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Tegucigalpa

January 03, 2023

Tegucigalpa (UK: /tɛˌɡuːsɪˈɡælpə/,[8] US: /təˌ-/,[9][10] Spanish: [teɣusiˈɣalpa]), formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District (Spanish: Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central or Tegucigalpa, M.D.C.[11]), and colloquially referred to as Tegus or Teguz,[12] is the capital and largest city of Honduras along with its sister city, Comayagüela.[13]

Tegucigalpa
Capital city
Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central
Skyline with the north of the city; Tegucigalpa at night; Honduras flag in the Suyapa Plaza; North of the city
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Tegus,[1] Tepaz,[2] Cerro de Plata (Silver Mountain)
Location of the Central District within the Department of Francisco Morazán
Tegucigalpa
Location of Tegucigalpa, M.D.C. in Honduras
Tegucigalpa
Tegucigalpa (North America)
Coordinates: 14°6′N 87°13′W / 14.100°N 87.217°W / 14.100; -87.217Coordinates: 14°6′N 87°13′W / 14.100°N 87.217°W / 14.100; -87.217
CountryHonduras
DepartmentFrancisco Morazán
MunicipalityCentral District
Founded29 September 1578; 444 years ago (1578-09-29)
Capital30 October 1880; 142 years ago (1880-10-30)
Merged as Central District30 January 1937; 85 years ago (1937-01-30)
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • BodyMunicipal Corporation
 • MayorJorge Aldana (LIBRE)
 • Vice MayorCárlenton Dávila (PSH)
 • Aldermen
10
  • Janina Aguilar (LIBRE)
  • David Chávez (PNH)
  • Silvia Sosa (LIBRE)
  • Karla López (PNH)
  • Aurelio Lagos (LIBRE)
  • Ramón Romero (PNH)
  • Lidieth Díaz (LIBRE)
  • Cinthia Murillo (PNH)
  • Dagoberto Suazo (LIBRE)
  • Godofredo Fajardo (DC)
 • Municipal SecretaryCosette Lopez Osorio
Area
[3][4]
 • Capital city1,502 km2 (580 sq mi)
 • Urban
201.5 km2 (77.8 sq mi)
Elevation
990 m (3,250 ft)
Population
 (2020 projection)[5]
 • Capital city1,276,738
 • Density850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
 • Urban
[5]
1,157,744
Demonym(s)Spanish:tegucigalpense, comayagüelense, capitalino(a)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central America)
Postal code
Tegucigalpa: 11101,[6] Comayagüela: 12101[6]
Area code(country) +504 (city) 2[7]
Annual budget (2008)1.555 billion lempiras (US$82,190,000)
Website

Claimed on 29 September 1578 by the Spaniards,[14] Tegucigalpa became the country's capital on October 30, 1880, under President Marco Aurelio Soto, when he moved the capital from Comayagua.[15] The Constitution of Honduras, enacted in 1982, names the sister cities of Tegucigalpa[a] and Comayagüela[b] as a Central District[c] to serve as the permanent national capital, under articles 8 and 295.[16][17]

After the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1841, Honduras became an individual sovereign nation with Comayagua as its capital. The capital was moved to Tegucigalpa in 1880. On January 30, 1937, Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution was changed under Decree 53 to establish Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as a Central District.[18]

Tegucigalpa is located in the southern-central highland region known as the department of Francisco Morazán of which it is also the departmental capital.[19] It is situated in a valley, surrounded by mountains. Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, being sister cities, are physically separated by the Choluteca River.[20] The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazán department.[21]

Tegucigalpa is Honduras' largest and most populous city as well as the nation's political and administrative center. Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates.[22][23] It is the home base of several state-owned entities such as ENEE and Hondutel, the national energy and telecommunications companies, respectively.[24] The city is also home to the country's most important public university, the National Autonomous University of Honduras,[25] as well as the national soccer team.[26] The capital's international airport, Toncontín,.[27][28][29]

The Central District Mayor's Office (Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central) is the city's governing body,[30] headed by a mayor[31] and 10 aldermen forming the Municipal Corporation (Corporación Municipal).[32] Being the department's seat as well, the governor's office of Francisco Morazán is also located in the capital. In 2008, the city operated on an approved budget of 1.555 billion lempiras (US$82,189,029).[33] In 2009, the city government reported a revenue of 1.955 billion lempiras (US$103,512,220), more than any other capital city in Central America except Panama City.

Tegucigalpa's infrastructure has not kept up with its population growth.[34] Deficient urban planning,[35] densely condensed urbanization, and poverty[36] are ongoing problems.[37] Heavily congested roadways, where road infrastructure is unable to efficiently handle over 400,000 vehicles, create havoc on a daily basis.[38] Both national and local governments have taken steps to improve and expand infrastructure as well as to reduce poverty in the city.[39][40]

Etymology

Most sources indicate the origin and meaning of the word Tegucigalpa is derived from the Nahuatl language.[41] The most widely accepted version suggests that it comes from the Nahuatl word Taguz-galpa, which means "hills of silver", but this interpretation is uncertain since the natives who occupied the region at the time were unaware of the existence of mineral deposits in the area.

Another source suggests that Tegucigalpa derives from another language in which it means painted rocks, as explained by Leticia Oyuela in her book Minimum History of Tegucigalpa.[42] Other theories indicate it may derive from the term Togogalpa, which refers to tototi (meaning a small green parrot, in Nahuatl) and Toncontín, a small town near Tegucigalpa (toncotín was a Mexican dance of Nahuatl origin).[43][44]

In Mexico, it is believed the word Tegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl word Tecuztlicallipan, meaning "place of residence of the noble" or Tecuhtzincalpan, meaning "place on the home of the beloved master".[45]

Honduran philologist Alberto de Jesús Membreño wrote in his book Indigenous Toponymies of Central America that he thinks Tegucigalpa is a Nahuatl word meaning "in the homes of the sharp stones" and rules out the traditional meaning "hills of silver" arguing that Taguzgalpa was the name of the ancient eastern zone of Honduras.[46]

History

See also: Timeline of Tegucigalpa
 
Los Dolores Church, built in 1735
 
19th Century Tegucigalpa, illustration in "The Capitals of Spanish America"
 
Panorama of Tegucigalpa, 1889

Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers as Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29, 1578 on the site of an existing native settlement of the Lenca and Tolupans.[47] The first mayor of Tegucigalpa was Juan de la Cueva, who took office in 1579.[48] The Dolores Church (1735), the San Miguel Cathedral (1765), the Casa de la Moneda (1780), and the Immaculate Conception Church (1788) were some of the first important buildings constructed.[49]

Almost 200 years later, on June 10, 1762, this mining town became Real Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia under the rule of Alonso Fernández de Heredia, then-acting governor of Honduras. The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw disruption in Tegucigalpa's local government, from being extinguished in 1788 to becoming part of Comayagua in 1791 to returning to self-city governance in 1817.[50]

In 1817, then-Mayor Narciso Mallol started the construction of the first bridge, a ten-arch masonry, connecting both sides of the Choluteca River. Upon completion four years later, it linked Tegucigalpa with her neighbor city of Comayagüela.[51] In 1821, Tegucigalpa legally became a city.[52] In 1824, the first Congress of the Republic of Honduras declared Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, then the two most important cities in the country, to alternate as capital of the country.[53]

After October 1838, following Honduras' independence as a single republic, the capital continued to switch back and forth between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua until October 30, 1880, when Tegucigalpa was declared the permanent capital of Honduras by then-president Marco Aurelio Soto.[15] A popular myth claims that the society of Comayagua, the long-time colonial capital of Honduras, publicly disliked the wife of President Soto, who took revenge by moving the capital to Tegucigalpa.[54] A more likely theory is that the change took place because President Soto was an important partner of the Rosario Mining Company, an American silver mining company, whose operations were based in San Juancito, close to Tegucigalpa, and he needed to be close to his personal interests.[55]

By 1898, it was decided that both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, being neighbor cities on the banks of the Choluteca River, would form the capital, but with separate names and separate local governments.[56] During this period, both cities had a population of about 40,000 people.

Between the 1930s and 1960s, Tegucigalpa continued to grow reaching a population of over 250,000 people, giving way to what would become one of the biggest neighborhoods in the city, the Colonia Kennedy; the nation's autonomous university, the UNAH; and the construction of the Honduras Maya Hotel.[57] It still remained relatively small and provincial until the 1970s, when migration from the rural areas began in earnest. During the 1980s, several avenues, traffic overpasses, and large buildings were erected, a relative novelty to a city characterized until then by two-story buildings.[58] However, lacking the enforcement of city planning and zoning laws, it led to highly disorganized urbanization. This lack of proper urbanization as the population has grown is evident on the surrounding slopes of the several hills in the city where some of the city's most impoverished neighborhoods have prevailed.[59]

On October 30, 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated the capital, along with the rest of Honduras.[60] For five days, Mitch pounded the country creating devastating landslides and floods, causing the death of thousands as well as heavy deforestation and the destruction of thousands of homes.[61] A portion of Comayagüela was destroyed along with several neighborhoods on both sides of the Honduran capital. After the hurricane, infrastructure in Tegucigalpa was severely damaged. Even 12 years later, remnants of Hurricane Mitch were still visible, especially along the banks of the Choluteca River.[62][63]

Today, Tegucigalpa continues to sprawl far beyond its former colonial core: towards the east, south and west, creating a large but disorganized metropolis. In an effort to modernize the capital, increase its infrastructure and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants, the administration has passed several ordinances and projects to turn the city around within the upcoming years.[64]

Geography

See also: Choluteca river basin and Water management in greater Tegucigalpa
 
Satellite view of Tegucigalpa
 
NASA satellite image showing the Choluteca River separating Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela

Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains with elevations of 975 metres (3,199 ft) at its lowest points and 1,463 metres (4,800 ft) at its highest suburban areas. Like most of the interior highlands of Honduras, the majority of Tegucigalpa's current area was occupied by open woodland. The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak, scrub, and grassy clearings as well as needle leaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest.

The metropolitan area of both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela covers a total area of 201 square kilometers (77.6 sq mi) while the entire Municipality of the Central District covers a total area of 1,396 square kilometers (539.1 sq mi).[4] Geological faults that are a threat to the neighborhoods on and below the hill have been identified in the District's high regions surrounding the capital.[65]

The Choluteca River, which crosses the city from south to north, physically separates Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela.[66] El Picacho Hill, a rugged mountain of moderate height, rises above the downtown area; several neighborhoods, both upscale residential and lower income, are located on its slopes. The city consists of gentle hills, and the ring of mountains surrounding the city tends to trap pollution.[67] During the dry season, a dense cloud of smog lingers in the basin until the first rains fall.

Tucked into a valley and bisected by a river, Tegucigalpa is prone to flooding during the rainy season, as experienced to the fullest during Hurricane Mitch and to a lesser degree every year during the rainy season. Despite being several thousand feet above sea level, the city lacks an efficient flood control system, including canals and sewerage powerful enough to channel rainwater back into the river to flow down to the ocean. The river itself is a threat since it isn't deep enough below the streets, nor are there levees high enough to prevent it from breaking out.[68] There are more than 100 neighborhoods deemed zones of high risk, several of them ruled out as uninhabitable in their entirety.[59]

There is a reservoir, known as Embalse Los Laureles, west of the city providing 30 percent of the city's water supply as well as a water treatment plant south of the city about 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) from the airport; part of the Concepción Reservoir just 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the water plant.[69]

 
View of Tegucigalpa.

The Central District shares borders with 13 other municipalities of Francisco Morazán:[21] (to the north) Cedros and Talanga; (south) Ojojona, Santa Ana, San Buenaventura and Maraita; (east) San Juan de Flores, Villa de San Francisco, Santa Lucía, Valle de Ángeles, San Antonio de Oriente, and Tatumbla; (and to the west) Lepaterique. It is also bordered on the west by two municipalities of the Comayagua Department, Villa de San Antonio[70] and Lamaní, with the latter exactly at the quadripoint where the Central District, Lepaterique, Villa de San Antonio and Lamaní all meet.

Climate

Tegucigalpa has a tropical savanna climate (Aw, according to the Köppen climate classification), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, and the dry season.[71] Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with median temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[72]

The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Holy Week's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[73] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[74] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.

The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods.

Climate data for Tegucigalpa (Tegucigalpa Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.9
(98.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.9
(98.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.8
(94.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		36.9
(98.4)
Average high °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.9
(82.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.7
(71.1)
Average low °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.7
(62.1)
Record low °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		4.5
(40.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 5.3
(0.21) 		4.7
(0.19) 		9.9
(0.39) 		42.9
(1.69) 		143.5
(5.65) 		158.7
(6.25) 		82.3
(3.24) 		88.5
(3.48) 		177.2
(6.98) 		108.9
(4.29) 		39.9
(1.57) 		9.9
(0.39) 		871.7
(34.32)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1 1 1 2 9 12 9 9 13 10 4 2 73
Average relative humidity (%) 71 66 62 60 67 75 74 73 76 78 77 75 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.8 229.4 268.5 242.8 216.3 171.7 192.5 204.8 183.4 200.4 199.2 212.2 2,542
Source 1: NOAA[75]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1951–1993)[76] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[77]

Hurricane Mitch

Main article: Hurricane Mitch
 
Aerial view of the capital after Hurricane Mitch, November 1998

Tegucigalpa, as with the rest of Honduras, experienced significant damage by Hurricane Mitch in late-October and early-November 1998, something of a magnitude Hondurans had not witnessed since Hurricane Fifi. Mitch destroyed part of the Comayagüela section of the city, as well as other places along the banks of the Choluteca River. The storm remained over Honduran territory for five days, dumping heavy rainfall late in the rainy season. The ground was already saturated and could not absorb the heavy precipitation, while deforestation and debris left by the hurricane led to catastrophic flooding throughout widespread regions of the country, especially in Tegucigalpa.[78]

The heavy rain caused flash floods of Choluteca's tributaries, and the swollen river overflowed its banks, tearing down entire neighborhoods and bridges across the ravaged city. The rainfall also triggered massive landslides around El Berrinche Hill, close to the downtown area. These landslides destroyed most of the Soto neighborhood, and debris flowed into the river, forming a dam. The dam clogged the waters of the river and many of the low-lying areas of Comayagüela were submerged; historic buildings located along Calle Real were either completely destroyed or so badly damaged that repair was futile.[79]

Cityscape

 
Panoramic view of Tegucigalpa

Situated in a valley and surrounded by mountain ranges, Tegucigalpa is hilly with several elevations and few flat areas. The city is also highly disorganized, particularly around its oldest districts.[80][81][82] It has seen a rapid growth in the last 30 years,[83] and only recently has the government passed some of the laws establishing city planning and zoning rules.[84] Surface roads can be narrow with the most important avenues carrying no more than two or three lanes running in each direction, adding to the problem of heavy traffic congestion. Several of the main boulevards have been equipped with interchanges, overpasses and underpasses, allowing for sections of controlled-access highways, but considering that even the city's beltway does not entirely circle the city, the roads are generally limited-access. Intense webs of electrical and telephone lines above the streets are a common sight in the capital, and in virtually all Honduran cities, since the implementation of underground utility lines has only been adopted in recent years.

Around the city

 
Downtown Tegucigalpa as viewed westward from the Honduras Maya Hotel

The metropolitan area of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela is officially divided into barrios and colonias and there are 892 of them. Colonias represent relatively recent 20th-century middle class residential suburbs, some known as residenciales for their upper income development, and these are continuously spreading while the barrios are old inner-city neighborhoods.

While the city administration divides the capital into barrios and colonias, the fact that there are hundreds of them makes it difficult to define the city's different regions, especially for those not familiar with the Central District. To have a better understanding of the city's regions, the metro area of the Central District can essentially be divided, first, into two sections: Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela. These two entities remain separated by the Choluteca River Basin that runs between them.

 
Map showing Tegucigalpa's contemporary Center, formed by over 40 neighborhoods

The Tegucigalpa side of the District can be divided into five sections: 1) Centro Histórico (Historic Downtown); 2) Centro Contemporáneo or Zona Viva (Contemporary Downtown or Vibrant Zone); 3) North Tegucigalpa; 4) South Tegucigalpa; and 5) East Tegucigalpa.

  • 1 – Centro Histórico or the Historic Downtown of Tegucigalpa is formed by the original neighborhoods that date back to its founding days. For years, this area remained neglected and run down, but in recent times attempts have been made to revive the zone and bring back its colonial heritage. Several government offices, including the National Congress and City Hall as well as museums, parks, a cathedral and churches are located here.
  • 2 – Centro Contemporáneo is the contemporary, vibrant and modern downtown of Tegucigalpa. This area is formed by the neighborhoods encompassed east of the Choluteca River, south of the northern tributary, Rio Chiquito (which confluences with the Choluteca below the Mallol Bridge), west of the beltway (Anillo Periférico), and north of Armed Forces Blvd.
 
The Marriott Hotel as seen from John Paul II Blvd in Colonia Los Profesionales

This section of the city is perhaps the best developed and properly urbanized. It is formed by more than 40 neighborhoods, many of them wealthy middle class residential areas such as Colonia Palmira to the east of the historic center, on Boulevard Morazán, which hosts several foreign embassies as well as upscale restaurants. Other upscale neighborhoods are Lomas del Guijarro, Loma Linda, and Lomas del Mayab, which house most of the apartment complexes in the city.

 
Map showing the metropolitan area of the Central District divided into colored sections

Boulevard Morazán and Avenida Los Próceres/Avenida La Paz are busy commercial corridors (running parallel to each other) and run through several neighborhoods home to foreign embassies, a hotel district, business establishments and corporate buildings, including Los Próceres Comercial Park (Parque Comercial). Boulevard Suyapa and Boulevard Juan Pablo II are located south of the aforementioned boulevards, and they also form a busy commercial and financial district stretching through several neighborhoods such as Colonia Los Profesionales where the Presidential House is located; Colonia Florencia Norte where Multiplaza Mall is located; Colonia Miramontes, among others—housing several financial institutions, government offices, hotels, etc.

  • 3 – North Tegucigalpa is formed by both middle class and impoverished neighborhoods that lie above the surrounding hill immediately north of the historic downtown. Beyond these neighborhoods sits the United Nations National Park on El Picacho Hill, one of the most popular destinations in the capital among its residents and visitors. Beyond the Park, stretching north and northwest of the city, upper income suburban neighborhoods such as El Hatillo sit on the sides of the hills, surrounded by heavy vegetation.
  • 4 – South Tegucigalpa is everything south of Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas. This area is home to Colonia Kennedy, the capital's largest neighborhood with more than 137,000 residents. South Tegucigalpa concentrates both middle class and poor neighborhoods. Two universities, UTH and UNITEC, are located just off the beltway in southern outskirt neighborhoods.
  • 5 – East Tegucigalpa concentrates mostly rural and impoverished neighborhoods, the result of improvised growth with little government funding and involvement. María Pediatric Hospital and the Basílica of Suyapa lie on the side of Anillo Períferico's eastern stretch.

Comayagüela

 
Comayagüela as viewed from Juan A. Laínez Hill with the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building in the center

Comayagüela is found on the west bank of the Choluteca River, and most of its urbanization is made up of lower-income neighborhoods. Historically, Comayagüela has remained less developed than the other side of the capital, some citing insufficient contribution from public officials. In recent years, this western side of the capital has seen some growth and improvement such as the opening of Metromall near the airport. With the construction of Mall Premier and City Mall, the latter to become the largest mall in the country, Comayagüela will be receiving another upgrade. There are an estimated 650,000 residents in Comayagüela contributing 58.3 percent of the 120 million lempiras (US$6.349 million) generated every day by commerce in the Central District.

The Comayagüela side of the capital can be divided into four sections: 1) Zona Centro (Downtown Comayagüela); 2) North Comayagüela; 3) South Comayagüela; and 4) West Comayagüela:

  • 1 – Zona Centro de Comayagüela is the downtown area of Comayagüela and also the original founding grounds formed by its oldest barrios. These barrios are formed in a grid street plan style. Several government offices are located in this district, including the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building and the Criminal Bureau of Investigation (Dirección General de Investigación Criminal) as well as the National School of Fine Arts housed in the former City Hall building of Comayagüela, built in 1845.
 
Looking northeast from Comayagüela at the construction site of the upcoming shopping mall City Mall
  • 2 – North Comayagüela is formed by relatively recent post-Hurricane Mitch middle class residential developments that stretch onto the northern hills of Comayagüela, such as Colonia Cerro Grande, a continuously growing middle-class neighborhood on the northern outskirts.
  • 3 – South Comayagüela is by far the better-off region of Comayagüela. This area is found south and southwest of the airport, around Los Laureles Reservoir and south of Lepaterique Road (Carretera Lepaterique also known as Carretera al Batallón). Also a post-Hurricane Mitch area, it has grown in the last decade and includes some of Comayagüela's upper income communities that have erupted in the area and continues to spread out as newer suburban middle class developments are built. Toncontín International, Metro Mall and City Mall are located in this area. Residencial la Arboleda and Residencial los Hidalgos are some of the growing upper income developments in the southern outskirts of Comayagüela.
  • 4 – West Comayagüela is mostly impoverished neighborhoods spreading away from Zona Centro onto the surrounding slopes. Many of these neighborhoods came to be through improvised urbanization and lack proper infrastructure. This area prevails north of Lepaterique Road and westward of Boulevard de la Comunidad Europea (European Community Blvd).

Demographics

 
Despite the Central District's significant size, the urban area of Tegucigalpa-Comayagüela of 1.2 million is compacted in a small area.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17915,431—    
18016,547+20.5%
188117,309+164.4%
188717,647+2.0%
189517,300−2.0%
190124,000+38.7%
1961164,941+587.3%
1974302,483+83.4%
1988595,931+97.0%
2001850,445+42.7%
2004874,515+2.8%
2006920,366+5.2%
20101,126,534+22.4%
20131,157,509+2.7%
sources:[85][86][3]

The 2013 Honduran census recorded a population of 1,157,509 in the Central District,[3] continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2001 census, which recorded 850,445 residents.[87]

In 2004, there were 185,577 households with an average of 4.9 members per household.[88] Both the city's population and metro area are expected to double by 2029.[89]

The Human Development Index (HDI) is the highest in the country measured at 0.759 in 2006. During the same year, 47.6 percent of the Central District's population lived in poverty—29.7 lived in moderate poverty and 17.9 in extreme poverty. Life expectancy in the District as of 2004 is 72.1 years. By 2010, 4.9 percent of the population remained illiterate, compared to the national rate of 15.2 percent.[90]

In 2010, the average monthly income was L.8,321 (US$440.49), compared to the total national average of L.4,767 (US$252.35) and the national urban zone average of L.7,101 (US$375.91).[91][92]

The ethnic and racial makeup of Tegucigalpa is strongly tied to the rest of Honduras.[93] 80 percent of the city-dwellers are predominantly mestizos with a small White-Hispanic minority. They are joined by Chinese[94] and Arab immigrants,[95] the latter mostly from Palestine.[96] There are indigenous Amerindians and Afro-Honduran people as well.

Central District age distribution
Source:[4]
Ages Male % Female % Ages Male % Female %
80+ 0.4 0.5 35–39 2.9 3.4
75–79 0.3 0.4 30–34 3.4 3.8
70–74 0.4 0.5 25–29 3.9 4.4
65–70 0.5 0.7 20–24 5.1 5.9
60–64 0.8 0.9 15–19 5.5 6.2
55–60 1.0 1.1 10–14 5.7 5.7
50–54 1.5 1.6 5–9 5.9 5.7
45–49 1.9 2.1 0–4 5.8 5.5
40–45 2.6 2.9      

Health

In 2004, there were 67 public health care establishments in the Central District—five national hospitals, 22 health centers in the metropolitan area, 37 health centers throughout the rural areas, and three peripheral clinics. There are several private hospitals in the city as well as hospitals run by the Honduran Social Security Institute (IHSS), the country's government-sponsored social insurance program.

In 2003, only 58.5 percent of the employed population contributed to IHSS while the rest who remain uninsured were attributed to being employed in the informal sector or being domestic workers. Overall, only 26.5 percent of the Central District's population is covered by public health care.

The Central District reports the third highest or 20.2 percent of the country's HIV/AIDS incidence with 5,674 living with the virus. During 2004, there were 258 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the Central District.

In 2000, the maternal mortality rate in the city was 110 of every 100,000 births of which 62.3 percent were women ages 20 to 35. In 2001, the infant mortality rate was 29 per 1000 live births (Both maternal and infant mortality rates are based on local and out-of-district residents who arrive to receive medical attention). In 2005, it was estimated that 101 of every 10,000 residents suffered from a physical or mental disability.

Honduras in general has not had any stable medical care, the reasons being there is a lack of political stability and 62.8% of the country is in poverty and there is a lack of medical caretakers, or proper training for the caretakers, in the country.[97]

Religion

 
Basilica of our lady of Suyapa

As with the rest of Honduras, Roman Catholicism is the dominating religion in the Central District and while at some point they made up as much as 90 percent of the population, contemporary estimates as recent as 2007 put them at 47 percent while Protestants make up as much as 36 percent. Their history in Tegucigalpa began around 1548 with the Spanish setting up Mercedarian missionaries as part of their conversion efforts of the native communities. By 1916, the Diocese of Comayagua was relocated and renamed the Diocese of Tegucigalpa, and it was elevated to Archdiocese under Archbishop Santiago María Martínez y Cabanas (1842–1921).[98]

Other religious groups made their way at the beginning of the 20th century including the Quakers, who in 1914 began work in the nation's capital. In 1946, missionaries of the Southern Baptist Convention first arrived in Tegucigalpa and in the 1950s, the National Convention of Baptist Churches and the Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions followed.[98]

Central District crime indicators*
2007 2008 2009
Homicide rate 58.1 60.6 71.8
Intentional homicides 621 654 792
Unintentional homicides 93 100 151
Male victim ratio 89.7% 91% 91%
Top victim age group (15–39) 68.9% 65.5% 73.2%
Firearm involvement 80% 81% 85.6%
Organized crime involvement 14.2% 26.3% 39%
Sexual assaults 577 521 647
Crimes against person 3,791 3,746 4,471
Crimes against property 659 3,406 7,863
Suicides 72 64 69
Top suicide age group (15–39) 48.6% 35.9% 47.8%
Vehicle-related deaths 222 235 246
*Data based on crimes reported to authorities. Source:[99][100][101]

The Assembly of God missionaries entered Honduras in the late 1940s and today maintain a mega-church in Tegucigalpa with more than 10,000 members. The Church of God of Cleveland, Tennessee was established in Tegucigalpa in 1951, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel followed in 1952, and by the late 1950s, the Evangelical Alliance of Honduras was established. The Prince of Peace Pentecostal Church, founded in Guatemala City, began its ministry in Honduras during the 1960s. During the 1970s, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement began to grow among the upper classes in Tegucigalpa.[98]

The Christian Love Brigade Association arrived in Tegucigalpa in 1971, the Abundant Life Christian Church was founded in 1972, the Cenacle Christian Center of Charismatic Renewal began in 1978 and the Living Love Groups started in 1978.[98]

The Presbyterian Church in Honduras member churches are mainly concentrated within 150 km (93 mi) of Tegucigalpa. The first Presbyterian congregation was planted 50 years ago, by the National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala.[102]

Today, there are many religious groups in Tegucigalpa including a Jewish community; Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who opened a temple in the city in 2013.[98]

Crime and violence

Honduras, including the capital city Tegucigalpa, has the world's highest murder rate.[103] Honduras has been experiencing record-high violence in recent years. In 2010, the homicide rate in Francisco Morazán was 83.2 (per 100,000 inhabitants) compared to the national average of 86.[104]

In 2009, the Central District reached a homicide rate of 72.7 with authorities recording 792 intentional homicides and 151 involuntary homicides; this averaged to 66 murders per month or two per day. 85.6 percent of the deaths were committed by firearm and 39 percent were linked to organized crime. 91 percent of the victims were men and 81.2 of that were ages 15 to 39. The neighborhoods in Tegucigalpa reporting the highest incidence of violent deaths are poor and impoverished areas that include Barrio Concepción, Colonia Nueva Capital, Colonia Villa Nueva Norte, Colonia Cerro Grande, Colonia El Carrizal No. 1, Colonia el Carrizal No. 2, Colonia Flor Del Campo, Colonia La Sosa, Colonia Las Brisas, and Barrio Centro de Comayagüela.[101]

In 2009, there were 246 motor vehicle-related deaths, of which 52 percent were pedestrians, including bicyclists; 39 percent were caused by private vehicles and 12 percent by public transportation vehicles. In the same year, there were 69 deaths reported as suicides, which were most common in the age bracket of 20 to 29 and 30 to 35, while 76.9 percent of them were men.[101]

Having around eight million people in the country, Honduras has about 7,000 gang members in 300 to 400 street gangs, most of them based in Tegucigalpa. These gangs commit all types of crimes against the local population as well as foreigners, including phone call threats. The gangs also appear to have a lot of control in the cities with controlling public goods such as public taxis and they are very involved. The Honduran government does not have much control against the gangs because the government system is not itself very stable. Most of the crime cases are not very well prosecuted and sometimes just discarded, but police enforcement is better in the upper-class neighborhoods and in the tourists parts of the city.[105]

Economy

The Central District has an economy equal to 19.3 percent of country's GDP. In 2009, the city's revenue and expenditures budget was L.2,856,439,263 (US$151,214,182)[106] while in 2010 it was L.2,366,993,208 (US$125,204,606).[107][108] 57.9 percent or L.43.860 billion (US$2.318 billion) of the country's national budget is spent within the Central District.[109]

The District's active labor force is 367,844 people of which 56,035 are employed in the public sector. In 2009, the unemployment rate in Tegucigalpa was 8.1 percent,[110] and an unemployed person may spend as much as four months seeking employment.[111] There are 32,665 business establishments throughout the capital, the most of any city in the country. The size of these businesses is broken down as follows: micro-enterprises (73.2%), small businesses (9.63%), medium-sized businesses (7.47%), large companies (0.28%), and the remainder unreported (9.62%).

The city's major economic sources are commerce, construction, services, textiles, sugar, and tobacco.[112] Economic activity is broken down as follows: commerce—including wholesale, retail, auto repair, household goods (42.86%); manufacturing industry (16.13%), hospitality—hotels and restaurants (14.43%), banking and real estate (10.12%), social and personal services (8.94%), health-related services (3.90%), and others (3.60%).[113]

The industrial production taking place in the region includes textiles, clothing, sugar, cigarettes, lumber, plywood, paper, ceramics, cement, glass, metalwork, plastics, chemicals, tires, electrical appliances, and farm machinery. Maquiladora duty-free assembly plants have been established in an industrial park in the Amarateca valley, on the northern highway.[114] Silver, lead and zinc are still mined in the outskirts of the city.[115]

Banking

 
Nissan car dealership on Central America Blvd, across the street from Plaza Miraflores Mall

Honduran banks based in Tegucigalpa include the Central Bank of Honduras, Banco Continental and Banco de Occidente. Tegucigalpa also has a number of International financial institutions, which include BAC Credomatic (formerly Banco Mercantil-BAMER), Citibank, Davivienda, the Inter-American Development Bank (IAB), the World Bank, and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE), with its headquarters located in Colonia Miramontes on Boulevard Suyapa.[116]

Foreign investment

Manufacturing assembly plants (maquiladoras) were introduced in Honduras in 1976.[117] While their contribution to the economy remained small, they boomed at the beginning of the 1990s, mostly concentrating in northern Honduras, but after the mid-1990s they were expanded to the central region, including Tegucigalpa. By 2005, at least 6 maquiladoras operated in the Central District.[118]

By the end of the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), Tegucigalpa continued to be a focus city for the development of industrial parks. The main obstacle to establishing factories in Tegucigalpa has been facilitating infrastructure to provide efficient access between the capital and country's economic hubs: San Pedro Sula and Puerto Cortez.[119]

While foreign investment manufacturers and exporters have focused on northern Honduras, the presence of multinational corporations is evident in Tegucigalpa. Popular retail, restaurant, and hospitality American-branded franchises prevail throughout the Honduran capital; such as Walmart, McDonald's, and Marriott, among others. Companies from other countries such as Mexico, have also made their presence with arrivals like Cinépolis movie theaters, which opened in 2010 in Cascadas Mall.[120] Foreign real estate and property developers operate in the capital District as well, such as Grupo Roble [es] of the Multiplaza malls.

Tegucigalpa's economic challenges are tied to those of the rest of the country, such as overcoming crime, anomalies in the judicial system, educational backwardness, and deficient infrastructure in order to continue to encourage foreign investors and permit growth of local entrepreneurs.[121]

Government

 
Honduran Presidential palace.

As capital of Honduras, as department head and as a municipality, the Central District seats three separate governments: national, departmental and municipal.[122] Prior to 1991, the central government held great jurisdiction over the execution of city management across the country, leading to uneven representation and improper distribution of resources and governance.[123] As a result, in late 1990 under Decree 134-90, the National Congress of Honduras enacted the Law of Municipalities (Ley de Municipalidades), defining the country's department and municipal institutions, representatives and their functions to give city government autonomy and decentralize it from the national government.[124]

 
Civic center of Tegucigalpa.

While autonomous, the Central District is still influenced by the national government given the territory remains seat of government of the republic. Major changes in public policy and funding of major city projects usually reach the Office of the President prior to approval by the District's local government.[125]

The government in Honduras is very unstable, the government has a very hard time providing the proper resources for citizens and forming their citizens in investing in medical equipment and education for medical professions in Honduras, they also have difficulties with controlling the criminals in cities and gangs that resulted in such high crime rates in the country.[97][126]

Central District

 
"Welcome to the Central District: Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela" sign at the municipality's boundary

Legally and politically speaking, the capital of Honduras is the Municipality of the Central District (Spanish: Distrito Central or DC) and Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela are two entities within the district. However, nearly all governmental institutions are on the Tegucigalpa side, so for all practical purposes Tegucigalpa is the capital.[13] Traditionally, they are regarded as twin or sister cities in part because they were founded as two distinct cities.[127] When the Central District was formed on January 30, 1937 under Decree 53 of reformed Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution, both cities became one political entity sharing the title of Capital of Honduras.[18]

The Constitution of Honduras, under Chapter 1, Article 8, states (translated), "The cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, jointly, constitute the Capital of the Republic."[16] Furthermore, Chapter 11, Article 295, states (translated) "The Central District consists of a single municipality made up of the former municipalities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela";[17] however, municipalities in Honduras are defined as political entities similar to counties, and they may contain one or more cities. For example, in the Department of Atlántida, La Ceiba is the largest city—being also the third largest in Honduras—both in terms of population and metropolitan area;[128] however, Tela, one of the eight municipalities of Atlántida, is the biggest municipality in terms of physical administrative area in that department.[129] Since the Municipality of Tela is not considered the entire city of Tela, it is not bigger than La Ceiba.

There are an additional of 41 villages and 293 hamlets through the Central District Municipality.[4] These may be assigned deputy mayors (alcalde auxiliar) to serve as local representatives.

National and departmental governments

 
United States Embassy on La Paz Avenue

Tegucigalpa is the political and administrative center of Honduras.[130] It is also the seat of government of the Francisco Morazán department.[131] All three branches of the national government as well as their immediate divisions—including the 16 departments of the Executive Branch,[132] the National Congress,[133] the Supreme Court of Justice,[134] the Armed Forces and National Police headquarters—are located in the city. Most public agencies and state-owned companies are headquartered in the capital as well.[24]

Local government

City government takes the form of a mayor-council system and is regulated under the Law of Municipalities that came into effect on January 1, 1991. The Central District Municipal Government (Alcaldía Municipal del Distrito Central or AMDC) is the city's governing authority. As established by city governing law, AMDC is structured as a municipal corporation, which is the deliberative-legislative body, voter-elected, and highest authority within the municipality.[135]

The Municipal Corporation is formed by a mayor serving as chief executive, general administrator and legal representative of the municipality[136] and a vice mayor to serve as acting mayor when required and to oversee functions within AMDC as instructed by the mayor.[137]

Ten aldermen (regidores) are also members of the Municipal Corporation who along with the mayor execute the duties as described in the Law of Municipalities, including management, budgeting, and local law and ordinance legislation.[138]

A general manager, appointed by the mayor, serves as chief comptroller to manage city funds and their allocation. A municipal secretary, also appointed by the mayor, serves as the city clerk in charge of keeping record of all official proceedings. The Municipal Corporation also consults with a Municipal Development Council (Consejo de Desarrollo Municipal), which serves as an advising cabinet on all the areas of issues of the city such as human development, public safety, utilities, etc.[139]

Current administration

 
Government Civic Center housing the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The mayor of the Central District is Jorge Aldana (LIBRE)[140] who is serving his first term (2022–2026) after being elected in 2021.[141] He is the ninth person to serve as mayor of the Central District since local elections were restored in 1986 (prior to 1986, the Central District local government, known as Consejo Metropolitano (Metropolitan Council), was appointed by the President); and this is the tenth elected mayoral term since then as well as the first elected mayor not to belong to the National Party since 1997.

Of the 10 aldermen serving, six are men and four are women. Five belong to LIBRE while another four belong to the National Party and one alderman belongs to the Christian Democratic Party.

Both the city mayor and aldermen are elected to 4-year terms by voters of the Central District. Removal of the mayor or any alderman for any cause is reserved to the Ministry of the Interior, Justice and Decentralization (Secretaría de Gobernación, Justicia y Descentralización).[142]

Law enforcement

Law enforcement in the city is the responsibility of the National Police of Honduras, the nationwide police force.[143][144] The National Police maintains its headquarters in the Central District in Colonia Casamata. The Metropolitan Police Headquarters No. 1 (Jefatura Metropolitana No. 1) is the police department in charge of law and order in the city. It operates seven police districts throughout the metropolitan area. These are Police District 1-1 El Edén, Police District 1–2 El Mandén, Police District 1–3 San Miguel, Police District 1–4 Kennedy, Police District 1–5 El Belén, Police District 1–6 La Granja and Police District 1–7 San Francisco. For 2011, the Secretary of Security designated L.2.162 billion (US$114.283 million) to law enforcement and criminal investigation in the Central District.

As established by the Law on Police and Social Coexistence (Ley de Policía y Convivencia Social), municipalities can fund their own municipal police (Policía Municipal) and the Central District operates a Municipal Police force of 160 officers. The Municipal Department of Justice (Departamento Municipal de Justicia) through its Municipal Police Court (Juzgado de Policía Municipal) enforces and prosecutes local law offenses.

The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) is the district attorney with nationwide jurisdiction in charge of prosecuting crimes on behalf of the people. It is also headquartered in the Central District and maintains regional prosecution offices throughout the country. The Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) is the country's chief legal representative and prosecutes crimes on behalf of the state.[145]

Education

 
Jesus' Sacred Heart campus in Comayagüela of the Catholic University of Honduras (UNICAH)

Tegucigalpa serves as the national education center, hosting most of the universities and higher education institutions in the country. For 2011, the national government allocated L. 9.175 billion (US$484.9 million) of the national public education budget (equal to 42.1 percent of total) to the Central District.

The public and private education system in Tegucigalpa is divided into 16 school districts (distritales).[146] All districts are part of the Departmental Directorate of Education (Dirección Departamental de Educación), which in turn is a part of the country's Secretary of Education.[147]

There are 1,235 public schools in the Central District broken down as 488 preschools, 563 elementary schools, and 184 middle and high schools. In 2003, there were a total of 287,517 students enrolled throughout the municipality—28,915 in preschool, 159,679 in elementary school, and 98,923 in middle or high school.[88] The literacy rate, as of 2011, is at 80%.

Private schools

There are about 147 bilingual schools in Tegucigalpa.[148] The American School of Tegucigalpa (K-12), Discovery School (K-12), DelCampo International School (K-12), La Estancia School (K-11) and International School of Tegucigalpa (K-12, Christian) are considered the most expensive private schools of the city. Total K-12 tuition of The American School of Tegucigalpa costs a total of L.1.366 million (US$72,248) for all years (amount based on 10–11 academic year). These private schools are highly recognized by American institutions such as the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS-CASI) and the American School of Tegucigalpa is the only one that has the International Baccalaureate (IB Program). Most of their students study abroad. Other popular private/bilingual schools include Elvel School (K-11), Dowal School (K-11, secular), La Estancia School (K-11), Shadai School (K-11, Christian), Lycée Franco-Hondurien (K-12, French), Magic Castle Preschool (K), Macris School (E-HS, Catholic), and ABC Educational Center (N-8avo, Christian).

There are two modalities in regards to the school calendar: American Period (August to July), mostly used by private and bilingual schools; and Latin Period (February to November), used by public schools.[149]

Universities

There are 12 universities in Tegucigalpa, including three state-funded higher education institutions.[150]

The National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), founded in 1847, is the country's most important university and operates eight regional campuses in several other cities in the country: UNAH-Valle de Sula, UNAH-La Ceiba, UNAH-Comayagua, UNAH-Copán, UNAH-Choluteca, UNAH-Juticalpa, UNAH-Valle del Aguán, and University Technological Center UNAH–Danlí.[151] It employs 4,980 people throughout its campuses at an average annual salary of L.241,184 (US$12,747).

The other two publicly funded institutions are Francisco Morazán National Pedagogic University (UPNFM), founded in 1989, focusing on preparing future educators in several disciplines,[152] and the National Institute of Professional Formation (INFOP), founded in 1972, focusing on economic and social development disciplines. The National University of Agriculture (UNA), founded in 1950, also state-funded and located in Catacamas, Olancho, maintains a liaison office in Tegucigalpa.

There are 10 private universities in Tegucigalpa:

  • Center of Design, Architecture, and Construction (CEDAC), founded in 1996;
  • Metropolitan University of Honduras (UMH), founded in 2001;
  • Evangelical Christian New Millennium University (UCENM-Tegucigalpa Campus), founded in 2001;
  • Polytechnic University of Honduras (UPH), founded in 2006;
  • Polytechnic University of Engineering (UPI), founded in 2007.

There are also two higher education centers: the Technological University Center (CEUTEC), part of UNITEC; and Guaymura University Center (CUG), founded in 1982.

Sport

 
Chelato Uclés Football Stadium.

Transportation

 
Southbound view of Anillo Periférico (beltway) at the María Pediatric Hospital exit
 
Rush hour on Central America Blvd as viewed northbound from the Plaza Miraflores pedestrian bridge

All barrios and colonias in Tegucigalpa can be accessed by automobile, although some neighborhoods in the city suffer from unpaved, narrow, or hilly streets making them difficult to maneuver.[159] A grid of surface streets and a network of major avenues and boulevards cross through the major areas of the capital. However, the most transited roads suffer from heavy traffic congestion due to the region's geography and disorganized urbanization.

An estimate of 400,000 vehicles take on the city streets and roads every day. The oldest districts were not built with the advent of the automobile in mind and therefore lack efficient roadways to accommodate the overwhelming number of vehicles. Newer developments, such as the malls, have been built with the car in mind allowing for large parking lots to accommodate their visitors. In the last decades, several of the boulevards and avenues have been retrofitted with grade separations to ease up the flow of traffic.

Roads and highways

 
Map showing the network of roads and highways throughout the Central District and its borders

The Secretariat of Public Works, Transport and Housing (Honduras) (SOPTRAVI) presently divides the country's highway network into international routes (ruta internacional), national routes (ruta nacional), and provincial routes (ruta vecinal). These are assigned numbers; however, they are more often identified using their physical destinations (e.g. Tegucigalpa-Danlí highway) rather the number itself since road signage is scarce.

International routes are given a "CA-" designation followed by a highway number (i.e. CA-1) that can be of one or two digits enclosed in a highway shield. "CA-" highways are part of the Central American highway network (hence the "CA" letters) that interconnects Honduras with its neighboring countries as part of the Pan-American Highway. National highways are assigned a two or three-digit number and provincial routes are assigned a three-digit number.

Arterial roads

 
Anillo Periférico (beltway) at the Suyapa Boulevard overpass near Basilica of Suyapa
 
Heading westbound on Armed Forces Blvd near the Metro Mall interchange

The Anillo Periférico (beltway or ring road) and Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas (Armed Forces Blvd) are the city's two expressways—equipped with center dividers, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses—allowing for controlled-access traffic. These connect with the city's other major boulevards: Central America Blvd, Suyapa Blvd, European Community Blvd, and Kuwait Blvd—which are essentially limited-access roadways as they have been equipped with interchanges but may lack underpasses or overpasses to bypass crossing surface road traffic.

Despite a network of major highways, none reach directly into the historic downtown, forcing drivers to rely heavily on surface streets. Like in most Central American cities, orientation and driving may be difficult to first-time visitors due to the nature of how streets are named, insufficient road signage and the natives' driving behavior.[160] The city administration has green lit several road infrastructure projects to help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall aspect of the city.[161]

List of major thoroughfares in the Central District, including urban core arteries and outskirt roads:

Public transportation

Public transportation in Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela is based on buses and taxis, covering 71 percent of the capital's road migration.[citation needed] Bus routes are named based on the neighborhood they cover. For example, routes that travel from the downtown area to UNAH are labeled Centro-UNAH or Centro-Multiplaza-UNAH. Taxis are the quickest way to move around the city after personal auto transportation. Taxis are relatively cheap for the international tourist.[citation needed] They are not the cheapest form of public transportation for the locals, however. There are over 12,000 taxis in the Central District.[citation needed]

The public transportation system in Tegucigalpa is, however, highly disorganized.[162] Being a for-profit business, it encourages competition between the fleet owners where revenue is the priority while ignoring the quality and efficiency of the service. Public transportation regulation is very flawed. Bus drivers must compete for passengers in order to bring the highest earnings possible while becoming a hazard for other drivers and pedestrians and contributing to traffic jams.[163] There is an overflow of public transportation vehicles on the roads.[164] The government has declared its public transportation system to be oversupplied and inefficient.[163]

There is a project under construction to give the public transportation system an upgrade with the addition of a bus rapid transit fleet. In late May 2011, the National Congress approved the project under a new law as part of the financing deal with the Inter-American Development Bank (IAB).[citation needed] The BRT system will be solely managed by the Central District government.

National and international ground transportation

Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of the country through its city to city bus services. There are several bus lines connecting the capital with the rest of Honduras.[165] There is no central bus terminal in the city; in turn, there are several bus stations scattered throughout the city, particularly in Comayagüela, and some of these stations are operated directly by the bus company serving from there. Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of Central America and Mexico through its international bus lines. Buses leave for Guatemala, El Salvador,[166] Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Mexico every day.[167][168]

Air transportation

Main articles: Toncontín International Airport and Comayagua International Airport
 
View from aircraft as it banks sharply to align with runway on final approach. Las Hadas residential neighborhood lies below.
 
An American Airlines Boeing 757 landing at Toncontín International Airport

Toncontín International Airport (IATA: TGU, ICAO: MHTG) formerly served as the main airport in and out of Tegucigalpa. The airport was frequently criticized as being dangerous due to its location next to a sierra, short runway, and difficult approach. Large commercial jets are required to execute a tight hairpin left turn at very low altitude to land on the short runway. International airline pilots flying into Toncontín receive additional training for the Toncontín approach.

Toncontín was improved by the work of the Airport Corporation of Tegucigalpa (CAT), which is owned by TACA of El Salvador. It is managed by InterAirports, the company hired by the government of Honduras to manage the four airports in the country.[169]

After years of efforts to replace Toncontín International with an airport at Palmerola in Comayagua where the Soto Cano Air Base is located,[170] Comayagua International Airport finally opened on October 15, 2021. All international flights are expected to move there, leaving Toncontín with only domestic flights.

Twin towns – sister cities

Tegucigalpa is twinned with:

 
Tegucigalpa viewed from El Picacho-United Nations Park

See also

Notes

Definitions

^[a] Tegucigalpa refers to the urban area formed east of the Choluteca River when distinguished from Comayagüela. When broadly speaking to refer to the capital of the country, it includes Comayagüela and vice versa.

^[b] Comayagüela refers to the urban area formed west of the Choluteca River. Once a city of its own, it was incorporated as part of Tegucigalpa on September 28, 1890.

^[c] Central District refers to the entire municipality containing both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela. As established by the Constitution of Honduras, it serves as national capital and therefore its limits as government seat are not reduced to the urban area formed by Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela but extend to the entire municipality; in turn, the Central District as a whole, is the capital of Honduras.

The Central District is not a federal district since it is not an entity outside the departments of Honduras (e.g. Washington, D.C., Mexico City); it is one of the municipalities making up the Department of Francisco Morazán.

References

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Tegucigalpa
  • Miroslava de Nevo, Project Team Leader; Vera Lucía Vicentini, Alejandro Taddia, Carlos Mojica, and Caterina Vecco (INE/TSP); Trinidad Zamora (TSP/CHO); Irma Liliam Castillo, Xiomara Hernández, and Fabio Gordillo (consultants); Miguel Orellana (PDP/CHO); and Juan Carlos Pérez Segnini (LEG/SGO) (2010), Central District Public Transportation Project (Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela), Inter-American Development Bank – Assessment of the Central District's current public transportation situation and proposal for improvement.
  • Olivier T. Godichet, José Rafael del Cid, Zoran S. Trputec (1997) (in Spanish) Latin American School of Social Sciences (FLACSO) – Analysis of Honduras's municipal governments.
  • Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai, Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas (2004) Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University – Assessment of Tegucigalpa's current urban situation and future projections.
  • Observatorio de la Violencia (2010) Instituto Universitario en Democracia, Paz y Seguridad (IUDPAS) – UNAH Crime Report on the Central District during 2009.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tegucigalpa.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tegucigalpa.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Tegucigalpa".

January 03, 2023
tegucigalpa, spanish, teɣusiˈɣalpa, formally, municipality, central, district, spanish, municipio, distrito, central, colloquially, referred, tegus, teguz, capital, largest, city, honduras, along, with, sister, city, comayagüela, capital, city, municipio, dist. Tegucigalpa UK t ɛ ˌ ɡ uː s ɪ ˈ ɡ ae l p e 8 US t e ˌ 9 10 Spanish teɣusiˈɣalpa formally Tegucigalpa Municipality of the Central District Spanish Tegucigalpa Municipio del Distrito Central or Tegucigalpa M D C 11 and colloquially referred to as Tegus or Teguz 12 is the capital and largest city of Honduras along with its sister city Comayaguela 13 TegucigalpaCapital cityTegucigalpa Municipio del Distrito CentralSkyline with the north of the city Tegucigalpa at night Honduras flag in the Suyapa Plaza North of the cityFlagCoat of armsNickname s Tegus 1 Tepaz 2 Cerro de Plata Silver Mountain Location of the Central District within the Department of Francisco MorazanTegucigalpaLocation of Tegucigalpa M D C in HondurasShow map of HondurasTegucigalpaTegucigalpa North America Show map of North AmericaCoordinates 14 6 N 87 13 W 14 100 N 87 217 W 14 100 87 217 Coordinates 14 6 N 87 13 W 14 100 N 87 217 W 14 100 87 217CountryHondurasDepartmentFrancisco MorazanMunicipalityCentral DistrictFounded29 September 1578 444 years ago 1578 09 29 Capital30 October 1880 142 years ago 1880 10 30 Merged as Central District30 January 1937 85 years ago 1937 01 30 Government TypeMayor Council BodyMunicipal Corporation MayorJorge Aldana LIBRE Vice MayorCarlenton Davila PSH Aldermen10 Janina Aguilar LIBRE David Chavez PNH Silvia Sosa LIBRE Karla Lopez PNH Aurelio Lagos LIBRE Ramon Romero PNH Lidieth Diaz LIBRE Cinthia Murillo PNH Dagoberto Suazo LIBRE Godofredo Fajardo DC Municipal SecretaryCosette Lopez OsorioArea 3 4 Capital city1 502 km2 580 sq mi Urban201 5 km2 77 8 sq mi Elevation990 m 3 250 ft Population 2020 projection 5 Capital city1 276 738 Density850 km2 2 200 sq mi Urban 5 1 157 744Demonym s Spanish tegucigalpense comayaguelense capitalino a Time zoneUTC 6 Central America Postal codeTegucigalpa 11101 6 Comayaguela 12101 6 Area code country 504 city 2 7 Annual budget 2008 1 555 billion lempiras US 82 190 000 WebsiteGovernment of TegucigalpaClaimed on 29 September 1578 by the Spaniards 14 Tegucigalpa became the country s capital on October 30 1880 under President Marco Aurelio Soto when he moved the capital from Comayagua 15 The Constitution of Honduras enacted in 1982 names the sister cities of Tegucigalpa a and Comayaguela b as a Central District c to serve as the permanent national capital under articles 8 and 295 16 17 After the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1841 Honduras became an individual sovereign nation with Comayagua as its capital The capital was moved to Tegucigalpa in 1880 On January 30 1937 Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution was changed under Decree 53 to establish Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela as a Central District 18 Tegucigalpa is located in the southern central highland region known as the department of Francisco Morazan of which it is also the departmental capital 19 It is situated in a valley surrounded by mountains Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela being sister cities are physically separated by the Choluteca River 20 The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazan department 21 Tegucigalpa is Honduras largest and most populous city as well as the nation s political and administrative center Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates 22 23 It is the home base of several state owned entities such as ENEE and Hondutel the national energy and telecommunications companies respectively 24 The city is also home to the country s most important public university the National Autonomous University of Honduras 25 as well as the national soccer team 26 The capital s international airport Toncontin 27 28 29 The Central District Mayor s Office Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central is the city s governing body 30 headed by a mayor 31 and 10 aldermen forming the Municipal Corporation Corporacion Municipal 32 Being the department s seat as well the governor s office of Francisco Morazan is also located in the capital In 2008 the city operated on an approved budget of 1 555 billion lempiras US 82 189 029 33 In 2009 the city government reported a revenue of 1 955 billion lempiras US 103 512 220 more than any other capital city in Central America except Panama City Tegucigalpa s infrastructure has not kept up with its population growth 34 Deficient urban planning 35 densely condensed urbanization and poverty 36 are ongoing problems 37 Heavily congested roadways where road infrastructure is unable to efficiently handle over 400 000 vehicles create havoc on a daily basis 38 Both national and local governments have taken steps to improve and expand infrastructure as well as to reduce poverty in the city 39 40 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Hurricane Mitch 4 Cityscape 4 1 Around the city 4 2 Comayaguela 5 Demographics 5 1 Health 5 2 Religion 5 3 Crime and violence 6 Economy 6 1 Banking 6 2 Foreign investment 7 Government 7 1 Central District 7 2 National and departmental governments 7 3 Local government 7 4 Current administration 7 5 Law enforcement 8 Education 8 1 Private schools 8 2 Universities 9 Sport 10 Transportation 10 1 Roads and highways 10 1 1 Arterial roads 10 2 Public transportation 10 3 National and international ground transportation 10 4 Air transportation 11 Twin towns sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 13 1 Definitions 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymology EditMost sources indicate the origin and meaning of the word Tegucigalpa is derived from the Nahuatl language 41 The most widely accepted version suggests that it comes from the Nahuatl word Taguz galpa which means hills of silver but this interpretation is uncertain since the natives who occupied the region at the time were unaware of the existence of mineral deposits in the area Another source suggests that Tegucigalpa derives from another language in which it means painted rocks as explained by Leticia Oyuela in her book Minimum History of Tegucigalpa 42 Other theories indicate it may derive from the term Togogalpa which refers to tototi meaning a small green parrot in Nahuatl and Toncontin a small town near Tegucigalpa toncotin was a Mexican dance of Nahuatl origin 43 44 In Mexico it is believed the word Tegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl word Tecuztlicallipan meaning place of residence of the noble or Tecuhtzincalpan meaning place on the home of the beloved master 45 Honduran philologist Alberto de Jesus Membreno wrote in his book Indigenous Toponymies of Central America that he thinks Tegucigalpa is a Nahuatl word meaning in the homes of the sharp stones and rules out the traditional meaning hills of silver arguing that Taguzgalpa was the name of the ancient eastern zone of Honduras 46 History EditSee also Timeline of Tegucigalpa Los Dolores Church built in 1735 19th Century Tegucigalpa illustration in The Capitals of Spanish America Panorama of Tegucigalpa 1889 Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers as Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29 1578 on the site of an existing native settlement of the Lenca and Tolupans 47 The first mayor of Tegucigalpa was Juan de la Cueva who took office in 1579 48 The Dolores Church 1735 the San Miguel Cathedral 1765 the Casa de la Moneda 1780 and the Immaculate Conception Church 1788 were some of the first important buildings constructed 49 Almost 200 years later on June 10 1762 this mining town became Real Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia under the rule of Alonso Fernandez de Heredia then acting governor of Honduras The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw disruption in Tegucigalpa s local government from being extinguished in 1788 to becoming part of Comayagua in 1791 to returning to self city governance in 1817 50 In 1817 then Mayor Narciso Mallol started the construction of the first bridge a ten arch masonry connecting both sides of the Choluteca River Upon completion four years later it linked Tegucigalpa with her neighbor city of Comayaguela 51 In 1821 Tegucigalpa legally became a city 52 In 1824 the first Congress of the Republic of Honduras declared Tegucigalpa and Comayagua then the two most important cities in the country to alternate as capital of the country 53 After October 1838 following Honduras independence as a single republic the capital continued to switch back and forth between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua until October 30 1880 when Tegucigalpa was declared the permanent capital of Honduras by then president Marco Aurelio Soto 15 A popular myth claims that the society of Comayagua the long time colonial capital of Honduras publicly disliked the wife of President Soto who took revenge by moving the capital to Tegucigalpa 54 A more likely theory is that the change took place because President Soto was an important partner of the Rosario Mining Company an American silver mining company whose operations were based in San Juancito close to Tegucigalpa and he needed to be close to his personal interests 55 By 1898 it was decided that both Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela being neighbor cities on the banks of the Choluteca River would form the capital but with separate names and separate local governments 56 During this period both cities had a population of about 40 000 people Between the 1930s and 1960s Tegucigalpa continued to grow reaching a population of over 250 000 people giving way to what would become one of the biggest neighborhoods in the city the Colonia Kennedy the nation s autonomous university the UNAH and the construction of the Honduras Maya Hotel 57 It still remained relatively small and provincial until the 1970s when migration from the rural areas began in earnest During the 1980s several avenues traffic overpasses and large buildings were erected a relative novelty to a city characterized until then by two story buildings 58 However lacking the enforcement of city planning and zoning laws it led to highly disorganized urbanization This lack of proper urbanization as the population has grown is evident on the surrounding slopes of the several hills in the city where some of the city s most impoverished neighborhoods have prevailed 59 On October 30 1998 Hurricane Mitch devastated the capital along with the rest of Honduras 60 For five days Mitch pounded the country creating devastating landslides and floods causing the death of thousands as well as heavy deforestation and the destruction of thousands of homes 61 A portion of Comayaguela was destroyed along with several neighborhoods on both sides of the Honduran capital After the hurricane infrastructure in Tegucigalpa was severely damaged Even 12 years later remnants of Hurricane Mitch were still visible especially along the banks of the Choluteca River 62 63 Today Tegucigalpa continues to sprawl far beyond its former colonial core towards the east south and west creating a large but disorganized metropolis In an effort to modernize the capital increase its infrastructure and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants the administration has passed several ordinances and projects to turn the city around within the upcoming years 64 Geography EditSee also Choluteca river basin and Water management in greater Tegucigalpa Satellite view of Tegucigalpa NASA satellite image showing the Choluteca River separating Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains with elevations of 975 metres 3 199 ft at its lowest points and 1 463 metres 4 800 ft at its highest suburban areas Like most of the interior highlands of Honduras the majority of Tegucigalpa s current area was occupied by open woodland The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak scrub and grassy clearings as well as needle leaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest The metropolitan area of both Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela covers a total area of 201 square kilometers 77 6 sq mi while the entire Municipality of the Central District covers a total area of 1 396 square kilometers 539 1 sq mi 4 Geological faults that are a threat to the neighborhoods on and below the hill have been identified in the District s high regions surrounding the capital 65 The Choluteca River which crosses the city from south to north physically separates Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela 66 El Picacho Hill a rugged mountain of moderate height rises above the downtown area several neighborhoods both upscale residential and lower income are located on its slopes The city consists of gentle hills and the ring of mountains surrounding the city tends to trap pollution 67 During the dry season a dense cloud of smog lingers in the basin until the first rains fall Tucked into a valley and bisected by a river Tegucigalpa is prone to flooding during the rainy season as experienced to the fullest during Hurricane Mitch and to a lesser degree every year during the rainy season Despite being several thousand feet above sea level the city lacks an efficient flood control system including canals and sewerage powerful enough to channel rainwater back into the river to flow down to the ocean The river itself is a threat since it isn t deep enough below the streets nor are there levees high enough to prevent it from breaking out 68 There are more than 100 neighborhoods deemed zones of high risk several of them ruled out as uninhabitable in their entirety 59 There is a reservoir known as Embalse Los Laureles west of the city providing 30 percent of the city s water supply as well as a water treatment plant south of the city about 7 3 kilometres 4 5 mi from the airport part of the Concepcion Reservoir just 6 kilometres 3 7 mi southwest of the water plant 69 View of Tegucigalpa The Central District shares borders with 13 other municipalities of Francisco Morazan 21 to the north Cedros and Talanga south Ojojona Santa Ana San Buenaventura and Maraita east San Juan de Flores Villa de San Francisco Santa Lucia Valle de Angeles San Antonio de Oriente and Tatumbla and to the west Lepaterique It is also bordered on the west by two municipalities of the Comayagua Department Villa de San Antonio 70 and Lamani with the latter exactly at the quadripoint where the Central District Lepaterique Villa de San Antonio and Lamani all meet Climate Edit Tegucigalpa has a tropical savanna climate Aw according to the Koppen climate classification milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons the rainy season and the dry season 71 Like much of central Honduras the city has a tropical climate though tempered by the altitude meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions with median temperatures averaging between 19 C 66 F and 23 C 73 F degrees 72 The months of December and January are coolest with an average min low temperature of 14 C 57 F whereas March and April popularly associated with Holy Week s holidays are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 C 104 F degrees on the hottest day 73 The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October 74 There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year June and September usually the wettest months The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211 2 and the average rainy days per month is 8 9 The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182 5 millimetres 7 19 in is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season The wettest months of the rainy season are May June and September October averaging 16 2 rainy days during each of those periods Climate data for Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa Airport 1961 1990 extremes 1951 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 33 0 91 4 34 5 94 1 35 5 95 9 36 6 97 9 36 9 98 4 34 5 94 1 35 9 96 6 36 9 98 4 34 2 93 6 34 8 94 6 32 8 91 0 31 4 88 5 36 9 98 4 Average high C F 25 7 78 3 27 4 81 3 29 5 85 1 30 2 86 4 30 2 86 4 28 6 83 5 27 8 82 0 28 5 83 3 28 5 83 3 27 3 81 1 26 0 78 8 25 4 77 7 27 9 82 2 Daily mean C F 19 5 67 1 20 4 68 7 22 1 71 8 23 4 74 1 23 6 74 5 22 6 72 7 22 1 71 8 22 4 72 3 22 2 72 0 21 5 70 7 20 4 68 7 19 7 67 5 21 7 71 1 Average low C F 14 3 57 7 14 5 58 1 15 5 59 9 17 1 62 8 18 2 64 8 18 2 64 8 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 17 9 64 2 17 6 63 7 16 3 61 3 15 0 59 0 16 7 62 1 Record low C F 4 5 40 1 7 2 45 0 4 7 40 5 8 9 48 0 11 1 52 0 12 4 54 3 12 6 54 7 12 2 54 0 11 0 51 8 10 0 50 0 7 7 45 9 6 8 44 2 4 5 40 1 Average precipitation mm inches 5 3 0 21 4 7 0 19 9 9 0 39 42 9 1 69 143 5 5 65 158 7 6 25 82 3 3 24 88 5 3 48 177 2 6 98 108 9 4 29 39 9 1 57 9 9 0 39 871 7 34 32 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 1 1 1 2 9 12 9 9 13 10 4 2 73Average relative humidity 71 66 62 60 67 75 74 73 76 78 77 75 71Mean monthly sunshine hours 220 8 229 4 268 5 242 8 216 3 171 7 192 5 204 8 183 4 200 4 199 2 212 2 2 542Source 1 NOAA 75 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity 1951 1993 76 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 77 Hurricane Mitch Edit Main article Hurricane Mitch Aerial view of the capital after Hurricane Mitch November 1998 Tegucigalpa as with the rest of Honduras experienced significant damage by Hurricane Mitch in late October and early November 1998 something of a magnitude Hondurans had not witnessed since Hurricane Fifi Mitch destroyed part of the Comayaguela section of the city as well as other places along the banks of the Choluteca River The storm remained over Honduran territory for five days dumping heavy rainfall late in the rainy season The ground was already saturated and could not absorb the heavy precipitation while deforestation and debris left by the hurricane led to catastrophic flooding throughout widespread regions of the country especially in Tegucigalpa 78 The heavy rain caused flash floods of Choluteca s tributaries and the swollen river overflowed its banks tearing down entire neighborhoods and bridges across the ravaged city The rainfall also triggered massive landslides around El Berrinche Hill close to the downtown area These landslides destroyed most of the Soto neighborhood and debris flowed into the river forming a dam The dam clogged the waters of the river and many of the low lying areas of Comayaguela were submerged historic buildings located along Calle Real were either completely destroyed or so badly damaged that repair was futile 79 Cityscape EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Panoramic view of Tegucigalpa Situated in a valley and surrounded by mountain ranges Tegucigalpa is hilly with several elevations and few flat areas The city is also highly disorganized particularly around its oldest districts 80 81 82 It has seen a rapid growth in the last 30 years 83 and only recently has the government passed some of the laws establishing city planning and zoning rules 84 Surface roads can be narrow with the most important avenues carrying no more than two or three lanes running in each direction adding to the problem of heavy traffic congestion Several of the main boulevards have been equipped with interchanges overpasses and underpasses allowing for sections of controlled access highways but considering that even the city s beltway does not entirely circle the city the roads are generally limited access Intense webs of electrical and telephone lines above the streets are a common sight in the capital and in virtually all Honduran cities since the implementation of underground utility lines has only been adopted in recent years Around the city Edit Downtown Tegucigalpa as viewed westward from the Honduras Maya Hotel The metropolitan area of Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela is officially divided into barrios and colonias and there are 892 of them Colonias represent relatively recent 20th century middle class residential suburbs some known as residenciales for their upper income development and these are continuously spreading while the barrios are old inner city neighborhoods While the city administration divides the capital into barrios and colonias the fact that there are hundreds of them makes it difficult to define the city s different regions especially for those not familiar with the Central District To have a better understanding of the city s regions the metro area of the Central District can essentially be divided first into two sections Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela These two entities remain separated by the Choluteca River Basin that runs between them Map showing Tegucigalpa s contemporary Center formed by over 40 neighborhoods The Tegucigalpa side of the District can be divided into five sections 1 Centro Historico Historic Downtown 2 Centro Contemporaneo or Zona Viva Contemporary Downtown or Vibrant Zone 3 North Tegucigalpa 4 South Tegucigalpa and 5 East Tegucigalpa 1 Centro Historico or the Historic Downtown of Tegucigalpa is formed by the original neighborhoods that date back to its founding days For years this area remained neglected and run down but in recent times attempts have been made to revive the zone and bring back its colonial heritage Several government offices including the National Congress and City Hall as well as museums parks a cathedral and churches are located here 2 Centro Contemporaneo is the contemporary vibrant and modern downtown of Tegucigalpa This area is formed by the neighborhoods encompassed east of the Choluteca River south of the northern tributary Rio Chiquito which confluences with the Choluteca below the Mallol Bridge west of the beltway Anillo Periferico and north of Armed Forces Blvd The Marriott Hotel as seen from John Paul II Blvd in Colonia Los Profesionales This section of the city is perhaps the best developed and properly urbanized It is formed by more than 40 neighborhoods many of them wealthy middle class residential areas such as Colonia Palmira to the east of the historic center on Boulevard Morazan which hosts several foreign embassies as well as upscale restaurants Other upscale neighborhoods are Lomas del Guijarro Loma Linda and Lomas del Mayab which house most of the apartment complexes in the city Map showing the metropolitan area of the Central District divided into colored sections Boulevard Morazan and Avenida Los Proceres Avenida La Paz are busy commercial corridors running parallel to each other and run through several neighborhoods home to foreign embassies a hotel district business establishments and corporate buildings including Los Proceres Comercial Park Parque Comercial Boulevard Suyapa and Boulevard Juan Pablo II are located south of the aforementioned boulevards and they also form a busy commercial and financial district stretching through several neighborhoods such as Colonia Los Profesionales where the Presidential House is located Colonia Florencia Norte where Multiplaza Mall is located Colonia Miramontes among others housing several financial institutions government offices hotels etc 3 North Tegucigalpa is formed by both middle class and impoverished neighborhoods that lie above the surrounding hill immediately north of the historic downtown Beyond these neighborhoods sits the United Nations National Park on El Picacho Hill one of the most popular destinations in the capital among its residents and visitors Beyond the Park stretching north and northwest of the city upper income suburban neighborhoods such as El Hatillo sit on the sides of the hills surrounded by heavy vegetation 4 South Tegucigalpa is everything south of Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas This area is home to Colonia Kennedy the capital s largest neighborhood with more than 137 000 residents South Tegucigalpa concentrates both middle class and poor neighborhoods Two universities UTH and UNITEC are located just off the beltway in southern outskirt neighborhoods 5 East Tegucigalpa concentrates mostly rural and impoverished neighborhoods the result of improvised growth with little government funding and involvement Maria Pediatric Hospital and the Basilica of Suyapa lie on the side of Anillo Periferico s eastern stretch Comayaguela Edit Comayaguela as viewed from Juan A Lainez Hill with the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building in the center Comayaguela is found on the west bank of the Choluteca River and most of its urbanization is made up of lower income neighborhoods Historically Comayaguela has remained less developed than the other side of the capital some citing insufficient contribution from public officials In recent years this western side of the capital has seen some growth and improvement such as the opening of Metromall near the airport With the construction of Mall Premier and City Mall the latter to become the largest mall in the country Comayaguela will be receiving another upgrade There are an estimated 650 000 residents in Comayaguela contributing 58 3 percent of the 120 million lempiras US 6 349 million generated every day by commerce in the Central District The Comayaguela side of the capital can be divided into four sections 1 Zona Centro Downtown Comayaguela 2 North Comayaguela 3 South Comayaguela and 4 West Comayaguela 1 Zona Centro de Comayaguela is the downtown area of Comayaguela and also the original founding grounds formed by its oldest barrios These barrios are formed in a grid street plan style Several government offices are located in this district including the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building and the Criminal Bureau of Investigation Direccion General de Investigacion Criminal as well as the National School of Fine Arts housed in the former City Hall building of Comayaguela built in 1845 Looking northeast from Comayaguela at the construction site of the upcoming shopping mall City Mall 2 North Comayaguela is formed by relatively recent post Hurricane Mitch middle class residential developments that stretch onto the northern hills of Comayaguela such as Colonia Cerro Grande a continuously growing middle class neighborhood on the northern outskirts 3 South Comayaguela is by far the better off region of Comayaguela This area is found south and southwest of the airport around Los Laureles Reservoir and south of Lepaterique Road Carretera Lepaterique also known as Carretera al Batallon Also a post Hurricane Mitch area it has grown in the last decade and includes some of Comayaguela s upper income communities that have erupted in the area and continues to spread out as newer suburban middle class developments are built Toncontin International Metro Mall and City Mall are located in this area Residencial la Arboleda and Residencial los Hidalgos are some of the growing upper income developments in the southern outskirts of Comayaguela 4 West Comayaguela is mostly impoverished neighborhoods spreading away from Zona Centro onto the surrounding slopes Many of these neighborhoods came to be through improvised urbanization and lack proper infrastructure This area prevails north of Lepaterique Road and westward of Boulevard de la Comunidad Europea European Community Blvd Demographics Edit Despite the Central District s significant size the urban area of Tegucigalpa Comayaguela of 1 2 million is compacted in a small area Historical populationYearPop 17915 431 18016 547 20 5 188117 309 164 4 188717 647 2 0 189517 300 2 0 190124 000 38 7 1961164 941 587 3 1974302 483 83 4 1988595 931 97 0 2001850 445 42 7 2004874 515 2 8 2006920 366 5 2 20101 126 534 22 4 20131 157 509 2 7 sources 85 86 3 This section needs to be updated The reason given is Latest figures given are from 2013 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2022 The 2013 Honduran census recorded a population of 1 157 509 in the Central District 3 continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2001 census which recorded 850 445 residents 87 In 2004 there were 185 577 households with an average of 4 9 members per household 88 Both the city s population and metro area are expected to double by 2029 89 The Human Development Index HDI is the highest in the country measured at 0 759 in 2006 During the same year 47 6 percent of the Central District s population lived in poverty 29 7 lived in moderate poverty and 17 9 in extreme poverty Life expectancy in the District as of 2004 update is 72 1 years By 2010 4 9 percent of the population remained illiterate compared to the national rate of 15 2 percent 90 In 2010 the average monthly income was L 8 321 US 440 49 compared to the total national average of L 4 767 US 252 35 and the national urban zone average of L 7 101 US 375 91 91 92 The ethnic and racial makeup of Tegucigalpa is strongly tied to the rest of Honduras 93 80 percent of the city dwellers are predominantly mestizos with a small White Hispanic minority They are joined by Chinese 94 and Arab immigrants 95 the latter mostly from Palestine 96 There are indigenous Amerindians and Afro Honduran people as well Central District age distributionSource 4 Ages Male Female Ages Male Female 80 0 4 0 5 35 39 2 9 3 475 79 0 3 0 4 30 34 3 4 3 870 74 0 4 0 5 25 29 3 9 4 465 70 0 5 0 7 20 24 5 1 5 960 64 0 8 0 9 15 19 5 5 6 255 60 1 0 1 1 10 14 5 7 5 750 54 1 5 1 6 5 9 5 9 5 745 49 1 9 2 1 0 4 5 8 5 540 45 2 6 2 9 Health Edit This section needs to be updated The reason given is Latest figures given are from 2004 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2022 In 2004 there were 67 public health care establishments in the Central District five national hospitals 22 health centers in the metropolitan area 37 health centers throughout the rural areas and three peripheral clinics There are several private hospitals in the city as well as hospitals run by the Honduran Social Security Institute IHSS the country s government sponsored social insurance program In 2003 only 58 5 percent of the employed population contributed to IHSS while the rest who remain uninsured were attributed to being employed in the informal sector or being domestic workers Overall only 26 5 percent of the Central District s population is covered by public health care The Central District reports the third highest or 20 2 percent of the country s HIV AIDS incidence with 5 674 living with the virus During 2004 there were 258 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the Central District In 2000 the maternal mortality rate in the city was 110 of every 100 000 births of which 62 3 percent were women ages 20 to 35 In 2001 the infant mortality rate was 29 per 1000 live births Both maternal and infant mortality rates are based on local and out of district residents who arrive to receive medical attention In 2005 it was estimated that 101 of every 10 000 residents suffered from a physical or mental disability Honduras in general has not had any stable medical care the reasons being there is a lack of political stability and 62 8 of the country is in poverty and there is a lack of medical caretakers or proper training for the caretakers in the country 97 Religion Edit Basilica of our lady of Suyapa As with the rest of Honduras Roman Catholicism is the dominating religion in the Central District and while at some point they made up as much as 90 percent of the population contemporary estimates as recent as 2007 put them at 47 percent while Protestants make up as much as 36 percent Their history in Tegucigalpa began around 1548 with the Spanish setting up Mercedarian missionaries as part of their conversion efforts of the native communities By 1916 the Diocese of Comayagua was relocated and renamed the Diocese of Tegucigalpa and it was elevated to Archdiocese under Archbishop Santiago Maria Martinez y Cabanas 1842 1921 98 Other religious groups made their way at the beginning of the 20th century including the Quakers who in 1914 began work in the nation s capital In 1946 missionaries of the Southern Baptist Convention first arrived in Tegucigalpa and in the 1950s the National Convention of Baptist Churches and the Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions followed 98 Central District crime indicators 2007 2008 2009Homicide rate 58 1 60 6 71 8Intentional homicides 621 654 792Unintentional homicides 93 100 151Male victim ratio 89 7 91 91 Top victim age group 15 39 68 9 65 5 73 2 Firearm involvement 80 81 85 6 Organized crime involvement 14 2 26 3 39 Sexual assaults 577 521 647Crimes against person 3 791 3 746 4 471Crimes against property 659 3 406 7 863Suicides 72 64 69Top suicide age group 15 39 48 6 35 9 47 8 Vehicle related deaths 222 235 246 Data based on crimes reported to authorities Source 99 100 101 The Assembly of God missionaries entered Honduras in the late 1940s and today maintain a mega church in Tegucigalpa with more than 10 000 members The Church of God of Cleveland Tennessee was established in Tegucigalpa in 1951 the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel followed in 1952 and by the late 1950s the Evangelical Alliance of Honduras was established The Prince of Peace Pentecostal Church founded in Guatemala City began its ministry in Honduras during the 1960s During the 1970s the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement began to grow among the upper classes in Tegucigalpa 98 The Christian Love Brigade Association arrived in Tegucigalpa in 1971 the Abundant Life Christian Church was founded in 1972 the Cenacle Christian Center of Charismatic Renewal began in 1978 and the Living Love Groups started in 1978 98 The Presbyterian Church in Honduras member churches are mainly concentrated within 150 km 93 mi of Tegucigalpa The first Presbyterian congregation was planted 50 years ago by the National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala 102 Today there are many religious groups in Tegucigalpa including a Jewish community Jehovah s Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints who opened a temple in the city in 2013 98 Crime and violence Edit Honduras including the capital city Tegucigalpa has the world s highest murder rate 103 Honduras has been experiencing record high violence in recent years In 2010 the homicide rate in Francisco Morazan was 83 2 per 100 000 inhabitants compared to the national average of 86 104 In 2009 the Central District reached a homicide rate of 72 7 with authorities recording 792 intentional homicides and 151 involuntary homicides this averaged to 66 murders per month or two per day 85 6 percent of the deaths were committed by firearm and 39 percent were linked to organized crime 91 percent of the victims were men and 81 2 of that were ages 15 to 39 The neighborhoods in Tegucigalpa reporting the highest incidence of violent deaths are poor and impoverished areas that include Barrio Concepcion Colonia Nueva Capital Colonia Villa Nueva Norte Colonia Cerro Grande Colonia El Carrizal No 1 Colonia el Carrizal No 2 Colonia Flor Del Campo Colonia La Sosa Colonia Las Brisas and Barrio Centro de Comayaguela 101 In 2009 there were 246 motor vehicle related deaths of which 52 percent were pedestrians including bicyclists 39 percent were caused by private vehicles and 12 percent by public transportation vehicles In the same year there were 69 deaths reported as suicides which were most common in the age bracket of 20 to 29 and 30 to 35 while 76 9 percent of them were men 101 Having around eight million people in the country Honduras has about 7 000 gang members in 300 to 400 street gangs most of them based in Tegucigalpa These gangs commit all types of crimes against the local population as well as foreigners including phone call threats The gangs also appear to have a lot of control in the cities with controlling public goods such as public taxis and they are very involved The Honduran government does not have much control against the gangs because the government system is not itself very stable Most of the crime cases are not very well prosecuted and sometimes just discarded but police enforcement is better in the upper class neighborhoods and in the tourists parts of the city 105 Economy EditThis section needs to be updated The reason given is Latest figures given are from 2008 Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2022 The Central District has an economy equal to 19 3 percent of country s GDP In 2009 the city s revenue and expenditures budget was L 2 856 439 263 US 151 214 182 106 while in 2010 it was L 2 366 993 208 US 125 204 606 107 108 57 9 percent or L 43 860 billion US 2 318 billion of the country s national budget is spent within the Central District 109 The District s active labor force is 367 844 people of which 56 035 are employed in the public sector In 2009 the unemployment rate in Tegucigalpa was 8 1 percent 110 and an unemployed person may spend as much as four months seeking employment 111 There are 32 665 business establishments throughout the capital the most of any city in the country The size of these businesses is broken down as follows micro enterprises 73 2 small businesses 9 63 medium sized businesses 7 47 large companies 0 28 and the remainder unreported 9 62 The city s major economic sources are commerce construction services textiles sugar and tobacco 112 Economic activity is broken down as follows commerce including wholesale retail auto repair household goods 42 86 manufacturing industry 16 13 hospitality hotels and restaurants 14 43 banking and real estate 10 12 social and personal services 8 94 health related services 3 90 and others 3 60 113 The industrial production taking place in the region includes textiles clothing sugar cigarettes lumber plywood paper ceramics cement glass metalwork plastics chemicals tires electrical appliances and farm machinery Maquiladora duty free assembly plants have been established in an industrial park in the Amarateca valley on the northern highway 114 Silver lead and zinc are still mined in the outskirts of the city 115 Banking Edit Nissan car dealership on Central America Blvd across the street from Plaza Miraflores Mall Honduran banks based in Tegucigalpa include the Central Bank of Honduras Banco Continental and Banco de Occidente Tegucigalpa also has a number of International financial institutions which include BAC Credomatic formerly Banco Mercantil BAMER Citibank Davivienda the Inter American Development Bank IAB the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration BCIE with its headquarters located in Colonia Miramontes on Boulevard Suyapa 116 Foreign investment Edit Manufacturing assembly plants maquiladoras were introduced in Honduras in 1976 117 While their contribution to the economy remained small they boomed at the beginning of the 1990s mostly concentrating in northern Honduras but after the mid 1990s they were expanded to the central region including Tegucigalpa By 2005 at least 6 maquiladoras operated in the Central District 118 By the end of the 1990s and early 2000s decade Tegucigalpa continued to be a focus city for the development of industrial parks The main obstacle to establishing factories in Tegucigalpa has been facilitating infrastructure to provide efficient access between the capital and country s economic hubs San Pedro Sula and Puerto Cortez 119 While foreign investment manufacturers and exporters have focused on northern Honduras the presence of multinational corporations is evident in Tegucigalpa Popular retail restaurant and hospitality American branded franchises prevail throughout the Honduran capital such as Walmart McDonald s and Marriott among others Companies from other countries such as Mexico have also made their presence with arrivals like Cinepolis movie theaters which opened in 2010 in Cascadas Mall 120 Foreign real estate and property developers operate in the capital District as well such as Grupo Roble es of the Multiplaza malls Tegucigalpa s economic challenges are tied to those of the rest of the country such as overcoming crime anomalies in the judicial system educational backwardness and deficient infrastructure in order to continue to encourage foreign investors and permit growth of local entrepreneurs 121 Government Edit Honduran Presidential palace As capital of Honduras as department head and as a municipality the Central District seats three separate governments national departmental and municipal 122 Prior to 1991 the central government held great jurisdiction over the execution of city management across the country leading to uneven representation and improper distribution of resources and governance 123 As a result in late 1990 under Decree 134 90 the National Congress of Honduras enacted the Law of Municipalities Ley de Municipalidades defining the country s department and municipal institutions representatives and their functions to give city government autonomy and decentralize it from the national government 124 Civic center of Tegucigalpa While autonomous the Central District is still influenced by the national government given the territory remains seat of government of the republic Major changes in public policy and funding of major city projects usually reach the Office of the President prior to approval by the District s local government 125 The government in Honduras is very unstable the government has a very hard time providing the proper resources for citizens and forming their citizens in investing in medical equipment and education for medical professions in Honduras they also have difficulties with controlling the criminals in cities and gangs that resulted in such high crime rates in the country 97 126 Central District Edit Welcome to the Central District Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela sign at the municipality s boundary Legally and politically speaking the capital of Honduras is the Municipality of the Central District Spanish Distrito Central or DC and Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela are two entities within the district However nearly all governmental institutions are on the Tegucigalpa side so for all practical purposes Tegucigalpa is the capital 13 Traditionally they are regarded as twin or sister cities in part because they were founded as two distinct cities 127 When the Central District was formed on January 30 1937 under Decree 53 of reformed Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution both cities became one political entity sharing the title of Capital of Honduras 18 The Constitution of Honduras under Chapter 1 Article 8 states translated The cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela jointly constitute the Capital of the Republic 16 Furthermore Chapter 11 Article 295 states translated The Central District consists of a single municipality made up of the former municipalities of Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela 17 however municipalities in Honduras are defined as political entities similar to counties and they may contain one or more cities For example in the Department of Atlantida La Ceiba is the largest city being also the third largest in Honduras both in terms of population and metropolitan area 128 however Tela one of the eight municipalities of Atlantida is the biggest municipality in terms of physical administrative area in that department 129 Since the Municipality of Tela is not considered the entire city of Tela it is not bigger than La Ceiba There are an additional of 41 villages and 293 hamlets through the Central District Municipality 4 These may be assigned deputy mayors alcalde auxiliar to serve as local representatives National and departmental governments Edit United States Embassy on La Paz Avenue Tegucigalpa is the political and administrative center of Honduras 130 It is also the seat of government of the Francisco Morazan department 131 All three branches of the national government as well as their immediate divisions including the 16 departments of the Executive Branch 132 the National Congress 133 the Supreme Court of Justice 134 the Armed Forces and National Police headquarters are located in the city Most public agencies and state owned companies are headquartered in the capital as well 24 Local government Edit City government takes the form of a mayor council system and is regulated under the Law of Municipalities that came into effect on January 1 1991 The Central District Municipal Government Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central or AMDC is the city s governing authority As established by city governing law AMDC is structured as a municipal corporation which is the deliberative legislative body voter elected and highest authority within the municipality 135 The Municipal Corporation is formed by a mayor serving as chief executive general administrator and legal representative of the municipality 136 and a vice mayor to serve as acting mayor when required and to oversee functions within AMDC as instructed by the mayor 137 Ten aldermen regidores are also members of the Municipal Corporation who along with the mayor execute the duties as described in the Law of Municipalities including management budgeting and local law and ordinance legislation 138 A general manager appointed by the mayor serves as chief comptroller to manage city funds and their allocation A municipal secretary also appointed by the mayor serves as the city clerk in charge of keeping record of all official proceedings The Municipal Corporation also consults with a Municipal Development Council Consejo de Desarrollo Municipal which serves as an advising cabinet on all the areas of issues of the city such as human development public safety utilities etc 139 Current administration Edit Government Civic Center housing the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs The mayor of the Central District is Jorge Aldana LIBRE 140 who is serving his first term 2022 2026 after being elected in 2021 141 He is the ninth person to serve as mayor of the Central District since local elections were restored in 1986 prior to 1986 the Central District local government known as Consejo Metropolitano Metropolitan Council was appointed by the President and this is the tenth elected mayoral term since then as well as the first elected mayor not to belong to the National Party since 1997 Of the 10 aldermen serving six are men and four are women Five belong to LIBRE while another four belong to the National Party and one alderman belongs to the Christian Democratic Party Both the city mayor and aldermen are elected to 4 year terms by voters of the Central District Removal of the mayor or any alderman for any cause is reserved to the Ministry of the Interior Justice and Decentralization Secretaria de Gobernacion Justicia y Descentralizacion 142 Law enforcement Edit Law enforcement in the city is the responsibility of the National Police of Honduras the nationwide police force 143 144 The National Police maintains its headquarters in the Central District in Colonia Casamata The Metropolitan Police Headquarters No 1 Jefatura Metropolitana No 1 is the police department in charge of law and order in the city It operates seven police districts throughout the metropolitan area These are Police District 1 1 El Eden Police District 1 2 El Manden Police District 1 3 San Miguel Police District 1 4 Kennedy Police District 1 5 El Belen Police District 1 6 La Granja and Police District 1 7 San Francisco For 2011 the Secretary of Security designated L 2 162 billion US 114 283 million to law enforcement and criminal investigation in the Central District As established by the Law on Police and Social Coexistence Ley de Policia y Convivencia Social municipalities can fund their own municipal police Policia Municipal and the Central District operates a Municipal Police force of 160 officers The Municipal Department of Justice Departamento Municipal de Justicia through its Municipal Police Court Juzgado de Policia Municipal enforces and prosecutes local law offenses The Public Ministry Ministerio Publico is the district attorney with nationwide jurisdiction in charge of prosecuting crimes on behalf of the people It is also headquartered in the Central District and maintains regional prosecution offices throughout the country The Attorney General of the Republic Procuraduria General de la Republica is the country s chief legal representative and prosecutes crimes on behalf of the state 145 Education Edit Campus of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras UNAH Jesus Sacred Heart campus in Comayaguela of the Catholic University of Honduras UNICAH Tegucigalpa serves as the national education center hosting most of the universities and higher education institutions in the country For 2011 the national government allocated L 9 175 billion US 484 9 million of the national public education budget equal to 42 1 percent of total to the Central District The public and private education system in Tegucigalpa is divided into 16 school districts distritales 146 All districts are part of the Departmental Directorate of Education Direccion Departamental de Educacion which in turn is a part of the country s Secretary of Education 147 There are 1 235 public schools in the Central District broken down as 488 preschools 563 elementary schools and 184 middle and high schools In 2003 there were a total of 287 517 students enrolled throughout the municipality 28 915 in preschool 159 679 in elementary school and 98 923 in middle or high school 88 The literacy rate as of 2011 update is at 80 Private schools Edit There are about 147 bilingual schools in Tegucigalpa 148 The American School of Tegucigalpa K 12 Discovery School K 12 DelCampo International School K 12 La Estancia School K 11 and International School of Tegucigalpa K 12 Christian are considered the most expensive private schools of the city Total K 12 tuition of The American School of Tegucigalpa costs a total of L 1 366 million US 72 248 for all years amount based on 10 11 academic year These private schools are highly recognized by American institutions such as the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools SACS CASI and the American School of Tegucigalpa is the only one that has the International Baccalaureate IB Program Most of their students study abroad Other popular private bilingual schools include Elvel School K 11 Dowal School K 11 secular La Estancia School K 11 Shadai School K 11 Christian Lycee Franco Hondurien K 12 French Magic Castle Preschool K Macris School E HS Catholic and ABC Educational Center N 8avo Christian There are two modalities in regards to the school calendar American Period August to July mostly used by private and bilingual schools and Latin Period February to November used by public schools 149 Universities Edit There are 12 universities in Tegucigalpa including three state funded higher education institutions 150 The National Autonomous University of Honduras UNAH founded in 1847 is the country s most important university and operates eight regional campuses in several other cities in the country UNAH Valle de Sula UNAH La Ceiba UNAH Comayagua UNAH Copan UNAH Choluteca UNAH Juticalpa UNAH Valle del Aguan and University Technological Center UNAH Danli 151 It employs 4 980 people throughout its campuses at an average annual salary of L 241 184 US 12 747 The other two publicly funded institutions are Francisco Morazan National Pedagogic University UPNFM founded in 1989 focusing on preparing future educators in several disciplines 152 and the National Institute of Professional Formation INFOP founded in 1972 focusing on economic and social development disciplines The National University of Agriculture UNA founded in 1950 also state funded and located in Catacamas Olancho maintains a liaison office in Tegucigalpa There are 10 private universities in Tegucigalpa Pan American Agricultural School Zamorano located in Zamorano valley 30 km 19 mi east of the city founded in 1941 153 Central American Technological University UNITEC founded in 1987 in Jacaleapa 154 member of Laureate International Universities 155 Jose Cecilio del Valle University UJCV founded in 1979 156 Technological University of Honduras UTH founded in 1986 157 Catholic University of Honduras UNICAH founded by the Catholic Church in 1992 158 Center of Design Architecture and Construction CEDAC founded in 1996 Metropolitan University of Honduras UMH founded in 2001 Evangelical Christian New Millennium University UCENM Tegucigalpa Campus founded in 2001 Polytechnic University of Honduras UPH founded in 2006 Polytechnic University of Engineering UPI founded in 2007 There are also two higher education centers the Technological University Center CEUTEC part of UNITEC and Guaymura University Center CUG founded in 1982 Sport Edit Chelato Ucles Football Stadium C D Dinamo Espanol Honduran football club C D Olimpia F C MotaguaTransportation Edit Southbound view of Anillo Periferico beltway at the Maria Pediatric Hospital exit Rush hour on Central America Blvd as viewed northbound from the Plaza Miraflores pedestrian bridge All barrios and colonias in Tegucigalpa can be accessed by automobile although some neighborhoods in the city suffer from unpaved narrow or hilly streets making them difficult to maneuver 159 A grid of surface streets and a network of major avenues and boulevards cross through the major areas of the capital However the most transited roads suffer from heavy traffic congestion due to the region s geography and disorganized urbanization An estimate of 400 000 vehicles take on the city streets and roads every day The oldest districts were not built with the advent of the automobile in mind and therefore lack efficient roadways to accommodate the overwhelming number of vehicles Newer developments such as the malls have been built with the car in mind allowing for large parking lots to accommodate their visitors In the last decades several of the boulevards and avenues have been retrofitted with grade separations to ease up the flow of traffic Roads and highways Edit Map showing the network of roads and highways throughout the Central District and its borders The Secretariat of Public Works Transport and Housing Honduras SOPTRAVI presently divides the country s highway network into international routes ruta internacional national routes ruta nacional and provincial routes ruta vecinal These are assigned numbers however they are more often identified using their physical destinations e g Tegucigalpa Danli highway rather the number itself since road signage is scarce International routes are given a CA designation followed by a highway number i e CA 1 that can be of one or two digits enclosed in a highway shield CA highways are part of the Central American highway network hence the CA letters that interconnects Honduras with its neighboring countries as part of the Pan American Highway National highways are assigned a two or three digit number and provincial routes are assigned a three digit number Arterial roads Edit Anillo Periferico beltway at the Suyapa Boulevard overpass near Basilica of Suyapa Heading westbound on Armed Forces Blvd near the Metro Mall interchange The Anillo Periferico beltway or ring road and Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas Armed Forces Blvd are the city s two expressways equipped with center dividers interchanges overpasses and underpasses allowing for controlled access traffic These connect with the city s other major boulevards Central America Blvd Suyapa Blvd European Community Blvd and Kuwait Blvd which are essentially limited access roadways as they have been equipped with interchanges but may lack underpasses or overpasses to bypass crossing surface road traffic Despite a network of major highways none reach directly into the historic downtown forcing drivers to rely heavily on surface streets Like in most Central American cities orientation and driving may be difficult to first time visitors due to the nature of how streets are named insufficient road signage and the natives driving behavior 160 The city administration has green lit several road infrastructure projects to help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall aspect of the city 161 List of major thoroughfares in the Central District including urban core arteries and outskirt roads International highways CA 5 Northern stretch CA 5 Southern stretch CA 6 National highways 15 25 33 64 79 Rural highways 717 782 816 853 873 880 City highways Anillo Periferico Blvd Fuerzas Armadas Blvd Centro America Blvd Suyapa Blvd Juan Pablo II Blvd Kuwait Blvd Comunidad Europea Major roads and streets Ave Los Proceres Ave La Paz Blvd Morazan Blvd Norte Carretera Lepaterique Carretera al Batallon Carretera a Col Country Club Carretera a Col Valle Los Laureles Public transportation Edit Public transportation in Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela is based on buses and taxis covering 71 percent of the capital s road migration citation needed Bus routes are named based on the neighborhood they cover For example routes that travel from the downtown area to UNAH are labeled Centro UNAH or Centro Multiplaza UNAH Taxis are the quickest way to move around the city after personal auto transportation Taxis are relatively cheap for the international tourist citation needed They are not the cheapest form of public transportation for the locals however There are over 12 000 taxis in the Central District citation needed The public transportation system in Tegucigalpa is however highly disorganized 162 Being a for profit business it encourages competition between the fleet owners where revenue is the priority while ignoring the quality and efficiency of the service Public transportation regulation is very flawed Bus drivers must compete for passengers in order to bring the highest earnings possible while becoming a hazard for other drivers and pedestrians and contributing to traffic jams 163 There is an overflow of public transportation vehicles on the roads 164 The government has declared its public transportation system to be oversupplied and inefficient 163 There is a project under construction to give the public transportation system an upgrade with the addition of a bus rapid transit fleet In late May 2011 the National Congress approved the project under a new law as part of the financing deal with the Inter American Development Bank IAB citation needed The BRT system will be solely managed by the Central District government National and international ground transportation Edit Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of the country through its city to city bus services There are several bus lines connecting the capital with the rest of Honduras 165 There is no central bus terminal in the city in turn there are several bus stations scattered throughout the city particularly in Comayaguela and some of these stations are operated directly by the bus company serving from there Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of Central America and Mexico through its international bus lines Buses leave for Guatemala El Salvador 166 Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama and Mexico every day 167 168 Air transportation Edit Main articles Toncontin International Airport and Comayagua International Airport View from aircraft as it banks sharply to align with runway on final approach Las Hadas residential neighborhood lies below An American Airlines Boeing 757 landing at Toncontin International Airport Toncontin International Airport IATA TGU ICAO MHTG formerly served as the main airport in and out of Tegucigalpa The airport was frequently criticized as being dangerous due to its location next to a sierra short runway and difficult approach Large commercial jets are required to execute a tight hairpin left turn at very low altitude to land on the short runway International airline pilots flying into Toncontin receive additional training for the Toncontin approach Toncontin was improved by the work of the Airport Corporation of Tegucigalpa CAT which is owned by TACA of El Salvador It is managed by InterAirports the company hired by the government of Honduras to manage the four airports in the country 169 After years of efforts to replace Toncontin International with an airport at Palmerola in Comayagua where the Soto Cano Air Base is located 170 Comayagua International Airport finally opened on October 15 2021 All international flights are expected to move there leaving Toncontin with only domestic flights Twin towns sister cities EditTegucigalpa is twinned with Belo Horizonte Brazil 171 New Orleans United States 172 Guadalajara Mexico 173 Lima Peru Madrid Spain 174 Quito Ecuador 175 Taipei Taiwan 176 Amman Jordan Bogota Colombia Caracas Venezuela Managua Nicaragua Guatemala City Guatemala La Paz Bolivia Banjarbaru Indonesia Palu Indonesia Seoul South Korea Tegucigalpa viewed from El Picacho United Nations ParkSee also Edit Honduras portalNotes EditDefinitions Edit a Tegucigalpa refers to the urban area formed east of the Choluteca River when distinguished from Comayaguela When broadly speaking to refer to the capital of the country it includes Comayaguela and vice versa b Comayaguela refers to the urban area formed west of the Choluteca River Once a city of its own it was incorporated as part of Tegucigalpa on September 28 1890 c Central District refers to the entire municipality containing both Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela As established by the Constitution of Honduras it serves as national capital and therefore its limits as government seat are not reduced to the urban area formed by Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela but extend to the entire municipality in turn the Central District as a whole is the capital of Honduras The Central District is not a federal district since it is not an entity outside the departments of Honduras e g Washington D C Mexico City it is one of the municipalities making up the Department of Francisco Morazan References Edit Tiroren 2008 Meaning of word Tegus tuBabel com Retrieved 29 June 2011 Enjoy your Tegucigalpa Expat Experience InterNations org 22 May 2011 Retrieved 29 June 2011 a b c Distrito central Informacion del municipio XVII Censo de Poblacion y VI de Vivienda 2013 Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 Retrieved 30 July 2016 a b c d Mario Martin 2 June 2009 Spanish Urban and Environmental Complexity of Tegucigalpa PDF Centro de Diseno Arquitectura y Construccion CEDAC Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2011 a b Citypopulation de Population of departments and municipalities in Honduras a b Honducor 10 May 2008 ZIP Codes for Honduras Honduras com Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 29 June 2011 Hondutel 14 October 2009 Honduras Country Codes CallingCodes org Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 29 June 2010 Tegucigalpa Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Tegucigalpa The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 3 August 2019 Tegucigalpa Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 3 August 2019 Mario Secoff 13 March 2005 Municipality of 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link Government of the Central District 17 April 2009 Spanish Laws and Ordinances Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2010 Angel Shlomo Bartley Katherine Derr Mary Malur Anshuman Mejia James Nuka Pallavi Perlin Micah Sahai Sanjiv Torrens Michael and Vargas Manett Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa Honduras Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs February 2004 10 History of Censuses Honduras National Statistics Institute INE 19 October 2010 Archived from the original DOC on 18 September 2013 Retrieved 5 December 2011 Honduras National Statistics Institute INE 19 June 2002 Spanish 2001 Population 16th and Household 5th Census PDF Central American Population Center University of Costa Rica Retrieved 1 July 2010 a b Lic Elsa Lili Caballero 2 June 2009 Spanish Social Tendencies Current Situation and Challenges PDF National Autonomous University of Honduras UNAH Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2010 Miriam Amaya Medina 25 April 2009 Spanish Tegucigalpa a challenge for order El Heraldo de Honduras Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Honduras National Statistics Institute INE 15 October 2010 Spanish Illiteracy Levels by May 2010 ine gob hn Retrieved 1 July 2010 Honduras National Statistics Institute INE 15 October 2010 Spanish Average Work Income by May 2010 ine gob hn Retrieved 1 July 2010 Gerencia de Estadisticas Sociales y Demografia Ingreso Promedios por Trabajo anos 2008 2010 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica INE Encuesta Permanente de Hogares de Propositos Multiples Mayo 2010 pg 1 U S Library of Congress 9 August 2003 Ethnic groups in Honduras CountryStudies us Retrieved 15 July 2010 Mario Secoff 1 March 2003 Spanish The Chinese in Honduras angelfire com Retrieved 15 July 2010 Mario Secoff 1 March 2003 Spanish Arabs in Honduras angelfire com Retrieved 15 July 2010 Amaya Jose Alberto Los Arabes y Palestinos en Honduras 1900 1950 Tegucigalpa Guaymuras Archived 2012 03 27 at the Wayback Machine February 1997 157pp a b Honduras Health Insurance Pacific Prime International www pacificprime com Retrieved 14 November 2016 a b c d e Clifton L Holland 25 June 2009 Religion in Honduras PDF prolades com Retrieved 23 November 2011 University Institute on Democracy Peace and Security IUDPS UNAH December 2007 Spanish Observatory on Violence in the Central District 2007 PDF iudpas org Archived from the original PDF on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 25 November 2011 University Institute on Democracy Peace and Security IUDPS UNAH February 2009 Spanish Observatory on Violence in the Central District 2008 PDF iudpas org Archived from the original PDF on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 25 November 2011 a b c University Institute on Democracy Peace and Security IUDPS UNAH February 2010 Spanish Observatory on Violence in the Central District 2009 PDF iudpas org Archived from the original PDF on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 25 November 2011 La Iglesia Presbiteriana de Honduras www honduraspresbytery com Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Pressly Linda 3 May 2012 Honduras Murders Where Life Is Cheap and Funerals Are Free BBC Magazine United Nations Development Programme 8 September 2011 Spanish Comprehensive Policy of Citizen Security for Honduras PDF transparencia seguridad gob hn Archived from the original PDF on 26 April 2012 Retrieved 23 November 2011 Honduras 2016 crime and safety report www osac gov 14 March 2016 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Juan Carlos Perez Caldaso A 10 May 2009 Spanish 2009 Revenue Expenditures Budget Bill PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2011 Central District Mayor Municipal Auditor Budget Rep 18 July 2011 Spanish 2010 Revenue Budget Bill PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2011 Juan Carlos Perez Caldaso A 18 July 2011 Spanish 2010 Expenditures Budget Bill PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2011 Honduras Secretary of Finance 4 January 2011 2011 National Budge Regional Allocations PDF sefin gob hn Archived from the original PDF on 26 April 2012 Retrieved 25 November 2011 Proceso Digital 10 June 2010 Spanish CEPAL says unemployment in the region increased 0 8 percent progreso hn Retrieved 15 July 2011 Honduras National Statistics Institute INE 15 October 2010 Spanish Unemployment ine gob hn Retrieved 15 July 2011 Comisiones Ciudadanas 29 September 2008 Spanish Plan Capital 450 PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Luis Maradiaga 2 June 2009 Spanish The Economic Dimension PDF Honduran Economic College CHE Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Tegucigalpa economy section Encyclopaedia Britannica 9 April 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Spanish Honduras Mining Potential Direccion Ejecutiva de Fomento a la Mineria DEFOMIN 26 February 2011 Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Foundation for Investment and Development of Exports FIDE 14 January 2006 Banks in Tegucigalpa hondurasinfo hn Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 Retrieved 8 October 2011 Armida Lopez de Mazier amp Norma Adriana Castillo 29 August 2003 Spanish Employment in Maquiladoras myths and realities PDF Economic and Social Investigation Institute IIES at the National Autonomous University of Honduras UNAH Retrieved 15 July 2011 Jorge Alberto Amaya 12 April 2007 Spanish The impact of maquiladoras in the internal migration PDF Foro Nacional para las Migraciones en Honduras FONAMIH Archived from the original PDF on 28 October 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Unidad de Apoyo Tecnico U N A T 6 November 2002 Spanish The textile maquiladora in Honduras PDF INCAE Business School Retrieved 15 July 2011 Margarita Lopez 15 June 2010 Cinepolis arrives in Honduras comunicacioncorporativa net Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 8 October 2011 Roy Alonso 2 September 2009 Doing Business in Honduras PDF United States Department of Commerce Archived from the original PDF on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 8 October 2011 Melinda Joyce 15 April 2005 Spanish Decentralization of government in Honduras Political Database of the Americas Georgetown University Retrieved 25 September 2011 Fanny Daniria Duron Canales 13 July 2010 Spanish The Municipal Institution in Honduras XVII XX Centuries PDF University of Costa Rica Portal of Central American History Archived from the original PDF on 23 April 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Honduras National Congress 19 November 1990 Spanish Decree 134 90 Law of Municipalities PDF La Gazeta Official Paper of Honduras Archived from the original PDF on 3 September 2010 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Olivier T Godichet Jose Rafael del Cid Zoran S Trputec September 1997 Decentralization and Municipal Government in Honduras PDF FLACSO Programa El Salvador Archived from the original PDF on 3 February 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Honduras 2016 Crime amp Safety Report www osac gov 14 March 2016 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Spanish History of Comayaguela La Tribuna de Honduras 13 April 2010 Retrieved 28 September 2010 permanent dead link Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Honduras 18 December 2006 Largest cities in Honduras geonames org Retrieved 1 July 2010 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Honduras 13 May 2009 Department of Atlantida zonu com Retrieved 1 July 2010 National Constituent Assembly 4 May 2005 Constitution of Honduras Articles 8 54 189 295 and 308 honduras com Retrieved 1 July 2010 Spanish Department of Francisco Morazan MiPuebloNatal com 22 March 2010 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Government of Honduras 11 February 2001 Honduras Execute Branch Departments locations Official Honduras Government Portal Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Government of Honduras 11 February 2001 Honduras National Congress location Official Honduras Government Portal Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Government of Honduras 11 February 2001 Honduras Supreme Court location Official Honduras Government Portal Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Honduras National Congress 23 May 1991 Powers of the Municipal Corporation AMDC Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Honduras National Congress 23 May 1991 Powers of the Central District Mayor AMDC Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Honduras National Congress 23 May 1991 AMDC Vice Mayor AMDC Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Nolvia Eguigure 24 January 2010 Spanish Eight new faces in the Municipal Corporation El Heraldo de Honduras Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Spanish Duties of the Municipal Development Council El Heraldo de Honduras 1 December 2009 Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2011 Asfura en toma de posesion de Jorge Aldana Un abrazo con mucho carino y hay mucho trabajo por hacer El Heraldo 1 January 2022 Retrieved 21 February 2022 Haciendo un llamado a la tranquilidad en aras del bienestar del pueblo hondureno y enviando un abrazo fraterno a Jorge Aldana el alcalde saliente Nasry Tito Asfura llego este martes a la toma de posesion de su sucesor en el centro de la capital Marin Garcia Robert 30 November 2021 Jorge Aldana derrumba el bipartidismo en la administracion de la capital El Heraldo Retrieved 21 February 2022 Hasta la noche de este lunes segun los conteos del Consejo Nacional Electoral CNE Aldana candidato del partido Libertad y Refundacion Libre obtenia 141 806 votos equivalentes al 48 29 del total de 308 601 votos procesados mientras que su mas proximo seguidor el nacionalista David Chavez sacaba 95 795 sufragios que representan el 32 62 Secretaria de Gobernacion Justicia y Descentralizacion 1 February 2020 Competencias Retrieved 24 February 2022 Honduras National Congress 31 October 2008 Spanish Organic Law of the National Police PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 16 March 2012 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Government of Honduras 10 May 2003 Spanish Law of the Police and Social Coexistence PDF Central District Mayor s Office Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2010 Government of Honduras 25 November 2008 Spanish Attorney General of Honduras PDF Asociacion Iberoamericana de Ministerios Publicos Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2012 Retrieved 1 July 2010 Honduras Secretary of Education SE 28 September 2011 Spanish Educational Statistics System se gob hn Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 28 September 2011 Honduras Secretary of Education SE 17 January 2004 Spanish Secretary of Education Management Chart se gob hn Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 Retrieved 16 July 2011 Jerez Blanca Lista de Escuelas Bilingue en el Distrital 16 Tegucigalpa Sistema de Estadistica Educativa 2010 Distrital 16 Honduras Secretary of Education SE 17 January 2004 Spanish Secretary of Education School Calendars se gob hn Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 Retrieved 16 July 2011 Honduras Secretary of Education 6 July 2010 Universities in Honduras altillo com Retrieved 15 July 2011 Rectoria y Comision de Transicion 20 February 2008 Spanish UNAH Introduction UNAH edu hn Retrieved 15 July 2011 UPNFM 24 September 2011 Spanish UPHFM Official Website upnfm edu hn Retrieved 25 September 2011 Spanish Zamorano University History and Legacy zamorano edu 7 March 2011 Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Luis Zelaya Medrano Rector 21 June 2011 Spanish UNITEC Message of the Rector UNITEC edu Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Laurete Education Inc 12 July 2010 Laureate International Universities Locations laureate net Retrieved 15 July 2011 Carlos Avila Molina Rector 10 September 2008 Spanish Jose Cecilio del Valle University Welcome UJCV edu hn Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Don Roger Valladares President 31 January 2001 Spanish UTH Welcome UTH hn Retrieved 15 July 2011 Catholic University of Honduras 15 July 2011 Spanish UNICAH History UNICAH edu Retrieved 16 July 2011 La Tribuna writer 18 May 2010 Spanish The streets of Tegucigalpa laTribuna hn Retrieved 28 September 2011 permanent dead link One World Nations Online 13 June 2007 Satellite View and Map of the City of Tegucigalpa Tegus nationsonline org Retrieved 23 July 2010 Issis Ochoa 4 October 2011 Spanish Mayor opens one lane at La Hacienda and Suyapa intercharge hondudiario com Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 Retrieved 5 October 2011 Karla Gomez 1 October 2010 Organizing public transport is the solution to traffic congestion ElHeraldo hn Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 Retrieved 23 November 2011 a b Miroslava de Nevo Project Team Leader Vera Lucia Vicentini Alejandro Taddia Carlos Mojica and Caterina Vecco INE TSP Trinidad Zamora TSP CHO Irma Liliam Castillo Xiomara Hernandez and Fabio Gordillo consultants Miguel Orellana PDP CHO and Juan Carlos Perez Segnini LEG SGO 8 November 2010 Central District Public Transportation Project Inter American Development Bank Retrieved 16 July 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Spanish Buses and taxis create road chaos in Tegucigalpa elHeraldo hn 23 September 2010 Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 Retrieved 16 July 2011 BBC Worldwide Lonely Planet 23 August 2010 Getting there amp away lonelyplanet com Retrieved 16 July 2011 Pullmantur S A de C V 11 September 2009 Spanish Tegucigalpa to Guatemala and El Salvador pullmantur com Archived from the original on 21 August 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Transportes Internacionales Centroamericanos Ticabus 27 August 2003 Spanish International Destinations from Tegucigalpa ticabus com Archived from the original on 4 July 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 King Quality Corporation 28 September 2008 Spanish Tegucigalpa to Tapachula Mexico king qualityca com Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 15 July 2011 Interairports S A 13 May 2007 Spanish Airports of Honduras InterAirports hn Retrieved 16 July 2011 Spanish Construction of Palmerola will start in September laTribuna com 9 April 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2011 permanent dead link Greater Fort Lauderdale Sister Cities International 4 May 2007 Sister cities of Belo Horizonte gflsci org Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 23 July 2011 City of New Orleans Mayor s Press Office 22 July 2010 Tegucigalpa and New Orleans have an existing sister city partnership nola gov Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 Retrieved 23 July 2011 Sister Cities Public Relations Guadalajara municipal government Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 Retrieved 12 March 2013 Madrid City Government 18 October 2009 Sister cities of Madrid madrid es Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 Retrieved 23 July 2011 Spanish Tegucigalpa and Quito are now sister cities ElHeraldo hn 14 October 2010 Archived from the original on 20 September 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2011 Taipei City Government 21 September 1999 Sister cities of Taipei tcc gov tw Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 Retrieved 23 July 2011 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Tegucigalpa Miroslava de Nevo Project Team Leader Vera Lucia Vicentini Alejandro Taddia Carlos Mojica and Caterina Vecco INE TSP Trinidad Zamora TSP CHO Irma Liliam Castillo Xiomara Hernandez and Fabio Gordillo consultants Miguel Orellana PDP CHO and Juan Carlos Perez Segnini LEG SGO 2010 Central District Public Transportation Project Tegucigalpa and Comayaguela Inter American Development Bank Assessment of the Central District s current public transportation situation and proposal for improvement Olivier T Godichet Jose Rafael del Cid Zoran S Trputec 1997 Decentralization and Municipal Government in Honduras in Spanish Latin American School of Social Sciences FLACSO Analysis of Honduras s municipal governments Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley Mary Derr Anshuman Malur James Mejia Pallavi Nuka Micah Perlin Sanjiv Sahai Michael Torrens and Manett Vargas 2004 Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa Honduras Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Assessment of Tegucigalpa s current urban situation and future projections Observatorio de la Violencia 2010 Observatory on Violence in the Central District Instituto Universitario en Democracia Paz y Seguridad IUDPAS UNAH Crime Report on the Central District during 2009 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tegucigalpa Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tegucigalpa Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Tegucigalpa Official Portal of the Government of Honduras Official Portal of the Government of Tegucigalpa Interactive map of Tegucigalpa Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tegucigalpa amp oldid 1129403040, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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