implementation 101 which are Increase aid for trade support develop a global youth employment strategy Goal 9 Industry Innovation and Infrastructure edit SDG 9 is to Build resilient infrastructure promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 102 Indicators in this goal include for example the proportion of people who are employed in manufacturing activities are living in areas covered by a mobile network or who have access to the internet 11 An indicator that is connected to climate change is CO2 emissions per unit of value added This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 9 edit SDG 9 has eight targets and progress is measured by twelve indicators The first five targets are outcome targets develop sustainable resilient and inclusive infrastructures promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization increase access to financial services and markets upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies The remaining three targets are means of implementation targets 103 Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries support domestic technology development and industrial diversification universal access to information and communications technology Goal 10 Reduced inequality edit SDG 10 is to Reduce income inequality within and among countries 104 Important indicators for this SDG are income disparities aspects of gender and disability as well as policies for migration and mobility of people 105 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 10 edit The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019 Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators The first seven targets are outcome targets Reduce income inequalities promote universal social economic and political inclusion ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions responsible and well managed migration policies The other three targets are means of implementation targets 106 Special and differential treatment for developing countries encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances 107 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities edit SDG 11 is to Make cities and human settlements inclusive safe resilient and sustainable 108 Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums the proportion of the urban population who has convenient access to public transport and the extent of built up area per person 11 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 11 edit SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved and this is being measured with 15 indicators The seven outcome targets include safe and affordable housing affordable and sustainable transport systems inclusive and sustainable urbanization 109 protection of the world s cultural and natural heritage reduction of the adverse effects of natural disasters reduction of the environmental impacts of cities and to provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces The three means of implementation targets 110 include strong national and regional development planning implementing policies for inclusion resource efficiency and disaster risk reduction in supporting the least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building 111 112 Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production edit SDG 12 is to Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 113 One of the indicators is the number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns 11 14 Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies 11 14 An increase in domestic recycling and a reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the goal 114 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 12 edit Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11 targets The first 8 are outcome targets which are implement the 10 Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and the reduction of food losses along production and supply chains including post harvest losses achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle reducing waste generation through prevention reduction recycling and reuse encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices promote public procurement practices that are sustainable and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development The three means of implementation targets 115 are support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts and remove market distortions like fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption 116 Goal 13 Climate action edit SDG 13 is to Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy 117 In 2021 to early 2023 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC published its Sixth Assessment Report which assesses scientific technical and socio economic information concerning climate change 118 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 13 edit SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030 They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action The first three targets are outcome targets Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related disasters integrate climate change measures into policies and planning build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets 119 To implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management Along with each target there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target The UNFCCC is the primary international intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change Goal 14 Life below water editSDG 14 is to Conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development 120 The current efforts to protect oceans marine environments and small scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources 11 Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly trio of climate change pressures on the marine environment 121 nbsp Nusa Lembongan ReefThis section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 14 edit The first seven targets are outcome targets Reduce marine pollution protect and restore ecosystems reduce ocean acidification sustainable fishing conserve coastal and marine areas end subsidies contributing to overfishing increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources The last three targets are means of implementation targets 122 To increase scientific knowledge research and technology for ocean health support small scale fishers implement and enforce international sea law 123 One indicator 14 1 1b under Goal 14 specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic pollution 124 Goal 15 Life on land edit SDG 15 is to Protect restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems sustainably manage forests combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 125 The proportion of remaining forest area desertification and species extinction risk are example indicators of this goal 11 126 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 15 edit The nine outcome targets include Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems end deforestation and restore degraded forests end desertification and restore degraded land ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems protect biodiversity and natural habitats protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning The three means of implementation targets 127 include Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity finance and incentivize sustainable forest management combat global poaching and trafficking Goal 16 Peace justice and strong institutions edit SDG 16 is to Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development provide access to justice for all and build effective accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 128 Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in this goal 129 11 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 16 edit SDG 16 has ten outcome targets Reduce violence protect children from abuse exploitation trafficking and violence promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows substantially reduce corruption and bribery develop effective accountable and transparent institutions ensure responsive inclusive and representative decision making strengthen the participation in global governance provide universal legal identity ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms There are also two means of implementation targets 130 Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism promote and enforce non discriminatory laws and policies 131 Goal 17 Partnership for the goals edit SDG 17 is to Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development 132 Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals 133 Developing multi stakeholder partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange expertise technology and financial resources is recognized as critical to overall success of the SDGs The goal includes improving north south and South South cooperation Public private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned 134 135 This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 17 edit SDG 17 is a vision for improved and more equitable trade as well as coordinated investment initiatives to promote sustainable development across borders It is about strengthening and streamlining cooperation between nation states both developed and developing using the SDGs as a shared framework and a shared vision for defining that collaborative way forward 136 It seeks to promote international trade and an equitable trading system 137 The Goal has 17 targets to be achieved by 2030 broken down into five categories finance technology capacity building trade and systemic issues Progress towards targets will be measured by 25 indicators 136 138 All these targets are regarded as means of implementation targets 139 Public relations edit source source source source source source source source SDG materials are being painted in the form of graffiti to raise public awareness by independent volunteers in Dhaka Bangladesh in collaboration with UNDP Bangladesh nbsp Katherine Maher then Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation talks about The role of free knowledge in advancing the SDGs in Stockholm 2019 nbsp A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs in a thematic pyramidThe 2030 Agenda did not create specific authority for communicating the SDGs however both international and local advocacy organizations have pursued significant non state resources to communicate the SDGS 140 UN agencies which are part of the United Nations Development Group decided to support an independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider audience This campaign Project Everyone had the support of corporate institutions and other international organizations 141 Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level a team of communication specialists developed icons for every goal 142 They also shortened the title The 17 Sustainable Development Goals to Global Goals then ran workshops and conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a global audience 143 144 The Aarhus Convention is a United Nations convention passed in 2001 explicitly to encourage and promote effective public engagement in environmental decision making Information transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals that the convention has addressed 145 146 Advocates edit In 2019 and then in 2021 United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres appointed 17 SDG advocates 147 148 The role of the public figures is to raise awareness inspire greater ambition and push for faster action on the SDGs The co chairs are Mia Mottley Prime Minister of Barbados and Justin Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada citation needed Global events edit nbsp Global Goals Week logoGlobal Goals Week is an annual week long event in September for action awareness and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals 149 It is a shared commitment for over 100 partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to global problems 150 It first took place in 2016 It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC 151 The Arctic Film Festival is an annual film festival organized by HF Productions and supported by the SDGs Partnership Platform Held for the first time in 2019 the festival is expected to take place every year in September in Longyearbyen Svalbard Norway 152 153 History edit nbsp The sustainable development goals are a UN initiative nbsp Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development containing the targets and indicators July 2017 UN resolution A RES 71 313 Main article Post 2015 Development Agenda nbsp UN SDG consultations in Mariupol UkraineThe Post 2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals The SDGs were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals MDGs which ended in 2015 In 1983 the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development later known as the Brundtland Commission which defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 154 In 1992 the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED or Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro where the first agenda for Environment and Development also known as Agenda 21 was developed and adopted In 2012 the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development UNCSD also known as Rio 20 was held as a 20 year follow up to UNCED 155 156 Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio 20 held in Indonesia in July 2011 157 In September 2011 this idea was picked up by the United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference in Bonn Germany The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets In the run up to Rio 20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs At the Rio 20 Conference a resolution known as The Future We Want was reached by member states 158 Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication energy water and sanitation health and human settlement In January 2013 the 30 member UN General Assembly Open Working Group OWG on Sustainable Development Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs The OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th session of the General Assembly in September 2014 159 On 5 December 2014 the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary General s Synthesis Report which stated that the agenda for the post 2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals 160 Background edit In 2015 the United Nations General Assembly UNGA created the SDGs as part of the Post 2015 Development Agenda This agenda sought to design a new global development framework replacing the Millennium Development Goals which were completed that same year 161 These goals were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution known as the 2030 Agenda often informally referred to as Agenda 2030 162 On 6 July 2017 the SDGs were made more actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress 70 Most targets are to be achieved by 2030 although some have no end date 72 There are cross cutting issues and synergies between the different goals for example for SDG 13 on climate action the IPCC sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 health 7 clean energy 11 cities and communities 12 responsible consumption and production and 14 oceans 163 51 70 On the other hand critics and observers have also identified trade offs between the goals 51 67 such as between ending hunger and promoting environmental sustainability 52 26 Furthermore concerns have arisen over the high number of goals compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals leading to compounded trade offs a weak emphasis on environmental sustainability and difficulties tracking qualitative indicators The SDGs are monitored by the UN United Nations High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development HLPF an annual forum held under the auspices of the United Nations Economic and Social Council However the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of political leadership and divergent national interests 9 206 To facilitate monitoring of progress on SDG implementation the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available data across all indicators 20 The COVID 19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on all 17 SDGs in 2020 11 A scientific assessment of the political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that the SDGs have only had limited transformative political impact thus far 10 At the very least they have affected the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development 10 Adoption edit nbsp Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development UN Resolution A RES 70 1 containing the goals October 2015 nbsp A diagram listing the 17 Sustainable Development GoalsOn 25 September 2015 the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 164 165 166 This agenda has 92 paragraphs Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators The UN led process involved its 193 Member States and global civil society The resolution is a broad intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post 2015 Development Agenda The SDGs build on the principles agreed upon in Resolution A RES 66 288 entitled The Future We Want 167 This was a non binding document released as a result of Rio 20 Conference held in 2012 167 Implementation edit nbsp Cost comparison for UN GoalsImplementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016 This process can also be called Localizing the SDGs In 2019 Antonio Guterres secretary general of the United Nations issued a global call for a Decade of Action to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 168 This decade will last from 2020 to 2030 The plan is that the secretary general of the UN will convene an annual platform for driving the Decade of Action 169 There are two main types of actors for implementation of the SDGs state and non state actors 10 State actors include national governments and sub national authorities whereas non state actors are corporations and civil society 64 80 Civil society participation and empowerment is important but there are also diverse interests in this group 64 80 Building new partnerships is useful 64 However the SDGs are not legally binding and purposefully designed to provide much leeway for actors Therefore they can interpret the goals differently and often according to their interests 10 Issues edit nbsp Young people holding SDG banners in Lima PeruThree aspects need to come together to achieve sustainable development the economic socio political and environmental dimensions are all vital and interdependent 170 Multidisciplinary and trans disciplinary research across all three sectors are required to achieve progress This proves difficult when major governments fail to support it 170 Gender equality education culture and health are examples of cross cutting issues These are some examples of various interlinkages inherent in the SDGs Gender equalityThe widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women s empowerment and gender equality are not prioritized and treated holistically The SDGs look to policy makers as well as private sector executives and board members to work toward gender equality 171 65 Statements from diverse sources such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD UN Women and the World Pensions Forum have noted that investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies National and global development investments in women and girls often exceed their initial scope 172 Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG framework by ensuring that as much sex disaggregated data as possible are collected 173 11 Education and culture nbsp Training on Education for sustainable development workshop in Kasese district UgandaEducation for sustainable development ESD is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4 7 of the SDG on education UNESCO promotes the Global Citizenship Education GCED as a complementary approach 174 Education for sustainable development is important for all the other 16 SDGs 175 Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world s cultural and natural heritage However culture is seen as a cross cutting theme because it impacts several SDGs 173 For example culture plays a role in SDG targets where they relate to environment and resilience within SDGs 11 12 and 16 prosperity and livelihoods within SDG 8 inclusion and participation within SDG 11 and 16 173 2 HealthSDGs 1 to 6 directly address health disparities primarily in developing countries 176 These six goals address key issues in Global Public Health Poverty Hunger and Food security Health Education Gender equality and women s empowerment as well as water and sanitation 176 Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well established SDG 1 Living below the poverty line is attributed to poorer health outcomes and can be even worse for persons living in developing countries where extreme poverty is more common 177 A child born into poverty is twice as likely to die before the age of five compared to a child from a wealthier family 178 SDG 2 The detrimental effects of hunger and malnutrition that can arise from systemic challenges with food security are enormous The World Health Organization estimates that 12 9 percent of the population in developing countries is undernourished 179 SDG 4 and 5 Educational equity has yet to be reached in the world Public health efforts are impeded by this as a lack of education can lead to poorer health outcomes This is shown by children of mothers who have no education having a lower survival rate compared to children born to mothers with primary or greater levels of education 178 SynergiesSynergies amongst the SDGs are the good antagonists of trade offs 51 67 With regards to SDG 13 on climate action the IPCC sees robust synergies particularly for the SDGs 3 health 7 clean energy 11 cities and communities 12 responsible consumption and production and 14 oceans 163 51 70 To meet SDG 13 and other SDGs sustained long term investment in green innovation is required to decarbonize the physical capital stock energy industry and transportation infrastructure and ensure its resilience to a changing future climate to preserve and enhance natural capital forests oceans and wetlands and to train people to work in a climate neutral economy 180 181 182 See also editSustainability SDG Publishers CompactReferences edit a b The 17 Goals Sustainable Development Goals UN Retrieved 10 August 2022 United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of 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Statistical Commission for its consideration United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 1 September 2020 SDG Indicator changes 15 October 2018 and onward current to 17 April 2020 PDF United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division 17 April 2020 Retrieved 10 September 2020 Winfried Huck 2019 Iovane Massimo Palombino Fulvio Amoroso Daniele Zarra Giovanni eds Measuring Sustainable Development Goals SDGs with Indicators Is Legitimacy Lacking Oxford University Press doi 10 2139 ssrn 3360935 S2CID 203377817 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b Goal 1 No poverty UNDP Retrieved 30 December 2020 Goal 1 No Poverty United Nations Development Programme UNDP Retrieved 17 September 2020 Goal 2 Zero hunger UNDP Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 13 April 2017 a b United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development A RES 71 313 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 Bibcode 2018npjCW 1 3B doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Explained What is zero hunger which is a Sustainable Development Goal News9live 24 July 2023 Retrieved 31 July 2023 a b Goal 3 Good health and well being UNDP Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Ritchie Roser Mispy Ortiz Ospina 2018 Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals SDG 3 SDG Tracker org website nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License State of Tennessee Public Chapter No 479 PDF Tennessee Secretary of State Retrieved 17 January 2024 Sullivan Kevin 15 May 2023 Inside the Tennessee legislature where a GOP supermajority reigns Washington Post Retrieved 17 January 2024 a b Goal 4 Quality education UNDP Archived from the original on 11 September 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Goal 5 Gender equality UNDP Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2017 Female genital mutilation www unicef org Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 27 August 2020 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Goal 5 Gender Equality SDG Tracker Our World in Data Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 20 August 2020 Goal 6 Targets United Nations Development Programme Archived from the original on 19 February 2018 Retrieved 16 November 2017 WHO and UNICEF 2017 Progress on Drinking Water Sanitation and Hygiene 2017 Update and SDG Baselines Archived 25 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Geneva World Health Organization WHO and the United Nations Children s Fund UNICEF 2017 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy UNDP Archived from the original on 7 September 2018 Retrieved 28 September 2015 IEA IRENA UNSD WB WHO 2019 Tracking SDG 7 The Energy Progress Report 2019 Archived 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine Washington DC on Tracking SDG 7 website Archived 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine a b Ritchie Roser Mispy Ortiz Ospina 2018 Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals SDG 7 SDG Tracker org website nbsp Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License a b Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth UNDP Archived from the original on 25 February 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Goal 9 Industry innovation infrastructure UNDP Archived from the original on 1 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Goal 10 Reduced inequalities UNDP Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 12 March 2018 United Nations 2020 Sustainable development goals report Archived 30 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine New York Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development A RES 71 313 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities UNDP Archived from the original on 11 September 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 McGranahan Gordon Schensul Daniel Singh Gayatri 2016 Inclusive urbanization Can the 2030 Agenda be delivered without it Environment amp Urbanization 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npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Goal 14 Life below water UNDP Archived from the original on 15 August 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Ocean acidification Issues Brief PDF IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature November 2017 Archived PDF from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Bartram Jamie Brocklehurst Clarissa Bradley David Muller Mike Evans Barbara December 2018 Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation npj Clean Water 1 1 3 doi 10 1038 s41545 018 0003 0 S2CID 169226066 Text was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License United Nations 2017 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 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published by Project Everyone Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations SDG Tracker org Visualized tracking of progress towards the SDGs SDG Pathfinder Explore content on SDGs from six international organizations powered by the OECD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sustainable Development Goals amp oldid 1207466072, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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