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Barranquilla

Barranquilla (Spanish pronunciation: [baraŋˈkiʝa] (listen)) is the capital district of Atlántico Department in Colombia. It is located near the Caribbean Sea and is the largest city and third port[5] in the Caribbean Coast region; as of 2018 it had a population of 1,206,319,[6][3] making it Colombia's fourth-most populous city after Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali.

Barranquilla
District and city
From the top: Bolivar walk, Panoramic, Aduana building, Cathedral, Caribbean Cultural Park, Republican mansion.
Nickname(s): 
La Puerta de Oro de Colombia
(Spanish for 'Colombia's Golden Gate')
Motto(s): 
Ven vive Barranquilla
("Ven vive Barranquilla")
Atlántico Department
Barranquilla
Barranquilla
Coordinates: 10°59′00″N 74°48′07″W / 10.98333°N 74.80194°W / 10.98333; -74.80194Coordinates: 10°59′00″N 74°48′07″W / 10.98333°N 74.80194°W / 10.98333; -74.80194
Country Colombia
RegionCaribbean
DepartmentAtlántico
EstablishedApril 7, 1813
Government
 • MayorJaime Pumarejo Heins[1]
(Radical Change)
Area
 • District and city154 km2 (59.46 sq mi)
Elevation
18 m (59 ft)
Population
 (2018)[2][3]
 • District and city1,206,319
 • Estimate 
(2023)[4]
1,327,209
 • Rankranked 4th
 • Density8,618/km2 (22,320/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,326,588
 • Metro
2,370,753
DemonymBarranquillero/a
Time zoneUTC-5
Postal code
080020
Area code57 + 5
Websitewww.barranquilla.gov.co (in Spanish)

Barranquilla lies strategically next to the delta of the Magdalena River, 7.5 km (4.7 mi) (originally 25 km (16 mi) before rapid urban growth) from its mouth at the Caribbean Sea, serving as a port for river and maritime transportation within Colombia. It is also the main economic center of Atlántico department in Colombia. The city is the core of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla, with a population of over 2 million, which also includes the municipalities of Soledad, Galapa, Malambo, and Puerto Colombia.

Barranquilla was legally established as a town on April 7, 1813, although it dates from at least 1629. It grew into an important port, serving as a haven for immigrants from Europe, especially during and immediately following World War I and World War II, when waves of additional immigrants from the Middle East and Asia arrived. Barranquilla became Colombia's main port, and with its level of industrialization and modernity earned the nickname "Colombia's Golden Gate" (Spanish: La Puerta de Oro de Colombia). In the 1940s, Barranquilla was the second-largest city in Colombia and one of the most modern cities in the Caribbean and in South America; later local administrations, due to widespread corruption in their ranks, brought about a decline in the standard of living. As government investment increased in other Colombian cities, Barranquilla's national position was eclipsed.

Barranquilla has hosted the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games and will host the 2027 Pan American Games.[7][8] The city is home to one of the most important folk and cultural festivals of Colombia, the Carnival of Barranquilla, which was declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Congress of Colombia in 2001 and recognized by UNESCO in 2003.[9][10][11]

Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport, built in Barranquilla in 1919, was the first airport in South America. The city is served by domestic and international flights and was Avianca's first hub.

Etymology

 
Old customs administration building in Barranquilla

Barranquilla's name refers to the canyons that existed in the area adjacent to the Magdalena, where the city arose. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the name "barranca" was common in coastal communities (Barrancabermeja, Barranca Nueva, Barranca Vieja etc.). This name was probably derived from an alteration of Aragon.[12] During Spanish colonization, the area was known as Camacho or Kamash Indian site and San Nicolás de la Barranquilla (patron saint of San Nicolás de Tolentino) began to develop the area with the estates of Barrancas de Camacho, Barrancas de San Nicolás, Barranquilla de Camacho and Barranquilla de San Nicolás from which the city name is derived.[13]

Nicknames

In 1921, President Marco Fidel Suárez called the city the Pórtico Dorado de la República (Golden Gate of the Republic) in recognition of its economic importance as a port since the late 19th century. In 1946, opening the 5th Central American and Caribbean Games, President Mariano Ospina Pérez reaffirmed the nickname of the city as the "Golden Gate".[14][15]

Barranquilla is also known as La Arenosa (meaning The Sandy), so named by the president of New Granada, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, during his stay in Barranquilla in 1849.[16] Curramba, la Bella was also used to refer to Barranquilla by journalist Juan Eugenio Cañavera in Bogotá in the mid-twentieth century.[17] The "la Bella" part was assigned by fellow journalist Roger Araújo as a counterweight to the word Curramba, which is seen as derogatory, derived from adjective "currambero". The thinker Agustín Nieto Caballero called Barranquilla "Ciudad de los Brazos Abiertos" ("City of the Open Arms") and Enrique Ancízar, president of the Colombian Society of Agriculture, called it "Faro de América" ("Beacon/Lighthouse of America.").[18]

Heraldry and symbols

 
Flag of Barranquilla
Flag

In 1811, the patriots who won the Independence of the Cartagenas adopted the current flag. It consists of three rectangles, red being the outermost, then yellow, and green in the center. Red symbolizes the blood of patriots; yellow, the sun of freedom and hope; and green, a proud home. In the centre, there is an eight-pointed silver star which symbolizes the eight provinces of the confederacy. The flag was carried by Simon Bolívar during the campaign of Lower Magdalena in 1812. In 1814, the Congress of Tunja adopted it as the emblem of the United Provinces of New Granada. In 1910, the Council approved the flag for Barranquilla.[19][20]

 
Coat of arms

The seal of the city was mentioned in the decree that granted Barranquilla the status of a city by Manuel Rodríguez Torices, the then President of the Sovereign State of Cartagena de Indias, as a reward for the determined and courageous patriots who participated in the defense of the independence of Cartagena de Indias against Santa Marta in 1813.[20]

Anthem

The music and lyrics of Himno de Barranquilla were chosen in competition by the Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas and officially adopted as the anthem of the city by the Municipal Council in a meeting on 19 October 1942. The lyrics were written by the poet Amira de la Rosa (winner of the contest in 1942) and the music is of Panama, by Simón Urbina (1928).[20]

Other symbols

The flowers Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Tabebuia rosea, and the animals Volatinia jacarina and iguana are used as other symbols of the city.[20]

History

Origins and colonial era

Unlike other cities in Colombia such as Cartagena or Bogotá D.C., Barranquilla was not founded during the Spanish colonial period and it was not founded on a pre-Columbian site. The first mention of the current territory of Barranquilla dates back to 1533 and was written by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés.[21] He describes the route of Pedro de Heredia, founder of Cartagena, just weeks before he founded that city, and says that this was a point of landing of canoes for the Indians of Santa Marta within the interior. They had two canoes full of dried shrimp as merchandise and went to the Magdalena River to trade with this commodity, salt and other things.[22] However, the Kamash Indians were known to occupy the area and the settlement itself was established in about 1629.[23] For this reason the city does not celebrate its foundation, but rather the date in which it was declared a town on April 7, 1813.[24]

Barranquilla is best known as The Golden Gate of Colombia (La Puerta de Oro de Colombia)[citation needed] because its location north of Colombia and it is the most important maritime port of The Republic of Colombia.[citation needed] Barranquilla is honored as the origination of the aviation and airport. The first airline in South America was born in Barranquilla with the name of SCADTA which is today Avianca. Nevertheless, the home location of the Kamash indios (hispanized to Camacho or Camach) is known as the first permanent human settlement of Barranquilla. During the 16th century, an encomienda of captain Domingo de Santa Cruz was established, granted by the Spanish crown for his notable military performance. This encomienda disappeared in 1559, when it was in the hands of señora Ana Ximénez, widow of Santa Cruz, after the death of her husband. She became the victim of a disregardful violent act by the second encomendero of Galapa, Don Pedro de Barros I, when he arbitrarily grabbed all the Camacho population that could offer labour and took them to his encomienda.

 
Plaque on the block where people began to populate Barranquilla.

Between 1627 and 1637, Hacienda San Nicolás de Tolentino was founded by Nicolás de Barros, great-grandson of Don Pedro de Barros I. The farm was established on the banks of the river channel. The original property area was 24.78 km2 (9.57 sq mi). Pedro Vasquez Buezo expanded the property to 41.3 km2 (15.9 sq mi). On this estate, Barros allowed his workers to build their homes and support their families, which helped further develop his field operations. After the death of Barros, the estate began to accommodate others, such as people who for reasons of health, age or cronyism with the hacienda owner were allowed to stay. There were also Indians from Malambo and Galapa. By 1681, the ranch was considered a village, known as Barrancas de San Nicolas. Before 1700, Barranquilla was occupied by Aguerra of Tierradentro and in 1772, the township was expanded by the same group, adding a Judge Counsel.[25]

The origin of Barranquilla, promoted in the second half of the 19th century by the historian Domingo Malabet, was not supported by oral tradition nor scientifically validated. Blanco Barros' 1987 book on Northern Tierradentro and the origins of Barranquilla argued that the city had been founded by farmers from the neighboring town of Galapa who left their land, following their herds to the Magdalena River.[13]

Era of Independence (1810–1823)

 
Casa Lacorazza, Saint Nicolas square.

In the era of the Colombian War of Independence, Barranquilla distinguished itself as a supporter of the pro-independence forces. In 1812, General Pierre Labatut attacked and defeated royalist forces at Sitioviejo and Sitionuevo. On April 7, 1813, which was later celebrated as "Barranquilla Day" ("el Día de Barranquilla"), the President-Governor of the Free and Independent State of Cartagena de Indias, Manuel Rodríguez Torices, granted the title of "villa" to the town, thereby allowing it to benefit from certain privileges, and making it the capital of the department of Barlovento (or Tierradentro), in recognition for the valor and patriotism displayed by the town for its defense of the pro-independence city of Cartagena de Indias against the royalist stronghold of Santa Marta.

In 1815, Joaquín Vallejo, a rich merchant, maintained a pro-independence battalion for three months at his own expense. When the Spanish forces under Colonel Valentín Capmani approached Barranquilla, its inhabitants resisted Capmani but were defeated on April 25, 1815. The population of the town was attacked and taken prisoner by the royalist troops, which also defeated Vallejo's pro-independence battalion. In the following 5–6 years, Barranquilla was a center for republican military operations.[25] On October 10, 1821, the last royalist stronghold at Cartagena was defeated. At that time, Cartagena was capital of the Sovereign State of Bolivar, to which Barranquilla belonged. In the same year, Barranquilla was governed by its very first mayor, Agustín Del Valle, who carried out his duties from his own home, which later was converted in a military headquarters. On July 24, 1823, the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo took place, which resulted in the final expulsion of Spanish royalist forces from Gran Colombia.[26]

Republican Period

 
Obelisk in honor of Juan B. Elbers.

19th century

The geographic area of Barranquilla did not include mineral or natural riches, and thus did not serve as a location where the Spanish maintained a permanent presence. Its importance was not appreciated until the mid-19th century, due to the introduction of steamships that navigated the Magdalena River by the German Juan Bernardo Elbers on behalf of Simón Bolívar at the founding of Gran Colombia in 1823. The route was opened on November 10, 1825.[27] Barranquilla thus initiated a lively exchange of goods with cities and towns of the Colombian interior, as well as with international merchants, and it became a principal port for the export of coffee.[28] With the establishment of the new nation of the Republic of New Granada in 1831, two revolutions began in Barranquilla. One was led by Policarpo Martínez, Antonio Pantoja, Lorenzo Hernández, Crispín Luque, Esteban Márquez y Santos de la Hoz against the dictatorship of Rafael Urdaneta. The second was led by General Ignacio Luque, who had crushed the first revolution.[25]

In 1840, merchants and commercial carriers of Barranquilla tried to form an independent province, Cibeles, which was to comprise the cantons of Barlovento. They proclaimed Colonel Ramón Antigüedad as their leader. The primary objective was to rehabilitate the town of Sabanilla as an independent port, as exports were controlled by the cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta. This rebellion was quickly crushed by Cartagenan troops.[25] In 1845, the city was one of nine cantons that comprised the province of Cartagena.[29]

 
Castillo de Salgar.

At the end of the decade, in 1849, President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera issued a decree that revitalized the bay of Sabanilla as a port to export goods. A customs house was built there, the Castillo de Salgar, to accommodate the new traffic.[30][31] In early June 1849, an outbreak of cholera occurred in Barranquilla. It had originated in Cartagena, which in turn had received it from shipments coming from Panama.[32]

On March 20, 1852, a law was passed by the Congress of New Granada that separated the province of Cartagena from the cantons of Barranquilla, Soledad, and Sabanalarga, which became part of the province of Sabanilla, with Barranquilla as the capital.[29] On May 2, 1854, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera arrived at Barranquilla, and the inhabitants supported him in his fight against the revolutionary José María Melo in Bogotá.[25] On October 7, 1857, Barranquilla was granted the status of "ciudad" ("city") by the Constituent Assembly of the State of Bolívar; and in the same year, the Municipal Council of Barranquilla designated three zones in the city: Abajo del Río, Arriba del Río, and El Centro.[33] Barranquilla formed part of the department of Sabanilla, one of the five departments that comprised the Sovereign State of Bolívar, whose formation had succeeded the province of Cartagena by law of June 15, 1857. During the time of the Granadine Confederation, Conservative General Joaquín Posada Gutiérrez attacked and defeated the city square in Barranquilla defended by the Liberal leader Vicente Palacio on November 6, 1859. Subsequently, the city would be recovered by the Liberal leader Manuel Cabeza on December 9.[25]

 
Montoya Station was the point of departure for the Barranquilla-Sabanilla Railway. Inaugurated in 1871, built by the Railway and Pier Company.

On January 25, 1861, General Juan José Nieto Gil, president of the State of Bolívar, launched a rebellion from Barranquilla. Barranquilla became the capital of a province of the same name by law on December 26, 1862, and the Sovereign State of Bolívar was divided into 12 provinces. At the establishment of the United States of Colombia, the growing commercial importance of Barranquilla led to the construction, between 1869 and 1871, of the Bolívar Railway (Ferrocarril de Bolívar), the first railway of the present-day Republic of Colombia. It linked Barranquilla and Sabanilla (Salgar), the latter being the location of the customs house. Due to the shallowness of the waters, it was necessary to extend the railway to Puerto Cupino, where the Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros built what was then one of the longest piers in the world, second only to the one in Southend-on-Sea, England.[30][31][34]

In 1872, an epidemic with symptoms similar to those of cholera became manifest in the city.[35] In 1876, an enormous amount of contraband entered the city from Salgar.[36] In the last decades of the 19th century, Barranquilla experienced a series of advances represented by the founding of the Society of the Aqueduct in 1877, commissioning in 1884 of a mule-pulled tram, the installation of the first phones in Colombia on September 1, 1885. This telephone project had Mr. Orlando Flye, an electrical engineer from Ohio, as general contractor;[37] and the foundation of the first private telephone service in Colombia, the Colombian-West Indian Mobile Company of Mobile by the U.S. citizen William Ladd.[37]

It was at this time that the city became important for its booming business and its strategic geographic location, becoming the first port on a river of Colombia.[38]

On January 6, 1885, revolutionary forces under General Ricardo Gaitán Obeso occupied the city.[25] On February 11, the head of government, General Vicente Carlos Urueta, attacked an area defended by General Nicolás Jimeno Collante. Urueta triumphed over Obeso, but additional troops overtook Urueta.[25] The modern Republic of Colombia was established the following year. Barranquilla became one of the 34 new departments, comprising the provinces of Barranquilla and Sabanalarga.[29] During this time the city was established as the principal port of Colombia, helped along by the commissioning of the steam tramway in 1890 and the construction of the port of Puerto Colombia in 1893, which served as the Barranquilla port into the 20th century.[39] The goods moved by rail to Barranquilla, and then by river to the interior.

20th century

 
Paseo de Colón, a trade and business center in Barranquilla from the early 20th century until 1937 when the statue of Columbus was changed to that of Bolivar. The Palma building is in the background.

As part of the country's restructuring, President General Rafael Reyes, of the National Constituent and Legislative Assembly, through Act April 17, 11, 1905 created the Atlántico department, consisting of the provinces of Barranquilla and Sabanalarga, the department of Bolivar, and Barranquilla as the capital. However, in 1908, Atlántico department was changed to the Department of Barranquilla by Act 1. With the fall of General Reyes in 1909, the Department of Barranquilla was abolished by Act 65 of that year, with Barranquilla again integrating into the department of Bolivar. The National Constituent Assembly of 1910 enacted Law 21 on July 14, which definitively established the Department of Atlántico with Barranquilla again as capital.[29]

With the city's economic boom, the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla was created on June 28, 1905. On September 7, 1909, a bill was passed by Congress recognizing the opening of Bocas de Ceniza as a national necessity. In June of the same year, "The Barranquillazo" coup was attempted by followers of General Ramón González Valencia against the General Jorge Holguín who was designated the rank of president of the republic after the resignation of the incumbent, General Reyes.[40] The first flight of a Colombian airplane occurred in Barranquilla in December 1912, the plane being flown by the Canadian pilot George Schmitt.[41] On December 10, 1919, the first commercial airline arrived in the Americas, and second in the world; Scadta later became Avianca.[41][42] In June 1919, U.S. pilot William Knox Martin and Mario Santo Domingo inaugurated industrial airmail in Colombia with a flight between Barranquilla and Puerto Colombia, where Santo Domingo delivered the mail sack.[43]

With the connections of the river and seaport reaching the country's interior and abroad, the city became in the second half of the 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century, one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural cities of Colombia. Puerto Colombia became one of the longest piers in the world and the principal port of Colombia, nicknamed the "Golden Gate of Colombia".[44] A major inflow of Jewish immigrants, as well as foreigners from Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, France, Germany, the United States, Italy, China and Japan, invigorated the industry and helped to make Barranquilla a modern city. Of these immigrants, the Arab and Jewish from the Middle East immigrants were prominent,[45] referred to wrongly as "Turks" by the Colombian people. As a result, during the first half of the twentieth century, Barranquilla became one of the fastest-growing cities of Colombia, growing at rates well above others; this was maintained until the 1970s.[46] In this context, the office of Salgar was moved to Barranquilla, the Customs Administration of Barranquilla was constructed between 1919 and 1921, designed by the English architect Leslie Arbouin. Under economic dynamism, the city's business strength grew. This was attributed to its point of entry to the country by thousands of immigrants and many advances such as aviation. The city received from President Marco Fidel Suarez the title of "Golden Gate Republic". On January 12, 1919, amid great excitement in the Costa Caribe against Bogotá, Barranquilla joined the Costeña League.[47] In 1920, archaeologists revealed that Barranquilla is located on a vast historic necropolis.[48] On June 8, 1924, while distributing flyers for the work of Bocas de Ceniza, the Tolima A-16 airplane, flown by German aviator Helmuth Von Krohn crashed, killing all six people aboard, including Ernesto Cortissoz, president of SCADTA.[49]

In 1925, the first public companies based in the country were established in Barranquilla.[50] The initial effect of the aqueduct that was built in 1929 was the arrival of piped water to 80% of the homes, while water supply coverage in Bogotá was 59%, and decreasing to 57.3% in Medellín, 74.8% in Cali, 21.4% in Cartagena, and 36.2% in Santa Marta.[51] In 1927, the electricity service provided by the Electric Power Company Barranquilla addressed the needs of 10,300 homes, equivalent to 74% of the total.[50] On February 4, 1925, Scadta acquired the planes large enough to make the first international flights, which took place in August of that year between Barranquilla and Key West, Florida, with stops in Central America, Mexico and Cuba.[52]

In an era of significant progress for the city, the first private commercial radio station was founded in the country, the first station being the state HJN Colombia Bogotá. Elías Pellet Buitrago started commercial radio in Colombia with the first issue of La Voz de Barranquilla on December 8, 1929.[53] On April 10, 1931, in a mutiny against hunger and unemployment, the people of Barranquilla destroyed the Theatre Columbia.[54] On August 16, 1933, the Senate approved the contract for Bocas de Ceniza and work was completed in 1936 with President Alfonso Lopez inaugurating the Maritime Terminal Barranquilla. In 1935, the construction of a municipal football stadium enabled hosting of the National Game III.

From the 1960s until the early 1980s, the city plunged into an economic decline, largely due to the failure of the political class as well as the collapse of major sectors of industrial activity. In 1958, the government created the first zone of Colombia in Barranquilla.[55] The city's expansion to reach neighboring towns led to the creation of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla in 1981. On August 18, 1993, the Congress of Colombia, through Legislative Act Number August 1, 17, 1993, conferred to Barranquilla the category of "Special District, Industrial and Port".[56]

21st century

In the 21st century, the city has been working on new projects to restore itself as the strategic capital within the country. Rapid urban growth, including the mass migration of peasants to the main cities,[57] attracted by economic development, has led to the demand of numerous proposals to accommodate such growth. Barranquilla has always been famous for its chaotic urban planning, understandable given its spontaneous origin as a port and the reality of high administrative corruption which has hampered the channeling of resources for building an urban centre of greater structure and dimensions.[58] The presentation of a new infrastructure, changes in local and regional administration, decentralization since 1991, international pressure to open markets, and competition between the other major Colombian cities will bring about considerable development in Barranquilla into the 21st century.

 
Panorama of Barranquilla's Plaza de San Nicolás in 2012.

Geography

 
Map of Barranquilla
 
Satellite View of Barranquilla.

The city is located in the northeastern corner of the department of the Atlantic, on the west bank of the Magdalena River, 7.5 km (4.7 mi) (originally 25 km (16 mi) before rapid urban growth) from its mouth in the Caribbean.[59] The municipality covers an area of 154 km2, equivalent to 4.5% of the area of the Atlántico Department. Barranquilla is located at latitude 10° 59' 16" north of the Equator and longitude 74° 47' 20" west of Greenwich, with reference to the Plaza de la Paz, ground zero of the city. The urban area is built on a slightly inclined plane whose extreme heights, according to the Codazzi, are 4 m and 98 m east to west. Other sources say the slopes accidental heights of up to 120 meters outside the city. According to Google Earth, the height of the city varies between 0 m in the western breakwater, up to maximum 142 m in the neighborhood of Los Nogales.[citation needed] Politically, Barranquilla is limited to the east by the department of Magdalena (through the middle of the Magdalena River), north to the town of Puerto Colombia and the Caribbean Sea, west with the municipalities of Puerto Colombia, Galapa and Tubará and south with the municipality of Soledad.

The main river is the Magdalena River; other rivers include the Arriba, Los Tramposos, La Ahuyama, La Tablaza and Las Compañías; streams run through the barrios of Rebolo, Santo Domingo, Las Américas y el Bosque; El Lindero, El Platanal, El Salado, El Salado 2, Don Juan, Hospital, La Paz, Bolívar, Felicidad, Coltabaco, Siape, Calle 92, and the streets 8, 15, 19, 51, 53, 58, 65 and 71.[60] There are also the marshes of Mallorquín Swamp. The north of Barranquilla, from 11° N, corresponded to a region "with good chances of rain water infiltration," while the southern part appears as "low infiltration, poor soil and possible flooding from rain."[61]

The geological composition of the region is the Tertiary period (Miocene and Pliocene) in western hills and Quaternary (Pleistocene and Holocene) in the flatter, like the sole of river. According to the Geographic Institute Agustin Codazzi, the materials in the area are mainly Quaternary alluvial,[62] lacustrine,[63] fluviolacustre.[64] The land ranges from banks, dikes, terraces, valleys, narrow, small alluvial fans, to marshes, swamps, flats and hills. The materials of the Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene) are in the western hills, and presented as varied slopes.

Climate

Barranquilla has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (BSh); it is hot all-year-round, with high levels of relative humidity. The average temperature is 28.4 °C or 83.1 °F.[65] Daytime temperatures usually remain around 32 °C or 89.6 °F. Nevertheless, from late November to early April, trade winds more or less cool it to a more comfortable temperature during daylight. During the evening and through the night, temperature can change due to the strong winds it receives. Rainy seasons are from April to June and from August to November, when some streets flood producing "arroyos" (streams) that can be very dangerous, given the lack of appropriate rain drainage in some sectors of town.[66][67]

Climate data for Barranquilla (Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport) 1971-2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.2
(100.8)
37.6
(99.7)
37.8
(100.0)
39.5
(103.1)
39.3
(102.7)
39.8
(103.6)
39.2
(102.6)
39.0
(102.2)
38.4
(101.1)
38.6
(101.5)
38.4
(101.1)
39.5
(103.1)
39.8
(103.6)
Average high °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3)
31.6
(88.9)
32.1
(89.8)
32.9
(91.2)
33.3
(91.9)
33.0
(91.4)
32.7
(90.9)
33.2
(91.8)
32.6
(90.7)
32.2
(90.0)
31.9
(89.4)
31.5
(88.7)
32.4
(90.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.5
(79.7)
26.7
(80.1)
27.0
(80.6)
27.5
(81.5)
28.1
(82.6)
28.1
(82.6)
27.9
(82.2)
27.9
(82.2)
27.6
(81.7)
27.2
(81.0)
27.4
(81.3)
26.9
(80.4)
27.4
(81.3)
Average low °C (°F) 23.4
(74.1)
23.7
(74.7)
24.1
(75.4)
24.7
(76.5)
24.9
(76.8)
24.8
(76.6)
24.6
(76.3)
24.5
(76.1)
24.1
(75.4)
23.9
(75.0)
24.0
(75.2)
23.8
(74.8)
24.2
(75.6)
Record low °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)
18.0
(64.4)
18.8
(65.8)
18.8
(65.8)
18.0
(64.4)
20.5
(68.9)
19.4
(66.9)
20.9
(69.6)
20.0
(68.0)
14.9
(58.8)
18.5
(65.3)
19.5
(67.1)
14.9
(58.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1
(0.0)
0
(0)
1
(0.0)
24
(0.9)
116
(4.6)
85
(3.3)
67
(2.6)
107
(4.2)
154
(6.1)
164
(6.5)
74
(2.9)
27
(1.1)
822
(32.4)
Average rainy days 0 0 0 4 9 9 7 10 13 15 8 2 78
Average relative humidity (%) 78 77 76 78 80 81 80 81 83 84 83 80 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 283 245 241 211 187 194 217 208 166 167 191 252 2,561
Source: Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales[68]

Flora

 
Roble morado, the emblematic tree of Barranquilla. Parque Santander.
 
Cayena, symbolic flower of Barranquilla
 
Mochuelo, symbolic bird of Barranquilla
 
Iguana in the area around Hotel El Prado

According to the Agustín Codazzi Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi), Barranquilla has a dry tropical forest vegetation (according to the Holdridge life zones), which includes species including cacti, mangroves, Opuntia elatior, Acanthocereus, Prosopis juliflora, divi-divi, Tabebuia rosea, Cordia alba, flamboyant or flame tree and Leucaena leucacephala.

In the fertile lands watered by the Magdalena River, one can find species such as Eichhornia azurea, Typha angustifolia, Heliconia, Eichhornia crassipes, Bactris minor, Anacardium excelsum, Ficus radula and Lecythis minor.

In the urban areas are found tree species such as Gliricidia sepium, Cassia nodosa, Bursera simaruba, Terminalia catappa, Casuarina equisetifolia, and species of Ceiba such as Ceiba pentandra, Hura crepitans and Bombax septenatum, Ficus elastica, Ochroma pyramidale, Erythroxylum cartagenensis, Licania tomentosa, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Spathodea campanulata, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman, Capparis odoratissima, Tabebuia coralibe, Gmelina arborea, Ficus nitida, Cordia sebestena, Tabebuia chrysantha, Pithecellobium lanceolatum, Kigelia pinnata, Swietenia macrophylla, Thespesia populnea, Sterculia apetala, Calophyllum mariae, Platymiscium pinnatum, Cordia bidentata, Cocos nucifera, Ficus benjamina, Guazuma ulmifolia, Albizia guachapele, Erythrina variegata, Crescentia cujete, Cassia fistula, Zyzygium cuminil, Azadirachta indica, Sapindus saponaria and various palms such as Roystonea regia and Phoenix roebelenii.

Fruit trees in the area include Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Melicoccus bijugatus, Psidium littorale, Coccoloba uvifera, Zyziphus vulgaris, Annona squamosa, Tamarindus indica, Spondias purpurea, Anacardium occidentale, guanábana, Citrus x limon and Swingla ornata.

Fauna

Some animal species can be found in the city such as birds like owls, wrens, and parrots; fish such as mullet in the marshes; insects such as butterflies, flies, mosquitoes, gnats, cockroaches and termites; mammals such as feral dogs and cats, monkeys, rodents and possums (zorrochuchos); reptiles such as iguanas, snakes and tortoises. In some rural areas horses, donkeys, cattle, pigs and goats are raised.

Ecology and natural resources

Barranquilla contains important ecosystems such as the Magdalena River, Mallorquín Swamp and the Eastern pipe system. The completion of the construction of embankments of Bocas de Ceniza in 1936 resulted in the deterioration of the swamp, which was originally four marshes, and led to the deterioration of the nearby beaches of Puerto Colombia.

The stream of La Victoria flows through Barranquilla Botanical Garden, a community and recreational green area for public use with an approximate area of 7 hectares, located in the southeastern part of the city, in the neighborhood of La Victoria. The lush vegetation and clear water springs have allowed a suitable habitat for rare native plant and animal species found within the city.[69]

Environmental pollution

Air quality

Under wind, atmospheric pollutants move in a north and northeasterly direction, and in times of low winds or moderate winds, are more evenly distributed over the city. The most polluting industrial processes in the city are ammonium sulfate, cement, plaster, and paper pulp. The emission of gases from motor vehicle traffic is more critical in the central district, where much of the business is. The main source of air pollution is from the vehicles at 34% and then industry with 18%. The pollutants emitted by vehicles are carbon monoxide (89.12%), sulfur dioxide (0.23%), hydrocarbons (6.46%), oxides of nitrogen (3.82%) and other particles (0. 37%). To help remedy this problem, several state enterprises and private sector have supported a project to convert liquid fuel vehicles to natural gas. Furthermore, the city has installed more than 12 service stations catering to natural gas vehicles. Barranquilla is the fourth-biggest atmospheric polluter from industry.[70] According to research conducted by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia (IDEAM), monthly concentrations in Barranquilla of particulate matter smaller than 160 micrograms per cubic meter exceeds the highest international standard allowed of 70. The causes of this problem lie heavily with the poor quality of petrol and diesel used by vehicles in the city, with record levels of 5,000 ppm (parts per million sulfur) and 4,500 ppm respectively, when there are countries whose rates do not even exceed 50.[71]

Water pollution

All of the surface water systems of Barranquilla, the Magdalena River, the Mallorquín swamp, and the system of pipes and streams in the east are subject to water pollution as well as the dumping of raw sewage and solid waste by individuals. The environmental effect has been reduced mainly on the Mallorquín swamp with the construction of ponds and the Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales (EDAR) by the Triple A.[72]

Noise

The maximum noise allowed is 64 decibels for residential areas, and 70 to 75 for commercial and industrial areas. In the center of Barranquilla, the noise generated by vehicular traffic and commercial activity in peak hours can reach levels above 90 decibels, making it a risk factor for population health.[73]

Administration

 
District mayor's building

Branches of public power

Barranquilla is administered by the Mayor, elected for 4 years, who represents the executive branch, to pronounce decrees and acts as legal representative, in the court and district court. The current mayor Jaime Pumarejo Heins began his term of office in 2020.[74] Also appointed are local mayors which have the coordinating role of taking district government administrative action at each location along with the mayors elected by popular vote, which integrate local administrative boards of the localities in which the city is divided.

The governor of Atlántico, Elsa Noguera[75] since 2020, has its offices in the city and influence in the management of some critical entities such as, Universidad del Atlántico, the Library Department and the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Atlántico, involving environmental management.

Administratively, the mayor of Barranquilla is backed by the central government, with agencies reporting directly to the Mayor. Some administrative and technical departments are responsible for advising the mayor, the control of urban and administrative aspects and the development of different urban projects.[76]

Central administration Decentralized entities
Despacho del Alcalde Área Metropolitana de Barranquilla
Secretaría de Gobierno Terminal Metropolitana de Transportes de Barranquilla S.A.
Secretaría de Planeación Transmetro S.A.
Secretaría de Hacienda Promotora del Desarrollo del Distrito Central de Barranquilla S.A. – Promocentro
Secretaría de Salud Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano de Barranquilla – Edubar
Secretaría de Infraestructura Pública Departamento Técnico Administrativo del Medio Ambiente de Barranquilla – Damab
Secretaría de Gestión Social Carnaval S.A.
Secretaría de Educación
Secretaría de Recreación y Deportes
Secretaría de Movilidad
Secretaría de Control Urbano y Espacio Público
Secretaría de Cultura, Patrimonio y Turismo
Secretaría General
 
Assembly of the Atlántico Department.

As for the judiciary branch, the Judicial District of Barranquilla is formed by the Superior Court of the Judicial District of Barranquilla, the Judicial Circle of Barranquilla, the Judicial Circle of Soledad and the Judicial Circle of Sabanalarga. The Court is formed by the Civil-Family Chamber (six judges), the Laboral Chamber (five judges) and the Penal Chamber (three judges). The Judicial Circle of Barranquilla is formed by the civil, family, laboral and penal tribunals of Barranquilla, as well as the combined tribunals of Galapa, Juan de Acosta-Tubará, Piojó and Puerto Colombia[77][78]

Administrative divisions

Map of the localities Urban-rural map
   
Localities:
1. Riomar 2. Norte-Centro Histórico 3. Sur Occidente 4. Sur Oriente.
Corregimientos:
1. La Playa (Eduardo Santos) 2. Juan Mina.

According to Act 768 of 2002, the district of Barranquilla is politically and administratively divided into five localities: Riomar, Norte-Centro Histórico, Sur Occidente, Sur Oriente and Metropolitana.[79] Each locality is co-managed by the elected mayors and local mayors (one per locality) appointed by the Mayor. This choice is regulated by the District Administration. At the same time, localities are subdivided into barrios, there are 188 barrios or wards and approximately 7,611 blocks.[80][81]

Legislative Act 01 of 1993 established that the district of Barranquilla also includes the neighborhood Las Flores, the village of La Playa (formerly belonging to the municipality of Puerto Colombia), and the western breakwater of Bocas de Ceniza in the Magdalena River Swamp area of Mallorquín/ The local authority also includes the village of Juan Mina[71]

Metropolitan Area

The Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla is an urban agglomeration located in the northeastern corner of Atlántico.[82] Its main focus is the district of Barranquilla and Soledad peripheral municipalities, Galapa, Puerto Colombia, Malambo. It was created by Decree Law 3104 December 14, 1979, article 16, and put into operation by ordinance 028 December 11, 1981.[83] Its operation is governed by Act 128 of 1994 ("Ley Orgánica de Áreas Metropolitanas").[84] It is run by the Metropolitan Board, which is chaired by the Metropolitan Mayor, who in turn is the district mayor of Barranquilla. In addition, the Board is composed of the governor of the Atlántico department, the mayors of suburban municipalities, the representative council of Barranquilla and one representative from the councils of the associated municipalities. The director of the entity is the Secretary of the Metropolitan Board.[85]

Municipality Area
km2
Population

(Census 2018)

Population

(Estimate 2023)

Population

density 2023 (pop/km2)

Altitude
m
Distance from
Barranquilla (km)
Metropolitan map
Barranquilla 154 1.206.319 1.327.209 8.618 18 0
 
Soledad 67 603.999 692.799 10.340 5 3
Malambo 108 128.203 145.396 1.346 10 12
Puerto Colombia 93 49.264 55.890 601 5 13
Galapa 98 60.708 69.820 712 83 8
Total 520 2.048.493 2.291.114 4.406
Census 2005, 2014 estimates by DANE – Official municipal websites[86][87][88][89]

Defense

Barranquilla is home to the First Division of the National Army of Colombia, formed in part by the Second Mechanised Brigade, which consists of the No. 4 Battalion Mechanized Infantry Battalion. No. 2 Military Police Battalion. No. 2 Support Services, and other units.[90] In the nearby town of Malambo is located the No.3 Air Combat Command (Cacom 3) of the Colombian Air Force, which is responsible for ensuring the constitutional order and to exercise national sovereignty over air operations[91] and whose jurisdiction comprises the mainland north of Colombia, the island area of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and Colombian territorial waters in the Caribbean Sea.[92]

 
Attorney General's Office

State institutions

In Barranquilla are the most important regional headquarters of many Colombian state entities, which are intended to develop programs and strategies defined by national guidelines. Aside from the Judiciary and Superior courts of Barranquilla these include the Attorney General's Office, Attorney General's Office, Comptroller General's Office, the Administrative Security Department, National Apprenticeship Service, the National Civil Registry, National Police, Army, Superintendent of Public Services Ombudsman, Telecom, Instituto de Seguros Sociales (ISS), Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad Solidarity Network, National Bureau of Statistics, Chamber of Commerce, Bureau of Revenue and Customs (DIAN) Banco de la República, the Colombian Air Force), Navy, Codazzi, the Supreme Judicial Council, National Compensation Fund (Cajanal), among others.

Economy

Economic indicators
 
GDP:
(2006)
US $4,605 million
COP $10,858,185 million
GDP per capita:
(2006)
US $2,209
COP $4,945,029
Unemployment rate:
(2010)
9.2%[93]
Annual inflation:
(2010)
3.38%[94] 
Monthly inflation:
(2010)
0.28%
Country risk:
(2009)
38.85 points[95] 
Data retrieved from the Barranquilla Chamber of Commerce[96] – Source: DANE.

To give a boost to the infrastructure development of the city, World Bank (IBRD) loans were sought from 1952 onwards to improve municipal water works, sewage system and slaughterhouse services.[97] Because of its importance in the sector of national economy, the municipality of Barranquilla passed to the category of Special Industrial District and Port in 1993. Barranquilla is a major industrial centre and its economic activity is dynamic, concentrated mainly in industry, commerce, finance, services and fishing. Among the industrial products are vegetable fats and oils, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, industrial footwear, dairy products, meats, beverages, soap, building materials, furniture, plastics, cement, metalworking parts, garments clothing, buses and boats, and petroleum products. Its port is also the hub for cotton from the rural areas, coffee and petroleum, apart from the diversified industrial products manufactured in the city.[98]

The maritime and river ports are engines of the industrial and commercial development of the region. The port of Barranquilla covers two main routes. The Magdalena River connects with the inner country, and the Caribbean Coast, through which millions of tons are traded with the United States, Europe and Asia.[99]

Barranquilla has an international airport, and it is one of the two airports in the country authorized for international cargo. The new Center of Events and Exhibitions of the Caribbean, aims to become the epicenter of business, trade, investment and culture of the Caribbean.[99]

The city’s economic activity is dynamic and focuses mainly on industry, commerce, finance, logistics services and fishing. Industrial products include: vegetable fats and oils, pharmaceutical products, industrial chemicals, shoes, dairy products, soft drinks, construction materials, furniture, plastics, cement, clothes, and metal mechanical parts, among others.[99]

The Arabs (Syro Lebanese) and Jews who were a small group of immigrants to the country in the late 19th century were exclusively involved in commercial activities and made significant value additions to the economy of the Caribbean natural region in Colombia as a whole and Barranquilla in particular. Their prominent presence in the community known as "cosmopolitan bourgeoisie" as social and political elites, which has enabled them to diversify their activities.[100]

 
Proportion of occupations
 
Banco de la República

Statistics

According to the Integrated Household Survey by DANE, in Barranquilla, during the quarter February to April 2010, the overall participation rate (TGP) was 58.5% occupancy rate (TO) of 53 5%, the underemployment rate subjective (TS Sub), 8.4%, the underemployment rate target (TS Obj) of 6.5% and the unemployment rate (TD) of 5.5%. Also, for the period May 2009 – April 2010, the TGP was 58%, 52.4% OT, ST (U) of 10.6%, CS (Obj) 5.6% and TD of 4.7%. According to the 2005 census, 12.0% of establishments engaged in industry, 65.2% in trade, services 51.3% and 1.4% to another activity. 24.8% of rural homes were occupied in farming. 43.5% of the establishments served between 1 and 10 jobs the month before the census. Most households simultaneously have 2 or 3 types of activities to make a living.[101] The Gran Central de Abastos del Caribe market hall is very important for the collection and distribution of food to the city.[102] The City of Barranquilla is today under a new administration of Mayor Alejandro Char,who made a lot of changes in the whole metropolitan area,with the construction of Trans Millennium, modernizing the city and promoting the industry and commerce taken the city to have the lowest unemployment of the whole nation, Barranquilla has today only 5.6% unemployment,while the nation is over 12%.

Economic zones

According to the results of the Index of Industrial density by department in four major cities (IDI) 2000–2006 DANE, Barranquilla is fourth with a coefficient of 1.4338 establishments per km ².[103] The primary industrial corridors are the Vía 40, Circunvalar, Calle 30, and Barranquillita. Industrial parks include Metroparque, Industrial del Caribe, Industrial Riomar, Industrial, Comercial y Portuario (PIPCA), Industrial del Norte, Industrial La Trinidad, and the long established Marisol and Almaviva.

The city is divided into different infrastructure zones; the Zona Franca de Barranquilla is the oldest and largest of the country which has around 90 companies operating within it.[104] As of 2007, the construction of three new zones is underway with all international specifications, the first in Galapa, to 11 km (7 mi) and 20 minutes from the port, the second in Barranquillita and third in the neighboring village of Juan Mina, known as the La Cayena.[105][106]

The sea and river terminals are the engines of industrial and commercial development of the Caribbean Region. The port of Barranquilla covers two main routes, the Magdalena River, which communicates with the interior of the country and the Caribbean Sea, from which millions of tonnes of goods are traded Europe and Asia. With the growing expansion and demand for coal, the authorities are considering developing a Deep Water Port of Barranquilla, "Superpuerto", as it is called locally, with an initial investment of $170 million.[107]

Demographics

Population of Barranquilla
(1905–2005)
YearPop.±%
190538,555—    
1938150,395+290.1%
1951279,627+85.9%
1964*498,301+78.2%
1973*703,488+41.2%
1985*899,781+27.9%
1993*1,026,370+14.1%
2005*1,112,889+8.4%
2018*1,206,319+8.4%
Source: * Census by DANE  

According to the census conducted by DANE in 2005, adjusted to June 30, 2007, the population of Barranquilla is 1,148,506, with 1,821,517 people in its metropolitan area,[101] making it the most populous city of the Colombian Caribbean Coast and the fourth in the nation after Bogotá, Medellín and Cali.[108]

In accordance with Article 102 of Act 142 of 1994, the different neighborhoods of the city are classified according to the 6 socioeconomic categories for residential property in Colombia.[109][110] The layers 1 and 2 correspond to the sectors in southeast, southwest, northwest and northeast of the city, layers 3 and 4 to the south-central, the central and northern part, and layers 5 and 6 to the north.

Approximately 1,144,470 people live in urban areas and 4,036 in rural areas. The population density is 6918.71 inhabitants per square kilometre. 47.5% of the population is male and the remaining 52.5% female. Approximately 57.9% of households have 4 or fewer people. 26.7% of the population of the city was born in another municipality and 0.4% in another country. 5.3% of the population of Barranquilla has a permanent limitation.[101]

According to the 2005 census, 61.5% of people living were living in a home, 32.4% in apartments and 6.2% in another housing solution. Among the causes of change of residence, 63.3% of the population of Barranquilla who changed residence in the last five years did so for family reasons. 9.2% for difficulty in finding a job, 13.3% for other reasons and 2% to avoid life-threatening situations.[101]

Birth and death

In 2007 there were 29,900 births in Barranquilla, which was a sharp decrease compared to 32,108 in 2006. Deaths in 2007 were 4,310 in the city,[111] which shows a decrease compared to 5,938 in 2006. Barranquilla men have a life expectancy at birth of 72.07 years and women 77.71 years, much like the national average (74.0).[112]

The infant mortality rate of 17.7 for every thousand children born is well below the national average (26). The government aims to lower it to 15, and in children under five years from 20.7 to 18.[113]

Crime and security

In Barranquilla, in 2007 there were 348 homicides compared to 391 in 2006, a decrease of 11% over the previous year. In Colombia, in 2007 the homicide rate per 100,000 population from Barranquilla (22) is only exceeded by those of Cali (57), Bucaramanga (32) and Medellín (30). In the past 6 years (2002–2007), however, the number of homicides has been declining, the lowest in 2007 with a peak of 483 killings in 2003. Thuggery (42.24%), fights (31.61%) and robbery (14.94%) are the main types of homicide in the city. Historically, the days when most homicides occur are Saturday and Sunday, but in 2007 there was a uniform distribution (approximately 15%) on all days.[114][115]

85.23% of homicides are by firearm; Barranquilla and Cali in 2007 recorded the highest percentage of homicides involving firearms in Colombia. Most homicides are concentrated in the centre and south of the city. Another type of crime in Barranquilla also showed a growth trend over the past two years is theft, commercial entities (713 in 2007, 630 in 2006, mainly in the north and centre), residences (528 in 2007, 467 in, 2006 mainly in the north), financial institutions (20 in 2006 21 in 2007 mainly in the north) and people (2,692 in 2007, 2,146 in 2006, mainly in centre, north and south).[114][115]

The programs developed by the Policía del Atlántico to improve safety are: CAI Mobile Community, Youth Civic Police, DARE and Make Peace. Citizen Support Network is made up of School Safety, Security Fronts, the Road Information Community Networks, the network of informants and collaborators and the Support Network and Communications.[116] Community management has sought to increase police presence on the streets and neighborhoods and has set up the Police Bike Block which consists of 1 officer, 3 NCOs, 8 and 60 auxiliary patrol graduates.[117] The city is operating the emergency telephone system of the National Police, through the toll free number 112. In addition to the National Police, the Fire Department, Civil Defense and Red Cross assist in the maintenance of public safety.

Cityscape

 
View of Barranquilla's skyline, the Magdalena River flowing into the Caribbean sea in the background. Barranquilla is Considered the capital of the Colombian Caribbean

City planning

Centro histórico

The Centro histórico is between Carreras 35 and 46 and Calles 30 and 46, and includes parts of San Roque and Downtown districts.[118] It is part of the town historical centre and North-Central District. In the Centro histórico are the headquarters of the administrative powers of the city and the department. Socio-economically, this was the most important area until the 80's, when the centre's deterioration led to the displacement of formal trade and banking to the north of the city. Despite the decline, the Centre remains at the heart of the city and is the most representative and important sector in economic terms. There is an intense commercial activity at the public market. In addition, the centre hosts a number of buildings of the Republican period and structures of immense historical and architectural value. The Centro histórico of Barranquilla is a nationally protected site by the Ministry of Culture through resolution 1614 of 1999.[119] Since the 90's, the historic center of Barranquilla is in the process of recovery, which was consolidated in 2008 with the Ministry of Culture's announcement for a public competition of urban design.[120][121] At local government level, the development of Barranquilla centre is sponsored by the Promotora del Desarrollo del Distrito Central de Barranquilla S.A. (Promocentro), a decentralized body attached to the District Municipality.[122][123]

El paseo de Bolívar
 
Paseo de Bolívar

The paseo de Bolívar, in the heart of Barranquilla, is the most important avenue of the city and the place from which it expanded. Until the late nineteenth century it was called Calle Ancha (Broad Street), but in 1886 Mayor Antonio Abello renamed it Abello. In the early twentieth century it was located at the north end of Columbus statue, so it was called Paseo de Colón. In 1937, a plaza was built at its northern end with an equestrian statue of the Liberator Simon Bolívar, a gift from Andrés Obregón to the city in 1919, and it was renamed Paseo de Bolívar.[124] It is the linchpin of the historic center, housing many buildings from the Republican period which are in the process of being restored.[125]

Public spaces

 
Locals at the Plaza de San Nicolás

Land use, including public space and urban planning, are regulated by the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial which is prepared by the Mayor through the District Planning Secretariat, and approved or revised by the District Council.Barranquilla has an acute deficiency of public spaces and planting trees, reflected in an average of 0.083 m2 (1 sq ft) of squares and green areas per inhabitant. The area of the city that has the highest use of public space is the Centre, where 9069 stationary street vendors exist according to the 2005 census.[118][126]

Plazas
 
Plaza de la Paz

Among the plazas of the city are Plaza de Bolívar, located at the north end of the promenade of the same name which is the center of the city and the spearhead of restoration of the historic centre, rebuilt in 2003. Plaza de San Nicolás, opposite the church of San Nicolas, was the center of the cultural, commercial and religious Barranquilla in early twentieth century. Plaza de la Paz was built in 1986 opposite the Metropolitan Cathedral to welcome Pope John Paul II. It is an important site of mass social, political and cultural demonstrations. It contains the sculpture "El Policía Amigo". Plazuela Esthercita Forero is located between Carrera 43 and Calle 74, was built in 2003. It pays tribute to the composer Esthercita Forero, who has a statue and floor plates with the names of his songs. Plaza Mario Santo Domingo is an important public space that is part of the Caribbean Cultural Park and Plaza de la Locomotora, was built in 2002, as part of the Cultural Complex of the former Customs. It exhibits a locomotive of the era where goods were moved by rail between Barranquilla and the alternate port located in the town of Puerto Colombia.

Parks
 
Parque Venezuela

Parque Tomás Surí Salcedo was named in honor of the Minister of Finance, and was built in 1921. Located in the strategic area of Calle 72 and Avenida Olaya Herrera, it offers rides and houses the Elías Chegwin basketball arena. It also hosts the annual Festival del Dulce in time for Easter. Parque Metropolitano, located on the south side of the Roberto Melendez stadium and velodrome in the south of the city also contains a part of the Murillo bridge over the Avenue Circunvalar. It was built for the 2001 Copa América. In 2007 a sculpture of Shakira was added there. Parque Santander, dedicated to the memory of Francisco de Paula Santander, lies in the heart of the traditional neighborhood of El Prado. And Parque de Los Fundadores is located in the ancient neighborhood of El Prado along the central boulevard; it contains several monuments like the eagle in tribute to aviation pioneers who were killed in the crash of 1924.

Monuments
 
Monument to the Flag

Barranquilla pays tribute to local heroes and national personalities and sister nations, as well as national holidays, sports, art, culture and historical and religious events and religious. Among the most important monuments of the city are the Equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar (1919), in the square of the same name, the center of the city, the Carrara marble statue of Christopher Columbus the Discoverer on the Boulevard de la Carrera 50., which was a gift from the Italian colony in 1892 to mark the fourth centenary of the discovery of America, the Statue of Liberty at Independence Park, a gift from the Syrian colony in 1910 to mark the centenary of the Independence of Colombia, the statue of General Francisco de Paula Santander (1922) in the park of the same name and the Monumento a la Bandera (1932).

In 2007, three historic cannons that were used in the cause of independence were restored: the famous Cañón Verde, Boliche and Rebolo The first two were located in the corners of the south side of the Plaza de Bolívar and the last in the first floor of City Hall.

Road Naming

Barranquilla has a complete road layout, where the roads are twisted in a perpendicular way forming blocks. Using an alphanumeric nomenclature replaced the vernacular names. Streets were named to those that progress from east to west and starting at the Maritime Terminal and those moving from south to north, from Avenue Circunvalar, in the field of the Metropolitan Stadium.

If the property is situated on a street, an address will begin by Calle (otherwise by Carrera), followed by the number of the street and then separated by the # symbol and then usually the name/number of the closest cross street. For example, Calle 47B # 21–10; Carrera 5 Sur # 50–04.

Architecture

Barranquilla's architecture was built almost entirely in the twentieth century. In the city there are buildings of the colonial period in the early decades of the independent nation, but the profusion of styles that flourished from the late nineteenth century give the city a cosmopolitan atmosphere. This architectural splendor is testament to the influence of the people arriving in the port for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, many of whom settled in Barranquilla and imported architectural styles.[127]

Among the most important styles are neoclassical and art deco and interesting examples of neo-colonial architecture, modern, contemporary, eclectic, Mudejar, Spanish late Baroque, Mozarabic and Netherlands Antilles style Caribbean architecture. Some modern buildings are influenced by international architects such as Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier (who was in Barranquilla at the end of the 1940s), Leopoldo Rother, Mies van der Rohe and Richard Neutra, among others that have contributed to an impressive architectural landscape.[127]

Republican architecture
 
Casona Republicana, an example of neo-classical architecture in the barrio of El Prado.

The so-called "Republican architecture" "style" refers to the architecture of the period in Colombia after independence in 1819, wand around 1930, which brings together different styles in the city, including the late baroque and neoclassical Spanish.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century neoclassical buildings were especially welcome in Barranquilla. Among the outstanding examples are Instituto La Salle, Villa Heraldo, la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Atlántico (former home of writer Álvaro Cepeda Samudio), the residence of Ezequiel Rosado, Funeraria Jardines del Recuerdo, the restored Customs building, the former Banco Comercial de Barranquilla and Banco Dugand y La Perla, among many others, mainly in the neighborhood of El Prado and in the Centro Histórico de Barranquilla. Other noteworthy buildings are the Hotel El Prado (Spanish late Baroque), the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlántico and the Intendencia Fluvial.[127][128]

The transition (1930–1945)
 
Edificio García (1938), Art déco.

Colombian architectural movement prior to the Modern Movement looks notably different from buildings of the Republicans. Most prominent is art nouveau and art deco.[127] In the city there are many buildings with Art Deco style, typical of the 1930s, as the Estadio Romelio Martínez (1935), the Departmental Library of Baranquilla (1945), the Rex Theatre (1935), the late Metro Theatre (1946, former Apollo) Shaare Sedek Synagogue (1946–1947), the building of the Agricultural Exhibition (1936, later became Industrial School), the Eckardt building (1939 ), the former residence of the Cuban architect Manuel Carrerá in the Bellavista neighborhood, the García building (1938), Teatro Colón (1946), the former building of Avianca (1934), the last four designed by Manuel Carrerá.[127][129][130] The Estadio Romelio Martínez stadium was recognized in 1995 as a national monument by the Ministry of Culture, the first Art Deco building in Barranquilla to obtain this declaration.[131]

Modern movement (1945–1970)
 
Edificio Nacional (1945) and Rodrigo Lara Bonilla (most recent).

The Modern Architecture is characterized by being free of ornamental designs that identify the buildings of the Republican period, and the trend toward architectural rationalism in concrete. Among the most valuable examples of modern architecture in the city include the National Building (1945), seat of the judicial branch, designed by German architect Leopoldo Rother, Queen Mary's Cathedral (begun in 1955) and the old building of the Agricultural Credit Bank (1964), located on the top of Paseo de Bolívar and designed by architect Fernando Martínez Sanabria. Also, worth mentioning is the Sena buildings, the elegant building of Telecom (with a sculpture by Alejandro Obregón in the square of access), the buildings of the Universidad del Atlantico and the Mayor building in the Paseo de Bolívar, a former building of the Bank of the Republic.[127][132]

(1970–1985)
 
Executive Centre I in the north of Barranquilla.

This is a period in which the system Unidad de Poder Adquisitivo Constante (UPAC) resulted in the commercialization of architecture at the expense of spatial quality and aesthetics. The search for safer environments brought about the proliferation of housing complexes and shopping centres closed. The Postmodern Movement appears briefly trying to enhance the historical styles left behind by the modern movement. During this recovery period, buildings of important architectural heritage were recognized and protected such as the Centro Histórico. Among the most representative buildings of this period include the Executive Centre I, the Girasol building, the towers of the Banco Popular, Bogotá and Bancolombia, and the Rodrigo Lara Bonilla building.[127]

Contemporary architecture

Of note are recent buildings such as the World Trade Center of Baranquilla and many apartment towers north of the city and headquarters of Metrotel and Prado Office Center, neoclassical, to be consistent with the architecture of the neighborhood of El Prado, where they are located.[127]

Religious buildings
 
Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción

The city has a large number of temples of worship, demonstrating the city's multicultural nature with various architectural styles, beautifying the landscape and offering visitors exquisite interior. The most important are Catedral María Reina, late-modern architecture; Iglesia de San Nicolás de Tolentino, eclectic style; Iglesia San Roque de Montpellier Iglesia Inmaculada Concepción; Iglesia Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro; Iglesia de San José; Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón, Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá; Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Torcoroma, Iglesia de San Francisco, Iglesia de la Sagrada Familia, Iglesia Bautista Central, Capilla del Liceo de Cervantes, Iglesia Nuestra Señora de la Caridad del Cobre, Bet-El Synagogue and many others.

Tourist landmarks

Barranquilla has developed throughout the years an active business and commercial tourist centre especially during times of carnivals and New Year's Eve, when it receives a large influx of visitors.

The northern sector of the city is the most modern and best equipped in terms of infrastructure, with the best neighborhoods, parks, hotels, and shopping centers. It is also the axis of cultural and business life of Barranquilla. It is the location of promising new developments in infrastructure and urban architectural projects of great importance in the city. In terms of hotels, the city has an adequate infrastructure. One can find everything from residences to inns and 5 star national and international hotel chains. The best hotels are located in the north of the city, near important business districts and shopping centres, which are also often used for holding events, conventions, conferences, among others.

Barranquilla offers locals and visitors a variety of venues and shopping malls where domestic and imported goods can be purchased. The main business sectors are the centre and north of the city. Calle 98 is an exclusive area located north of Barranquilla, the axis of the expansion of the city with new shopping centres, sports complexes and residential complexes. Calle 84 is located north of the city and became fashionable as a place of celebration during qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. It was called the "Calle de la Rumba." Calle Murillo is a large area that starts in the central and southern ends of town, near the Estadio Roberto Meléndez. Carrera 53 lies in the exclusive neighborhood of El Country and Alto Prado, centered on Washington Park, where there are fine restaurants, bars and nightclubs.

Among the main tourist sites include:

Bocas de Ceniza and the Magdalena River
 
Bocas de Ceniza.

Bocas de Ceniza is the mouth of the Magdalena River in the Caribbean Sea. Its importance lies in accessing the port of Barranquilla. Occasionally trips are organized on river barges that depart from Las Flores to Bocas de Ceniza. There are also special excursions made by small boats along the river, enjoying the local restaurants and touring the nearby swamps.

The Port of Puerto Colombia

Built in 1893 by the Barranquilla Railway & Pier Company under the direction of Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros, the pier in the neighboring municipality of Puerto Colombia was once one of the longest in the world. Thousands of immigrants came into the country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries at this port. In 2008 it was partially closed due to its progressive degradation. On March 7, 2009 it suffered the collapse of the final 200 meters of its structure because of strong winds, forcing its complete closure and evacuation of the inhabitants of the area. Despite having been declared a National Monument in 1998, no restoration work has ever been done. Because of the latest tragedy, the local government is developing a strategy to rebuild it.[133]

 
Flamingos at the zoo

Barranquilla Zoo

Barranquilla Zoo is a wildlife sanctuary which houses colorful native and foreign animal species, with an emphasis on Colombian fauna and the protection of endangered species.[134] It has over 500 animals of 140 species, from chickens to elephants or lions, to many different mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and primates.

 
Villa Country.

Around Barranquilla

A maximum one hour by road are several tourist attractions in the surrounding area. Northwest of the department, bordering the Caribbean Sea, there are a number of resorts like Pradomar, Salgar, Sabanilla, Puerto Colombia, Santa Verónica, Caño Dulce, Playa Mendoza, Puerto Velero, Puerto Mocho, Cisne Lake, where visitors can enjoy a variety of water sports, camping, fishing and excursions. Paragliding is offered at the Cupino hill in the municipality of Puerto Colombia. In Usiacurí tourists can visit the house of the poet Julio Flórez and buy handicrafts. In the municipalities of Luruaco and Repelón people can practice water sports and other recreational activities. In other areas of the Atlántico department are livestock fairs, cultural festivals, gastronomic, folkloric and musical events such as the Cartagena and Santa Marta, also major tourist cities and colonies.

Cultural landmarks

 
Teatro Amira de la Rosa.

Teatro Amira de la Rosa

Housed in a traditional strategic sector of the city at the confluence of the deep-rooted neighborhoods of El Prado, Montecristo and Abajo, on May 7, 1976 Barranquilla marked a milestone in its musical and social history, with the presentation of Sinfonía Latina, a concert that was held at the Municipal Theater of Barranquilla, known today as the Amira de la Rosa Theater.[135] This theatre, as well as venues such as the Coliseo Humberto Perea and Casa del Carnaval Colosseum has had an important role in cultural diffusion since 1982, with space for gatherings, presentations, meetings, concerts and exhibitions. It is named after playwright, poet, journalist, and writer Amira de la Rosa.

Museums

Museo Romántico (Romantic Museum) is located in a Republican mansion in El Prado district, showing objects from the history of the city. Costumes can be seen from the Carnival Queens to a replica of the old Abello ridge on the Paseo de Bolívar, through to the typewriter that Gabriel García Márquez wrote his first novel on, La Hojarasca. There are also letters of Simón Bolívar, photographs, albums, collections of newspapers, and other items that identify the history of the city. Museo del Caribe (Museum of the Caribbean) is located in the Parque Cultural del Caribe. Museo Antropológico y Etnológico (Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.) is housed in the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlántico. It presents a comprehensive collection of pieces from the indigenous cultures that inhabited the region. It also provides services as a newspaper library, reading room and exhibition hall. Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art)., established in 1996, brings together an important selection of works by several of the most important artists of the second half of the twentieth century. The collection includes works by renowned authors such as Fernando Botero, Alejandro Obregón, Enrique Grau and Luis Caballero. It is planned to be transferred to the Parque Cultural del Caribe.[136][137]

Museo Aeronáutico (Aeronautical Museum) is located at the Naval Officers' School ARC, founded in 1989 in tribute to the momentum that took place in Barranquilla with commercial aviation in the early twentieth century. Museo del Atlántico (Museum of the Atlantic) is a new regional museum located in the former headquarters of the Government of the Atlántico Department, covering over 4,000 square metres.[138] Museo del Carnaval (Carnival Museum) is another new museum established pm April 7, 2011 by the Fundación Carnaval de Barranquilla in partnership with the Parque Cultural del Caribe and the Museo del Caribe, located in the Casa del Carnaval in the barrio of Abajo.[139] El Teatro fue cerrado en 2016 por problemas estructurales,[140] en medio de controversias respecto a su urgente renovación y apertura.[141]

Emblematic Cultural Sites and Organizations

Parque Cultural del Caribe
 
Parque Cultural del Caribe.

Parque Cultural del Caribe (Caribbean Cultural Park) is an ambitious cultural complex, unique in its kind in the Caribbean Region and Colombia. Conceived in the framework of the restoration of the historic center of the city, it promotes the natural, cultural and historical aspects of the Colombian Caribbean. It comprises the Museo del Caribe, La Biblioteca Infantil Piloto del Caribe, La Biblioteca Mediateca Macondo (specializing in the work of Gabriel García Márquez), a Documentation Centre, a Multi-Function Room and a public plaza outdoor theatre. The second phase of the development will be complemented by El Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla and La Cinemateca del Caribe.[142] Custom-Elbers cultural park. Plaza of the locomotive.

Centro Cultural Colombo Americano

Since its inauguration in 1956, Centro Cultural Colombo Americano is the icon of the culture of the United States and the English language in Barranquilla.

Mostly known as the “Colombo Americano”, this institution is one of the bi-national centers (BNCs) in Colombia, autonomous, non-profit organizations created after the Second World War to contribute to good relations between Colombia and the United States.

As well as the other binational centers of the Centros Colombo Americano Network in Colombia, the Barranquilla Colombo Americano provides educational advising information about U.S education, testing service and the main English institute of the region. Its George Washington Library is the only public bilingual library in Barranquilla with an enormous stock of books and some other resources.

The Cultural Agenda of the Colombo Americano comprises a great variety of free activities and performances that articulate Colombian and American artists with the intellectual community in Barranquilla.

With the financial support of the U.S Department of the State, the Colombo Americano manages some fellowship programs for needy communities.

Former customs
 
Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana.

The Republican group of former customs buildings, known as the Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana, were restored during the 1990s to house the Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe, File Histórico del Atlántico, Musical Documentation Centre, Estación Montoya, Parque Cultural Aduana-Elbers (consecrated in memory of Magdalena river transport pioneer Juan Bernardo Elbers), Pllaza de la Locomotora, and Alejandro Obregón's Simbología de Barranquilla, established in 1956 by the Banco Popular, which donated it to the Government of the Atlántico Department in 1994 for restoration.

Other

The restaurant-bar La Cueva became known for its cultural activity in the twentieth century.[143] Other significant complexes are the Casa del Carnaval, Cinemateca del Caribe[144] and the Planetario de Barranquilla.[145]

Culture

 
The carnival is the most important festival in Barranquilla

Throughout the year the city has considerable cultural activity, and the best known instance of this is the Carnival of Barranquilla, one of the most famous festivals in Colombia. It is a multicultural event that is held every year in February and welcomes the world to four days of celebrations, costumes, and parades highlighting the cultural traditions from the 19th Century. It is held annually during the four days preceding Ash Wednesday-Saturday, Sunday, Monday and Tuesday, usually in February or early March. In 2001 it was declared the "Cultural Patrimony of the Nation" by the National Congress of Colombia and in 2003 "Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. The city is home to varied manifestations as folk dances, songs, games, legends, tales, and superstitions, among others, many of which reach their peak during the Carnival.

Barranquilla is home to many cultural events like art shows, exhibitions, literary workshops, talks philosophy, plays, poetry workshops, dances, exhibitions, concerts and festivals like the Festival de Orquestas under the Carnival and Barranquijazz. Since 1957 it conducts the Concert of the Month, for the dissemination of classical music.

The culture is promoted in the city by the Institute of Culture and Tourism of Barranquilla,[146] assigned to the Mayor, and entities such as the Centro Cultural Cayena of the Universidad del Norte, the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlántico, Centro Cultural de Comfamiliar, Combarranquilla, Fundación Carnaval de Barranquilla, Banco de la República, Alianza Colombo-Francesa, Centro Cultural Colombo-Americano, Salón Cultural de Avianca, Corporación Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta, Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana, Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe, lBiblioteca Infantil Piloto del Caribe, File Histórico del Atlántico and the Centro de Documentación Musical Hans Federico Neuman; among many others.

Language

In Barranquilla, the people speak a variant of Español costeño ("Coastal Spanish") with well-defined local variants and accents.

Folk music

 
Monument in homage to cumbia

Cumbia is musical rhythm and dance most important and representative of the city, deeply rooted in the entire Caribbean region of Colombia. Other important musical rhythms are pulled, the jalao, puya, garabato, cumbión, chandé, porro, gaita, bullerengue, merecumbé, vallenato and pajarito. Other traditional dances are Congo, Mapalé, Son de Negro, Diablos, Gusano and Farotas. Also represented is the Marimondas, the Monocucos and the Toritos and those associated with the famous Carnaval de Barranquilla.[147]

Famous salsa singer Joe Arroyo was an avid lover of the city and its carnival, as can be heard in songs such as "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" and "Carnaval" from the 1988 album Fuego En Mi Mente. He lived a large part of his life in Barranquilla and after his death, also in Barranquilla, was buried in the city's cemetery. A statue in his honor was inaugurated on December 17, 2011 known as "La Estatua del Joe Arroyo". On November 9, 2011, Shakira, born in Barranquilla, performed a cover of Arroyo's song "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer when she was honoured as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year.

Events

In addition to the Carnival of Barranquilla and related activities, some of the most important cultural events in the city are: Barranquijazz, jazz festival which brings together major international figures of jazz, held in September at the Amira de la Rosa Theatre, among other places, Carnaval de las Artes, a cultural event uniting intellectuals, writers, filmmakers, musicians and artists of national and international reputation, Feria Artesanal y Folclórica (Craft and Folk Fair) on the eastern side of the stadium, Feria del Juguete (Toy Fair), a great sale of toys during the month of December in the grounds of the Universal cemetery, Festival Internacional de Cuenteros El Caribe Cuenta with humor and stories which is held annually in August, Plataforma K. Evento, an annual fashion event organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla held in March at the Universidad del Norte, Salón de Artistas Costeños, an art festival organised annually by the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla, and the Miche Rock Festival, supported by the District Department of Culture of Barranquilla and the Departmental Secretariat of Culture.[148]

Gastronomy

 
Pigeon pea stew with salted meat.

Barranquilla serves a wide variety of cuisine to match its cosmopolitan population and tourists. Restaurants can be enjoyed from Creole cuisine to some of the most important international cuisines, such as Syrian-Lebanese (due to the significant presence of descendants of immigrants from the Middle East), Chinese, Japanese, Brazilian, Peruvian, French, Italian, Thai, Spanish etc. The typical dish of the city is plain rice, which is served with cassava buns. Very characteristic of the local cuisine is a pigeon pea stew called sancocho de guandú (or guandul), with salted meat (which even has its own annual festival), butifarras soledeñas, suero, queso costeño, fried arepas, carimañolas, empanadas, cupcakes, patacones, black bean rice, chipichipi and cucayo; noodles, drinks like raspao, boli, sugar water, tamarindo, zapote and níspero, coconut candies and Easter candy, cake, fish, shrimp and oysters, beef, chicken, pork and chicken dishes and pork rinds.[149][150] Cazuela de mariscos, a seafood stew, is also a typical dish found in Barranquilla.[151] Chuzo desgranado, a fast food dish, is also from the region.[152]

Education

 
Educational attainment by the people of Barranquilla (2005).

Education in the city is regulated by the Ministry of Education and the District Mayor.[153] The city offers the national education system in their levels of primary and secondary education and university, and multiple technical and technological institutions. In recent decades, Barranquilla received a number of students, who could not pursue higher education studies in the absence of institutions in their places of origin. This had tended to decrease in recent years due to increased educational opportunities has been achieved in these regions. Some of the personalities who have contributed to the educational development of the city have been Manuel María Salgado, a pioneer of high school in Barranquilla, founder of the Instituto de Barranquilla in 1849, the German educator Karl Meisel, founder of the Colegio Ribón in 1881 which became the Colegio de Barranquilla in 1908, Julio Enrique Blanco, founder of Universidad del Atlántico, Ramón Renowitzky, Secretary of Education in the mid-twentieth century and Turkish educator and translator Alberto Assa.

According to the census conducted by DANE in 2005, 66.5% of the population of 3 to 5 years, 89.2% of the population aged 6 to 10 years and 83.7% of the population aged 11 to 17 years attend a formal educational institution. 12.8% have reached the professional level and 1.4% have specialized degrees, master or doctorate. The resident population without any education is 6.2%. 94.1% of the population 5 years and over are literate.[101]

Universities

 
The Graduate School Building of the Universidad del Norte.

Barranquilla is home to several universities with high academic standards and research, including Universidad del Norte,[154] Universidad del Atlántico, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe,[155] Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla,[156] Universidad Simón Bolívar,[157] Universidad Metropolitana,[158] Corporación Universitaria de la Costa,[159] Universidad Antonio Nariño,[160] and Fundación Universitaria San Martín.[161]

At the undergraduate level, courses offered by different universities include engineering (systems, civil, mechanical, electronic, industrial, chemical, electrical and environmental), the health sciences (medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, bacteriology, nutrition, optometry, dentistry, social work, occupational therapy, speech therapy, surgical instrumentation and microbiology), economic and administrative sciences (business administration, economics, accounting, finance, international business), basic sciences (mathematics, physics, microbiology, chemistry, biology), education (social, natural, physical education, preschool, math, Spanish, foreign languages), the social sciences (philosophy,history, sociology, psychology, social communication, international relations), fine arts (music, visual arts, performing arts, architecture), and legal sciences (law, political science), among others.

In terms of graduate studies, Universidad del Norte offers fifteen doctoral programs,[162] including Social Science, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Psychology, and Universidad del Atlántico offers a doctorate in Science Education.[163] Universidad del Norte offers a significant number of master's degrees in various branches of learning such as engineering, health sciences, education, environment, and administration.[162] Other universities offering master's studies are Atlántico, Simón Bolívar, and Universidad Autónoma del Caribe.

Secondary and technical institutions

The city also has secondary education institutions, public and private high school, several of which rate high in the country, according to studies conducted by ICFES.[164]

The State National Training Service has an important work in the technical and technological training. In Barranquilla there are 4 SENA centres: the Centre for Trade and Services, Aviation and Industry, the Colombo-German National Centre and the Cedagro Centre for Agroecology Development and Agribusiness.[165] Since 2009, the city has Instituto Tecnológico de Soledad Atlántico (ITSA) which offers courses in technical subjects such as electromechanical maintenance,electronics, telecommunications, computing, industrial processes, agro-industrial production, foreign trade and international business, business management etc. ITSA has around 9,600 students from low income strata 1 and 2.[166]

Educational expansion

 
 
Left: Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe. Right: Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlántico

Since 2008, the city has embarked upon an ambitious plan to reduce the deficit in school places by building educational parks in the neighborhoods of Las Américas, Lipaya, 7 de abril and Rebolo through property integration. These parks will have community services such as library, auditorium, computer rooms, sports facilities and classrooms.[167] Similarly, for 2010 is 4 modern colleges with a total capacity for 5,760 students, two in Las Cayenas, one in Ciudadela Veinte de Julio and one in Lipaya, each with a capacity of 1440 students.[168] In February 2009, the college Pies Descalzos was opened in La Playa, built by Shakira, and endowed by the District through community resources, with a capacity for 1,800 students.[169][170]

Science and research

Science and research are mainly in the universities at the request of state policies defined by the National Science and Technology, the National Innovation System and Colciencias. Universidad del Atlántico is the institution with research groups such as Colciencias which recognized and registered with the International Network for Information and Knowledge Sources for Sciences, Technology and Innovation. The universities are engaged in scientific research in various fields such as medicine, chemistry, geophysics, biology, physics, microbiology, law, history, philosophy, Caribbean culture, telecommunications and the various branches of engineering.[171][172][173]

Among the public libraries in the city include the Barranquilla Departmental Library, the Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe and Julio Hoenigsberg. Also notable are the libraries of universities, especially Atlántico and Norte universities.

Transport

 
The first airport in South America: Barranquilla's Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport (1919)
 
Pumarejo Bridge
 
Port of Barranquilla

Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport was built in Barranquilla in 1919, becoming South America's first.[174] The city is served by domestic and international flights.

Pumarejo Bridge over the Magdalena River is one of the most prominent civil engineering works in the city, and the longest in Colombia at just over 1.5 km (0.9 mi). The traffic in the city and its metropolitan area is governed from 2009 by the Ministry for Mobility.[153][175]

In 2001, the district administration started developing TransMetro metropolitan mass transit system.[176] This transport system uses articulated buses traveling on exclusive lanes and stations where passengers board on. In 2015 the system was used by about 110000 people daily.[177] A light rail line is currently in the planning stages.[178]

In 2010, the taxis operate a minimum charge of COP 4300 (US$2.17) for a distance of up to 3.5 km (2.2 mi). To cover distance races over the minimum, the fee is negotiated directly with the driver and can reach up to COP 20,000 (US$11.4) depending on the distance covered. Taxi service can also be contracted by the hour, COP 15,000 (US$7.58). Several private companies provide taxi service in the city, which can be ordered by telephone for safety. In 2015, Uber began operating in the city.

Bus and minibus fares vary depending on model and amenities such as air conditioning. Prices are visible in the windshield of the vehicle and range from COP 1,300 to COP 1,500. Bus transportation is very common among locals.

In the municipality of Soledad, south of the city, is the Metropolitan Transportation Terminal in Barranquilla,[179] from which one can travel by land to major domestic destinations and Venezuela.

Barranquilla has a major sea and river port, third largest by cargo volume in the country. The waterborne terminal is managed, operated and marketed by the private Sociedad Portuaria Regional de Barranquilla. Traffic through the port of Barranquilla is regulated by the Captain of the Port of Barranquilla, which is responsible for the direction, coordination and control of maritime activities such as arrivals, departures, status of ships, safety, licensing, advertisements, among others.[180]

Barranquilla Public Transportation Statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Barranquilla, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 77 min. 17% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 15 min, while 20% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.9 km, while 5% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[181]

Sports

Sports in Barranquilla are promoted at the governmental level by the Ministry of Sports and Deportes de la Alcaldía Distrital.[153] Since the early twentieth century, the most important sports have been football, baseball and boxing. Also practiced are basketball, athletics, swimming, chess, cycling, skating, bowling, tennis, golf, shooting, karate, taekwondo, paragliding, BMX, go-karts, motor sports, fishing, squash, surfing, weightlifting and softball.

Barranquilla has hosted the Colombia national football team during World Cup qualifiers for Italy (1990), USA (1994), France (1998), Germany (2006), Brazil (2014), Russia (2018), and Qatar (2022). It was home of the XIV National Games in 1992, co-host of the Central American and Caribbean Games in 2006 and was the host the 23 edition of the Games in 2018; host of the 5th Central American and Caribbean Games in 1946, home of the Bolivarian Games IV in 1961 and hosted the games in Group A in the Copa América 2001. In 2011, it hosted the opening match of the U20 World Cup to be held in Colombia from July 29 to August 20.[182]

Stadiums and venues

 
Baseball park Estadio Edgar Renterìa

The city has a developed sports infrastructure, which has enabled it to host international events, such as the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1946, the Bolivarian Games of 1961 among others and the 2018 version of the Central American and Caribbean Games.

Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez opened on May 11, 1986, with capacity for 49,612 spectators. It has a football field, running track for distance running, long jump and javelin and hammer. It was the headquarters of the Colombia national football team during World Cup qualifiers for 1990, 1994, 1998 and 2006.

Estadio Romelio Martínez was built in 1935 for the III National Olympic Games, capacity for 20,000 people. In 2018 was renewed to host the Central American and Caribbean Games.

The former Estadio Tomás Arrieta was built in 1946 for the V Central American and Caribbean Games and rebuilt in 2018 to host the Central American and Caribbean Games. It is now called the Édgar Rentería stadium to honor the emblematic big leaguer from Barranquilla. It has a capacity for 12,000 attendees.

Estadio de Baloncesto Elías Chegwin opened in 1992 and also renewed in 2018 to host the Central America and the Caribbean Games. It has 3,000 seats available and it is the only sports arena in Colombia with air conditioning.

Velódromo Metropolitano Rafael Vásquez also opened in 1992 as part of the XIV National Games.

The Olympic Pool Complex is a modern site that was also rebuilt in 2018 to host the Central America and Caribbean Games. It has 2,130 seats available.

The city also has a shooting and skating rink, "Rafael Naranjo Pertuz" (1992) which has inside a roller hockey court, tennis courts, a BMX track, bowling alley, and sports centres in the neighborhoods Lipaya, La Magdalena and San Felipe, among others.

Teams

The city has hosted several teams that have played professional football in Colombia, Club Deportivo Popular Junior F.C. competes in the first division, and Barranquilla F.C. in the second division.[183] Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Fútbol Club has its administrative headquarters in Barranquilla, playing at the Marcos Henríquez de Sabanalarga[184] Other professional teams that were based Barranquilla was the Juventud Junior (promoted to the first category in 1929 and renamed Atlético Junior in 1936), Deportivo Barranquilla (f. 1949), Sporting (f. 1950), Libertad (f. 1956) and Unicosta (f. 1995).[185][186][187] As for baseball, Caimanes de Barranquilla is the city team in the Colombian Professional Baseball League. Barranquilla had the basketball team Caimanes, Colombian professional tournament champion three times, 1995, 1997 and 1998.[188]

Formula One

On October 31, 2022, the mayor of Barranquilla, Jaime Pumarejo, received Formula One CEO Stefano Domenicali, the manager of the Mexico City Grand Prix and manager to Fernando Alonso Luis García Abad, and some other promoters of the Mexico City Grand Prix in Barranquilla to discuss a possible Formula One race to be hosted in the city, which would be called the Caribbean Grand Prix. According to Pumarejo, two different plans for semi-street circuits have been approved by local authorities, both within the metropolitan area of Barranquilla, and one of them running partially alongside the Magdalena River. If the plan were to become reality, an inaugural grand prix in either 2024 or 2025 would be targeted with, "hopefully", a 10-year contract.[189][190] Then-Colombian president Iván Duque announced the state's support for the project, highlighting, as well as Pumarejo, the financial and touristic benefits it would bring to the city, region, and country.[191][192]

Healthcare

 
Hospital Universitario Cari E.S.E-Sede de Alta Complejidad.

Health in Colombia is governed by legislation (Act 100 of 1993) and is regulated by the Ministry of Social Protection.[193] At the local level, it is in charge of two state institutions, the Ministry of Health and the State Social Enterprise Caprecom as administrator of the hospital administrative units (four hospitals, 6 Maternal Units and Child Health Centres) to replace the Public Hospital Network (Redehospital), in liquidation.[194] Other institutions include the Colombian Red Cross,[195] the Colombian Civil Defense, in charge of emergencies, calamities and natural disasters, and the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF),[196] responsible for the comprehensive protection of the family and children.

Some of the notable public hospitals of the city are Hospital General de Barranquilla, Hospital Pediátrico de Barranquilla, Hospital Nazareth, Hospital La Manga, Hospital Universitario Metropolitano. Hospital Universitario Cari E.S.E, Hospital de la Universidad del Norte, Hospital Niño Jesús and Hospital del Seguro Social and the 6 maternal-child units of Santa María, La Playa, La Chinita, Las Flores, La Alboraya and Juan Mina. The city also contains 19 health centres and 28 health posts. At each location of the city, a center or health post. These institutions can provide services to primary and secondary care, with the exception of the Pediatric Hospital, which serves partial third level. In addition, the city operates a large number of private clinics that serve high levels of complexity (3 and 4) and multiple medical specialities.

Media

 
Torres de telecomunicaciones

Television

From 1986, the Colombian Caribbean Coast has the Telecaribe regional television, which has its operational headquarters in the city.[197] In addition, Barranquilla operate local television channels TB3 (cable) Channel 23 at the Autonomous University of the Caribbean (open signal) and the five national television channels (RCN TV, Caracol TV, Canal Uno, Señal Colombia and Institutional). The Canal Universitario Nacional Jerusalem TV (Channel LUZ) is also transmitted from Barranquilla.

Radio

Barranquilla transmits various AM and FM stations, both local and national, which keep the public informed and provide a varied musical program. Of particular note is Radio Libertad.[198]

Press

The city's two main newspapers are El Heraldo and La Libertad.[199] Other dailies include newspapers of nationwide distribution, such as Bogotá's El Tiempo.[200]

Music

Barranquilla is mentioned in the Hank Snow song I've been Everywhere, most famously covered by Johnny Cash. Also, it has been several times addressed by Shakira in her songs Hips don't lie and La Bicicleta.

Notable people

 
Statue of the singer Shakira
 
Sofía Vergara at the 2016 Oscars

Sister cities

In popular culture

  • Barranquilla is mentioned in the Hank Snow adaptation of the Geoff Mack song "I've Been Everywhere", which was later covered by more than 130 artists including Johnny Cash.
  • Shakira mentions her hometown Barranquilla in the hit song Hips Don't Lie, with the line "En Barranquilla se baila asi" (translated as: "In Barranquilla they dance like this")

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External links

  •   Barranquilla travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • "Barranquilla" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • Hola Barranquilla Foro para compartir ideas, temas, fotos, y mucho mas con todos los Barranquilleros que se encuentran por todo el mundo

barranquilla, spanish, pronunciation, baraŋˈkiʝa, listen, capital, district, atlántico, department, colombia, located, near, caribbean, largest, city, third, port, caribbean, coast, region, 2018, population, making, colombia, fourth, most, populous, city, afte. Barranquilla Spanish pronunciation baraŋˈkiʝa listen is the capital district of Atlantico Department in Colombia It is located near the Caribbean Sea and is the largest city and third port 5 in the Caribbean Coast region as of 2018 it had a population of 1 206 319 6 3 making it Colombia s fourth most populous city after Bogota Medellin and Cali BarranquillaDistrict and cityFrom the top Bolivar walk Panoramic Aduana building Cathedral Caribbean Cultural Park Republican mansion FlagSealNickname s La Puerta de Oro de Colombia Spanish for Colombia s Golden Gate Motto s Ven vive Barranquilla Ven vive Barranquilla Atlantico DepartmentBarranquillaShow map of ColombiaBarranquillaShow map of South AmericaCoordinates 10 59 00 N 74 48 07 W 10 98333 N 74 80194 W 10 98333 74 80194 Coordinates 10 59 00 N 74 48 07 W 10 98333 N 74 80194 W 10 98333 74 80194Country ColombiaRegionCaribbeanDepartmentAtlanticoEstablishedApril 7 1813Government MayorJaime Pumarejo Heins 1 Radical Change Area District and city154 km2 59 46 sq mi Elevation18 m 59 ft Population 2018 2 3 District and city1 206 319 Estimate 2023 4 1 327 209 Rankranked 4th Density8 618 km2 22 320 sq mi Urban1 326 588 Metro2 370 753DemonymBarranquillero aTime zoneUTC 5Postal code080020Area code57 5Websitewww wbr barranquilla wbr gov wbr co in Spanish Barranquilla lies strategically next to the delta of the Magdalena River 7 5 km 4 7 mi originally 25 km 16 mi before rapid urban growth from its mouth at the Caribbean Sea serving as a port for river and maritime transportation within Colombia It is also the main economic center of Atlantico department in Colombia The city is the core of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla with a population of over 2 million which also includes the municipalities of Soledad Galapa Malambo and Puerto Colombia Barranquilla was legally established as a town on April 7 1813 although it dates from at least 1629 It grew into an important port serving as a haven for immigrants from Europe especially during and immediately following World War I and World War II when waves of additional immigrants from the Middle East and Asia arrived Barranquilla became Colombia s main port and with its level of industrialization and modernity earned the nickname Colombia s Golden Gate Spanish La Puerta de Oro de Colombia In the 1940s Barranquilla was the second largest city in Colombia and one of the most modern cities in the Caribbean and in South America later local administrations due to widespread corruption in their ranks brought about a decline in the standard of living As government investment increased in other Colombian cities Barranquilla s national position was eclipsed Barranquilla has hosted the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games and will host the 2027 Pan American Games 7 8 The city is home to one of the most important folk and cultural festivals of Colombia the Carnival of Barranquilla which was declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Congress of Colombia in 2001 and recognized by UNESCO in 2003 9 10 11 Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport built in Barranquilla in 1919 was the first airport in South America The city is served by domestic and international flights and was Avianca s first hub Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Nicknames 2 Heraldry and symbols 3 History 3 1 Origins and colonial era 3 2 Era of Independence 1810 1823 3 3 Republican Period 3 3 1 19th century 3 3 2 20th century 3 4 21st century 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 4 2 Flora 4 3 Fauna 4 4 Ecology and natural resources 4 5 Environmental pollution 4 6 Administration 4 7 Branches of public power 4 8 Administrative divisions 4 9 Metropolitan Area 4 10 Defense 4 11 State institutions 5 Economy 5 1 Statistics 5 2 Economic zones 6 Demographics 6 1 Birth and death 6 2 Crime and security 7 Cityscape 7 1 City planning 7 1 1 Centro historico 7 1 2 Public spaces 7 2 Architecture 7 3 Tourist landmarks 7 4 Around Barranquilla 7 5 Cultural landmarks 7 5 1 Teatro Amira de la Rosa 7 5 2 Museums 7 5 3 Emblematic Cultural Sites and Organizations 8 Culture 8 1 Language 8 2 Folk music 8 3 Events 8 4 Gastronomy 9 Education 9 1 Universities 9 2 Secondary and technical institutions 9 3 Educational expansion 9 4 Science and research 10 Transport 10 1 Barranquilla Public Transportation Statistics 11 Sports 11 1 Stadiums and venues 11 2 Teams 11 3 Formula One 12 Healthcare 13 Media 13 1 Television 13 2 Radio 13 3 Press 14 Music 15 Notable people 16 Sister cities 17 In popular culture 18 References 19 External linksEtymology Edit Old customs administration building in Barranquilla Barranquilla s name refers to the canyons that existed in the area adjacent to the Magdalena where the city arose During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the name barranca was common in coastal communities Barrancabermeja Barranca Nueva Barranca Vieja etc This name was probably derived from an alteration of Aragon 12 During Spanish colonization the area was known as Camacho or Kamash Indian site and San Nicolas de la Barranquilla patron saint of San Nicolas de Tolentino began to develop the area with the estates of Barrancas de Camacho Barrancas de San Nicolas Barranquilla de Camacho and Barranquilla de San Nicolas from which the city name is derived 13 Nicknames Edit In 1921 President Marco Fidel Suarez called the city the Portico Dorado de la Republica Golden Gate of the Republic in recognition of its economic importance as a port since the late 19th century In 1946 opening the 5th Central American and Caribbean Games President Mariano Ospina Perez reaffirmed the nickname of the city as the Golden Gate 14 15 Barranquilla is also known as La Arenosa meaning The Sandy so named by the president of New Granada Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera during his stay in Barranquilla in 1849 16 Curramba la Bella was also used to refer to Barranquilla by journalist Juan Eugenio Canavera in Bogota in the mid twentieth century 17 The la Bella part was assigned by fellow journalist Roger Araujo as a counterweight to the word Curramba which is seen as derogatory derived from adjective currambero The thinker Agustin Nieto Caballero called Barranquilla Ciudad de los Brazos Abiertos City of the Open Arms and Enrique Ancizar president of the Colombian Society of Agriculture called it Faro de America Beacon Lighthouse of America 18 Heraldry and symbols Edit Flag of Barranquilla FlagIn 1811 the patriots who won the Independence of the Cartagenas adopted the current flag It consists of three rectangles red being the outermost then yellow and green in the center Red symbolizes the blood of patriots yellow the sun of freedom and hope and green a proud home In the centre there is an eight pointed silver star which symbolizes the eight provinces of the confederacy The flag was carried by Simon Bolivar during the campaign of Lower Magdalena in 1812 In 1814 the Congress of Tunja adopted it as the emblem of the United Provinces of New Granada In 1910 the Council approved the flag for Barranquilla 19 20 Coat of armsThe seal of the city was mentioned in the decree that granted Barranquilla the status of a city by Manuel Rodriguez Torices the then President of the Sovereign State of Cartagena de Indias as a reward for the determined and courageous patriots who participated in the defense of the independence of Cartagena de Indias against Santa Marta in 1813 20 AnthemThe music and lyrics of Himno de Barranquilla were chosen in competition by the Sociedad de Mejoras Publicas and officially adopted as the anthem of the city by the Municipal Council in a meeting on 19 October 1942 The lyrics were written by the poet Amira de la Rosa winner of the contest in 1942 and the music is of Panama by Simon Urbina 1928 20 Other symbolsThe flowers Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Tabebuia rosea and the animals Volatinia jacarina and iguana are used as other symbols of the city 20 History EditOrigins and colonial era Edit Unlike other cities in Colombia such as Cartagena or Bogota D C Barranquilla was not founded during the Spanish colonial period and it was not founded on a pre Columbian site The first mention of the current territory of Barranquilla dates back to 1533 and was written by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes 21 He describes the route of Pedro de Heredia founder of Cartagena just weeks before he founded that city and says that this was a point of landing of canoes for the Indians of Santa Marta within the interior They had two canoes full of dried shrimp as merchandise and went to the Magdalena River to trade with this commodity salt and other things 22 However the Kamash Indians were known to occupy the area and the settlement itself was established in about 1629 23 For this reason the city does not celebrate its foundation but rather the date in which it was declared a town on April 7 1813 24 Barranquilla is best known as The Golden Gate of Colombia La Puerta de Oro de Colombia citation needed because its location north of Colombia and it is the most important maritime port of The Republic of Colombia citation needed Barranquilla is honored as the origination of the aviation and airport The first airline in South America was born in Barranquilla with the name of SCADTA which is today Avianca Nevertheless the home location of the Kamash indios hispanized to Camacho or Camach is known as the first permanent human settlement of Barranquilla During the 16th century an encomienda of captain Domingo de Santa Cruz was established granted by the Spanish crown for his notable military performance This encomienda disappeared in 1559 when it was in the hands of senora Ana Ximenez widow of Santa Cruz after the death of her husband She became the victim of a disregardful violent act by the second encomendero of Galapa Don Pedro de Barros I when he arbitrarily grabbed all the Camacho population that could offer labour and took them to his encomienda Plaque on the block where people began to populate Barranquilla Between 1627 and 1637 Hacienda San Nicolas de Tolentino was founded by Nicolas de Barros great grandson of Don Pedro de Barros I The farm was established on the banks of the river channel The original property area was 24 78 km2 9 57 sq mi Pedro Vasquez Buezo expanded the property to 41 3 km2 15 9 sq mi On this estate Barros allowed his workers to build their homes and support their families which helped further develop his field operations After the death of Barros the estate began to accommodate others such as people who for reasons of health age or cronyism with the hacienda owner were allowed to stay There were also Indians from Malambo and Galapa By 1681 the ranch was considered a village known as Barrancas de San Nicolas Before 1700 Barranquilla was occupied by Aguerra of Tierradentro and in 1772 the township was expanded by the same group adding a Judge Counsel 25 The origin of Barranquilla promoted in the second half of the 19th century by the historian Domingo Malabet was not supported by oral tradition nor scientifically validated Blanco Barros 1987 book on Northern Tierradentro and the origins of Barranquilla argued that the city had been founded by farmers from the neighboring town of Galapa who left their land following their herds to the Magdalena River 13 Era of Independence 1810 1823 Edit Casa Lacorazza Saint Nicolas square In the era of the Colombian War of Independence Barranquilla distinguished itself as a supporter of the pro independence forces In 1812 General Pierre Labatut attacked and defeated royalist forces at Sitioviejo and Sitionuevo On April 7 1813 which was later celebrated as Barranquilla Day el Dia de Barranquilla the President Governor of the Free and Independent State of Cartagena de Indias Manuel Rodriguez Torices granted the title of villa to the town thereby allowing it to benefit from certain privileges and making it the capital of the department of Barlovento or Tierradentro in recognition for the valor and patriotism displayed by the town for its defense of the pro independence city of Cartagena de Indias against the royalist stronghold of Santa Marta In 1815 Joaquin Vallejo a rich merchant maintained a pro independence battalion for three months at his own expense When the Spanish forces under Colonel Valentin Capmani approached Barranquilla its inhabitants resisted Capmani but were defeated on April 25 1815 The population of the town was attacked and taken prisoner by the royalist troops which also defeated Vallejo s pro independence battalion In the following 5 6 years Barranquilla was a center for republican military operations 25 On October 10 1821 the last royalist stronghold at Cartagena was defeated At that time Cartagena was capital of the Sovereign State of Bolivar to which Barranquilla belonged In the same year Barranquilla was governed by its very first mayor Agustin Del Valle who carried out his duties from his own home which later was converted in a military headquarters On July 24 1823 the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo took place which resulted in the final expulsion of Spanish royalist forces from Gran Colombia 26 Republican Period Edit Obelisk in honor of Juan B Elbers 19th century Edit The geographic area of Barranquilla did not include mineral or natural riches and thus did not serve as a location where the Spanish maintained a permanent presence Its importance was not appreciated until the mid 19th century due to the introduction of steamships that navigated the Magdalena River by the German Juan Bernardo Elbers on behalf of Simon Bolivar at the founding of Gran Colombia in 1823 The route was opened on November 10 1825 27 Barranquilla thus initiated a lively exchange of goods with cities and towns of the Colombian interior as well as with international merchants and it became a principal port for the export of coffee 28 With the establishment of the new nation of the Republic of New Granada in 1831 two revolutions began in Barranquilla One was led by Policarpo Martinez Antonio Pantoja Lorenzo Hernandez Crispin Luque Esteban Marquez y Santos de la Hoz against the dictatorship of Rafael Urdaneta The second was led by General Ignacio Luque who had crushed the first revolution 25 In 1840 merchants and commercial carriers of Barranquilla tried to form an independent province Cibeles which was to comprise the cantons of Barlovento They proclaimed Colonel Ramon Antiguedad as their leader The primary objective was to rehabilitate the town of Sabanilla as an independent port as exports were controlled by the cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta This rebellion was quickly crushed by Cartagenan troops 25 In 1845 the city was one of nine cantons that comprised the province of Cartagena 29 Castillo de Salgar At the end of the decade in 1849 President Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera issued a decree that revitalized the bay of Sabanilla as a port to export goods A customs house was built there the Castillo de Salgar to accommodate the new traffic 30 31 In early June 1849 an outbreak of cholera occurred in Barranquilla It had originated in Cartagena which in turn had received it from shipments coming from Panama 32 On March 20 1852 a law was passed by the Congress of New Granada that separated the province of Cartagena from the cantons of Barranquilla Soledad and Sabanalarga which became part of the province of Sabanilla with Barranquilla as the capital 29 On May 2 1854 Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera arrived at Barranquilla and the inhabitants supported him in his fight against the revolutionary Jose Maria Melo in Bogota 25 On October 7 1857 Barranquilla was granted the status of ciudad city by the Constituent Assembly of the State of Bolivar and in the same year the Municipal Council of Barranquilla designated three zones in the city Abajo del Rio Arriba del Rio and El Centro 33 Barranquilla formed part of the department of Sabanilla one of the five departments that comprised the Sovereign State of Bolivar whose formation had succeeded the province of Cartagena by law of June 15 1857 During the time of the Granadine Confederation Conservative General Joaquin Posada Gutierrez attacked and defeated the city square in Barranquilla defended by the Liberal leader Vicente Palacio on November 6 1859 Subsequently the city would be recovered by the Liberal leader Manuel Cabeza on December 9 25 Montoya Station was the point of departure for the Barranquilla Sabanilla Railway Inaugurated in 1871 built by the Railway and Pier Company On January 25 1861 General Juan Jose Nieto Gil president of the State of Bolivar launched a rebellion from Barranquilla Barranquilla became the capital of a province of the same name by law on December 26 1862 and the Sovereign State of Bolivar was divided into 12 provinces At the establishment of the United States of Colombia the growing commercial importance of Barranquilla led to the construction between 1869 and 1871 of the Bolivar Railway Ferrocarril de Bolivar the first railway of the present day Republic of Colombia It linked Barranquilla and Sabanilla Salgar the latter being the location of the customs house Due to the shallowness of the waters it was necessary to extend the railway to Puerto Cupino where the Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros built what was then one of the longest piers in the world second only to the one in Southend on Sea England 30 31 34 In 1872 an epidemic with symptoms similar to those of cholera became manifest in the city 35 In 1876 an enormous amount of contraband entered the city from Salgar 36 In the last decades of the 19th century Barranquilla experienced a series of advances represented by the founding of the Society of the Aqueduct in 1877 commissioning in 1884 of a mule pulled tram the installation of the first phones in Colombia on September 1 1885 This telephone project had Mr Orlando Flye an electrical engineer from Ohio as general contractor 37 and the foundation of the first private telephone service in Colombia the Colombian West Indian Mobile Company of Mobile by the U S citizen William Ladd 37 It was at this time that the city became important for its booming business and its strategic geographic location becoming the first port on a river of Colombia 38 On January 6 1885 revolutionary forces under General Ricardo Gaitan Obeso occupied the city 25 On February 11 the head of government General Vicente Carlos Urueta attacked an area defended by General Nicolas Jimeno Collante Urueta triumphed over Obeso but additional troops overtook Urueta 25 The modern Republic of Colombia was established the following year Barranquilla became one of the 34 new departments comprising the provinces of Barranquilla and Sabanalarga 29 During this time the city was established as the principal port of Colombia helped along by the commissioning of the steam tramway in 1890 and the construction of the port of Puerto Colombia in 1893 which served as the Barranquilla port into the 20th century 39 The goods moved by rail to Barranquilla and then by river to the interior 20th century Edit Paseo de Colon a trade and business center in Barranquilla from the early 20th century until 1937 when the statue of Columbus was changed to that of Bolivar The Palma building is in the background As part of the country s restructuring President General Rafael Reyes of the National Constituent and Legislative Assembly through Act April 17 11 1905 created the Atlantico department consisting of the provinces of Barranquilla and Sabanalarga the department of Bolivar and Barranquilla as the capital However in 1908 Atlantico department was changed to the Department of Barranquilla by Act 1 With the fall of General Reyes in 1909 the Department of Barranquilla was abolished by Act 65 of that year with Barranquilla again integrating into the department of Bolivar The National Constituent Assembly of 1910 enacted Law 21 on July 14 which definitively established the Department of Atlantico with Barranquilla again as capital 29 With the city s economic boom the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla was created on June 28 1905 On September 7 1909 a bill was passed by Congress recognizing the opening of Bocas de Ceniza as a national necessity In June of the same year The Barranquillazo coup was attempted by followers of General Ramon Gonzalez Valencia against the General Jorge Holguin who was designated the rank of president of the republic after the resignation of the incumbent General Reyes 40 The first flight of a Colombian airplane occurred in Barranquilla in December 1912 the plane being flown by the Canadian pilot George Schmitt 41 On December 10 1919 the first commercial airline arrived in the Americas and second in the world Scadta later became Avianca 41 42 In June 1919 U S pilot William Knox Martin and Mario Santo Domingo inaugurated industrial airmail in Colombia with a flight between Barranquilla and Puerto Colombia where Santo Domingo delivered the mail sack 43 With the connections of the river and seaport reaching the country s interior and abroad the city became in the second half of the 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural cities of Colombia Puerto Colombia became one of the longest piers in the world and the principal port of Colombia nicknamed the Golden Gate of Colombia 44 A major inflow of Jewish immigrants as well as foreigners from Syria Palestine Lebanon France Germany the United States Italy China and Japan invigorated the industry and helped to make Barranquilla a modern city Of these immigrants the Arab and Jewish from the Middle East immigrants were prominent 45 referred to wrongly as Turks by the Colombian people As a result during the first half of the twentieth century Barranquilla became one of the fastest growing cities of Colombia growing at rates well above others this was maintained until the 1970s 46 In this context the office of Salgar was moved to Barranquilla the Customs Administration of Barranquilla was constructed between 1919 and 1921 designed by the English architect Leslie Arbouin Under economic dynamism the city s business strength grew This was attributed to its point of entry to the country by thousands of immigrants and many advances such as aviation The city received from President Marco Fidel Suarez the title of Golden Gate Republic On January 12 1919 amid great excitement in the Costa Caribe against Bogota Barranquilla joined the Costena League 47 In 1920 archaeologists revealed that Barranquilla is located on a vast historic necropolis 48 On June 8 1924 while distributing flyers for the work of Bocas de Ceniza the Tolima A 16 airplane flown by German aviator Helmuth Von Krohn crashed killing all six people aboard including Ernesto Cortissoz president of SCADTA 49 In 1925 the first public companies based in the country were established in Barranquilla 50 The initial effect of the aqueduct that was built in 1929 was the arrival of piped water to 80 of the homes while water supply coverage in Bogota was 59 and decreasing to 57 3 in Medellin 74 8 in Cali 21 4 in Cartagena and 36 2 in Santa Marta 51 In 1927 the electricity service provided by the Electric Power Company Barranquilla addressed the needs of 10 300 homes equivalent to 74 of the total 50 On February 4 1925 Scadta acquired the planes large enough to make the first international flights which took place in August of that year between Barranquilla and Key West Florida with stops in Central America Mexico and Cuba 52 In an era of significant progress for the city the first private commercial radio station was founded in the country the first station being the state HJN Colombia Bogota Elias Pellet Buitrago started commercial radio in Colombia with the first issue of La Voz de Barranquilla on December 8 1929 53 On April 10 1931 in a mutiny against hunger and unemployment the people of Barranquilla destroyed the Theatre Columbia 54 On August 16 1933 the Senate approved the contract for Bocas de Ceniza and work was completed in 1936 with President Alfonso Lopez inaugurating the Maritime Terminal Barranquilla In 1935 the construction of a municipal football stadium enabled hosting of the National Game III From the 1960s until the early 1980s the city plunged into an economic decline largely due to the failure of the political class as well as the collapse of major sectors of industrial activity In 1958 the government created the first zone of Colombia in Barranquilla 55 The city s expansion to reach neighboring towns led to the creation of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla in 1981 On August 18 1993 the Congress of Colombia through Legislative Act Number August 1 17 1993 conferred to Barranquilla the category of Special District Industrial and Port 56 21st century Edit In the 21st century the city has been working on new projects to restore itself as the strategic capital within the country Rapid urban growth including the mass migration of peasants to the main cities 57 attracted by economic development has led to the demand of numerous proposals to accommodate such growth Barranquilla has always been famous for its chaotic urban planning understandable given its spontaneous origin as a port and the reality of high administrative corruption which has hampered the channeling of resources for building an urban centre of greater structure and dimensions 58 The presentation of a new infrastructure changes in local and regional administration decentralization since 1991 international pressure to open markets and competition between the other major Colombian cities will bring about considerable development in Barranquilla into the 21st century Panorama of Barranquilla s Plaza de San Nicolas in 2012 Geography Edit Map of Barranquilla Satellite View of Barranquilla The city is located in the northeastern corner of the department of the Atlantic on the west bank of the Magdalena River 7 5 km 4 7 mi originally 25 km 16 mi before rapid urban growth from its mouth in the Caribbean 59 The municipality covers an area of 154 km2 equivalent to 4 5 of the area of the Atlantico Department Barranquilla is located at latitude 10 59 16 north of the Equator and longitude 74 47 20 west of Greenwich with reference to the Plaza de la Paz ground zero of the city The urban area is built on a slightly inclined plane whose extreme heights according to the Codazzi are 4 m and 98 m east to west Other sources say the slopes accidental heights of up to 120 meters outside the city According to Google Earth the height of the city varies between 0 m in the western breakwater up to maximum 142 m in the neighborhood of Los Nogales citation needed Politically Barranquilla is limited to the east by the department of Magdalena through the middle of the Magdalena River north to the town of Puerto Colombia and the Caribbean Sea west with the municipalities of Puerto Colombia Galapa and Tubara and south with the municipality of Soledad The main river is the Magdalena River other rivers include the Arriba Los Tramposos La Ahuyama La Tablaza and Las Companias streams run through the barrios of Rebolo Santo Domingo Las Americas y el Bosque El Lindero El Platanal El Salado El Salado 2 Don Juan Hospital La Paz Bolivar Felicidad Coltabaco Siape Calle 92 and the streets 8 15 19 51 53 58 65 and 71 60 There are also the marshes of Mallorquin Swamp The north of Barranquilla from 11 N corresponded to a region with good chances of rain water infiltration while the southern part appears as low infiltration poor soil and possible flooding from rain 61 The geological composition of the region is the Tertiary period Miocene and Pliocene in western hills and Quaternary Pleistocene and Holocene in the flatter like the sole of river According to the Geographic Institute Agustin Codazzi the materials in the area are mainly Quaternary alluvial 62 lacustrine 63 fluviolacustre 64 The land ranges from banks dikes terraces valleys narrow small alluvial fans to marshes swamps flats and hills The materials of the Tertiary Miocene and Pliocene are in the western hills and presented as varied slopes Climate Edit Barranquilla has a tropical savanna climate Koppen Aw bordering a hot semi arid climate BSh it is hot all year round with high levels of relative humidity The average temperature is 28 4 C or 83 1 F 65 Daytime temperatures usually remain around 32 C or 89 6 F Nevertheless from late November to early April trade winds more or less cool it to a more comfortable temperature during daylight During the evening and through the night temperature can change due to the strong winds it receives Rainy seasons are from April to June and from August to November when some streets flood producing arroyos streams that can be very dangerous given the lack of appropriate rain drainage in some sectors of town 66 67 Climate data for Barranquilla Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport 1971 2000 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 38 2 100 8 37 6 99 7 37 8 100 0 39 5 103 1 39 3 102 7 39 8 103 6 39 2 102 6 39 0 102 2 38 4 101 1 38 6 101 5 38 4 101 1 39 5 103 1 39 8 103 6 Average high C F 31 3 88 3 31 6 88 9 32 1 89 8 32 9 91 2 33 3 91 9 33 0 91 4 32 7 90 9 33 2 91 8 32 6 90 7 32 2 90 0 31 9 89 4 31 5 88 7 32 4 90 3 Daily mean C F 26 5 79 7 26 7 80 1 27 0 80 6 27 5 81 5 28 1 82 6 28 1 82 6 27 9 82 2 27 9 82 2 27 6 81 7 27 2 81 0 27 4 81 3 26 9 80 4 27 4 81 3 Average low C F 23 4 74 1 23 7 74 7 24 1 75 4 24 7 76 5 24 9 76 8 24 8 76 6 24 6 76 3 24 5 76 1 24 1 75 4 23 9 75 0 24 0 75 2 23 8 74 8 24 2 75 6 Record low C F 18 0 64 4 18 0 64 4 18 8 65 8 18 8 65 8 18 0 64 4 20 5 68 9 19 4 66 9 20 9 69 6 20 0 68 0 14 9 58 8 18 5 65 3 19 5 67 1 14 9 58 8 Average rainfall mm inches 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 24 0 9 116 4 6 85 3 3 67 2 6 107 4 2 154 6 1 164 6 5 74 2 9 27 1 1 822 32 4 Average rainy days 0 0 0 4 9 9 7 10 13 15 8 2 78Average relative humidity 78 77 76 78 80 81 80 81 83 84 83 80 80Mean monthly sunshine hours 283 245 241 211 187 194 217 208 166 167 191 252 2 561Source Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales 68 Flora Edit Roble morado the emblematic tree of Barranquilla Parque Santander Cayena symbolic flower of Barranquilla Mochuelo symbolic bird of Barranquilla Iguana in the area around Hotel El Prado According to the Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi Barranquilla has a dry tropical forest vegetation according to the Holdridge life zones which includes species including cacti mangroves Opuntia elatior Acanthocereus Prosopis juliflora divi divi Tabebuia rosea Cordia alba flamboyant or flame tree and Leucaena leucacephala In the fertile lands watered by the Magdalena River one can find species such as Eichhornia azurea Typha angustifolia Heliconia Eichhornia crassipes Bactris minor Anacardium excelsum Ficus radula and Lecythis minor In the urban areas are found tree species such as Gliricidia sepium Cassia nodosa Bursera simaruba Terminalia catappa Casuarina equisetifolia and species of Ceiba such as Ceiba pentandra Hura crepitans and Bombax septenatum Ficus elastica Ochroma pyramidale Erythroxylum cartagenensis Licania tomentosa Ficus religiosa Ficus benghalensis Spathodea campanulata Enterolobium cyclocarpum Samanea saman Capparis odoratissima Tabebuia coralibe Gmelina arborea Ficus nitida Cordia sebestena Tabebuia chrysantha Pithecellobium lanceolatum Kigelia pinnata Swietenia macrophylla Thespesia populnea Sterculia apetala Calophyllum mariae Platymiscium pinnatum Cordia bidentata Cocos nucifera Ficus benjamina Guazuma ulmifolia Albizia guachapele Erythrina variegata Crescentia cujete Cassia fistula Zyzygium cuminil Azadirachta indica Sapindus saponaria and various palms such as Roystonea regia and Phoenix roebelenii Fruit trees in the area include Mangifera indica Manilkara zapota Melicoccus bijugatus Psidium littorale Coccoloba uvifera Zyziphus vulgaris Annona squamosa Tamarindus indica Spondias purpurea Anacardium occidentale guanabana Citrus x limon and Swingla ornata Fauna Edit Some animal species can be found in the city such as birds like owls wrens and parrots fish such as mullet in the marshes insects such as butterflies flies mosquitoes gnats cockroaches and termites mammals such as feral dogs and cats monkeys rodents and possums zorrochuchos reptiles such as iguanas snakes and tortoises In some rural areas horses donkeys cattle pigs and goats are raised Ecology and natural resources Edit Barranquilla contains important ecosystems such as the Magdalena River Mallorquin Swamp and the Eastern pipe system The completion of the construction of embankments of Bocas de Ceniza in 1936 resulted in the deterioration of the swamp which was originally four marshes and led to the deterioration of the nearby beaches of Puerto Colombia The stream of La Victoria flows through Barranquilla Botanical Garden a community and recreational green area for public use with an approximate area of 7 hectares located in the southeastern part of the city in the neighborhood of La Victoria The lush vegetation and clear water springs have allowed a suitable habitat for rare native plant and animal species found within the city 69 Environmental pollution Edit Air qualityUnder wind atmospheric pollutants move in a north and northeasterly direction and in times of low winds or moderate winds are more evenly distributed over the city The most polluting industrial processes in the city are ammonium sulfate cement plaster and paper pulp The emission of gases from motor vehicle traffic is more critical in the central district where much of the business is The main source of air pollution is from the vehicles at 34 and then industry with 18 The pollutants emitted by vehicles are carbon monoxide 89 12 sulfur dioxide 0 23 hydrocarbons 6 46 oxides of nitrogen 3 82 and other particles 0 37 To help remedy this problem several state enterprises and private sector have supported a project to convert liquid fuel vehicles to natural gas Furthermore the city has installed more than 12 service stations catering to natural gas vehicles Barranquilla is the fourth biggest atmospheric polluter from industry 70 According to research conducted by the Institute of Hydrology Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia IDEAM monthly concentrations in Barranquilla of particulate matter smaller than 160 micrograms per cubic meter exceeds the highest international standard allowed of 70 The causes of this problem lie heavily with the poor quality of petrol and diesel used by vehicles in the city with record levels of 5 000 ppm parts per million sulfur and 4 500 ppm respectively when there are countries whose rates do not even exceed 50 71 Water pollutionAll of the surface water systems of Barranquilla the Magdalena River the Mallorquin swamp and the system of pipes and streams in the east are subject to water pollution as well as the dumping of raw sewage and solid waste by individuals The environmental effect has been reduced mainly on the Mallorquin swamp with the construction of ponds and the Estacion Depuradora de Aguas Residuales EDAR by the Triple A 72 NoiseThe maximum noise allowed is 64 decibels for residential areas and 70 to 75 for commercial and industrial areas In the center of Barranquilla the noise generated by vehicular traffic and commercial activity in peak hours can reach levels above 90 decibels making it a risk factor for population health 73 Administration Edit District mayor s building Branches of public power Edit Barranquilla is administered by the Mayor elected for 4 years who represents the executive branch to pronounce decrees and acts as legal representative in the court and district court The current mayor Jaime Pumarejo Heins began his term of office in 2020 74 Also appointed are local mayors which have the coordinating role of taking district government administrative action at each location along with the mayors elected by popular vote which integrate local administrative boards of the localities in which the city is divided The governor of Atlantico Elsa Noguera 75 since 2020 has its offices in the city and influence in the management of some critical entities such as Universidad del Atlantico the Library Department and the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Atlantico involving environmental management Administratively the mayor of Barranquilla is backed by the central government with agencies reporting directly to the Mayor Some administrative and technical departments are responsible for advising the mayor the control of urban and administrative aspects and the development of different urban projects 76 Central administration Decentralized entitiesDespacho del Alcalde Area Metropolitana de BarranquillaSecretaria de Gobierno Terminal Metropolitana de Transportes de Barranquilla S A Secretaria de Planeacion Transmetro S A Secretaria de Hacienda Promotora del Desarrollo del Distrito Central de Barranquilla S A PromocentroSecretaria de Salud Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano de Barranquilla EdubarSecretaria de Infraestructura Publica Departamento Tecnico Administrativo del Medio Ambiente de Barranquilla DamabSecretaria de Gestion Social Carnaval S A Secretaria de EducacionSecretaria de Recreacion y DeportesSecretaria de MovilidadSecretaria de Control Urbano y Espacio PublicoSecretaria de Cultura Patrimonio y TurismoSecretaria General Assembly of the Atlantico Department As for the judiciary branch the Judicial District of Barranquilla is formed by the Superior Court of the Judicial District of Barranquilla the Judicial Circle of Barranquilla the Judicial Circle of Soledad and the Judicial Circle of Sabanalarga The Court is formed by the Civil Family Chamber six judges the Laboral Chamber five judges and the Penal Chamber three judges The Judicial Circle of Barranquilla is formed by the civil family laboral and penal tribunals of Barranquilla as well as the combined tribunals of Galapa Juan de Acosta Tubara Piojo and Puerto Colombia 77 78 Administrative divisions Edit Main article Barrios of Barranquilla Map of the localities Urban rural map Localities 1 Riomar 2 Norte Centro Historico 3 Sur Occidente 4 Sur Oriente Corregimientos 1 La Playa Eduardo Santos 2 Juan Mina According to Act 768 of 2002 the district of Barranquilla is politically and administratively divided into five localities Riomar Norte Centro Historico Sur Occidente Sur Oriente and Metropolitana 79 Each locality is co managed by the elected mayors and local mayors one per locality appointed by the Mayor This choice is regulated by the District Administration At the same time localities are subdivided into barrios there are 188 barrios or wards and approximately 7 611 blocks 80 81 Legislative Act 01 of 1993 established that the district of Barranquilla also includes the neighborhood Las Flores the village of La Playa formerly belonging to the municipality of Puerto Colombia and the western breakwater of Bocas de Ceniza in the Magdalena River Swamp area of Mallorquin The local authority also includes the village of Juan Mina 71 Metropolitan Area Edit The Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla is an urban agglomeration located in the northeastern corner of Atlantico 82 Its main focus is the district of Barranquilla and Soledad peripheral municipalities Galapa Puerto Colombia Malambo It was created by Decree Law 3104 December 14 1979 article 16 and put into operation by ordinance 028 December 11 1981 83 Its operation is governed by Act 128 of 1994 Ley Organica de Areas Metropolitanas 84 It is run by the Metropolitan Board which is chaired by the Metropolitan Mayor who in turn is the district mayor of Barranquilla In addition the Board is composed of the governor of the Atlantico department the mayors of suburban municipalities the representative council of Barranquilla and one representative from the councils of the associated municipalities The director of the entity is the Secretary of the Metropolitan Board 85 Municipality Areakm2 Population Census 2018 Population Estimate 2023 Population density 2023 pop km2 Altitudem Distance fromBarranquilla km Metropolitan mapBarranquilla 154 1 206 319 1 327 209 8 618 18 0 Soledad 67 603 999 692 799 10 340 5 3Malambo 108 128 203 145 396 1 346 10 12Puerto Colombia 93 49 264 55 890 601 5 13Galapa 98 60 708 69 820 712 83 8Total 520 2 048 493 2 291 114 4 406 Census 2005 2014 estimates by DANE Official municipal websites 86 87 88 89 Defense Edit Barranquilla is home to the First Division of the National Army of Colombia formed in part by the Second Mechanised Brigade which consists of the No 4 Battalion Mechanized Infantry Battalion No 2 Military Police Battalion No 2 Support Services and other units 90 In the nearby town of Malambo is located the No 3 Air Combat Command Cacom 3 of the Colombian Air Force which is responsible for ensuring the constitutional order and to exercise national sovereignty over air operations 91 and whose jurisdiction comprises the mainland north of Colombia the island area of the Archipelago of San Andres Providencia and Santa Catalina and Colombian territorial waters in the Caribbean Sea 92 Attorney General s Office State institutions Edit In Barranquilla are the most important regional headquarters of many Colombian state entities which are intended to develop programs and strategies defined by national guidelines Aside from the Judiciary and Superior courts of Barranquilla these include the Attorney General s Office Attorney General s Office Comptroller General s Office the Administrative Security Department National Apprenticeship Service the National Civil Registry National Police Army Superintendent of Public Services Ombudsman Telecom Instituto de Seguros Sociales ISS Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Studies Abroad Solidarity Network National Bureau of Statistics Chamber of Commerce Bureau of Revenue and Customs DIAN Banco de la Republica the Colombian Air Force Navy Codazzi the Supreme Judicial Council National Compensation Fund Cajanal among others Economy EditEconomic indicators GDP 2006 US 4 605 millionCOP 10 858 185 millionGDP per capita 2006 US 2 209COP 4 945 029Unemployment rate 2010 9 2 93 Annual inflation 2010 3 38 94 Monthly inflation 2010 0 28 Country risk 2009 38 85 points 95 Data retrieved from the Barranquilla Chamber of Commerce 96 Source DANE To give a boost to the infrastructure development of the city World Bank IBRD loans were sought from 1952 onwards to improve municipal water works sewage system and slaughterhouse services 97 Because of its importance in the sector of national economy the municipality of Barranquilla passed to the category of Special Industrial District and Port in 1993 Barranquilla is a major industrial centre and its economic activity is dynamic concentrated mainly in industry commerce finance services and fishing Among the industrial products are vegetable fats and oils pharmaceuticals chemicals industrial footwear dairy products meats beverages soap building materials furniture plastics cement metalworking parts garments clothing buses and boats and petroleum products Its port is also the hub for cotton from the rural areas coffee and petroleum apart from the diversified industrial products manufactured in the city 98 The maritime and river ports are engines of the industrial and commercial development of the region The port of Barranquilla covers two main routes The Magdalena River connects with the inner country and the Caribbean Coast through which millions of tons are traded with the United States Europe and Asia 99 Barranquilla has an international airport and it is one of the two airports in the country authorized for international cargo The new Center of Events and Exhibitions of the Caribbean aims to become the epicenter of business trade investment and culture of the Caribbean 99 The city s economic activity is dynamic and focuses mainly on industry commerce finance logistics services and fishing Industrial products include vegetable fats and oils pharmaceutical products industrial chemicals shoes dairy products soft drinks construction materials furniture plastics cement clothes and metal mechanical parts among others 99 The Arabs Syro Lebanese and Jews who were a small group of immigrants to the country in the late 19th century were exclusively involved in commercial activities and made significant value additions to the economy of the Caribbean natural region in Colombia as a whole and Barranquilla in particular Their prominent presence in the community known as cosmopolitan bourgeoisie as social and political elites which has enabled them to diversify their activities 100 Proportion of occupations Banco de la Republica Statistics Edit According to the Integrated Household Survey by DANE in Barranquilla during the quarter February to April 2010 the overall participation rate TGP was 58 5 occupancy rate TO of 53 5 the underemployment rate subjective TS Sub 8 4 the underemployment rate target TS Obj of 6 5 and the unemployment rate TD of 5 5 Also for the period May 2009 April 2010 the TGP was 58 52 4 OT ST U of 10 6 CS Obj 5 6 and TD of 4 7 According to the 2005 census 12 0 of establishments engaged in industry 65 2 in trade services 51 3 and 1 4 to another activity 24 8 of rural homes were occupied in farming 43 5 of the establishments served between 1 and 10 jobs the month before the census Most households simultaneously have 2 or 3 types of activities to make a living 101 The Gran Central de Abastos del Caribe market hall is very important for the collection and distribution of food to the city 102 The City of Barranquilla is today under a new administration of Mayor Alejandro Char who made a lot of changes in the whole metropolitan area with the construction of Trans Millennium modernizing the city and promoting the industry and commerce taken the city to have the lowest unemployment of the whole nation Barranquilla has today only 5 6 unemployment while the nation is over 12 Economic zones Edit According to the results of the Index of Industrial density by department in four major cities IDI 2000 2006 DANE Barranquilla is fourth with a coefficient of 1 4338 establishments per km 103 The primary industrial corridors are the Via 40 Circunvalar Calle 30 and Barranquillita Industrial parks include Metroparque Industrial del Caribe Industrial Riomar Industrial Comercial y Portuario PIPCA Industrial del Norte Industrial La Trinidad and the long established Marisol and Almaviva The city is divided into different infrastructure zones the Zona Franca de Barranquilla is the oldest and largest of the country which has around 90 companies operating within it 104 As of 2007 update the construction of three new zones is underway with all international specifications the first in Galapa to 11 km 7 mi and 20 minutes from the port the second in Barranquillita and third in the neighboring village of Juan Mina known as the La Cayena 105 106 The sea and river terminals are the engines of industrial and commercial development of the Caribbean Region The port of Barranquilla covers two main routes the Magdalena River which communicates with the interior of the country and the Caribbean Sea from which millions of tonnes of goods are traded Europe and Asia With the growing expansion and demand for coal the authorities are considering developing a Deep Water Port of Barranquilla Superpuerto as it is called locally with an initial investment of 170 million 107 Demographics EditPopulation of Barranquilla 1905 2005 YearPop 190538 555 1938150 395 290 1 1951279 627 85 9 1964 498 301 78 2 1973 703 488 41 2 1985 899 781 27 9 1993 1 026 370 14 1 2005 1 112 889 8 4 2018 1 206 319 8 4 Source Census by DANE According to the census conducted by DANE in 2005 adjusted to June 30 2007 the population of Barranquilla is 1 148 506 with 1 821 517 people in its metropolitan area 101 making it the most populous city of the Colombian Caribbean Coast and the fourth in the nation after Bogota Medellin and Cali 108 In accordance with Article 102 of Act 142 of 1994 the different neighborhoods of the city are classified according to the 6 socioeconomic categories for residential property in Colombia 109 110 The layers 1 and 2 correspond to the sectors in southeast southwest northwest and northeast of the city layers 3 and 4 to the south central the central and northern part and layers 5 and 6 to the north Approximately 1 144 470 people live in urban areas and 4 036 in rural areas The population density is 6918 71 inhabitants per square kilometre 47 5 of the population is male and the remaining 52 5 female Approximately 57 9 of households have 4 or fewer people 26 7 of the population of the city was born in another municipality and 0 4 in another country 5 3 of the population of Barranquilla has a permanent limitation 101 According to the 2005 census 61 5 of people living were living in a home 32 4 in apartments and 6 2 in another housing solution Among the causes of change of residence 63 3 of the population of Barranquilla who changed residence in the last five years did so for family reasons 9 2 for difficulty in finding a job 13 3 for other reasons and 2 to avoid life threatening situations 101 Gender proportion Type of housing Population by place of birthBirth and death Edit In 2007 there were 29 900 births in Barranquilla which was a sharp decrease compared to 32 108 in 2006 Deaths in 2007 were 4 310 in the city 111 which shows a decrease compared to 5 938 in 2006 Barranquilla men have a life expectancy at birth of 72 07 years and women 77 71 years much like the national average 74 0 112 The infant mortality rate of 17 7 for every thousand children born is well below the national average 26 The government aims to lower it to 15 and in children under five years from 20 7 to 18 113 Crime and security Edit Further information Crime in Colombia In Barranquilla in 2007 there were 348 homicides compared to 391 in 2006 a decrease of 11 over the previous year In Colombia in 2007 the homicide rate per 100 000 population from Barranquilla 22 is only exceeded by those of Cali 57 Bucaramanga 32 and Medellin 30 In the past 6 years 2002 2007 however the number of homicides has been declining the lowest in 2007 with a peak of 483 killings in 2003 Thuggery 42 24 fights 31 61 and robbery 14 94 are the main types of homicide in the city Historically the days when most homicides occur are Saturday and Sunday but in 2007 there was a uniform distribution approximately 15 on all days 114 115 85 23 of homicides are by firearm Barranquilla and Cali in 2007 recorded the highest percentage of homicides involving firearms in Colombia Most homicides are concentrated in the centre and south of the city Another type of crime in Barranquilla also showed a growth trend over the past two years is theft commercial entities 713 in 2007 630 in 2006 mainly in the north and centre residences 528 in 2007 467 in 2006 mainly in the north financial institutions 20 in 2006 21 in 2007 mainly in the north and people 2 692 in 2007 2 146 in 2006 mainly in centre north and south 114 115 The programs developed by the Policia del Atlantico to improve safety are CAI Mobile Community Youth Civic Police DARE and Make Peace Citizen Support Network is made up of School Safety Security Fronts the Road Information Community Networks the network of informants and collaborators and the Support Network and Communications 116 Community management has sought to increase police presence on the streets and neighborhoods and has set up the Police Bike Block which consists of 1 officer 3 NCOs 8 and 60 auxiliary patrol graduates 117 The city is operating the emergency telephone system of the National Police through the toll free number 112 In addition to the National Police the Fire Department Civil Defense and Red Cross assist in the maintenance of public safety Cityscape Edit View of Barranquilla s skyline the Magdalena River flowing into the Caribbean sea in the background Barranquilla is Considered the capital of the Colombian Caribbean City planning Edit Centro historico Edit The Centro historico is between Carreras 35 and 46 and Calles 30 and 46 and includes parts of San Roque and Downtown districts 118 It is part of the town historical centre and North Central District In the Centro historico are the headquarters of the administrative powers of the city and the department Socio economically this was the most important area until the 80 s when the centre s deterioration led to the displacement of formal trade and banking to the north of the city Despite the decline the Centre remains at the heart of the city and is the most representative and important sector in economic terms There is an intense commercial activity at the public market In addition the centre hosts a number of buildings of the Republican period and structures of immense historical and architectural value The Centro historico of Barranquilla is a nationally protected site by the Ministry of Culture through resolution 1614 of 1999 119 Since the 90 s the historic center of Barranquilla is in the process of recovery which was consolidated in 2008 with the Ministry of Culture s announcement for a public competition of urban design 120 121 At local government level the development of Barranquilla centre is sponsored by the Promotora del Desarrollo del Distrito Central de Barranquilla S A Promocentro a decentralized body attached to the District Municipality 122 123 El paseo de Bolivar Paseo de Bolivar The paseo de Bolivar in the heart of Barranquilla is the most important avenue of the city and the place from which it expanded Until the late nineteenth century it was called Calle Ancha Broad Street but in 1886 Mayor Antonio Abello renamed it Abello In the early twentieth century it was located at the north end of Columbus statue so it was called Paseo de Colon In 1937 a plaza was built at its northern end with an equestrian statue of the Liberator Simon Bolivar a gift from Andres Obregon to the city in 1919 and it was renamed Paseo de Bolivar 124 It is the linchpin of the historic center housing many buildings from the Republican period which are in the process of being restored 125 Public spaces Edit Locals at the Plaza de San Nicolas Land use including public space and urban planning are regulated by the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial which is prepared by the Mayor through the District Planning Secretariat and approved or revised by the District Council Barranquilla has an acute deficiency of public spaces and planting trees reflected in an average of 0 083 m2 1 sq ft of squares and green areas per inhabitant The area of the city that has the highest use of public space is the Centre where 9069 stationary street vendors exist according to the 2005 census 118 126 Plazas Plaza de la Paz Among the plazas of the city are Plaza de Bolivar located at the north end of the promenade of the same name which is the center of the city and the spearhead of restoration of the historic centre rebuilt in 2003 Plaza de San Nicolas opposite the church of San Nicolas was the center of the cultural commercial and religious Barranquilla in early twentieth century Plaza de la Paz was built in 1986 opposite the Metropolitan Cathedral to welcome Pope John Paul II It is an important site of mass social political and cultural demonstrations It contains the sculpture El Policia Amigo Plazuela Esthercita Forero is located between Carrera 43 and Calle 74 was built in 2003 It pays tribute to the composer Esthercita Forero who has a statue and floor plates with the names of his songs Plaza Mario Santo Domingo is an important public space that is part of the Caribbean Cultural Park and Plaza de la Locomotora was built in 2002 as part of the Cultural Complex of the former Customs It exhibits a locomotive of the era where goods were moved by rail between Barranquilla and the alternate port located in the town of Puerto Colombia Parks Parque Venezuela Parque Tomas Suri Salcedo was named in honor of the Minister of Finance and was built in 1921 Located in the strategic area of Calle 72 and Avenida Olaya Herrera it offers rides and houses the Elias Chegwin basketball arena It also hosts the annual Festival del Dulce in time for Easter Parque Metropolitano located on the south side of the Roberto Melendez stadium and velodrome in the south of the city also contains a part of the Murillo bridge over the Avenue Circunvalar It was built for the 2001 Copa America In 2007 a sculpture of Shakira was added there Parque Santander dedicated to the memory of Francisco de Paula Santander lies in the heart of the traditional neighborhood of El Prado And Parque de Los Fundadores is located in the ancient neighborhood of El Prado along the central boulevard it contains several monuments like the eagle in tribute to aviation pioneers who were killed in the crash of 1924 Monuments Monument to the Flag Barranquilla pays tribute to local heroes and national personalities and sister nations as well as national holidays sports art culture and historical and religious events and religious Among the most important monuments of the city are the Equestrian statue of Simon Bolivar 1919 in the square of the same name the center of the city the Carrara marble statue of Christopher Columbus the Discoverer on the Boulevard de la Carrera 50 which was a gift from the Italian colony in 1892 to mark the fourth centenary of the discovery of America the Statue of Liberty at Independence Park a gift from the Syrian colony in 1910 to mark the centenary of the Independence of Colombia the statue of General Francisco de Paula Santander 1922 in the park of the same name and the Monumento a la Bandera 1932 In 2007 three historic cannons that were used in the cause of independence were restored the famous Canon Verde Boliche and Rebolo The first two were located in the corners of the south side of the Plaza de Bolivar and the last in the first floor of City Hall Road NamingBarranquilla has a complete road layout where the roads are twisted in a perpendicular way forming blocks Using an alphanumeric nomenclature replaced the vernacular names Streets were named to those that progress from east to west and starting at the Maritime Terminal and those moving from south to north from Avenue Circunvalar in the field of the Metropolitan Stadium If the property is situated on a street an address will begin by Calle otherwise by Carrera followed by the number of the street and then separated by the symbol and then usually the name number of the closest cross street For example Calle 47B 21 10 Carrera 5 Sur 50 04 Architecture Edit Barranquilla s architecture was built almost entirely in the twentieth century In the city there are buildings of the colonial period in the early decades of the independent nation but the profusion of styles that flourished from the late nineteenth century give the city a cosmopolitan atmosphere This architectural splendor is testament to the influence of the people arriving in the port for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from North America Europe the Middle East and Asia many of whom settled in Barranquilla and imported architectural styles 127 Among the most important styles are neoclassical and art deco and interesting examples of neo colonial architecture modern contemporary eclectic Mudejar Spanish late Baroque Mozarabic and Netherlands Antilles style Caribbean architecture Some modern buildings are influenced by international architects such as Oscar Niemeyer Le Corbusier who was in Barranquilla at the end of the 1940s Leopoldo Rother Mies van der Rohe and Richard Neutra among others that have contributed to an impressive architectural landscape 127 Republican architecture Casona Republicana an example of neo classical architecture in the barrio of El Prado The so called Republican architecture style refers to the architecture of the period in Colombia after independence in 1819 wand around 1930 which brings together different styles in the city including the late baroque and neoclassical Spanish Since the beginning of the twentieth century neoclassical buildings were especially welcome in Barranquilla Among the outstanding examples are Instituto La Salle Villa Heraldo la Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Atlantico former home of writer Alvaro Cepeda Samudio the residence of Ezequiel Rosado Funeraria Jardines del Recuerdo the restored Customs building the former Banco Comercial de Barranquilla and Banco Dugand y La Perla among many others mainly in the neighborhood of El Prado and in the Centro Historico de Barranquilla Other noteworthy buildings are the Hotel El Prado Spanish late Baroque the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlantico and the Intendencia Fluvial 127 128 The transition 1930 1945 Edificio Garcia 1938 Art deco Colombian architectural movement prior to the Modern Movement looks notably different from buildings of the Republicans Most prominent is art nouveau and art deco 127 In the city there are many buildings with Art Deco style typical of the 1930s as the Estadio Romelio Martinez 1935 the Departmental Library of Baranquilla 1945 the Rex Theatre 1935 the late Metro Theatre 1946 former Apollo Shaare Sedek Synagogue 1946 1947 the building of the Agricultural Exhibition 1936 later became Industrial School the Eckardt building 1939 the former residence of the Cuban architect Manuel Carrera in the Bellavista neighborhood the Garcia building 1938 Teatro Colon 1946 the former building of Avianca 1934 the last four designed by Manuel Carrera 127 129 130 The Estadio Romelio Martinez stadium was recognized in 1995 as a national monument by the Ministry of Culture the first Art Deco building in Barranquilla to obtain this declaration 131 Modern movement 1945 1970 Edificio Nacional 1945 and Rodrigo Lara Bonilla most recent The Modern Architecture is characterized by being free of ornamental designs that identify the buildings of the Republican period and the trend toward architectural rationalism in concrete Among the most valuable examples of modern architecture in the city include the National Building 1945 seat of the judicial branch designed by German architect Leopoldo Rother Queen Mary s Cathedral begun in 1955 and the old building of the Agricultural Credit Bank 1964 located on the top of Paseo de Bolivar and designed by architect Fernando Martinez Sanabria Also worth mentioning is the Sena buildings the elegant building of Telecom with a sculpture by Alejandro Obregon in the square of access the buildings of the Universidad del Atlantico and the Mayor building in the Paseo de Bolivar a former building of the Bank of the Republic 127 132 1970 1985 Executive Centre I in the north of Barranquilla This is a period in which the system Unidad de Poder Adquisitivo Constante UPAC resulted in the commercialization of architecture at the expense of spatial quality and aesthetics The search for safer environments brought about the proliferation of housing complexes and shopping centres closed The Postmodern Movement appears briefly trying to enhance the historical styles left behind by the modern movement During this recovery period buildings of important architectural heritage were recognized and protected such as the Centro Historico Among the most representative buildings of this period include the Executive Centre I the Girasol building the towers of the Banco Popular Bogota and Bancolombia and the Rodrigo Lara Bonilla building 127 Contemporary architectureOf note are recent buildings such as the World Trade Center of Baranquilla and many apartment towers north of the city and headquarters of Metrotel and Prado Office Center neoclassical to be consistent with the architecture of the neighborhood of El Prado where they are located 127 Religious buildings Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepcion The city has a large number of temples of worship demonstrating the city s multicultural nature with various architectural styles beautifying the landscape and offering visitors exquisite interior The most important are Catedral Maria Reina late modern architecture Iglesia de San Nicolas de Tolentino eclectic style Iglesia San Roque de Montpellier Iglesia Inmaculada Concepcion Iglesia Nuestra Senora del Perpetuo Socorro Iglesia de San Jose Iglesia de Nuestra Senora del Carmen Iglesia del Sagrado Corazon Iglesia de Nuestra Senora del Rosario Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de Chiquinquira Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Torcoroma Iglesia de San Francisco Iglesia de la Sagrada Familia Iglesia Bautista Central Capilla del Liceo de Cervantes Iglesia Nuestra Senora de la Caridad del Cobre Bet El Synagogue and many others Tourist landmarks Edit Barranquilla has developed throughout the years an active business and commercial tourist centre especially during times of carnivals and New Year s Eve when it receives a large influx of visitors The northern sector of the city is the most modern and best equipped in terms of infrastructure with the best neighborhoods parks hotels and shopping centers It is also the axis of cultural and business life of Barranquilla It is the location of promising new developments in infrastructure and urban architectural projects of great importance in the city In terms of hotels the city has an adequate infrastructure One can find everything from residences to inns and 5 star national and international hotel chains The best hotels are located in the north of the city near important business districts and shopping centres which are also often used for holding events conventions conferences among others Barranquilla offers locals and visitors a variety of venues and shopping malls where domestic and imported goods can be purchased The main business sectors are the centre and north of the city Calle 98 is an exclusive area located north of Barranquilla the axis of the expansion of the city with new shopping centres sports complexes and residential complexes Calle 84 is located north of the city and became fashionable as a place of celebration during qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup It was called the Calle de la Rumba Calle Murillo is a large area that starts in the central and southern ends of town near the Estadio Roberto Melendez Carrera 53 lies in the exclusive neighborhood of El Country and Alto Prado centered on Washington Park where there are fine restaurants bars and nightclubs Among the main tourist sites include Bocas de Ceniza and the Magdalena River Bocas de Ceniza Bocas de Ceniza is the mouth of the Magdalena River in the Caribbean Sea Its importance lies in accessing the port of Barranquilla Occasionally trips are organized on river barges that depart from Las Flores to Bocas de Ceniza There are also special excursions made by small boats along the river enjoying the local restaurants and touring the nearby swamps The Port of Puerto ColombiaBuilt in 1893 by the Barranquilla Railway amp Pier Company under the direction of Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros the pier in the neighboring municipality of Puerto Colombia was once one of the longest in the world Thousands of immigrants came into the country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries at this port In 2008 it was partially closed due to its progressive degradation On March 7 2009 it suffered the collapse of the final 200 meters of its structure because of strong winds forcing its complete closure and evacuation of the inhabitants of the area Despite having been declared a National Monument in 1998 no restoration work has ever been done Because of the latest tragedy the local government is developing a strategy to rebuild it 133 Flamingos at the zooBarranquilla ZooBarranquilla Zoo is a wildlife sanctuary which houses colorful native and foreign animal species with an emphasis on Colombian fauna and the protection of endangered species 134 It has over 500 animals of 140 species from chickens to elephants or lions to many different mammals fish birds reptiles amphibians and primates Villa Country Around Barranquilla Edit A maximum one hour by road are several tourist attractions in the surrounding area Northwest of the department bordering the Caribbean Sea there are a number of resorts like Pradomar Salgar Sabanilla Puerto Colombia Santa Veronica Cano Dulce Playa Mendoza Puerto Velero Puerto Mocho Cisne Lake where visitors can enjoy a variety of water sports camping fishing and excursions Paragliding is offered at the Cupino hill in the municipality of Puerto Colombia In Usiacuri tourists can visit the house of the poet Julio Florez and buy handicrafts In the municipalities of Luruaco and Repelon people can practice water sports and other recreational activities In other areas of the Atlantico department are livestock fairs cultural festivals gastronomic folkloric and musical events such as the Cartagena and Santa Marta also major tourist cities and colonies Cultural landmarks Edit Teatro Amira de la Rosa Teatro Amira de la Rosa Edit Housed in a traditional strategic sector of the city at the confluence of the deep rooted neighborhoods of El Prado Montecristo and Abajo on May 7 1976 Barranquilla marked a milestone in its musical and social history with the presentation of Sinfonia Latina a concert that was held at the Municipal Theater of Barranquilla known today as the Amira de la Rosa Theater 135 This theatre as well as venues such as the Coliseo Humberto Perea and Casa del Carnaval Colosseum has had an important role in cultural diffusion since 1982 with space for gatherings presentations meetings concerts and exhibitions It is named after playwright poet journalist and writer Amira de la Rosa Museums Edit Museo Romantico Romantic Museum is located in a Republican mansion in El Prado district showing objects from the history of the city Costumes can be seen from the Carnival Queens to a replica of the old Abello ridge on the Paseo de Bolivar through to the typewriter that Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote his first novel on La Hojarasca There are also letters of Simon Bolivar photographs albums collections of newspapers and other items that identify the history of the city Museo del Caribe Museum of the Caribbean is located in the Parque Cultural del Caribe Museo Antropologico y Etnologico Anthropological and Ethnological Museum is housed in the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlantico It presents a comprehensive collection of pieces from the indigenous cultures that inhabited the region It also provides services as a newspaper library reading room and exhibition hall Museo de Arte Moderno Museum of Modern Art established in 1996 brings together an important selection of works by several of the most important artists of the second half of the twentieth century The collection includes works by renowned authors such as Fernando Botero Alejandro Obregon Enrique Grau and Luis Caballero It is planned to be transferred to the Parque Cultural del Caribe 136 137 Museo Aeronautico Aeronautical Museum is located at the Naval Officers School ARC founded in 1989 in tribute to the momentum that took place in Barranquilla with commercial aviation in the early twentieth century Museo del Atlantico Museum of the Atlantic is a new regional museum located in the former headquarters of the Government of the Atlantico Department covering over 4 000 square metres 138 Museo del Carnaval Carnival Museum is another new museum established pm April 7 2011 by the Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla in partnership with the Parque Cultural del Caribe and the Museo del Caribe located in the Casa del Carnaval in the barrio of Abajo 139 El Teatro fue cerrado en 2016 por problemas estructurales 140 en medio de controversias respecto a su urgente renovacion y apertura 141 Emblematic Cultural Sites and Organizations Edit Parque Cultural del Caribe Parque Cultural del Caribe Parque Cultural del Caribe Caribbean Cultural Park is an ambitious cultural complex unique in its kind in the Caribbean Region and Colombia Conceived in the framework of the restoration of the historic center of the city it promotes the natural cultural and historical aspects of the Colombian Caribbean It comprises the Museo del Caribe La Biblioteca Infantil Piloto del Caribe La Biblioteca Mediateca Macondo specializing in the work of Gabriel Garcia Marquez a Documentation Centre a Multi Function Room and a public plaza outdoor theatre The second phase of the development will be complemented by El Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla and La Cinemateca del Caribe 142 Custom Elbers cultural park Plaza of the locomotive Centro Cultural Colombo AmericanoSince its inauguration in 1956 Centro Cultural Colombo Americano is the icon of the culture of the United States and the English language in Barranquilla Mostly known as the Colombo Americano this institution is one of the bi national centers BNCs in Colombia autonomous non profit organizations created after the Second World War to contribute to good relations between Colombia and the United States As well as the other binational centers of the Centros Colombo Americano Network in Colombia the Barranquilla Colombo Americano provides educational advising information about U S education testing service and the main English institute of the region Its George Washington Library is the only public bilingual library in Barranquilla with an enormous stock of books and some other resources The Cultural Agenda of the Colombo Americano comprises a great variety of free activities and performances that articulate Colombian and American artists with the intellectual community in Barranquilla With the financial support of the U S Department of the State the Colombo Americano manages some fellowship programs for needy communities Former customs Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana The Republican group of former customs buildings known as the Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana were restored during the 1990s to house the Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe File Historico del Atlantico Musical Documentation Centre Estacion Montoya Parque Cultural Aduana Elbers consecrated in memory of Magdalena river transport pioneer Juan Bernardo Elbers Pllaza de la Locomotora and Alejandro Obregon s Simbologia de Barranquilla established in 1956 by the Banco Popular which donated it to the Government of the Atlantico Department in 1994 for restoration OtherThe restaurant bar La Cueva became known for its cultural activity in the twentieth century 143 Other significant complexes are the Casa del Carnaval Cinemateca del Caribe 144 and the Planetario de Barranquilla 145 Culture Edit The carnival is the most important festival in Barranquilla Throughout the year the city has considerable cultural activity and the best known instance of this is the Carnival of Barranquilla one of the most famous festivals in Colombia It is a multicultural event that is held every year in February and welcomes the world to four days of celebrations costumes and parades highlighting the cultural traditions from the 19th Century It is held annually during the four days preceding Ash Wednesday Saturday Sunday Monday and Tuesday usually in February or early March In 2001 it was declared the Cultural Patrimony of the Nation by the National Congress of Colombia and in 2003 Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO The city is home to varied manifestations as folk dances songs games legends tales and superstitions among others many of which reach their peak during the Carnival Barranquilla is home to many cultural events like art shows exhibitions literary workshops talks philosophy plays poetry workshops dances exhibitions concerts and festivals like the Festival de Orquestas under the Carnival and Barranquijazz Since 1957 it conducts the Concert of the Month for the dissemination of classical music The culture is promoted in the city by the Institute of Culture and Tourism of Barranquilla 146 assigned to the Mayor and entities such as the Centro Cultural Cayena of the Universidad del Norte the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlantico Centro Cultural de Comfamiliar Combarranquilla Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla Banco de la Republica Alianza Colombo Francesa Centro Cultural Colombo Americano Salon Cultural de Avianca Corporacion Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe lBiblioteca Infantil Piloto del Caribe File Historico del Atlantico and the Centro de Documentacion Musical Hans Federico Neuman among many others Language Edit In Barranquilla the people speak a variant of Espanol costeno Coastal Spanish with well defined local variants and accents Folk music Edit Monument in homage to cumbia Cumbia is musical rhythm and dance most important and representative of the city deeply rooted in the entire Caribbean region of Colombia Other important musical rhythms are pulled the jalao puya garabato cumbion chande porro gaita bullerengue merecumbe vallenato and pajarito Other traditional dances are Congo Mapale Son de Negro Diablos Gusano and Farotas Also represented is the Marimondas the Monocucos and the Toritos and those associated with the famous Carnaval de Barranquilla 147 Famous salsa singer Joe Arroyo was an avid lover of the city and its carnival as can be heard in songs such as En Barranquilla Me Quedo and Carnaval from the 1988 album Fuego En Mi Mente He lived a large part of his life in Barranquilla and after his death also in Barranquilla was buried in the city s cemetery A statue in his honor was inaugurated on December 17 2011 known as La Estatua del Joe Arroyo On November 9 2011 Shakira born in Barranquilla performed a cover of Arroyo s song En Barranquilla Me Quedo at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer when she was honoured as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Events Edit In addition to the Carnival of Barranquilla and related activities some of the most important cultural events in the city are Barranquijazz jazz festival which brings together major international figures of jazz held in September at the Amira de la Rosa Theatre among other places Carnaval de las Artes a cultural event uniting intellectuals writers filmmakers musicians and artists of national and international reputation Feria Artesanal y Folclorica Craft and Folk Fair on the eastern side of the stadium Feria del Juguete Toy Fair a great sale of toys during the month of December in the grounds of the Universal cemetery Festival Internacional de Cuenteros El Caribe Cuenta with humor and stories which is held annually in August Plataforma K Evento an annual fashion event organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla held in March at the Universidad del Norte Salon de Artistas Costenos an art festival organised annually by the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla and the Miche Rock Festival supported by the District Department of Culture of Barranquilla and the Departmental Secretariat of Culture 148 Gastronomy Edit Pigeon pea stew with salted meat Barranquilla serves a wide variety of cuisine to match its cosmopolitan population and tourists Restaurants can be enjoyed from Creole cuisine to some of the most important international cuisines such as Syrian Lebanese due to the significant presence of descendants of immigrants from the Middle East Chinese Japanese Brazilian Peruvian French Italian Thai Spanish etc The typical dish of the city is plain rice which is served with cassava buns Very characteristic of the local cuisine is a pigeon pea stew called sancocho de guandu or guandul with salted meat which even has its own annual festival butifarras soledenas suero queso costeno fried arepas carimanolas empanadas cupcakes patacones black bean rice chipichipi and cucayo noodles drinks like raspao boli sugar water tamarindo zapote and nispero coconut candies and Easter candy cake fish shrimp and oysters beef chicken pork and chicken dishes and pork rinds 149 150 Cazuela de mariscos a seafood stew is also a typical dish found in Barranquilla 151 Chuzo desgranado a fast food dish is also from the region 152 Education Edit Educational attainment by the people of Barranquilla 2005 Education in the city is regulated by the Ministry of Education and the District Mayor 153 The city offers the national education system in their levels of primary and secondary education and university and multiple technical and technological institutions In recent decades Barranquilla received a number of students who could not pursue higher education studies in the absence of institutions in their places of origin This had tended to decrease in recent years due to increased educational opportunities has been achieved in these regions Some of the personalities who have contributed to the educational development of the city have been Manuel Maria Salgado a pioneer of high school in Barranquilla founder of the Instituto de Barranquilla in 1849 the German educator Karl Meisel founder of the Colegio Ribon in 1881 which became the Colegio de Barranquilla in 1908 Julio Enrique Blanco founder of Universidad del Atlantico Ramon Renowitzky Secretary of Education in the mid twentieth century and Turkish educator and translator Alberto Assa According to the census conducted by DANE in 2005 66 5 of the population of 3 to 5 years 89 2 of the population aged 6 to 10 years and 83 7 of the population aged 11 to 17 years attend a formal educational institution 12 8 have reached the professional level and 1 4 have specialized degrees master or doctorate The resident population without any education is 6 2 94 1 of the population 5 years and over are literate 101 Universities Edit The Graduate School Building of the Universidad del Norte Barranquilla is home to several universities with high academic standards and research including Universidad del Norte 154 Universidad del Atlantico Universidad Autonoma del Caribe 155 Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla 156 Universidad Simon Bolivar 157 Universidad Metropolitana 158 Corporacion Universitaria de la Costa 159 Universidad Antonio Narino 160 and Fundacion Universitaria San Martin 161 At the undergraduate level courses offered by different universities include engineering systems civil mechanical electronic industrial chemical electrical and environmental the health sciences medicine nursing physiotherapy bacteriology nutrition optometry dentistry social work occupational therapy speech therapy surgical instrumentation and microbiology economic and administrative sciences business administration economics accounting finance international business basic sciences mathematics physics microbiology chemistry biology education social natural physical education preschool math Spanish foreign languages the social sciences philosophy history sociology psychology social communication international relations fine arts music visual arts performing arts architecture and legal sciences law political science among others In terms of graduate studies Universidad del Norte offers fifteen doctoral programs 162 including Social Science Industrial Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Psychology and Universidad del Atlantico offers a doctorate in Science Education 163 Universidad del Norte offers a significant number of master s degrees in various branches of learning such as engineering health sciences education environment and administration 162 Other universities offering master s studies are Atlantico Simon Bolivar and Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Secondary and technical institutions Edit The city also has secondary education institutions public and private high school several of which rate high in the country according to studies conducted by ICFES 164 The State National Training Service has an important work in the technical and technological training In Barranquilla there are 4 SENA centres the Centre for Trade and Services Aviation and Industry the Colombo German National Centre and the Cedagro Centre for Agroecology Development and Agribusiness 165 Since 2009 the city has Instituto Tecnologico de Soledad Atlantico ITSA which offers courses in technical subjects such as electromechanical maintenance electronics telecommunications computing industrial processes agro industrial production foreign trade and international business business management etc ITSA has around 9 600 students from low income strata 1 and 2 166 Educational expansion Edit Left Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe Right Faculty of Fine Arts at the Universidad del Atlantico Since 2008 the city has embarked upon an ambitious plan to reduce the deficit in school places by building educational parks in the neighborhoods of Las Americas Lipaya 7 de abril and Rebolo through property integration These parks will have community services such as library auditorium computer rooms sports facilities and classrooms 167 Similarly for 2010 is 4 modern colleges with a total capacity for 5 760 students two in Las Cayenas one in Ciudadela Veinte de Julio and one in Lipaya each with a capacity of 1440 students 168 In February 2009 the college Pies Descalzos was opened in La Playa built by Shakira and endowed by the District through community resources with a capacity for 1 800 students 169 170 Science and research Edit Science and research are mainly in the universities at the request of state policies defined by the National Science and Technology the National Innovation System and Colciencias Universidad del Atlantico is the institution with research groups such as Colciencias which recognized and registered with the International Network for Information and Knowledge Sources for Sciences Technology and Innovation The universities are engaged in scientific research in various fields such as medicine chemistry geophysics biology physics microbiology law history philosophy Caribbean culture telecommunications and the various branches of engineering 171 172 173 Among the public libraries in the city include the Barranquilla Departmental Library the Biblioteca Piloto del Caribe and Julio Hoenigsberg Also notable are the libraries of universities especially Atlantico and Norte universities Transport Edit The first airport in South America Barranquilla s Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport 1919 Pumarejo Bridge Port of Barranquilla Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport was built in Barranquilla in 1919 becoming South America s first 174 The city is served by domestic and international flights Pumarejo Bridge over the Magdalena River is one of the most prominent civil engineering works in the city and the longest in Colombia at just over 1 5 km 0 9 mi The traffic in the city and its metropolitan area is governed from 2009 by the Ministry for Mobility 153 175 In 2001 the district administration started developing TransMetro metropolitan mass transit system 176 This transport system uses articulated buses traveling on exclusive lanes and stations where passengers board on In 2015 the system was used by about 110000 people daily 177 A light rail line is currently in the planning stages 178 In 2010 the taxis operate a minimum charge of COP 4300 US 2 17 for a distance of up to 3 5 km 2 2 mi To cover distance races over the minimum the fee is negotiated directly with the driver and can reach up to COP 20 000 US 11 4 depending on the distance covered Taxi service can also be contracted by the hour COP 15 000 US 7 58 Several private companies provide taxi service in the city which can be ordered by telephone for safety In 2015 Uber began operating in the city Bus and minibus fares vary depending on model and amenities such as air conditioning Prices are visible in the windshield of the vehicle and range from COP 1 300 to COP 1 500 Bus transportation is very common among locals In the municipality of Soledad south of the city is the Metropolitan Transportation Terminal in Barranquilla 179 from which one can travel by land to major domestic destinations and Venezuela Barranquilla has a major sea and river port third largest by cargo volume in the country The waterborne terminal is managed operated and marketed by the private Sociedad Portuaria Regional de Barranquilla Traffic through the port of Barranquilla is regulated by the Captain of the Port of Barranquilla which is responsible for the direction coordination and control of maritime activities such as arrivals departures status of ships safety licensing advertisements among others 180 Barranquilla Public Transportation Statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Barranquilla for example to and from work on a weekday is 77 min 17 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 15 min while 20 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5 9 km while 5 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 181 Sports Edit Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Melendez home stadium of Colombia national football team Sports in Barranquilla are promoted at the governmental level by the Ministry of Sports and Deportes de la Alcaldia Distrital 153 Since the early twentieth century the most important sports have been football baseball and boxing Also practiced are basketball athletics swimming chess cycling skating bowling tennis golf shooting karate taekwondo paragliding BMX go karts motor sports fishing squash surfing weightlifting and softball Barranquilla has hosted the Colombia national football team during World Cup qualifiers for Italy 1990 USA 1994 France 1998 Germany 2006 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022 It was home of the XIV National Games in 1992 co host of the Central American and Caribbean Games in 2006 and was the host the 23 edition of the Games in 2018 host of the 5th Central American and Caribbean Games in 1946 home of the Bolivarian Games IV in 1961 and hosted the games in Group A in the Copa America 2001 In 2011 it hosted the opening match of the U20 World Cup to be held in Colombia from July 29 to August 20 182 Stadiums and venues Edit Baseball park Estadio Edgar Renteria The city has a developed sports infrastructure which has enabled it to host international events such as the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1946 the Bolivarian Games of 1961 among others and the 2018 version of the Central American and Caribbean Games Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Melendez opened on May 11 1986 with capacity for 49 612 spectators It has a football field running track for distance running long jump and javelin and hammer It was the headquarters of the Colombia national football team during World Cup qualifiers for 1990 1994 1998 and 2006 Estadio Romelio Martinez was built in 1935 for the III National Olympic Games capacity for 20 000 people In 2018 was renewed to host the Central American and Caribbean Games The former Estadio Tomas Arrieta was built in 1946 for the V Central American and Caribbean Games and rebuilt in 2018 to host the Central American and Caribbean Games It is now called the Edgar Renteria stadium to honor the emblematic big leaguer from Barranquilla It has a capacity for 12 000 attendees Estadio de Baloncesto Elias Chegwin opened in 1992 and also renewed in 2018 to host the Central America and the Caribbean Games It has 3 000 seats available and it is the only sports arena in Colombia with air conditioning Velodromo Metropolitano Rafael Vasquez also opened in 1992 as part of the XIV National Games The Olympic Pool Complex is a modern site that was also rebuilt in 2018 to host the Central America and Caribbean Games It has 2 130 seats available The city also has a shooting and skating rink Rafael Naranjo Pertuz 1992 which has inside a roller hockey court tennis courts a BMX track bowling alley and sports centres in the neighborhoods Lipaya La Magdalena and San Felipe among others Teams Edit The city has hosted several teams that have played professional football in Colombia Club Deportivo Popular Junior F C competes in the first division and Barranquilla F C in the second division 183 Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Futbol Club has its administrative headquarters in Barranquilla playing at the Marcos Henriquez de Sabanalarga 184 Other professional teams that were based Barranquilla was the Juventud Junior promoted to the first category in 1929 and renamed Atletico Junior in 1936 Deportivo Barranquilla f 1949 Sporting f 1950 Libertad f 1956 and Unicosta f 1995 185 186 187 As for baseball Caimanes de Barranquilla is the city team in the Colombian Professional Baseball League Barranquilla had the basketball team Caimanes Colombian professional tournament champion three times 1995 1997 and 1998 188 Active sports teams in Barranquilla Team League Sport Stadium Founded ChampionsClub Deportivo Popular Junior F C Primera A Football Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Melendez 1924 13Caimanes BBC LCBP Baseball Estadio Tomas Arrieta 1984 10Barranquilla F C Primera B Football Estadio Romelio Martinez 2005 0Titanes de Barranquilla Baloncesto Profesional Colombiano Basketball Champions League Basketball Arena Deportiva Elias Chegwin 2018 4Formula One Edit On October 31 2022 the mayor of Barranquilla Jaime Pumarejo received Formula One CEO Stefano Domenicali the manager of the Mexico City Grand Prix and manager to Fernando Alonso Luis Garcia Abad and some other promoters of the Mexico City Grand Prix in Barranquilla to discuss a possible Formula One race to be hosted in the city which would be called the Caribbean Grand Prix According to Pumarejo two different plans for semi street circuits have been approved by local authorities both within the metropolitan area of Barranquilla and one of them running partially alongside the Magdalena River If the plan were to become reality an inaugural grand prix in either 2024 or 2025 would be targeted with hopefully a 10 year contract 189 190 Then Colombian president Ivan Duque announced the state s support for the project highlighting as well as Pumarejo the financial and touristic benefits it would bring to the city region and country 191 192 Healthcare Edit Hospital Universitario Cari E S E Sede de Alta Complejidad Health in Colombia is governed by legislation Act 100 of 1993 and is regulated by the Ministry of Social Protection 193 At the local level it is in charge of two state institutions the Ministry of Health and the State Social Enterprise Caprecom as administrator of the hospital administrative units four hospitals 6 Maternal Units and Child Health Centres to replace the Public Hospital Network Redehospital in liquidation 194 Other institutions include the Colombian Red Cross 195 the Colombian Civil Defense in charge of emergencies calamities and natural disasters and the Colombian Family Welfare Institute ICBF 196 responsible for the comprehensive protection of the family and children Some of the notable public hospitals of the city are Hospital General de Barranquilla Hospital Pediatrico de Barranquilla Hospital Nazareth Hospital La Manga Hospital Universitario Metropolitano Hospital Universitario Cari E S E Hospital de la Universidad del Norte Hospital Nino Jesus and Hospital del Seguro Social and the 6 maternal child units of Santa Maria La Playa La Chinita Las Flores La Alboraya and Juan Mina The city also contains 19 health centres and 28 health posts At each location of the city a center or health post These institutions can provide services to primary and secondary care with the exception of the Pediatric Hospital which serves partial third level In addition the city operates a large number of private clinics that serve high levels of complexity 3 and 4 and multiple medical specialities Media Edit Torres de telecomunicaciones Television Edit From 1986 the Colombian Caribbean Coast has the Telecaribe regional television which has its operational headquarters in the city 197 In addition Barranquilla operate local television channels TB3 cable Channel 23 at the Autonomous University of the Caribbean open signal and the five national television channels RCN TV Caracol TV Canal Uno Senal Colombia and Institutional The Canal Universitario Nacional Jerusalem TV Channel LUZ is also transmitted from Barranquilla Radio Edit Barranquilla transmits various AM and FM stations both local and national which keep the public informed and provide a varied musical program Of particular note is Radio Libertad 198 Press Edit The city s two main newspapers are El Heraldo and La Libertad 199 Other dailies include newspapers of nationwide distribution such as Bogota s El Tiempo 200 Music EditBarranquilla is mentioned in the Hank Snow song I ve been Everywhere most famously covered by Johnny Cash Also it has been several times addressed by Shakira in her songs Hips don t lie and La Bicicleta Notable people Edit Statue of the singer Shakira Sofia Vergara at the 2016 OscarsShakira Sofia Vergara Esther Forero Carmen Villalobos Andres Cabas Alvaro Cepeda Samudio Gabriel Forero Sanmiguel Salomon Hakim Julio Mario Santo Domingo The Monas Pacho Galan Nina Garcia Teofilo Gutierrez Maia Andres Mercado Edgar Perea Edgar Renteria Maritza Rodriguez Amira de la Rosa Valerie Dominguez Isabella Santo Domingo Donovan Solano born 1987 Colombian baseball second baseman for the San Francisco Giants Jhonatan Solano Silvia Tcherassi Daniella Alvarez Jaime Imitola Paulina Vega Dieppa Miss Colombia 2013 and Miss Universe 2014 Ariadna Gutierrez Miss Colombia 2014 and first runner up at Miss Universe 2015 Luis Miguel del Risco Anibal Velasquez Roberto McCausland Dieppa Composer and conductor of Sinfonia Latina Natasha Klauss Xiomara Acevedo Maria Paulina Perez Garcia Maria Herazo Gonzalez Paula Andrea PerezSister cities Edit Tula Russia Buenos Aires Argentina Kaohsiung Taiwan Nanjing People s Republic of China Brownsville Texas United States 201 Tampa Florida United States Miami Florida United States Aberdeen ScotlandIn popular culture EditBarranquilla is mentioned in the Hank Snow adaptation of the Geoff Mack song I ve Been Everywhere which was later covered by more than 130 artists including Johnny Cash Shakira mentions her hometown Barranquilla in the hit song Hips Don t Lie with the line En Barranquilla se baila asi translated as In Barranquilla they dance like this References Edit Asi es la trayectoria de Jaime Pumarejo nuevo alcalde de Barranquilla October 21 2019 Archived from the original on March 11 2020 Retrieved March 15 2020 1 Archived September 28 2015 at the Wayback Machine in Spanish a b https www dane gov co files varios informacion capital DANE 2019 pdf Archived December 29 2019 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF 2 https www supertransporte gov co documentos 2020 Febrero Puertos 07 BOLETIN TRAFICO PORTUARIO 2019 pdf Archived March 4 2021 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF Barranquilla Population Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 21 2017 Cali Casa Editorial El Pais Gran noticia Barranquilla sera sede de los Juegos Panamericanos del 2027 elpais com co in Spanish Archived from the original on October 13 2022 Retrieved August 29 2021 SKNVibes Barranquilla will be the host city of the 2027 Pan American Games www sknvibes com Archived from the original on August 29 2021 Retrieved August 29 2021 Proclamation 2003 The Carnival of Barranquilla in Spanish UNESCO Archived from the original on September 7 2010 Retrieved April 19 2011 Heritage of the Nation in Spanish Carnaval de Barranquilla Foundation Archived from the original on February 27 2009 Retrieved April 19 2011 UNESCO Carnival of Barranquilla Archived from the original on July 5 2018 Retrieved July 24 2017 Ropain De Leon Claudio 1985 Barranquilla incognita de un nombre En 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Spanish Alcaldia Distrital de Barranquilla Archived from the original on May 11 2008 Retrieved April 19 2011 a b c d Simbolos patrios in Spanish Concejo Distrital de Barranquilla Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link Mertins Gunter Duran Adrian Vergara 2008 Renovacion de centros historicos en grandes ciudades latinoamericanas repercusiones socioeconomicas urbanistico estructurales y medioambientales urbanas in Spanish Universidad del Norte p 245 ISBN 978 958 8252 69 8 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Vega Alexander 2000 Los origenes de Barranquilla Historia de Barranquilla Ediciones Uninorte pp 97 in Spanish ISBN 958 8133 02 5 Parks E Taylor June 1970 Colombia and the United States 1765 1934 Ayer Publishing p 5 ISBN 978 0 405 02043 8 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Caputo Lorraine Newton Paula McColl Richard February 2009 VIVA Travel Guides Colombia Viva Publishing Network p 241 ISBN 978 0 9791264 4 4 Archived 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Barranquilla 1905 1930 Historia general de Barranquilla Sucesos in Spanish Barranquilla Mejoras Publicaciones de la Academia de la Historia de Barranquilla pp 96 99 ISBN 958 96185 1 0 Tomo II 2006 El siglo XX colombiano in Spanish Credencial Historia p 192 Bassi Labarrera Rafael La musica cubana en Barranquilla PDF in Spanish Archived from the original PDF on July 26 2011 Retrieved October 26 2008 Colombia y el mundo 1930 in Spanish Revista Credencial Historia Edicion 202 Archived from the original on February 18 2009 Retrieved October 27 2008 Quienes somos Antecedentes in Spanish Zona Franca de Barranquilla Archived from the original on July 1 2011 Retrieved January 26 2010 Ramirez Manuel Fernando Quinche October 12 2009 Derecho Constitucional Colombiano de la carta de 1991 y sus Reformas in Spanish Universidad del Rosario p 61 ISBN 978 958 738 059 0 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Pearce Jenny May 1990 Colombia inside the labyrinth Latin America 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2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Villalon Jorge Compiladores Alexander Vega Completas Obras 2011 Jose Agustin Blanco Barros Obras completas Tomo I in Spanish Universidad del Norte p 162 ISBN 978 958 741 052 5 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Publications in climatology Laboratory of Climatology C W Thornthwaite Associates 1981 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Levine V 1920 Colombia physical features natural resources means of communication manufactures and industrial development D Appleton amp company p 6 Retrieved April 19 2011 International environment reporter current report Bureau of National Affairs Arlington 1995 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 Promedios Climatologicos 1971 2000 in Spanish Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved December 1 2015 DECRETO No 0270 DE 2004 POR MEDIO DEL CUAL SE CREA EL FONDO MIXTO DE PROTECCION PROMOCION Y APOYO AL JARDIN BOTANICO in Spanish Alcaldia Distrital de Barranquilla Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link LINEAMIENTOS PARA LA FORMULACIoN DE LA POLITICA DE PREVENCIoN Y CONTROL DE LA CONTAMINACIoN DEL AIRE PDF dnp gov co p April 14 2005 Archived from the original PDF on March 12 2012 Retrieved April 19 2011 a b Mancera Carlos Distrito sin equipos para control ambiental in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link Estacion Depuradora de Aguas Residuales in Spanish Triple A Archived from the original on August 24 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 ACUERDO No 0002 DE 2005 POR MEDIO DEL CUAL SE DICTAN NORMAS SOBRE LA CONTAMINACIoN POR RUIDOS EN EL DISTRITO DE BARRANQUILLA in Spanish Concejo de Barranquilla Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link Alcaldia de Barranquilla in Spanish Retrieved August 12 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link La Gobernadora www atlantico gov co Retrieved February 26 2023 Directorio de Entidades in Spanish Alcaldia de Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 25 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 ACUERDO No 128 Por medio del cual se redistribuyen los Despachos Judiciales del Distrito Judicial de Barranquilla in Spanish CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LA JUDICATURA SALA ADMINISTRATIVA Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link ACUERDO No PSAA07 4244 DE 2007 Noviembre 26 Por el cual se determina el numero de despachos judiciales que ejerceran funciones de control de garantias y de conocimiento del Sistema Penal Acusatorio y de conocimiento de causas de la ley 600 de 2000 en el Distrito Judicial de Barranquilla in Spanish CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LA JUDICATURA SALA ADMINISTRATIVA Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link Acuerdo No 006 del 10 de agosto de 2006 Concejo Distrital de Barranquilla Plan de Salud Territorial del distrito de Barranquilla 2008 2011 PDF in Spanish Alcaldia de Barranquilla Secretaria de Salud Publica Distrital Archived from the original PDF on August 6 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Algunos Datos de Interes in Spanish Archived from the original on February 8 2010 Retrieved April 20 2011 AMB Que es in Spanish Area Metropolitana de Barranquilla Archived from the original on May 25 2022 Retrieved April 20 2008 Conflictos urbanisticos de Barranquilla PDF in Spanish Aleksey Herrera Archived from the original PDF on July 26 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Ley 128 de 1994 in Spanish Congreso de Colombia Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved April 20 2011 Preguntas frecuentes in Spanish Area Metropolitana de Barranquilla Archived from the original on May 25 2022 Retrieved April 20 2011 Informacion general Alcaldia de Galapa Archived from the original on November 27 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 Informacion general Alcaldia de Malambo Archived from the original on June 28 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 Informacion general Alcaldia de Puerto Colombia Archived from the original on July 2 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 Informacion general Alcaldia de Soledad Archived from the original on June 28 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 Segunda Brigada Primera Division in Spanish Ejercito Nacional de Colombia Archived from the original on October 2 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 CACOM 3 Mision in Spanish Fuerza Aerea Colombiana Archived from the original on June 6 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 CACOM 3 Resena historica in Spanish Fuerza Aerea Colombiana Archived from the original on June 9 2012 Retrieved April 20 2011 Boletin economico 2010 PDF in Spanish Fundesarrollo Camara de Comercio de Barranquilla Archived from the original PDF on January 18 2012 Retrieved February 14 2011 INDICE DE PRECIOS AL CONSUMIDOR DICIEMBRE DE 2010 PDF in Spanish DANE Archived PDF from the original on November 14 2011 Retrieved February 8 2011 Datos para IRPA 2009 por pais y por variable PDF in Spanish Observatorio del Desarrollo Archived from the original PDF on March 31 2010 Retrieved February 8 2011 Semaforo Economico Regional y Boletin de Coyuntura Economica Barranquilla Diciembre de 2010 in Spanish Camara de Comercio de Barranquilla Archived from the original on September 11 2011 Retrieved January 7 2011 Alacevich Michele February 11 2009 The political economy of the World Bank the early years Stanford University Press pp 114 ISBN 978 0 8047 6066 9 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 21 2011 Barranquilla bah rahn kee ah home1 gate net Archived from the original on September 26 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 a b c Barranquilla Profile PDF International Trade Administration a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Klich Ignacio Lesser Jeff March 1 1998 Arab and Jewish immigrants in Latin America images and realities F Cass pp 76 ISBN 978 0 7146 4450 9 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 21 2011 a b c d e DANE Censo General 2005 Perfil Barranquilla Atlantico PDF in Spanish Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2008 Retrieved April 19 2011 Home page site Gran Central de Abastos del Caribe in Spanish Gran Central de Abastos del Caribe Archived from the original on October 8 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Colombia Indice de Densidad Industrial por departamentos segun cuatro principales municipios IDI 1 in Spanish DANE Archived from the original on March 20 2012 Retrieved April 19 2011 Zona Franca de Barranquilla in Spanish Zona Franca de Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 13 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Aprobadas otras dos zonas francas para la Costa Caribe in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link Home page Zona Franca La Cayena in Spanish Zona Franca La Cayena Archived from the original on February 28 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Informacion General in Spanish Government of Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 25 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Municipal Populations in 2005 Archived October 13 2013 at the Wayback Machine in the 2005 census Archived June 16 2013 at the Wayback Machine Sistema de Consulta de Informacion Censal Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica Colombia Retrieved April 27 2011 Ley 142 de 1994 julio 11 articulo 102 in Spanish Congreso de Colombia Archived from the original on July 24 2008 Retrieved April 19 2011 Ley 689 de 2001 articulo 16 in Spanish Congreso de Colombia Archived from the original on August 30 2008 Retrieved April 19 2011 Resultados nacimientos y defunciones in Spanish DANE Archived from the original on May 17 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Estado actual de salud Barranquilla Atlantico PDF Centro de Estudios e Investigacion en Salud Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota Archived from the original PDF on September 4 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Tasa de mortalidad infantil Alcaldia Distrital de Barranquilla Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link a b Observatorio de seguridad Informe cifras enero diciembre 2007 PDF in Spanish Camara de Comercio de Barranquilla Retrieved April 19 2011 permanent dead link a b Estadisticas Comparativo delitos de mayor impacto in Spanish Policia Nacional de Colombia Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Seguridad Ciudadana Policia Nacional de Colombia Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 Gestion Comunitaria Policia de Manzana en Bicicleta Policia Nacional de Colombia Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved April 19 2011 a b Becerra Myriam Graciela Bonilla El centro historico de Barranquilla problematicas ambientales y sociales PDF in Spanish Memorias Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueologia desde el Caribe Universidad del Norte Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link LISTA DE BIENES DECLARADOS BIEN DE INTERES CULTURAL DE CARACTER NACIONAL MONUMENTO NACIONAL in Spanish Ministerio de Cultura Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Asi sera el Centro historico in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link Concurso Publico de Anteproyecto Arquitectonico para el Diseno de Diferentes Sectores Urbanos para la Recuperacion del Espacio Publico del Centro Historico de Barranquilla in Spanish Ministerio de Cultura Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Centro historico cambiara de cara in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link El nuevo Centro in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link Paseo de Bolivar Espacio vital de Barranquilla Ediciones Corporacion Mayor del Desarrollo Simon Bolivar 2003 ISBN 978 958 97363 1 9 Traslado de Caja Agraria obligaria a su remodelacion in Spanish El Heraldo German Corcho Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link Stargardter Gabriel 2 mil ventas callejeras de comidas siguen en el limbo in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 20 2011 permanent dead link a b c d e f g h Consuegra Bolivar Ignacio 2002 Barranquilla Umbral de la arquitectura en Colombia Grijalbo p 309 ISBN 958 639 181 7 Consuegra Bolivar Ignacio 2002 Hotel El Prado Simbolo arquitectonico de nuestra identidad En Revista Guia Cultural de Barranquilla V 3 NO 16 pp 4 6 Garcia Gustavo 2002 Barranquilla art deco Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano Garcia Gustavo BARRANQUILLA CIUDAD ART DECO PDF in Spanish Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Bienes de Interes Cultural de Caracter Nacional in Spanish Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Bell Lemus Carlos 2003 Architecture Modern Movement in Barranquilla 1946 1964 Barranquilla Cementos del Caribe Universidad del Atlantico p 232 ISBN 958 8149 39 8 Lo que la desidia y las olas destruyeron in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 21 2011 permanent dead link Zoologico de Barranquilla in Spanish Zoologico de Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 30 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Arroyo Ivonne May 7 1976 La Sinfonia Latina que desperto al Amira Archived from the original on November 13 2020 Retrieved November 6 2020 Web oficial Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla in Spanish Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 23 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Quienes somos in Spanish Museo de Arte Moderno de Barranquilla Archived from the original on November 12 2010 Retrieved April 21 2011 El Museo Atlantico esta listo en un 70 in Spanish El Heraldo Archived from the original on December 24 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Sala de l Carnaval Elsa Caridi para aprender y gozar PDF in Spanish Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla Archived from the original PDF on March 22 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Espectador El April 13 2020 ELESPECTADOR COM ELESPECTADOR COM in Spanish Archived from the original on October 13 2022 Retrieved June 14 2021 publimetro Opiniones divididas sobre crisis de escenarios culturales en Barranquilla Publimetro in European Spanish Archived from the original on October 13 2022 Retrieved June 14 2021 Presentacion in Spanish Parque Cultural del Caribe Archived from the original on July 24 2008 Retrieved August 2 2008 La Cueva in Spanish Fundacion La Cueva Archived from the original on October 3 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Fundacion Cinemateca del Caribe in Spanish Cinemateca del Caribe Archived from the original on July 22 2014 Retrieved April 21 2011 Planetario de Barranquilla in Spanish Combarranquilla Archived from the original on March 23 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Instituto Distrital de Cultura y Turismo de Barranquilla in Spanish Instituto Distrital de Cultura y Turismo de Barranquilla Archived from the original on July 27 2007 Retrieved April 21 2011 Manifestaciones culturales in Spanish Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla Archived from the original on February 16 2010 Retrieved April 20 2011 El evento in Spanish Miche com Archived from the original on January 11 2012 Retrieved April 21 2011 Galvan Cristina 1996 La cocina criolla Recetas de Cordoba y regiones de la costa Caribe Domus Libri Roman de Zurek Teresa 2006 Cartagena de Indias en la Olla Bogota Ediciones Gamma Cazuela de mariscos Periodico El Campesino La voz del campo colombiano July 27 2017 Archived from the original on January 25 2022 Retrieved January 25 2022 Heraldo El October 7 2019 Chuzo desgranado una sabrosura del ingenio costeno EL HERALDO in Spanish Archived from the original on January 25 2022 Retrieved January 25 2022 a b c Organigrama Distrital in Spanish Alcaldia de Barranquilla Archived from the original on April 25 2011 Retrieved February 13 2009 Acreditacion institucional de la Universidad del Norte in Spanish Universidad del Norte Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Universidad Autonoma del Caribe in Spanish Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla in Spanish Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla Archived from the original on January 14 2010 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Universidad Simon Bolivar in Spanish Universidad Simon Bolivar Archived from the original on June 28 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Universidad Metropolitana in Spanish Universidad Metropolitana Archived from the original on May 12 2008 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Corporacion Universitaria de la Costa in Spanish Corporacion Universitaria de la Costa Archived from the original on October 12 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Universidad Antonio Narino in Spanish Universidad Antonio Narino Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Home page Fundacion Universitaria San Martin Barranquilla in Spanish Fundacion Universitaria San Martin Barranquilla Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved April 21 2011 a b Programas de pregrado y de postgrado en Barranquilla in Spanish Universidad del Norte Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Departamento de Postgrados in Spanish Universidad del Atlantico Archived from the original on August 11 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Busqueda por municipios in Spanish ICFES Archived from the original on September 8 2008 Retrieved August 22 2008 Regionales Atlantico in Spanish Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje Retrieved April 21 2011 permanent dead link Barranquilla ya tiene su instituto tecnologico in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 21 2011 permanent dead link Plan de Valorizacion por Beneficio General in Spanish Alcaldia de Barranquilla Archived from the original on July 4 2008 Retrieved April 21 2011 Comenzo megacolegio para 1 440 estudiantes in Spanish Alcaldia de Barranquilla Retrieved August 28 2009 permanent dead link Listo el Parque Educativo 7 de Abril in Spanish Ministerio de Educacion Nacional de Colombia Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Con obras como esta Shakira nos reta Uribe in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 21 2011 permanent dead link ScienTI Colombia in Spanish Colciencias Archived from the original on June 11 2007 Retrieved April 21 2011 Grupos de Investigacion in Spanish Universidad del Norte Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Retrieved April 21 2011 Investigaciones in Spanish Universidad del Atlantico Vicerrectoria de Investigacion Archived from the original on May 12 2008 Retrieved August 3 2008 Woods Sarah July 17 2008 Colombia Bradt Travel Guides p 375 ISBN 978 1 84162 242 2 Retrieved April 19 2011 Llueven quejas por el cierre de las oficinas de Metrotransito in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 22 2011 permanent dead link TransMetro Pagina oficial in Spanish Sistema de Transporte Masivo de Barranquilla y su Area Metropolitana Archived from the original on April 23 2011 Retrieved April 22 2011 En Barranquilla Transmetro arreglo 81 buses que tenia danados in Spanish El Tiempo April 29 2015 Archived from the original on February 5 2016 Retrieved March 27 2016 Barranquilla light rail project moves forward November 16 2018 Archived from the original on May 30 2019 Retrieved May 21 2019 Pagina oficial in Spanish Terminal Metropolitana de Transportes de Barranquilla Archived from the original on March 23 2012 Retrieved April 22 2011 Home page Direccion General Maritima in Spanish Direccion General Maritima Dimar Archived from the original on August 13 2013 Retrieved April 22 2011 Barranquilla Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved June 19 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Archived October 16 2017 at the Wayback Machine Barranquilla sera la sede del partido inaugural del Mundial Sub 20 de Futbol in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 21 2011 permanent dead link La Uniautonoma FC tendra sabor costeno in Spanish El Heraldo Retrieved April 22 2011 permanent dead link Sabanalarga pasa prueba de la Dimayor y sera sede de la Uniautonoma in Spanish El Heraldo Archived from the original on December 24 2012 Retrieved April 22 2011 Junior cierra puertas a la Uniautonoma in Spanish El Heraldo Archived from the original on December 24 2012 Retrieved April 22 2011 Junior tal vez nos tiene miedo in Spanish El Heraldo Archived from the original on December 24 2012 Retrieved April 22 2011 Colombia Foundation Dates of Clubs The Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation Archived from the original on August 5 2011 Retrieved April 22 2011 Baloncesto Profesional Colombiano in Spanish Latinbasket Archived from the original on February 2 2009 Retrieved April 22 2011 Gonzalez Badillo William October 31 2022 Stefano Domenicali presidente de la F1 recorrio Barranquilla con Pumarejo Elheraldo com in Spanish Retrieved March 19 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Walsh Fergal Colombia eyeing long term contract to join F1 calendar Motorsportweek com Retrieved March 19 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Gonzalez Badillo William October 31 2022 Stefano Domenicali presidente de la F1 recorrio Barranquilla con Pumarejo Elheraldo com in Spanish Retrieved March 19 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Colombia at work to bring Formula 1 to Barranquilla Scuderiafans com Retrieved March 19 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Home page Ministerio de la Proteccion Social in Spanish Ministerio de la Proteccion Social Archived from the original on October 12 2008 Retrieved April 20 2011 Pagina oficial de Caprecom in Spanish Caprecom Archived from the original on January 31 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Home page Cruz Roja Colombiana in Spanish Cruz Roja Colombiana Archived from the original on April 25 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Home page Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF in Spanish Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF Archived from the original on April 11 2011 Retrieved April 20 2011 Wade Peter 2000 Music race amp nation musica tropical in Colombia University of Chicago Press p 46 ISBN 978 0 226 86844 8 Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 United States Bureau of International Business Operations United States Dept of Commerce Bureau of International Programs United States Bureau of International Commerce 1967 International commerce Bureau of International Commerce Archived from the original on April 5 2014 Retrieved April 19 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author1 has generic name help The West Indies amp Caribbean year book Anuario comercial de las Antillas y paises del Caribe Caribook Ltd 1973 Archived from the original on October 13 2013 Retrieved April 19 2011 Llega ADN primer diario gratuito de circulacion masiva en Colombia in Spanish El Tiempo Archived from the original on July 29 2012 Retrieved April 1 2011 in Spanish Barranquilla signs sister city agreement with Brownsville Texas Archived July 1 2016 at the Wayback Machine El HeraldoExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barranquilla Colombia portal Barranquilla travel guide from Wikivoyage Barranquilla Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 Hola Barranquilla Foro para compartir ideas temas fotos y mucho mas con todos los Barranquilleros que se encuentran por todo el mundo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barranquilla amp oldid 1148771331, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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