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Wikipedia

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries,[1][4] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
  Founding member countries (1961)
  Other member countries
Abbreviation
  • OECD
  • OCDE
Established
  • 16 April 1948 (1948-04-16) (as OEEC)
  • 30 September 1961 (1961-09-30) (as OECD)
TypeIntergovernmental organisation
HeadquartersChâteau de la Muette
Paris, France
Membership
Official languages
  • English
  • French
Mathias Cormann
Deputy Secretaries-General
Budget
€386 million (2019)[3]
Websitewww.oecd.org

The majority of OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI), and are regarded as developed countries. Their collective population is 1.38 billion.[5] As of 2017, the OECD member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (US$49.6 trillion)[6] and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity.[7] The OECD is an official United Nations observer.[8]

In April 1948, the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[9] was established to help administer the Marshall Plan, which was rejected by both the Soviet Union and its satellite states.[10] This would be achieved by allocating the United States' financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[11] Only Western European states were members of the OEEC. Its Secretary Generals[12] were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin (1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). On 14 December 1960,[13] the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, coming into force in late September 1961, and the membership was extended to non-European states, the USA and Canada.[14][15]

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.[16] The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of € 386 million in 2019,[3] and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries.[17]

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[18] Similar reconstruction aid was sent to the war-torn Republic of China and post-war Korea, under the title of Official Development Assistance (ODA), provided by the OEEC's Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which Korea joined in 2010.[19]

The organisation began its operations on 16 April 1948, originating from the work done by the Committee of European Economic Co-operation in 1947 in preparation for the Marshall Plan. Since 1949, it has been headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris, France. Succeeding the Marshall Plan, the OEEC became focused on economic issues.[9]

In the 1950s, the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the Inner Six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

By the end of the 1950s, with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively complete, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation.[20]

Founding

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was brought together to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are:

  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Canada
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Luxembourg
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

During the next 12 years, Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution as a country.[21] The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organisations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization".

Enlargement to Central Europe

Following the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD began assisting countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme, "Partners in Transition," was launched for the benefit of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland,[22] including a membership option for these countries.[22] As a result of this, Poland,[23] Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as Mexico and South Korea[24] became members of the OECD between 1994 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement

In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[25] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,[26] and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[27] In 2005, Malta applied to join the organisation.[28] The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states.[29] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to then-OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.[30] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.[31]

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: "like-mindedness," "significant player," "mutual benefit" and "global considerations." The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and Slovenia, and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.[32] Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.[33] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Annexation of Crimea.[34][35]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, the organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.[36] Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.[37][38] Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.[39] On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,[40] which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.[2]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Peru,[41] Malaysia,[42] Brazil,[43] and Croatia.[44]

In January 2022, the OECD reported that it had begun talks aiming toward joining Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania.[45]

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[46]

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania were adopted.[47]

Objectives and issues

Taxation

The OECD sets the rules governing international tax for mutlinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.

 
Payroll and income tax by OECD Country

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the G20.[citation needed]


Pillar 1: An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for taxing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit ie profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism. This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).

Pillar 2: On 1 July 2021 finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax (of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational's HQ will receive the difference.

It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented.

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD. Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said, "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."[48]

Multinational corporations

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.[citation needed]

Bid rigging

The OECD's work on bid rigging includes the publication of guidelines for fighting this practice in the context of public procurement.[49] In a Policy Brief issued in October 2008, OECD noted that "programmes to systematically educate procurement officials exist in only a few OECD countries".[50] "Guidelines for Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement" were published in 2009[49] and incorporated into a "Recommendation on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement" which was adopted on 17 July 2012, calling on member governments "to assess their public procurement laws and practices at all levels of government to promote more effective procurement and reduce the risk of bid rigging in public tenders".[51]

Publications

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.

Books

 
Reports on a wide range of topics for sale at the OECD's Conference Centre Bookshop

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

  • The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.[52]
  • The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
  • The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.
  • The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
  • In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.[n 1]

Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine,[n 2] was launched in 1962.[53] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.[54] The online and mobile[55] editions are updated regularly and contain news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.[56] An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.[57]

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.[58][59]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

  • as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
  • as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
  • as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
  • as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.[neutrality is disputed]

Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

  • The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation.
  • The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
  • The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Mathias Cormann), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organised into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

Meetings

 
The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General Pierre Vinde [sv] estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[60] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.[citation needed] In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.[61]

Noteworthy meetings include:

  • The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
  • The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
  • Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
  • The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
  • The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices
  • The Committee on Fiscal Affairs[citation needed]
  • OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.[62]

Secretariat

 
The exterior of the Château de la Muette and the grounds of the OECD Conference Centre

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
  • Development Co-operation Directorate
  • Directorate for Education and Skills
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
  • Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation
  • Economics Department
  • Environment Directorate
  • Public Governance Directorate
  • Statistics Directorate
  • Trade and Agriculture Directorate
  • General Secretariat
  • Executive Directorate
  • Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

Secretary-General

The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made by consensus, meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.[63]

Secretary-General of the OEEC
No. Secretary-General Time served Country of origin
1 Robert Marjolin 1948 – 1955   France
2 René Sergent 1955 – 1960   France
3 Thorkil Kristensen 1960 – 30 September 1961   Denmark
Secretary-General of the OECD[64]
No. Secretary-General Time served Country of origin Notes
1 Thorkil Kristensen 30 September 1961 – 30 September 1969   Denmark
2 Emiel van Lennep 1 October 1969 – 30 September 1984   Netherlands
3 Jean-Claude Paye 1 October 1984 – 30 September 1994   France
Staffan Sohlman (interim) 1 October 1994 – November 1994   Sweden [65][66]
3 Jean-Claude Paye November 1994 – 31 May 1996   France [67]
4 Donald Johnston 1 June 1996 – 31 May 2006   Canada
5 José Ángel Gurría 1 June 2006 – 31 May 2021   Mexico [68]
6 Mathias Cormann 1 June 2021 – present   Australia [69]

Committees

 
A meeting room in the Château de la Muette

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[70]

Special bodies

OECD has a number of specialised bodies:[71]

Decision-making process

OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.[72]

Member countries

Current members

As of May 2021 there are 38 members of the OECD.[1][2]

Country Application Negotiations Invitation Membership[1] Geographic location Notes
  Australia 7 June 1971 Oceania
  Austria 29 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Belgium 13 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Canada 10 April 1961 North America
  Chile November 2003[73][74] 16 May 2007[32] 15 December 2009[75] 7 May 2010 South America
  Colombia 24 January 2011[76] 30 May 2013[36] 25 May 2018[77] 28 April 2020 South America
  Costa Rica 9 April 2015[2] 15 May 2020[2] 25 May 2021[2] North America
  Czech Republic January 1994[78] 8 June 1994[79] 24 November 1995[78] 21 December 1995 Europe
  Denmark 30 May 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Estonia 16 May 2007[32] 10 May 2010[80] 9 December 2010 Europe
  Finland 28 January 1969 Europe
  France 7 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Germany 27 September 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[81] Previously represented by the Trizone.[9]
  Greece 27 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Hungary December 1993[82] 8 June 1994[79] 7 May 1996 Europe
  Iceland 5 June 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Ireland 17 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Israel 15 March 2004[83] 16 May 2007[32] 10 May 2010[80] 7 September 2010 Asia
  Italy 29 March 1962 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Japan November 1962[84] July 1963[84] 28 April 1964 Asia
  South Korea 29 March 1995[85] 25 October 1996[86] 12 December 1996 Asia Officially the Republic of Korea
  Latvia 29 May 2013[87] 11 May 2016[88] 1 July 2016[89] Europe
  Lithuania 9 April 2015[90] 31 May 2018 5 July 2018[91] Europe
  Luxembourg 7 December 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Mexico 14 April 1994[92] 18 May 1994 North America
  Netherlands 13 November 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  New Zealand 29 May 1973 Oceania
  Norway 4 July 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Poland 1 February 1994[93] 8 June 1994[79] 11 July 1996[94] 22 November 1996 Europe
  Portugal 4 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Slovakia February 1994[95] 8 June 1994[79] July 2000[95] 14 December 2000 Europe
  Slovenia March 1996[96] 16 May 2007[32] 10 May 2010[80] 21 July 2010 Europe
  Spain 3 August 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1958.[97]
  Sweden 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Switzerland 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  Turkey 2 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  United Kingdom 2 May 1961 Europe OEEC member.[9]
  United States 12 April 1961 North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.[98] Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of their controlling state.[99] As of January 2021, the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Bermuda are included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U.K., respectively.[100][101] Other dependent territories of OECD member states are not members of the OECD.

Former members

The Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.[9]

Countries whose accession talks were terminated

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[32] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year's Crimean Annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses.[34][35] On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine.[102]

Countries whose membership is under negotiation

Applicants

Budget

As of 2019, the OECD’s budget is composed of Part I and Part II programmes of work. All member countries contribute funding to the Part I budget, representing around two-thirds of OECD Part I expenditure. The contributions (see table below) are based on both a proportion that is shared equally among member countries and a scale that is proportional to the relative size of their economies. The Part I budget for 2019 is EUR 202.5 million. The part II budgets, meanwhile, cover programmes that are of interest to a limited number of members and are funded according to scales of contributions or other agreements among the participating countries. The consolidated Part II budgets for 2019 amount to EUR 105 million.[106]

The overall consolidated OECD budget for 2019 comes to EUR 386 million.[107]

Member countries' percentage shares of Part I budget contributions for 2019
Country % Contribution
  Australia 3,1
  Austria 1,5
  Belgium 1,7
  Canada 3,5
  Chile 1,2
  Czech Republic 1,1
  Denmark 1,4
  Estonia 0,9
  Finland 1,3
  France 5,2
  Germany 7,2
  Greece 1,1
  Hungary 1,0
  Iceland 0,6
  Ireland 1,3
  Israel 1,4
  Italy 4,0
  Japan 9,4
  South Korea 3,3
  Latvia 0,9
  Lithuania 0,9
  Luxembourg 0,8
  Mexico 2,7
  Netherlands 2,2
  New Zealand 1,1
  Norway 1,6
  Poland 1,6
  Portugal 1,2
  Slovakia 1,0
  Slovenia 0,9
  Spain 3,0
  Sweden 1,6
  Switzerland 2,2
  Turkey 2,2
  United Kingdom 5,4
  United States 20,5
TOTAL 100%

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "OECD Archives - OECD". OECD.
  2. ^ Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article [1].

References

  1. ^ a b c d "List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member" (Press release). OECD. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Member Countries' Budget Contributions for 2017". OECD. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  4. ^ Shields, Bevan (13 January 2021). "Mathias Cormann confirmed as a frontrunner for OECD post following candidate cull". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 September 2022. OECD's 38 member countries.
  5. ^ "Population, total – OECD members".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 17 April 2018.
  7. ^ "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  8. ^ "Intergovernmental Organizations". un.org.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". OECD. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  10. ^ "Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance This Day in History — 7/2/1947". History.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. ^ . Marshallfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  12. ^ "Definition of SECRETARY-GENERAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  13. ^ OECD. "OECD 60th anniversary". OECD 60th anniversary. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  14. ^ "What is the OECD? Definition and Meaning". marketbusinessnews.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  15. ^ "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". OECD. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  16. ^ "Getting to the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  18. ^ Christopher, Warren (1998). In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era. Stanford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8047-3468-4.
  19. ^ "From emerging donor to global development partner". OECD. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  20. ^ "A majestic start: How the OECD was won, in OECD Yearbook 2011". OECD Observer. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  21. ^ Marković, Andrej; Obadić, Ivan (2017). "A Socialist Developing Country in a Western Capitalist Club: Yugoslavia and the OEEC/OECD, 1955–1980". In Leimgruber, Matthieu; Schmelzer, Matthias (eds.). The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948. Springer Nature. pp. 89–111. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4. ISBN 978-3-319-60243-1.
  22. ^ a b "The Czech Republic in the OECD". Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD.
  23. ^ "A vision for Poland: Joining the world's most advanced". OECD. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  24. ^ "South Korea joins OECD". Chicago Tribune. 25 October 1996. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  25. ^ . Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  26. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Co-operation between the OECD and Latvia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  27. ^ "Slovenia and the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  28. ^ "Malta applies to join OECD as full member". Maltamedia. 24 September 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  29. ^ Beatty, Andrew. "EU gives ground in OECD membership battle". European Voice. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  30. ^ "Romania's candidacy for OECD membership" (Press release). Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  31. ^ "Bulgarian Govt to Confirm OECD Membership Bid". Novinite. 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  32. ^ a b c d e f "OECD Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement". OECD. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
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External links

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

oecd, confused, with, osce, organisation, economic, operation, development, french, organisation, coopération, développement, économiques, ocde, intergovernmental, organisation, with, member, countries, founded, 1961, stimulate, economic, progress, world, trad. Not to be confused with OSCE The Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD French Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques OCDE is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries 1 4 founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy providing a platform to compare policy experiences seek answers to common problems identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members Organisation for Economic Co operation and DevelopmentOrganisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques Founding member countries 1961 Other member countriesAbbreviationOECDOCDEEstablished16 April 1948 1948 04 16 as OEEC 30 September 1961 1961 09 30 as OECD TypeIntergovernmental organisationHeadquartersChateau de la MuetteParis FranceMembership38 countries 1 2 Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United StatesOfficial languagesEnglishFrenchSecretary GeneralMathias CormannDeputy Secretaries GeneralLudger SchuknechtUlrik Vestergaard KnudsenMasamichi KonoBudget 386 million 2019 3 Websitewww wbr oecd wbr orgThe majority of OECD members are high income economies with a very high Human Development Index HDI and are regarded as developed countries Their collective population is 1 38 billion 5 As of 2017 update the OECD member countries collectively comprised 62 2 of global nominal GDP US 49 6 trillion 6 and 42 8 of global GDP Int 54 2 trillion at purchasing power parity 7 The OECD is an official United Nations observer 8 In April 1948 the Organisation for European Economic Co operation OEEC 9 was established to help administer the Marshall Plan which was rejected by both the Soviet Union and its satellite states 10 This would be achieved by allocating the United States financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II 11 Only Western European states were members of the OEEC Its Secretary Generals 12 were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin 1948 1955 and Rene Sergent 1955 1960 On 14 December 1960 13 the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development coming into force in late September 1961 and the membership was extended to non European states the USA and Canada 14 15 The OECD s headquarters are at the Chateau de la Muette in Paris France 16 The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of 386 million in 2019 3 and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries 17 Contents 1 History 1 1 Organisation for European Economic Co operation 1 2 Founding 1 3 Enlargement to Central Europe 1 4 Reform and further enlargement 2 Objectives and issues 2 1 Taxation 2 2 Multinational corporations 2 3 Bid rigging 3 Publications 3 1 Books 3 2 Magazine 3 3 Statistics 3 4 Working papers 3 5 Reference works 4 Structure 4 1 Meetings 4 2 Secretariat 4 3 Secretary General 4 4 Committees 4 5 Special bodies 4 6 Decision making process 5 Member countries 5 1 Current members 5 2 Former members 5 3 Countries whose accession talks were terminated 5 4 Countries whose membership is under negotiation 5 5 Applicants 6 Budget 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditOrganisation for European Economic Co operation Edit The Organisation for European Economic Co operation OEEC was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II 18 Similar reconstruction aid was sent to the war torn Republic of China and post war Korea under the title of Official Development Assistance ODA provided by the OEEC s Development Assistance Committee DAC which Korea joined in 2010 19 The organisation began its operations on 16 April 1948 originating from the work done by the Committee of European Economic Co operation in 1947 in preparation for the Marshall Plan Since 1949 it has been headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris France Succeeding the Marshall Plan the OEEC became focused on economic issues 9 In the 1950s the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area to bring the European Economic Community of the Inner Six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis In 1958 a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC By the end of the 1950s with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively complete some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission which proved to be a cumbersome task Following several occasionally unruly meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris which began in January 1960 a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada who were already OEEC observers on board as full members and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation 20 Founding Edit Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development was brought together to reform the OEEC The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961 consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC with the additions of the United States and Canada Three countries Netherlands Luxembourg and Italy all OEEC members ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961 but are nevertheless considered founding members The official founding members are Austria Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States During the next 12 years Japan Finland Australia and New Zealand also joined the organisation Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution as a country 21 The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre 1961 International Energy Agency IEA 1974 and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering Unlike the organisations of the United Nations system OECD uses the spelling organisation with an s in its name rather than organization Enlargement to Central Europe Edit Following the Revolutions of 1989 the OECD began assisting countries in Central Europe especially the Visegrad Group to prepare market economy reforms In 1990 the Centre for Co operation with European Economies in Transition now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non Members was established and in 1991 the programme Partners in Transition was launched for the benefit of Czechoslovakia Hungary and Poland 22 including a membership option for these countries 22 As a result of this Poland 23 Hungary the Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Mexico and South Korea 24 became members of the OECD between 1994 and 2000 Reform and further enlargement Edit In the 1990s several European countries now members of the European Union expressed their willingness to join the organisation In 1995 Cyprus applied for membership but according to the Cypriot government it was vetoed by Turkey 25 In 1996 Estonia Latvia and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD 26 and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year 27 In 2005 Malta applied to join the organisation 28 The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states 29 Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to then OECD Secretary General Jose Angel Gurria 30 In September 2012 the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat 31 The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non members The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled like mindedness significant player mutual benefit and global considerations The working group s recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004 and on 16 May 2007 the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile Estonia Israel Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil China India Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement 32 Chile Slovenia Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010 33 In March 2014 the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Annexation of Crimea 34 35 In 2013 the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia In 2015 the organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania 36 Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016 and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018 37 38 Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020 39 On 15 May 2020 the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD 40 which joined as a member on 25 May 2021 2 Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina Peru 41 Malaysia 42 Brazil 43 and Croatia 44 In January 2022 the OECD reported that it had begun talks aiming toward joining Argentina Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Peru and Romania 45 In March 2022 the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 46 In June 2022 during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Peru and Romania were adopted 47 Objectives and issues EditTaxation Edit The OECD sets the rules governing international tax for mutlinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations a Model Tax Convention and country by country reporting rules Payroll and income tax by OECD Country The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions In general this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates i e the home or resident country rather than the country in which the investment is made the host or source country As a result it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows such as among the OECD member countries but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other such as between OECD and non OECD pairings Additionally the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995 The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter company transactions to countries The latest version of July 2017 incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting BEPS project initiated by the G20 citation needed Pillar 1 An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits for taxing purposes to countries where they do business by a formula including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries including France There are exclusions and minimum thresholds including banking and extractive industries The proposal involves allocating only residual profit ie profits above what is established through transfer pricing thus creating a hybrid mechanism This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed routine profits allocated using transfer pricing residual profits allocated through profit split Pillar 2 On 1 July 2021 finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax of 15 If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate the multinational s HQ will receive the difference It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15 income tax in the countries they operate This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue estimated at 100 billion to 240 billion each year The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD Secretary General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere 48 Multinational corporations Edit The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration citation needed Bid rigging Edit The OECD s work on bid rigging includes the publication of guidelines for fighting this practice in the context of public procurement 49 In a Policy Brief issued in October 2008 OECD noted that programmes to systematically educate procurement officials exist in only a few OECD countries 50 Guidelines for Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement were published in 2009 49 and incorporated into a Recommendation on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement which was adopted on 17 July 2012 calling on member governments to assess their public procurement laws and practices at all levels of government to promote more effective procurement and reduce the risk of bid rigging in public tenders 51 Publications EditThe OECD publishes books reports statistics working papers and reference materials All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary The OECD Library amp Archives collection dates from 1947 including records from the Committee for European Economic Co operation CEEC and the Organisation for European Economic Co operation OEEC predecessors of today s OECD External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment Books Edit Reports on a wide range of topics for sale at the OECD s Conference Centre Bookshop The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary Most books are published in English and French The OECD flagship titles include The OECD Economic Outlook published twice a year It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID 19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur 52 The Main Economic Indicators published monthly It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online as an iPhone app and in print The Factbook contains more than 100 economic environmental and social indicators each presented with a clear definition tables and graphs The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook formerly the Information Technology Outlook which rotate every year They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non member economies In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital How what you know shapes your life the first book in the OECD Insights series This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non specialist readers Other books in the series cover sustainable development international trade and international migration All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary the online bookshop or OECD Library amp Archives n 1 Magazine Edit OECD Observer an award winning magazine n 2 was launched in 1962 53 The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010 and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation 54 The online and mobile 55 editions are updated regularly and contain news analysis reviews commentaries and data on global economic social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books 56 An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013 57 Statistics Edit The OECD is known as a statistical agency as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects In July 2014 the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators 58 59 OECD statistics are available in several forms as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal as StatLinks in most OECD books there is a URL that links to the underlying data Working papers Edit There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat They are available on iLibrary as well as on many specialised portals Reference works Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard i e soft law It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today including climate change biodiversity loss water scarcity and the health impacts of pollution is both achievable and affordable neutrality is disputed Structure EditThe OECD s structure consists of three main elements The OECD member countries each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador Together they form the OECD Council Member countries act collectively through Council and its Standing Committees to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation The OECD Substantive Committees one for each work area of the OECD plus their various subsidiary bodies Committee members are typically subject matter experts from member and non member governments The Committees oversee all the work on each theme publications task forces conferences and so on Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals The OECD Secretariat led by the Secretary General currently Mathias Cormann provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees It is organised into Directorates which include about 2 500 staff Meetings Edit The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings Former Deputy Secretary General Pierre Vinde sv estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat 60 This ratio is unique among inter governmental organisations citation needed In other words the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration The OECD regularly holds minister level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter member countries and non member countries 61 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Noteworthy meetings include The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries The annual OECD Forum which brings together leaders from business government labour civil society and international organisations Held every year since June 2000 the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM Thematic Ministerial Meetings held among Ministers of a given domain i e all Ministers of Labour all Ministers of Environment etc The bi annual World Forum on Statistics Knowledge and Policies which does not usually take place in the OECD This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices The Committee on Fiscal Affairs citation needed OECD Eurasia Week which includes several high level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia 62 Secretariat Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The exterior of the Chateau de la Muette and the grounds of the OECD Conference Centre Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information analysis and preparation of the OECD Secretariat The secretariat collects data monitors trends and analyses and forecasts economic developments Under the direction and guidance of member governments it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade environment education agriculture technology taxation and other areas The secretariat is organised in Directorates Centre for Entrepreneurship SMEs Regions and Cities Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Development Co operation Directorate Directorate for Education and Skills Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Directorate for Science Technology and Innovation Economics Department Environment Directorate Public Governance Directorate Statistics Directorate Trade and Agriculture Directorate General Secretariat Executive Directorate Public Affairs and Communication DirectorateSecretary General Edit The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary General Secretary General selections are made by consensus meaning all member states must agree on a candidate 63 Secretary General of the OEEC No Secretary General Time served Country of origin1 Robert Marjolin 1948 1955 France2 Rene Sergent 1955 1960 France3 Thorkil Kristensen 1960 30 September 1961 DenmarkSecretary General of the OECD 64 No Secretary General Time served Country of origin Notes1 Thorkil Kristensen 30 September 1961 30 September 1969 Denmark2 Emiel van Lennep 1 October 1969 30 September 1984 Netherlands3 Jean Claude Paye 1 October 1984 30 September 1994 France Staffan Sohlman interim 1 October 1994 November 1994 Sweden 65 66 3 Jean Claude Paye November 1994 31 May 1996 France 67 4 Donald Johnston 1 June 1996 31 May 2006 Canada5 Jose Angel Gurria 1 June 2006 31 May 2021 Mexico 68 6 Mathias Cormann 1 June 2021 present Australia 69 Committees Edit A meeting room in the Chateau de la Muette Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas such as economics trade science employment education development assistance or financial markets There are about 200 committees working groups and expert groups Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area 70 Special bodies Edit OECD has a number of specialised bodies 71 Africa Partnership Forum Business and Industry Advisory Committee BIAC Development Assistance Committee OECD Development Centre International Transport Forum ITF formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport International Energy Agency Nuclear Energy Agency Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network MOPAN Partnership for Democratic Governance PDG Sahel and West Africa Club Trade Union Advisory Committee TUAC Decision making process Edit OECD decisions are made through voting which requires unanimity among all of those voting However dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting 72 Member countries EditCurrent members Edit As of May 2021 there are 38 members of the OECD 1 2 Country Application Negotiations Invitation Membership 1 Geographic location Notes Australia 7 June 1971 Oceania Austria 29 September 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Belgium 13 September 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Canada 10 April 1961 North America Chile November 2003 73 74 16 May 2007 32 15 December 2009 75 7 May 2010 South America Colombia 24 January 2011 76 30 May 2013 36 25 May 2018 77 28 April 2020 South America Costa Rica 9 April 2015 2 15 May 2020 2 25 May 2021 2 North America Czech Republic January 1994 78 8 June 1994 79 24 November 1995 78 21 December 1995 Europe Denmark 30 May 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Estonia 16 May 2007 32 10 May 2010 80 9 December 2010 Europe Finland 28 January 1969 Europe France 7 August 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Germany 27 September 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1949 West Germany 81 Previously represented by the Trizone 9 Greece 27 September 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Hungary December 1993 82 8 June 1994 79 7 May 1996 Europe Iceland 5 June 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Ireland 17 August 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Israel 15 March 2004 83 16 May 2007 32 10 May 2010 80 7 September 2010 Asia Italy 29 March 1962 Europe OEEC member 9 Japan November 1962 84 July 1963 84 28 April 1964 Asia South Korea 29 March 1995 85 25 October 1996 86 12 December 1996 Asia Officially the Republic of Korea Latvia 29 May 2013 87 11 May 2016 88 1 July 2016 89 Europe Lithuania 9 April 2015 90 31 May 2018 5 July 2018 91 Europe Luxembourg 7 December 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Mexico 14 April 1994 92 18 May 1994 North America Netherlands 13 November 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 New Zealand 29 May 1973 Oceania Norway 4 July 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Poland 1 February 1994 93 8 June 1994 79 11 July 1996 94 22 November 1996 Europe Portugal 4 August 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Slovakia February 1994 95 8 June 1994 79 July 2000 95 14 December 2000 Europe Slovenia March 1996 96 16 May 2007 32 10 May 2010 80 21 July 2010 Europe Spain 3 August 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1958 97 Sweden 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Switzerland 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 Turkey 2 August 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 United Kingdom 2 May 1961 Europe OEEC member 9 United States 12 April 1961 North AmericaThe European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states 98 Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right but may have membership as part of their controlling state 99 As of January 2021 the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey Jersey the Isle of Man Gibraltar and Bermuda are included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U K respectively 100 101 Other dependent territories of OECD member states are not members of the OECD Former members Edit The Free Territory of Trieste Zone A was a member of the OEEC until 1954 when it ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity 9 Countries whose accession talks were terminated Edit In May 2007 the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia 32 In March 2014 the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia s role in that year s Crimean Annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses 34 35 On 25 February 2022 the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine 102 Countries whose membership is under negotiation Edit Argentina 103 Brazil 103 Bulgaria 103 Croatia 103 Peru 103 Romania 103 Applicants Edit Malta applied in 2007 104 Ukraine applied in 2022 105 Budget EditAs of 2019 the OECD s budget is composed of Part I and Part II programmes of work All member countries contribute funding to the Part I budget representing around two thirds of OECD Part I expenditure The contributions see table below are based on both a proportion that is shared equally among member countries and a scale that is proportional to the relative size of their economies The Part I budget for 2019 is EUR 202 5 million The part II budgets meanwhile cover programmes that are of interest to a limited number of members and are funded according to scales of contributions or other agreements among the participating countries The consolidated Part II budgets for 2019 amount to EUR 105 million 106 The overall consolidated OECD budget for 2019 comes to EUR 386 million 107 Member countries percentage shares of Part I budget contributions for 2019 Country Contribution Australia 3 1 Austria 1 5 Belgium 1 7 Canada 3 5 Chile 1 2 Czech Republic 1 1 Denmark 1 4 Estonia 0 9 Finland 1 3 France 5 2 Germany 7 2 Greece 1 1 Hungary 1 0 Iceland 0 6 Ireland 1 3 Israel 1 4 Italy 4 0 Japan 9 4 South Korea 3 3 Latvia 0 9 Lithuania 0 9 Luxembourg 0 8 Mexico 2 7 Netherlands 2 2 New Zealand 1 1 Norway 1 6 Poland 1 6 Portugal 1 2 Slovakia 1 0 Slovenia 0 9 Spain 3 0 Sweden 1 6 Switzerland 2 2 Turkey 2 2 United Kingdom 5 4 United States 20 5TOTAL 100 See also Edit France portalFrascati Manual German Marshall Fund Good laboratory practice International organisations in Europe List of country groupings List of multilateral free trade agreements Marshall Plan OECD Anti Bribery Convention OECD Better Life Index OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD iLibrary replaced SourceOECD in July 2010 108 OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship Official development assistance Transfer pricing International Transport ForumNotes Edit OECD Archives OECD OECD Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002 see article 1 References Edit a b c d List of OECD Member countries Ratification of the Convention on the OECD OECD Retrieved 9 June 2018 a b c d e f OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member Press release OECD 25 May 2021 Retrieved 25 May 2021 a b Member Countries Budget Contributions for 2017 OECD Retrieved 5 July 2018 Shields Bevan 13 January 2021 Mathias Cormann confirmed as a frontrunner for OECD post following candidate cull The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 11 September 2022 OECD s 38 member countries Population total OECD members a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link World Economic Outlook Database International Monetary Fund 17 April 2018 Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects PPP valuation of country GDP IMF Retrieved 9 May 2018 Intergovernmental Organizations un org a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Organisation for European Economic Co operation OECD Retrieved 29 November 2011 Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance This Day in History 7 2 1947 History com Retrieved 30 May 2013 The Economic Cooperation Authority Marshallfoundation org Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 Retrieved 30 May 2013 Definition of SECRETARY GENERAL www merriam webster com Retrieved 14 December 2022 OECD OECD 60th anniversary OECD 60th anniversary Retrieved 14 December 2022 What is the OECD Definition and Meaning marketbusinessnews com Retrieved 6 December 2017 Organisation for European Economic Co operation OECD Retrieved 6 December 2017 Getting to the OECD OECD Retrieved 28 April 2016 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 8 September 2020 Christopher Warren 1998 In the stream of history shaping foreign policy for a new era Stanford University Press p 165 ISBN 978 0 8047 3468 4 From emerging donor to global development partner OECD Retrieved 14 December 2022 A majestic start How the OECD was won in OECD Yearbook 2011 OECD Observer Retrieved 30 May 2013 Markovic Andrej Obadic Ivan 2017 A Socialist Developing Country in a Western Capitalist Club Yugoslavia and the OEEC OECD 1955 1980 In Leimgruber Matthieu Schmelzer Matthias eds The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948 Springer Nature pp 89 111 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 60243 1 4 ISBN 978 3 319 60243 1 a b The Czech Republic in the OECD Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD A vision for Poland Joining the world s most advanced OECD 23 November 2006 Retrieved 3 August 2013 South Korea joins OECD Chicago Tribune 25 October 1996 Retrieved 3 August 2013 International Organisations Turkey s attempts to exclude Cyprus membership Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs September 2010 Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 Retrieved 4 November 2011 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia Co operation between the OECD and Latvia Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia 19 December 2006 Retrieved 4 November 2011 Slovenia and the OECD OECD Retrieved 31 March 2012 Malta applies to join OECD as full member Maltamedia 24 September 2005 Retrieved 4 November 2011 Beatty Andrew EU gives ground in OECD membership battle European Voice Retrieved 30 May 2013 Romania s candidacy for OECD membership Press release Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 30 May 2013 Bulgarian Govt to Confirm OECD Membership Bid Novinite 25 September 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2012 a b c d e f OECD Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement OECD 16 May 2007 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Chile s accession to the OECD OECD 7 May 2010 Retrieved 7 May 2010 a b Statement by the OECD regarding the status of the accession process with Russia amp co operation with Ukraine Press release OECD 13 March 2014 Retrieved 5 July 2018 a b OECD halts membership talks with Russia Ledger Enquirer 13 March 2014 Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 Retrieved 5 July 2018 a b Global OECD boosted by decision to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia with more to follow Press release OECD 30 May 2013 Retrieved 12 July 2013 Latvia becomes full fledged OECD member LETA 1 July 2016 Retrieved 4 July 2016 Lietuva tapo 36 aja EBPO nare Lithuania became the 36th member of the OECD Verslo Zinios 5 July 2018 Retrieved 5 July 2018 Global OECD welcomes Colombia as its 37th Member Press release OECD 28 April 2020 Retrieved 28 April 2020 OECD countries invite Costa Rica to join as 38th member Press release OECD 15 May 2020 Retrieved 16 May 2020 Peru eager to become an OECD member Andina com pe 15 November 2012 Retrieved 30 May 2013 Malaysia has applied to become a member of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Daily Express 24 April 2011 Retrieved 30 May 2013 Brazil Is Seeking to Join the OECD Despite Its Political Crisis Fortune 31 May 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 PLENKOVIC U DAVOSU Sastao se s Federicom Mogherini gruzijskim premijerom svicarskom predsjednicom i sefom OECD a Jutarnji List Jutarnji hr 19 January 2017 Retrieved 20 January 2017 via Twitter Ayres Marcela Paraguassu Lisandra 25 January 2022 UPDATE 2 OECD begins membership talks with Brazil Argentina Peru and more reuters com OECD suspends Russia Belarus from any participation Bulgaria Croatia Romania on track to join OECD Paul Hannon and Kate Davidson U S Wins International Backing for Global Minimum Tax Wall Street Journal July 1 2021 a b Guidelines for Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement OECD www oecd org Retrieved 11 September 2018 OECD Fighting Cartels in Public Procurement Policy Brief published October 2008 accessed 4 August 2021 OECD OECD Recommendation on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement published 17 July 2012 accessed 4 August 2021 OECD Economic Outlook June 2020 OECD Retrieved 10 June 2020 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 28 November 1962 Retrieved 13 January 2014 OECD Yearbook 2011 OECD Observer OECD Retrieved 13 January 2014 OECD Observer M oecdobserver org Retrieved 13 January 2014 Subscribe to OECD Observer Crossword No 2 2013 OECD Observer Retrieved 13 January 2014 Find compare and share OECD data OECD Insights Blog 26 January 2015 Retrieved 2 October 2018 New data visualization project OECD Data Portal molily Retrieved 2 October 2018 The Power of Peer Learning chapter 3 OECD s Basic Rules of Conduct A Sociology of its Institutional Culture IRDC 2007 Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 Retrieved 31 July 2008 OECD Global Forums OECD Retrieved 29 October 2017 OECD Eurasia Week OECD Retrieved 29 October 2017 Selection of the Secretary General of the OECD www oecd org Retrieved 27 February 2021 List of OECD Secretaries General and Deputies since 1961 oecd org Retrieved 17 August 2020 After A Battle Oecd Settles On Swede To Be Interim Leader Joc com 22 February 2018 Retrieved 27 August 2018 Friedman Alan 29 October 1994 U S Rejects Extending Paye s Term Rift Over OECD Leader The New York Times Retrieved 27 August 2018 Richard Woodward The Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 2009 Routledge Members renew Angel Gurria s mandate at the helm of the OECD OECD oecd members Mathias Cormann elected next secretary general of OECD News com au 13 March 2021 On Line Guide to OECD Intergovernmental Activity OECD Retrieved 4 November 2011 OECD Organisational Chart OECD Retrieved 11 January 2018 Peter Carroll Aynsley Kellow 1 January 2011 The OECD A Study of Organisational Adaptation Edward Elgar Publishing pp 78 ISBN 978 0 85793 989 0 Paises industrializados alaban avances economicos de Chile in Spanish El Mercurio 18 June 2004 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Chile esta entre los mejores aspirantes para entrar a la OCDE in Spanish El Mercurio 16 June 2004 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Chile invited to become a member of the OECD Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 15 December 2009 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Colombia applies for OECD membership Colombia Reports 24 January 2011 Retrieved 28 April 2020 OECD countries agree to invite Colombia as 37th member Press release OECD 25 May 2018 Retrieved 3 June 2018 a b Archived copy Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 Retrieved 31 May 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b c d Christopher pitches for new role for former communist countries with PM France OECD Associated Press 8 June 1994 Retrieved 2 June 2013 a b c Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 10 May 2010 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare Munich 1989 p 465 Available here Zsofia Arvai November 2005 Capital Account Liberalization Capital Flow Patterns and Policy Responses in the EU s New Member States PDF IMF Working Paper International Monetary Fund Israel Ready for the OECD PDF Israel Ministry of Finance March 2006 a b F C Langdon 1 November 2011 Japan s Foreign Policy ISBN 9780774843546 Woong Shik Shin LIBERALIZATION OF LEGAL SERVICES MARKET IN KOREA PDF South Korea joins OECD South Korea was formally invited Chicago Tribune 25 October 1996 Remarks at the signing of the Accession Agreement with the Republic of Latvia OECD OECD Retrieved 14 April 2018 Accession Latvia invited to join OECD OECD 11 May 2016 Latvia s accession to the OECD OECD 1 July 2016 Retrieved 6 July 2018 Roadmap to membership at the OECD for Lithuania OECD OECD Retrieved 5 July 2018 Lithuania s accession to the OECD OECD 5 July 2018 Retrieved 6 July 2018 Mexico formally invited to join OECD as 25th member Associated Press 14 April 1994 ORGANIZACJA WSPoLPRACY GOSPODARCZEJ I ROZWOJU in Polish POLAND JOINS THINK TANK OF RICHEST NATIONS Associated Press 11 July 1996 a b Slovakia politics Slovakia officially joins OECD BBC Monitoring 18 December 2000 Accession Process Ministry of Foreign Affairs Mzz gov si Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 31 May 2013 Julio Crespo MacLennan Spain and the process of European integration 1957 85 Basingstoke 2000 p 31 Available here Member Countries OECD 1 January 1970 Retrieved 23 October 2010 Frequently Asked Questions OECD Retrieved 30 January 2021 Declarations by certain Member Countries relating to the Convention on the OECD OECD Retrieved 30 January 2021 Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom OECD Retrieved 30 January 2021 Statement from OECD Secretary General on initial measures taken in response to Russia s large scale aggression against Ukraine OECD Retrieved 25 February 2022 a b c d e f OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Peru and Romania Press release OECD 25 January 2022 Retrieved 24 May 2022 Malta applies to join OECD Times of Malta Retrieved 7 August 2022 Shmyhal submits Ukraine s application for accession to OECD www ukrinform net Retrieved 7 August 2022 Member Countries Budget Contributions for 2019 OECD www oecd org Retrieved 1 September 2022 Member Countries Budget Contributions for 2019 OECD www oecd org Retrieved 1 September 2022 OECD iLibrary formerly Source OECD Ontario Council of University Libraries 28 November 2011 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2017 OECD iLibrary is OECD s Online Library for Books Papers and Statistics and the gateway to OECD s analysis and data It has replaced SourceOECD in July 2010 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to OECD Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title OECD amp oldid 1133131375, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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