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Bern

April 09, 2023

For other articles entitled Bern or Berne, see Bern (disambiguation) and Berne (disambiguation).

Bern (Swiss Standard German: [bɛrn] (listen)) or Berne[note 1] is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".[3][4][note 2] With a population of about 133,000 (as of 2022), Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland, behind Zurich, Geneva, Basel and Lausanne.[5] The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014.[6] The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000.[7]

Bern
Berne
Municipality
Aerial view of the Old City and the Aare
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Bern
Berne
Bern
Berne
Bern
Berne
Coordinates: 46°56′53″N 7°26′51″E / 46.94806°N 7.44750°E / 46.94806; 7.44750Coordinates: 46°56′53″N 7°26′51″E / 46.94806°N 7.44750°E / 46.94806; 7.44750
CountrySwitzerland
CantonBern
DistrictBern-Mittelland administrative district
Government
 • ExecutiveGemeinderat
with 5 members
 • MayorStadtpräsident (list)
Alec von Graffenried GFL
(as of January 2021)
 • ParliamentStadtrat
with 80 members
Area
[1]
 • Total51.62 km2 (19.93 sq mi)
Elevation
(Bahnhofplatz)
540 m (1,770 ft)
Highest elevation
(Könizberg)
674 m (2,211 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Aare near to Eymatt)
481 m (1,578 ft)
Population
 (2018-12-31)[2]
 • Total133,883
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
English: Bernese
German: Berner(in)
French: Bernois(e)
Italian: bernese
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
3000–3030
SFOS number351
LocalitiesAltenberg, Aaregg, Bümpliz, Bethlehem, Beundenfeld, Bottigen, Breitenrain, Breitfeld, Brunnadern, Dählhölzli, Engeried, Gäbelbach, Grosser Bremgartenwald, Gryphenhübeli, Felsenau, Holligen, Innere Stadt, Kirchenfeld, Könizbergwald, Länggasse, Lorraine, Muesmatt, Murifeld, Neufeld, Sandrain, Schosshalde, Spitalacker, Stöckacker, Tiefenau, Wankdorf, Weissenbühl, Weissenstein
Surrounded byBremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen
Websitewww.bern.ch
SFSO statistics

Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern, the second-most populous of Switzerland's cantons. The official language is German,[note 3] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect, Bernese German. In 1983, the historic old town (in German: Altstadt) in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[8] It is notably surrounded by the Aare, a major river of the Swiss Plateau.

Although fortified settlements were established since antiquity, the medieval city proper was founded by the Zähringer ruling family, probably in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. Bern was made a free imperial city in 1218 and, in 1353, it joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of its eight early cantons. Since then, Bern became a large city-state and a prominent actor of Swiss history by pursuing a policy of sovereign territorial expansion. Since the 15th century, the city was progressively rebuilt and acquired its current characteristics. Bern was made the Federal City in 1848. From about 5,000 inhabitants in the 15th century, the city passed the 100,000 mark in the 1920s.

Etymology

See also Other names of Bern

The etymology of the name "Bern" is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. The city was sometimes referred to as Bern im Üechtland to distinguish it from Verona.[9] As a result of the finding of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft".[10] The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

History

Main article: History of Bern
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bern.

Early history

 
Construction of the Untertorbrücke (Lower Gate Bridge) in Bern, Tschachtlanchronik, late 15th century

No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today's city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel (peninsula) north of Bern, fortified since the second century BC (late La Tène period), thought to be one of the 12 oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, a Gallo-Roman vicus was on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor ("dwelling of Breno"). In the Early Middle Ages, a settlement in Bümpliz, now a city district of Bern, was some 4 km (2 mi) from the medieval city.

The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th-century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen.

In 1218, after Berthold died without an heir, Bern was made a free imperial city by the Goldene Handfeste of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

Old Swiss Confederacy

In 1353, Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481.

Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps; by the 18th century, it comprised most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

 
Bern in 1638

The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aare. The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345. It was, in turn, succeeded by the Christoffelturm (formerly located close to the site of the modern-day railway station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War, two new fortifications – the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment) – were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.

After a major blaze in 1405, the city's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow, mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.[11]

Modern history

 
Bern c. 1870.
Etching by Heinrich Müller

Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802, and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814, it newly acquired the Bernese Jura. At this time, it once again became the largest canton of the Confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979. Bern was made the Federal City (seat of the Federal Assembly) within the new Swiss federal state in 1848.

A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.

The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000 and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of September 2017, the resident population stood at 142,349, of which 100,000 were Swiss citizens and 42,349 (31%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.[12]

Geography and climate

Topography

 
The Old City of Bern with the Minster and its platform above the lower Matte quarter and the Aare
 
The Aare flows in a wide loop around the Old City of Bern.
 
View of Bern from the ISS. The Old City is in the lower right-hand side.

Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent ice age. The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m (2,835 ft) and Bantiger with a height of 947 m (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.4395833°E / 46.9524056; 7.4395833.

The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the river Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.

Bern is built on very uneven ground. An elevation difference of up to 60 metres exists between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).

Bern has an area, as of 2013, of 51.62 km2 (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.42 km2 (3.64 sq mi) or 18.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.21 km2 (6.64 sq mi) or 33.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.76 km2 (9.17 sq mi) or 46.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.08 km2 (0.42 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes, and 0.14 km2 (0.054 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.[13]

Of the developed area of Bern, 3.1% consists of industrial buildings, 22.3% housing and other buildings, and 12.9% is devoted to transport infrastructure. Power and water infrastructure, as well as other special developed areas, made up 1.2% of the city, while another 6.5% consists of parks, green belts, and sports fields.

Of Bern's total land area, 32.8% is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 13.3% is used for growing crops and 4.4% is designated to be used as pasture. Local rivers and streams provide all the water in the municipality.[13]

 
Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)

Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification, Bern has an oceanic climate (Cfb)[14] closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb).

The closest weather station near Bern is located in the municipality of Zollikofen, about 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of the city centre. The warmest month for Bern is July, with a daily mean temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), and a daily maximum temperature of 24.3 °C (75.7 °F).[14] The highest temperature recorded at Bern / Zollikofen is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F),[15] recorded in August 2003. On average, a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) or above is recorded 40.7 days per year, and 6 days per year with a temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) or above at Zollikofen,[14] and the warmest day reaches an average of 32.1 °C (89.8 °F).[16]

There are 103.7 days of air frost, and 22.3 ice days per year at Bern (Zollikofen) for the period of 1981–2010, as well as 14.1 days of snowfall, 36.7 days of snow cover per year and the average amount of snow measured per year is 52.6 centimetres (20.7 in).[14] On average, January is the coldest month, with a daily mean temperature of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), and a daily minimum temperature of −3.6 °C (25.5 °F).[14] The lowest temperature ever recorded at Bern (Zollikofen) was −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F),[17] recorded in February 1929, and typically the coldest temperature of the year reaches an average of −12.8 °C (9.0 °F)[18] for the period of 1981–2010.

Climate data for Bern (Zollikofen), elevation: 553 m (1,814 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		31.6
(88.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		9.3
(48.7)
Average low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −21.8
(−7.2) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60
(2.4) 		56
(2.2) 		65
(2.6) 		78
(3.1) 		112
(4.4) 		102
(4.0) 		108
(4.3) 		112
(4.4) 		87
(3.4) 		86
(3.4) 		77
(3.0) 		78
(3.1) 		1,022
(40.2)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 11
(4.3) 		11
(4.3) 		5
(2.0) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		5
(2.0) 		14
(5.5) 		47
(19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 12.1 11.4 10.8 11.0 8.6 10.4 10.1 10.6 122.3
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 3.6 3.2 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 3.2 13.2
Average relative humidity (%) 84 79 73 70 72 72 71 73 79 84 86 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66 94 151 179 197 223 245 228 175 119 66 53 1,797
Percent possible sunshine 26 35 44 47 45 50 55 56 50 38 26 22 43
Source 1: MeteoSwiss[19]
Source 2: KNMI[20]

Politics

Subdivisions

The municipality is administratively subdivided into six districts (Stadtteile), each of which consists of several quarters (Quartiere).

Government

 
Erlacherhof
 
Rathaus
See also: List of mayors of Bern
See also: Gemeinderat (Bern)

The Municipal Council (de: Gemeinderat, fr: conseil municipal) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councillors (German: Gemeinderat/-rätin, French: conseiller/conseillère municipal(e)), each presiding over a directorate (de: Direktion, fr: direction) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (de: Stadtpräsident, fr: Le Maire). In the mandate period 2021–2024 (Legislatur) the Municipal Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alec von Graffenried. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Council are carried by the Municipal Council. The regular election of the Municipal Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. Contrary to most other municipalities, the executive government in Berne is selected by means of a system of Proporz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747.

As of 2021, Bern's Municipal Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GFL (Grüne Freie Liste a.k.a. Green Free List, who is the newly elected mayor since 2017), and GB (Green Alliance of Berne), giving the left parties a very strong majority of four out of five seats. The last regular election was held on 29 November 2020.[21][22]

The Municipal Council (Gemeinderat) of Bern for the mandate period 2021-2024[22]
Municipal Councillor
(Gemeinderat/-rätin)		 Party Head of Directorate (Direktion, since) of elected since
Alec von Graffenried[GR 1]   GFL Mayor's Office (Präsidialdirektion (PRD), 2017) 2017
Reto Nause[GR 2]   CVP Security, the Environment and Energy (Direktion für Sicherheit, Umwelt und Energie (SUE), 2009) 2009
Franziska Teuscher   GB Education, Social Welfare and Sport (Direktion für Bildung, Soziales und Sport (BSS), 2013) 2013
Marieke Kruit   SP Civil Engineering, Transport and Green Spaces (Direktion für Tiefbau, Verkehr und Stadtgrün (TVS), 2021) 2020
Michael Aebersold   SP Finances, Personnel and IT (Direktion für Finanzen, Personal und Informatik (FPI), 2017) 2016
  1. ^ Mayor (Stadtpräsident)
  2. ^ Vice-Mayor (Vizepräsident)

Dr. Jürg Wichtermann is State Chronicler (Staatsschreiber) since 2008. He has been elected by the collegiate.

Parliament

The Stadtrat of Bern for the mandate period of 2021–2024:[23]

  PdA (1.25%)
  AL (3.75%)
  GaP (1.25%)
  JUSO (2.5%)
  SP/PS (26.25%)
  JA! (3.75%)
  GB (12.5%)
  GFL (8.75%)
  jglp (2.5%)
  glp/pvl (11.25%)
  EVP/PEV (2.5%)
  CVP/PDC (2.5%)
  BDP/PBD (2.5%)
  FDP/PLR (8.75%)
  JF / DL (1.25%)
  SVP/UDC (8.75%)

The City Council (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipal Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.

The sessions of the City Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipal Council, members of the City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus (Town Hall).

The last regular election of the City Council was held on 29 November 2020 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la législature) from 2021 to 2024. The City Council consist of 23 (-1) members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS) including two seats by the junior party JUSO, 11 (+3) Green Liberal Party (glp/pvl) including two member of its junior party jglp, 10 (+1) Green Alliance of Berne (GB), 8 (-1) The Liberals (FDP/PLR) including one seat by its junior partner JF / DL, 7 (-2) Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 7 (-1) Grüne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 3 (+1) Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 3 (+1) Alternative Linke Bern (AL), 2 (-1) Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 2 (-) Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 (-) Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 (-) Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), and 1 Grüne alternative Partei (GaP) (or Green alternative Party).[21][23]

National elections

National Council

In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 28.7% (-5.6) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the Green Party (25.2%, +7.9), the pvl (13.5%, +4.1), the UDC (9.5%, -2.9), PLR (4.2%, -2.8), and the BDP/PBD (7.0%).[24] In the federal election a total of 49,030 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56%.[25]

In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 34.3% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the Green Party (17.4%), the UDC (12.4%), and the FDP/PLR (9.9%), glp/pvl (9.4%), and the BDP/PBD (7.0%). In the federal election, a total of 48,556 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.0%.[26]

International relations

Twin and sister cities

The Municipal Council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg.[27][28]

Demographics

Population

Largest groups of foreign residents 2012
Nationality Number % total
(foreigners)
  Germany 5,957 4.7 (20.0)
  Italy 4,113 3.2 (13.5)
  Spain 1,977 1.6 (6.5)
  Portugal 1,433 1.1 (4.7)
  Turkey 1,161 0.9 (3.8)
  North Macedonia 1,120 0.9 (3.7)
  Kosovo 1,085 0.9 (3.6)
  Sri Lanka 898 0.7 (3.0)
  Serbia 898 0.7 (3.0)
  France 668 0.5 (2.2)
  Austria 629 0.5 (2.1)

Bern has a population (as of December 2020) of 134,794.[29] About 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for −2.1%.[30]

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.[31]

As of 2008, the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women.[32] Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.[31]

 
Apartment blocks at Bern-Bethlehem

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.[30]

As of 2000, there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.[31]

 
Houses in the Old City of Bern

As of 2000, there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household.[30] There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty.[33] As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.[30]

As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, £940, €1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[34] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.45%.[30]

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:[35]

Religion

From the 2000 census, 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were members of the Catholic Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christ Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian religion. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another religion. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no religion, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question.[31] On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.

Main sights

 
The central building of the Federal Palace of Switzerland
 
The Ogre of the Kindlifresserbrunnen has a sack of children waiting to be devoured.

The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.[36]

The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.

Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis papers were published.

The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.

There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th-century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain, which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain), which is claimed to represent a Jew,[37] the Greek god Chronos, or a Fastnacht figure meant to frighten disobedient children.[38]

Bern's most recent sight is the set of fountains in front of the Federal Palace. It was inaugurated on 1 August 2004.

The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.

 
The Zytglogge clock tower and the city's medieval covered shopping promenades (Lauben)

Heritage sites of national significance

Bern is home to 114 Swiss heritage sites of national significance.[39]

It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th-century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.

Outside the Old Town the heritage sites include the Bärengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern (1937), the Eidgenössisches Archiv für Denkmalpflege, the Kirchenfeld mansion district [de] (after 1881), the Thunplatzbrunnen, the Federal Mint building, the Federal Archives, the Swiss National Library, the Historical Museum (1894), Alpine Museum, Museum of Communication and Natural History Museum.

Culture

 
Stadttheater
See also: List of museums in Bern

Theatres

Cinemas

Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in German Switzerland, films are generally in German. Some films in select cinemas are shown in their original language with German and French subtitles.

Film festivals

Festivals

  • BeJazz Summer and Winter Festival
  • Buskers Bern Street Music Festival
  • Gurtenfestival
  • Internationales Jazzfestival Bern
  • Taktlos-Festival

Music events

The Musikpreis des Kantons Bern is an annual musical event where "Outstanding musicians which styles shape the Bern music scene" are honored.[45][46]

Fairs

Sports

Bern was the site of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final, in which West Germany upset the Hungarian Golden Team 3–2. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the 2008 UEFA European Championship, in which it hosted three matches.

FC Breitenrain Bern, founded in 1994, also play in Bern.[47]

SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern which plays in the PostFinance Arena. They compete in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade.[48] PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.

PostFinance Arena was also the host of the 2011 European Figure Skate Championships.

Bern Cardinals is the baseball and softball team of Bern, which plays at the Allmend.

Bern Grizzlies is the American football club in Bern and plays in the top level Nationalliga A (American football) at Athletics Arena Wankdorf.

Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, British Columbia.

RC Bern is the local rugby club (since 1972) and plays at the Allmend. The ladies team was founded in 1995.

The locality of Bremgartenwald was home to the Bremgarten Circuit, the Grand Prix motor racing course that at one time hosted the Swiss Grand Prix.

Bern Bears is an NGO Basketball Club since 2010 in city of Bern.[49]

The Swiss Grand Prix was held on the Circuit Bremgarten street track from 1950 to 1954, with MotoGP also running their Swiss motorcycle Grand Prix from 1949 to 1954. The circuit eventually fell into disrepair after Switzerland banned motorports after the 1955 Le Mans Disaster, but they made an amendment in 2015 to host electric racing, which is how the Swiss ePrix happened in 2019.

Economy

As of  2010, Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008, there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.[30]

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.[50]

In 2000, there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.[51] Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.[30]

Education

 
Main building of the University of Bern

The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools.

In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.[31]

The canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.[52]

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.[53]

Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.[54]

As of 2000, there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[51]

Transport

 
Tram on the Kirchenfeldbrücke, with the Bern Minster and Casino Bern in the background
Main articles: BERNMOBIL, Trams in Bern, Trolleybuses in Bern, and Bern S-Bahn

Public transport

Bern is served by a dense network of trains, trams, trolleybuses, and conventional motorbuses. The Bern S-Bahn is Switzerland's second busiest.

Bern is the centre of the Libero tariff network, which covers the cantons of Bern and Solothurn and includes the towns of Biel/Bienne, Solothurn, and Thun. The network allows easy and coordinated travel on all modes of public transport, such as trains, PostAuto buses, trams, buses (trolleybuses and motorbuses) and others, regardless of transport operator. Fares are based on the number of zones in a journey. The central part of Bern, (excluding Bümpliz, Betlehem, Bottigen, Brünnen, and Riedbach in the west of the municipality), is part of the fare zone 100.

The city is well served by railways, with the extensive S-Bahn network and many regional and international connections. Bern's central railway station (Bahnhof Bern) is Switzerland's second busiest station (202,600 passengers per working day in 2014), and is the main transport hub in the region.

A funicular railway called the Marzilibahn leads from the Marzili district to the Federal Palace. With a length of 106 m (348 ft), it is the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.

Road traffic

Several Aare bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer districts outside of the peninsula.

Bern is well connected to other cities by several motorways (A1, A12, A6).

Airport

Bern Airport (colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos) located outside the city near the town of Belp, as of March 2021 mostly serves general aviation and charter flights. Zurich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg serve as gateways for air traffic, all reachable in less than two hours by train or car from Bern.

Bicycle transport

The city has made efforts to make Bern the "bicycle capital" of Switzerland through the creation of better infrastructure, such as dedicated cycle paths.[55] PubliBike [de] operates a bike-sharing system.

Notable people

 
J J Grynaeus
 
Statue of Adrian von Bubenberg
 
Anna Feodorovna, early 1800s
 
Albrecht von Haller, 1736
 
Albert Einstein, 1921
 
Johann Rudolf Wyss
 
Daniel Albert Wyttenbach
 
Lukas Hartmann, 1985
 
Niklaus Manuel, 1530
 
Mani Matter, 1970
 
Patricia Kopatchinskaja, 2012

Public servants, the military and the church

Politicians and the landed gentry

Science and academia

Writing and acting

Artists, painters and musicians

Business

Sport

 
Otto Hess, c. 1906
 
Jenni Oehrli, 2013

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ French pronunciation: [bɛʁn] ( listen); in other Swiss languages, Alemannic German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]; Arpitan: Bèrna [ˈbɛʁna] ( listen); Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnɐ] ( listen)
  2. ^ According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has governmental institutions such as the Federal Assembly and Federal Council. However, the Federal Supreme Court is in Lausanne, the Federal Criminal Court is in Bellinzona and the Federal Administrative Court and the Federal Patent Court are in St. Gallen, exemplifying the federal nature of the Confederation.
  3. ^ The official language in any municipality in German-speaking Switzerland is always German. In this context, the term 'German' is used as an umbrella term for any variety of German. So, according to law, people are allowed to communicate with the authorities by using any kind of German, in written or oral form. However, the authorities will always use Swiss Standard German (aka the Swiss variety of Standard German) in documents, or any written form. And orally, it is either Hochdeutsch (i.e., Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers as High German), or then it depends on the speaker's origin, which dialectal variant they are using.

References

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  3. ^ (in German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale, and Romansh: citad federala).
  4. ^ Holenstein, André (2012). "Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht" [The capital does not exist]. UniPress (in German) (UniPress 152: Die Hauptstatdtregion). Berne: University of Berne: 16–19. doi:10.7892/boris.41280. S2CID 178237847. Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: «Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung.» Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  46. ^ "Musikalische Auszeichnungen" (in German). www.erz.be.ch/er. from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. Der Kanton Bern verleiht jedes Jahr Musikpreise als Zeichen der Wertschätzung und Anerkennung für das Wirken herausragender Musikschaffender. Ausgezeichnet werden professionelle Musikerinnen und Musiker aus allen künstlerischen und organisatorischen Bereichen des Musiklebens sowie allen musikalischen Stilrichtungen, die die Berner Musikszene entscheidend mitprägen.
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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bern.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bern.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Bern.
  • Official website
  • Bern Public Transportation Website (BernMobil)
  • Bern (Gemeinde) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 10 November 2016.
  • . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • Gurtenfestival
  • Buskers Bern

April 09, 2023
bern, other, articles, entitled, disambiguation, disambiguation, swiss, standard, german, bɛrn, listen, note, facto, capital, switzerland, referred, federal, city, note, with, population, about, 2022, update, fifth, most, populous, city, switzerland, behind, z. For other articles entitled Bern or Berne see Bern disambiguation and Berne disambiguation Bern Swiss Standard German bɛrn listen or Berne note 1 is the de facto capital of Switzerland referred to as the federal city 3 4 note 2 With a population of about 133 000 as of 2022 update Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland behind Zurich Geneva Basel and Lausanne 5 The Bern agglomeration which includes 36 municipalities had a population of 406 900 in 2014 6 The metropolitan area had a population of 660 000 in 2000 7 BernBerneMunicipalityAerial view of the Old City and the AareFlagCoat of armsLocation of BernBerneBernBerneShow map of SwitzerlandBernBerneShow map of Canton of BernCoordinates 46 56 53 N 7 26 51 E 46 94806 N 7 44750 E 46 94806 7 44750 Coordinates 46 56 53 N 7 26 51 E 46 94806 N 7 44750 E 46 94806 7 44750CountrySwitzerlandCantonBernDistrictBern Mittelland administrative districtGovernment ExecutiveGemeinderat with 5 members MayorStadtprasident list Alec von Graffenried GFL as of January 2021 ParliamentStadtrat with 80 membersArea 1 Total51 62 km2 19 93 sq mi Elevation Bahnhofplatz 540 m 1 770 ft Highest elevation Konizberg 674 m 2 211 ft Lowest elevation Aare near to Eymatt 481 m 1 578 ft Population 2018 12 31 2 Total133 883 Density2 600 km2 6 700 sq mi Demonym s English Bernese German Berner in French Bernois e Italian berneseTime zoneUTC 01 00 Central European Time Summer DST UTC 02 00 Central European Summer Time Postal code s 3000 3030SFOS number351LocalitiesAltenberg Aaregg Bumpliz Bethlehem Beundenfeld Bottigen Breitenrain Breitfeld Brunnadern Dahlholzli Engeried Gabelbach Grosser Bremgartenwald Gryphenhubeli Felsenau Holligen Innere Stadt Kirchenfeld Konizbergwald Langgasse Lorraine Muesmatt Murifeld Neufeld Sandrain Schosshalde Spitalacker Stockacker Tiefenau Wankdorf Weissenbuhl WeissensteinSurrounded byBremgarten bei Bern Frauenkappelen Ittigen Kirchlindach Koniz Muhleberg Muri bei Bern Neuenegg Ostermundigen Wohlen bei Bern ZollikofenWebsitewww wbr bern wbr ch SFSO statisticsBern is also the capital of the canton of Bern the second most populous of Switzerland s cantons The official language is German note 3 but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect Bernese German In 1983 the historic old town in German Altstadt in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site 8 It is notably surrounded by the Aare a major river of the Swiss Plateau Although fortified settlements were established since antiquity the medieval city proper was founded by the Zahringer ruling family probably in 1191 by Berthold V Duke of Zahringen Bern was made a free imperial city in 1218 and in 1353 it joined the Swiss Confederacy becoming one of its eight early cantons Since then Bern became a large city state and a prominent actor of Swiss history by pursuing a policy of sovereign territorial expansion Since the 15th century the city was progressively rebuilt and acquired its current characteristics Bern was made the Federal City in 1848 From about 5 000 inhabitants in the 15th century the city passed the 100 000 mark in the 1920s Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Old Swiss Confederacy 2 3 Modern history 3 Geography and climate 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 4 Politics 4 1 Subdivisions 4 2 Government 4 3 Parliament 4 4 National elections 4 4 1 National Council 4 5 International relations 4 5 1 Twin and sister cities 5 Demographics 5 1 Population 5 2 Historic population 5 3 Religion 6 Main sights 6 1 Heritage sites of national significance 7 Culture 7 1 Theatres 7 2 Cinemas 7 3 Film festivals 7 4 Festivals 7 5 Music events 7 6 Fairs 8 Sports 9 Economy 10 Education 11 Transport 11 1 Public transport 11 2 Road traffic 11 3 Airport 11 4 Bicycle transport 12 Notable people 12 1 Public servants the military and the church 12 2 Politicians and the landed gentry 12 3 Science and academia 12 4 Writing and acting 12 5 Artists painters and musicians 12 6 Business 12 7 Sport 13 See also 14 Notes and references 14 1 Notes 14 2 References 15 External linksEtymology EditSee also Other names of Bern The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain According to the local legend based on folk etymology Berchtold V Duke of Zahringen the founder of the city of Bern vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt and this turned out to be a bear It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German The city was sometimes referred to as Bern im Uechtland to distinguish it from Verona 9 As a result of the finding of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre existing toponym of Celtic origin possibly berna cleft 10 The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Barengraben dates to the 1440s History EditMain article History of Bern For a chronological guide see Timeline of Bern Early history Edit Construction of the Untertorbrucke Lower Gate Bridge in Bern Tschachtlanchronik late 15th century No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today s city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far In antiquity a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel peninsula north of Bern fortified since the second century BC late La Tene period thought to be one of the 12 oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar During the Roman era a Gallo Roman vicus was on the same site The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor dwelling of Breno In the Early Middle Ages a settlement in Bumpliz now a city district of Bern was some 4 km 2 mi from the medieval city The medieval city is a foundation of the Zahringer ruling family which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century According to 14th century historiography Cronica de Berno 1309 Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V Duke of Zahringen In 1218 after Berthold died without an heir Bern was made a free imperial city by the Goldene Handfeste of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Old Swiss Confederacy Edit In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481 Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536 as well as other smaller territories thereby becoming the largest city state north of the Alps by the 18th century it comprised most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud Bern in 1638 The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aare The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256 when the Kafigturm took over this role until 1345 It was in turn succeeded by the Christoffelturm formerly located close to the site of the modern day railway station until 1622 During the time of the Thirty Years War two new fortifications the so called big and small Schanze entrenchment were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula After a major blaze in 1405 the city s original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century the city continued to grow mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside 11 Modern history Edit Bern c 1870 Etching by Heinrich Muller Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars when it was stripped of parts of its territories It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802 and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814 it newly acquired the Bernese Jura At this time it once again became the largest canton of the Confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979 Bern was made the Federal City seat of the Federal Assembly within the new Swiss federal state in 1848 A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral see Bern International The city s population rose from about 5 000 in the 15th century to about 12 000 by 1800 and to above 60 000 by 1900 passing the 100 000 mark during the 1920s Population peaked during the 1960s at 165 000 and has since decreased slightly to below 130 000 by 2000 As of September 2017 the resident population stood at 142 349 of which 100 000 were Swiss citizens and 42 349 31 resident foreigners A further estimated 350 000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration 12 Geography and climate EditTopography Edit The Old City of Bern with the Minster and its platform above the lower Matte quarter and the Aare The Aare flows in a wide loop around the Old City of Bern View of Bern from the ISS The Old City is in the lower right hand side Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the canton of Bern slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km 12 mi north of the Bernese Alps The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent ice age The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m 2 835 ft and Bantiger with a height of 947 m 3 107 ft The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46 57 08 66 N 7 26 22 50 E 46 9524056 N 7 4395833 E 46 9524056 7 4395833 The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the river Aare but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare Bern is built on very uneven ground An elevation difference of up to 60 metres exists between the inner city districts on the Aare Matte Marzili and the higher ones Kirchenfeld Langgasse Bern has an area as of 2013 update of 51 62 km2 19 93 sq mi Of this area 9 42 km2 3 64 sq mi or 18 2 is used for agricultural purposes while 17 21 km2 6 64 sq mi or 33 3 is forested Of the rest of the land 23 76 km2 9 17 sq mi or 46 0 is settled buildings or roads 1 08 km2 0 42 sq mi or 2 1 is either rivers or lakes and 0 14 km2 0 054 sq mi or 0 3 is unproductive land 13 Of the developed area of Bern 3 1 consists of industrial buildings 22 3 housing and other buildings and 12 9 is devoted to transport infrastructure Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1 2 of the city while another 6 5 consists of parks green belts and sports fields Of Bern s total land area 32 8 is heavily forested Of the agricultural land 13 3 is used for growing crops and 4 4 is designated to be used as pasture Local rivers and streams provide all the water in the municipality 13 Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer 1919 Climate Edit According to the Koppen Climate Classification Bern has an oceanic climate Cfb 14 closely bordering on a humid continental climate Dfb The closest weather station near Bern is located in the municipality of Zollikofen about 5 kilometres 3 mi north of the city centre The warmest month for Bern is July with a daily mean temperature of 18 3 C 64 9 F and a daily maximum temperature of 24 3 C 75 7 F 14 The highest temperature recorded at Bern Zollikofen is 37 0 C 98 6 F 15 recorded in August 2003 On average a temperature of 25 C 77 F or above is recorded 40 7 days per year and 6 days per year with a temperature of 30 C 86 F or above at Zollikofen 14 and the warmest day reaches an average of 32 1 C 89 8 F 16 There are 103 7 days of air frost and 22 3 ice days per year at Bern Zollikofen for the period of 1981 2010 as well as 14 1 days of snowfall 36 7 days of snow cover per year and the average amount of snow measured per year is 52 6 centimetres 20 7 in 14 On average January is the coldest month with a daily mean temperature of 0 4 C 31 3 F and a daily minimum temperature of 3 6 C 25 5 F 14 The lowest temperature ever recorded at Bern Zollikofen was 23 0 C 9 4 F 17 recorded in February 1929 and typically the coldest temperature of the year reaches an average of 12 8 C 9 0 F 18 for the period of 1981 2010 Climate data for Bern Zollikofen elevation 553 m 1 814 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1901 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 9 60 6 18 5 65 3 23 0 73 4 28 2 82 8 31 4 88 5 33 7 92 7 36 8 98 2 37 0 98 6 31 6 88 9 25 5 77 9 20 8 69 4 19 1 66 4 37 0 98 6 Average high C F 3 4 38 1 5 2 41 4 10 3 50 5 14 5 58 1 18 6 65 5 22 5 72 5 24 6 76 3 24 2 75 6 19 4 66 9 14 0 57 2 7 7 45 9 3 8 38 8 14 0 57 2 Daily mean C F 0 2 32 4 1 1 34 0 5 2 41 4 9 0 48 2 13 2 55 8 16 9 62 4 18 8 65 8 18 4 65 1 14 1 57 4 9 5 49 1 4 2 39 6 0 9 33 6 9 3 48 7 Average low C F 2 9 26 8 2 8 27 0 0 3 32 5 3 4 38 1 7 6 45 7 11 3 52 3 13 0 55 4 12 9 55 2 9 2 48 6 5 5 41 9 1 0 33 8 2 1 28 2 4 7 40 5 Record low C F 21 8 7 2 23 0 9 4 15 6 3 9 7 9 17 8 2 2 28 0 0 9 33 6 3 6 38 5 3 5 38 3 0 8 30 6 5 5 22 1 13 9 7 0 20 5 4 9 23 0 9 4 Average precipitation mm inches 60 2 4 56 2 2 65 2 6 78 3 1 112 4 4 102 4 0 108 4 3 112 4 4 87 3 4 86 3 4 77 3 0 78 3 1 1 022 40 2 Average snowfall cm inches 11 4 3 11 4 3 5 2 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 14 5 5 47 19 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 9 5 8 7 9 5 9 6 12 1 11 4 10 8 11 0 8 6 10 4 10 1 10 6 122 3Average snowy days 1 0 cm 3 6 3 2 1 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 13 2Average relative humidity 84 79 73 70 72 72 71 73 79 84 86 86 77Mean monthly sunshine hours 66 94 151 179 197 223 245 228 175 119 66 53 1 797Percent possible sunshine 26 35 44 47 45 50 55 56 50 38 26 22 43Source 1 MeteoSwiss 19 Source 2 KNMI 20 Politics EditSubdivisions Edit The municipality is administratively subdivided into six districts Stadtteile each of which consists of several quarters Quartiere Government Edit Erlacherhof Rathaus See also List of mayors of Bern See also Gemeinderat Bern The Municipal Council de Gemeinderat fr conseil municipal constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority It is composed of five councillors German Gemeinderat ratin French conseiller conseillere municipal e each presiding over a directorate de Direktion fr direction comprising several departments and bureaus The president of the executive department acts as mayor de Stadtprasident fr Le Maire In the mandate period 2021 2024 Legislatur the Municipal Council is presided by Stadtprasident Alec von Graffenried Departmental tasks coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Council are carried by the Municipal Council The regular election of the Municipal Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council Contrary to most other municipalities the executive government in Berne is selected by means of a system of Proporz The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof built by architect Albrecht Sturler after 1747 As of 2021 update Bern s Municipal Council is made up of two representatives of the SP Social Democratic Party and one each of CVP Christian Democratic Party GFL Grune Freie Liste a k a Green Free List who is the newly elected mayor since 2017 and GB Green Alliance of Berne giving the left parties a very strong majority of four out of five seats The last regular election was held on 29 November 2020 21 22 The Municipal Council Gemeinderat of Bern for the mandate period 2021 2024 22 Municipal Councillor Gemeinderat ratin Party Head of Directorate Direktion since of elected sinceAlec von Graffenried GR 1 GFL Mayor s Office Prasidialdirektion PRD 2017 2017Reto Nause GR 2 CVP Security the Environment and Energy Direktion fur Sicherheit Umwelt und Energie SUE 2009 2009Franziska Teuscher GB Education Social Welfare and Sport Direktion fur Bildung Soziales und Sport BSS 2013 2013Marieke Kruit SP Civil Engineering Transport and Green Spaces Direktion fur Tiefbau Verkehr und Stadtgrun TVS 2021 2020Michael Aebersold SP Finances Personnel and IT Direktion fur Finanzen Personal und Informatik FPI 2017 2016 Mayor Stadtprasident Vice Mayor Vizeprasident Dr Jurg Wichtermann is State Chronicler Staatsschreiber since 2008 He has been elected by the collegiate Parliament Edit The Stadtrat of Bern for the mandate period of 2021 2024 23 PdA 1 25 AL 3 75 GaP 1 25 JUSO 2 5 SP PS 26 25 JA 3 75 GB 12 5 GFL 8 75 jglp 2 5 glp pvl 11 25 EVP PEV 2 5 CVP PDC 2 5 BDP PBD 2 5 FDP PLR 8 75 JF DL 1 25 SVP UDC 8 75 The City Council de Stadtrat fr Conseil de ville holds legislative power It is made up of 80 members with elections held every four years The City Council decrees regulations and by laws that are executed by the Municipal Council and the administration The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation The sessions of the City Council are public Unlike members of the Municipal Council members of the City Council are not politicians by profession and they are paid a fee based on their attendance Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus Town Hall The last regular election of the City Council was held on 29 November 2020 for the mandate period German Legislatur French la legislature from 2021 to 2024 The City Council consist of 23 1 members of the Social Democratic Party SP PS including two seats by the junior party JUSO 11 3 Green Liberal Party glp pvl including two member of its junior party jglp 10 1 Green Alliance of Berne GB 8 1 The Liberals FDP PLR including one seat by its junior partner JF DL 7 2 Swiss People s Party SVP UDC 7 1 Grune Freie Liste GFL Green Free List 3 1 Junge Alternative JA or Young Alternatives 3 1 Alternative Linke Bern AL 2 1 Conservative Democratic Party BDP PBD 2 Christian Democratic People s Party CVP PDC 2 Evangelical People s Party EVP PEV 1 Swiss Party of Labour PdA and 1 Grune alternative Partei GaP or Green alternative Party 21 23 National elections Edit National Council Edit In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 28 7 5 6 of the vote The next five most popular parties were the Green Party 25 2 7 9 the pvl 13 5 4 1 the UDC 9 5 2 9 PLR 4 2 2 8 and the BDP PBD 7 0 24 In the federal election a total of 49 030 votes were cast and the voter turnout was 56 25 In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 34 3 of the vote The next five most popular parties were the Green Party 17 4 the UDC 12 4 and the FDP PLR 9 9 glp pvl 9 4 and the BDP PBD 7 0 In the federal election a total of 48 556 voters were cast and the voter turnout was 56 0 26 International relations Edit Twin and sister cities Edit The Municipal Council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary during the UEFA Euro 2008 cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg 27 28 Demographics EditPopulation Edit Largest groups of foreign residents 2012Nationality Number total foreigners Germany 5 957 4 7 20 0 Italy 4 113 3 2 13 5 Spain 1 977 1 6 6 5 Portugal 1 433 1 1 4 7 Turkey 1 161 0 9 3 8 North Macedonia 1 120 0 9 3 7 Kosovo 1 085 0 9 3 6 Sri Lanka 898 0 7 3 0 Serbia 898 0 7 3 0 France 668 0 5 2 2 Austria 629 0 5 2 1 Bern has a population as of December 2020 update of 134 794 29 About 34 of the population are resident foreign nationals Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010 the population changed at a rate of 0 6 Migration accounted for 1 3 while births and deaths accounted for 2 1 30 Most of the population as of 2000 update speaks German 104 465 or 81 2 as their first language Italian is the second most common 5 062 or 3 9 and French is the third 4 671 or 3 6 There are 171 people who speak Romansh 31 As of 2008 update the population was 47 5 male and 52 5 female The population was made up of 44 032 Swiss men 35 4 of the population and 15 092 12 1 non Swiss men There were 51 531 Swiss women 41 4 and 13 726 11 0 non Swiss women 32 Of the population in the municipality 39 008 or about 30 3 were born in Bern and lived there in 2000 There were 27 573 or 21 4 who were born in the same canton while 25 818 or 20 1 were born somewhere else in Switzerland and 27 812 or 21 6 were born outside of Switzerland 31 Apartment blocks at Bern Bethlehem As of 2000 update children and teenagers 0 19 years old make up 15 1 of the population while adults 20 64 years old make up 65 and seniors over 64 years old make up 19 9 30 As of 2000 update there were 59 948 people who were single and never married in the municipality There were 49 873 married individuals 9 345 widows or widowers and 9 468 individuals who are divorced 31 Houses in the Old City of Bern As of 2000 update there were 67 115 private households in the municipality and an average of 1 8 persons per household 30 There were 34 981 households that consist of only one person and 1 592 households with five or more people In 2000 update a total of 65 538 apartments 90 6 of the total were permanently occupied while 5 352 apartments 7 4 were seasonally occupied and 1 444 apartments 2 0 were empty 33 As of 2009 update the construction rate of new housing units was 1 2 new units per 1000 residents 30 As of 2003 update the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108 92 Swiss francs CHF per month US 890 500 710 approx exchange rate from 2003 The average rate for a one room apartment was 619 82 CHF US 500 280 400 a two room apartment was about 879 36 CHF US 700 400 560 a three room apartment was about 1040 54 CHF US 830 470 670 and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094 80 CHF US 1680 940 1340 The average apartment price in Bern was 99 4 of the national average of 1116 CHF 34 The vacancy rate for the municipality in 2010 update was 0 45 30 Historic population Edit The historical population is given in the following chart 35 Historic Population Data 35 Year Total Population German speaking French speaking Protestant Catholic Jewish Christian Catholic Other or no religion given No religion given Swiss Non Swiss1700 14 2191730 15 9321764 14 5151798 12 1861818 18 9971837 24 3621850 29 670 27 986 1 478 206 28 009 1 6611880 44 087 41 784 1 875 39 948 3 456 387 296 40 463 3 6241910 90 937 83 144 4 566 78 234 9 650 1 056 1 997 81 335 9 6021930 111 783 102 444 6 378 95 600 13 280 854 2 049 104 864 6 9191950 146 499 129 781 10 262 118 823 23 295 1 089 792 2 500 139 367 7 1321970 162 405 133 737 8 041 115 779 41 374 635 561 4 056 139 873 22 5321990 136 338 110 279 5 236 79 889 36 723 335 334 19 057 10 006 112 599 23 739Religion Edit From the 2000 census update 60 455 or 47 0 belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church while 31 510 or 24 5 were members of the Catholic Church Of the rest of the population there were 1 874 members of an Orthodox church or about 1 46 of the population there were 229 persons or about 0 18 of the population who belonged to the Christ Catholic Church and there were 5 531 persons or about 4 30 of the population who belonged to another Christian religion There were 324 persons or about 0 25 of the population who were Jewish and 4 907 or about 3 81 of the population who were Muslim There were 629 persons who were Buddhist 1 430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another religion 16 363 or about 12 72 of the population belonged to no religion are agnostic or atheist and 7 855 persons or about 6 11 of the population did not answer the question 31 On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated Main sights Edit The central building of the Federal Palace of Switzerland The Ogre of the Kindlifresserbrunnen has a sack of children waiting to be devoured The structure of Bern s city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge Bernese German for Time Bell an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral the Munster and a 15th century town hall Thanks to 6 kilometres 4 miles of arcades the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe Since the 16th century the city has had a bear pit the Barengraben at the far end of the Nydeggbrucke to house its heraldic animals The four bears are now kept in an open air enclosure nearby and two other young bears a present by the Russian president are kept in Dahlholzli zoo 36 The Federal Palace Bundeshaus built from 1857 to 1902 which houses the national parliament government and part of the federal administration can also be visited Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49 the site of the Einsteinhaus from 1903 to 1905 the year in which the Annus Mirabilis papers were published The Rose Garden Rosengarten from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed is a well kept Rosarium on a hill converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913 There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town Nearly all the 16th century fountains except the Zahringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen Bernese German Child Eater Fountain which is claimed to represent a Jew 37 the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure meant to frighten disobedient children 38 Bern s most recent sight is the set of fountains in front of the Federal Palace It was inaugurated on 1 August 2004 The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern The Zytglogge clock tower and the city s medieval covered shopping promenades Lauben Heritage sites of national significance Edit Bern is home to 114 Swiss heritage sites of national significance 39 It includes the entire Old Town which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and many sites within and around it Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland the Zytglogge and Kafigturm towers which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town and the Holy Ghost Church which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland Within the Old Town there are eleven 16th century fountains most attributed to Hans Gieng that are on the list Outside the Old Town the heritage sites include the Barengraben the Gewerbeschule Bern 1937 the Eidgenossisches Archiv fur Denkmalpflege the Kirchenfeld mansion district de after 1881 the Thunplatzbrunnen the Federal Mint building the Federal Archives the Swiss National Library the Historical Museum 1894 Alpine Museum Museum of Communication and Natural History Museum Culture Edit Zentrum Paul Klee Stadttheater Gurtenfestival 2003 See also List of museums in Bern Theatres Edit Bern Theatre 40 Narrenpack Theatre Bern 41 Schlachthaus Theatre 42 Tojo Theater The Theatre on the Effinger Street 43 Theatre am Kafigturm 44 Cinemas Edit Bern has several dozen cinemas As is customary in German Switzerland films are generally in German Some films in select cinemas are shown in their original language with German and French subtitles Film festivals Edit shnit International Shortfilmfestival held annually in early October Queersicht gay and lesbian film festival held annually in the second week of November Festivals Edit BeJazz Summer and Winter Festival Buskers Bern Street Music Festival Gurtenfestival Internationales Jazzfestival Bern Taktlos FestivalMusic events Edit The Musikpreis des Kantons Bern is an annual musical event where Outstanding musicians which styles shape the Bern music scene are honored 45 46 Fairs Edit Zibelemarit The Zibelemarit onion market is an annual fair held on the fourth Monday in November Bernese Fasnacht Carnival Sports Edit Stade de Suisse Wankdorf Bern was the site of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final in which West Germany upset the Hungarian Golden Team 3 2 The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf which also was one of the venues for the 2008 UEFA European Championship in which it hosted three matches FC Breitenrain Bern founded in 1994 also play in Bern 47 SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern which plays in the PostFinance Arena They compete in the National League NL the highest league in Switzerland The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade 48 PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship including the opening game and the final of the tournament PostFinance Arena was also the host of the 2011 European Figure Skate Championships Bern Cardinals is the baseball and softball team of Bern which plays at the Allmend Bern Grizzlies is the American football club in Bern and plays in the top level Nationalliga A American football at Athletics Arena Wankdorf Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver British Columbia RC Bern is the local rugby club since 1972 and plays at the Allmend The ladies team was founded in 1995 The locality of Bremgartenwald was home to the Bremgarten Circuit the Grand Prix motor racing course that at one time hosted the Swiss Grand Prix Bern Bears is an NGO Basketball Club since 2010 in city of Bern 49 The Swiss Grand Prix was held on the Circuit Bremgarten street track from 1950 to 1954 with MotoGP also running their Swiss motorcycle Grand Prix from 1949 to 1954 The circuit eventually fell into disrepair after Switzerland banned motorports after the 1955 Le Mans Disaster but they made an amendment in 2015 to host electric racing which is how the Swiss ePrix happened in 2019 Economy EditAs of 2010 update Bern had an unemployment rate of 3 3 As of 2008 update there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector 16 413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector 135 973 people were employed in the tertiary sector with 7 654 businesses in this sector 30 In 2008 update the total number of full time equivalent jobs was 125 037 The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203 of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15 476 of which 7 650 or 49 4 were in manufacturing 51 or 0 3 were in mining and 6 389 41 3 were in construction The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109 358 In the tertiary sector 11 396 or 10 4 were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles 10 293 or 9 4 were in the movement and storage of goods 5 090 or 4 7 were in a hotel or restaurant 7 302 or 6 7 were in the information industry 8 437 or 7 7 were the insurance or financial industry 10 660 or 9 7 were technical professionals or scientists 5 338 or 4 9 were in education and 17 903 or 16 4 were in health care 50 In 2000 update there were 94 367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16 424 workers who commuted away The municipality is a net importer of workers with about 5 7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving 51 Of the working population 50 6 used public transport to get to work and 20 6 used a private car 30 Education Edit Main building of the University of Bern The University of Bern whose buildings are mainly located in the Langgasse quarter is located in Bern as well as the University of Applied Sciences Fachhochschule and several vocations schools In Bern about 50 418 or 39 2 of the population have completed non mandatory upper secondary education and 24 311 or 18 9 have completed additional higher education either university or a Fachhochschule Of the 24 311 who completed tertiary schooling 51 6 were Swiss men 33 0 were Swiss women 8 9 were non Swiss men and 6 5 were non Swiss women 31 The canton of Bern school system provides one year of non obligatory kindergarten followed by six years of primary school This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship 52 During the 2009 10 school year there were a total of 10 979 pupils attending classes in Bern There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1 641 pupils in the municipality Of the kindergarten pupils 32 4 were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland not citizens and 40 2 have a different mother language than the classroom language The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5 040 pupils Of the primary pupils 30 1 were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland not citizens and 35 7 have a different mother language than the classroom language During the same year there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2 581 pupils There were 28 7 who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland not citizens and 32 7 have a different mother language than the classroom language 53 Bern is home to 8 libraries These libraries include the Schweiz Nationalbibliothek Bibliotheque nationale suisse the Universitatsbibliothek Bern the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern the BFH Gesundheit the BFH Soziale Arbeit the Hochschule der Kunste Bern Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Kunste Bern Musikbibliothek There was a combined total as of 2008 update of 10 308 336 books or other media in the libraries and in the same year a total of 2 627 973 items were loaned out 54 As of 2000 update there were 9 045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality while 1 185 residents attended schools outside the municipality 51 Transport Edit Tram on the Kirchenfeldbrucke with the Bern Minster and Casino Bern in the background Main articles BERNMOBIL Trams in Bern Trolleybuses in Bern and Bern S Bahn Public transport Edit Bern is served by a dense network of trains trams trolleybuses and conventional motorbuses The Bern S Bahn is Switzerland s second busiest Bern is the centre of the Libero tariff network which covers the cantons of Bern and Solothurn and includes the towns of Biel Bienne Solothurn and Thun The network allows easy and coordinated travel on all modes of public transport such as trains PostAuto buses trams buses trolleybuses and motorbuses and others regardless of transport operator Fares are based on the number of zones in a journey The central part of Bern excluding Bumpliz Betlehem Bottigen Brunnen and Riedbach in the west of the municipality is part of the fare zone 100 The city is well served by railways with the extensive S Bahn network and many regional and international connections Bern s central railway station Bahnhof Bern is Switzerland s second busiest station 202 600 passengers per working day in 2014 and is the main transport hub in the region A funicular railway called the Marzilibahn leads from the Marzili district to the Federal Palace With a length of 106 m 348 ft it is the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular Road traffic Edit Several Aare bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer districts outside of the peninsula Bern is well connected to other cities by several motorways A1 A12 A6 Airport Edit Bern Airport colloquially called Bern Belp or Belpmoos located outside the city near the town of Belp as of March 2021 mostly serves general aviation and charter flights Zurich Airport Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg serve as gateways for air traffic all reachable in less than two hours by train or car from Bern Bicycle transport Edit The city has made efforts to make Bern the bicycle capital of Switzerland through the creation of better infrastructure such as dedicated cycle paths 55 PubliBike de operates a bike sharing system Notable people Edit J J Grynaeus Statue of Adrian von Bubenberg Anna Feodorovna early 1800s Albrecht von Haller 1736 Albert Einstein 1921 Johann Rudolf Wyss Daniel Albert Wyttenbach Lukas Hartmann 1985 Niklaus Manuel 1530 Mani Matter 1970 Patricia Kopatchinskaja 2012 Public servants the military and the church Edit Conrad Justinger c 1360 1438 chronicler magistrate and notary public of the city of Bern Johann Jakob Grynaeus 1540 1617 Protestant divine a theologian of the school of Huldrych Zwingli 56 Robert Scipio Freiherr von Lentulus 1714 1786 military officer in Austrian and later Prussian service Emmanuel Han 1801 1867 military officer and philhellene fought in the Greek War of Independence Walter Breisky 1871 1944 Austrian jurist civil servant and politician Rosalie Dreyer 1895 1987 naturalized British nurse pioneer in Britain s public funded nursing service August R Lindt 1905 2000 lawyer and diplomat Chairman of UNICEF 1953 1954 and UN High Commissioner for Refugees 1956 1960 Marc Hodler 1918 2006 lawyer President of the International Ski Federation 1951 1998 exposed the 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal Hans Urwyler 1925 1994 Christian minister of the New Apostolic Church Kofi Annan 1938 2018 in Bern UN Secretary General 1997 2006 Algirdas Paleckis born 1971 Lithuanian diplomat politician and columnistPoliticians and the landed gentry Edit Adrian von Bubenberg c 1434 1479 Bernese knight military commander and 3 time mayor Schultheiss of Bern hero of the Battle of Murten Niklaus Dachselhofer 1595 1670 Bernese politician Schultheiss mayor of Bern 1636 1667 Christoph von Graffenried 1st Baron of Bernberg 1661 1743 founder of New Bern North Carolina Susanna Julie von Bondeli 1731 1778 famous salonist and lady of letters the salon became the center of intellectual life in Bern Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna of Russia 1781 Elfenau near Bern 1860 German princess of the ducal house of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Mikhail Bakunin 1814 1876 in Bern Russian revolutionary anarchist 57 Karl Schenk 1823 1895 pastor politician served on the Swiss Federal Council 1863 1895 Vladimir Lenin 1870 1924 lived in Bern 1914 1917 Louise Elisabeth de Meuron 1882 1980 aristocrat and eccentric personality in Bern Dom Duarte Pio Duke of Braganza born 1945 claimant to the defunct Portuguese throne as the head of the House of Braganza Regula Rytz born 1962 politician sociologist and historian 58 Ursula Wyss born 1973 economist and politician Min Li Marti born 1974 politician publisher sociologist and historianScience and academia Edit Albrecht von Haller 1708 1777 anatomist physiologist naturalist bibliographer and poet 59 Carl Adolf Otth 1803 1839 naturalist Gustav Heinrich Otth 1806 1874 mycologist Carl Brunner von Wattenwyl 1823 1914 entomologist who specialised in Orthoptera Ludwig Fischer 1828 1907 botanist researched phanerogams and cryptogams Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier 1840 1914 American archaeologist 60 Emil Theodor Kocher 1841 1917 physician and medical researcher received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the thyroid 61 Arnold Klebs 1870 1943 physician who specialized in the study of tuberculosis Anna Tumarkin 1875 1951 Russian born naturalized Swiss academic the first woman to become a professor of philosophy at the University of Bern Albert Einstein 1879 1955 worked out his theory of relativity while living in Bern employed as a patent examiner at the patent office Ida Hoff 1880 1952 pioneering doctor a feminist activist an early regular female motorist Aime Felix Tschiffely 1895 1954 Swiss born Argentine professor writer and equestrian adventurer Hans Albert Einstein 1904 1973 Swiss American engineer and educator the second child and first son of Albert Einstein Friedrich Tinner born 1937 nuclear engineer connected with the proliferation of nuclear materials in Iran Libya and North Korea Claudia Rosiny born 1960 German Swiss academic in Dance and Media studies a festival director and cultural manager Daniel Mojon born 1963 ophthalmologist and ophthalmic surgeon invented minimally invasive strabismus surgery Peter Juni born c 1975 scientific director of the Ontario COVID 19 Science Advisory Table works at St Michael s Hospital Toronto Writing and acting Edit Ulrich Boner or Bonerius early 14th century German speaking Swiss writer of fable 62 Hans von Rute died 1558 Bernese dramatist and chronicler of the Swiss Reformation Johann David Wyss 1743 1818 author best remembered for The Swiss Family Robinson Charles Victor de Bonstetten 1745 1832 liberal writer 63 Daniel Albert Wyttenbach 1746 1820 German Swiss classical scholar 64 Johann Rudolf Wyss 1782 1830 author writer and folklorist who wrote the words to the former Swiss national anthem 65 Charles Monnard 1790 1865 historian and member of the Helvetic Society Vincent O Carter 1924 1983 American writer author of The Bern Book 66 Selma Urfer 1928 2013 author translator and actress 67 Liselotte Pulver born 1929 actress well known for her hearty and joyful laughter 68 Yves Renier 1942 2021 French actor director screenwriter and voice actor 69 Lukas Hartmann born 1944 children s writer Switzerland s first husband in 2015 Yang Lian born 1955 Swiss Chinese poet associated with the Misty Poets Sibylle Canonica born 1957 actress has appeared in more than forty films since 1981 70 Georges Delnon born 1958 theatre director artistic director and professor Sabine Timoteo born 1975 actress 71 Yangzom Brauen born 1980 actress activist and writer 72 Cleo von Adelsheim born 1987 German Chilean actress 73 Artists painters and musicians Edit Niklaus Manuel Deutsch c 1484 1530 artist writer mercenary and Reformed politician Albrecht Kauw 1621 1681 still life painter cartographer and a painter of vedute Gabriel Lory the Elder 1763 1840 Bernese landscape painter and illustrator Ferdinand Hodler 1853 1918 painter of portraits landscapes and genre paintings Lisa Wenger 1858 1941 painter and author of children s books Adolf Wolfli 1864 1930 artist associated with Art Brut Volkmar Andreae 1879 1962 conductor and composer Eric Blom CBE 1888 1959 British naturalised music lexicographer musicologist music critic and music biographer Klaus Huber 1924 2017 composer and academic Margrit Zimmermann born 1927 pianist composer conductor and music educator Mani Matter 1936 1972 singer songwriter 74 Roland Zoss born 1951 songwriter and novelist lives on the Aeolian Islands Christine Lauterburg born 1956 singer yodeler and actress 75 Patricia Kopatchinskaja born 1977 Moldovan Austrian Swiss violinist Zora Slokar born 1980 horn player with Orchestra della Svizzera Italiana Luca Hanni born 1994 singer songwriter dancer and model Swiss representative at the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest Giuseppe Bausilio born 1997 actor dancer and singer 76 Business Edit Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli 1716 1780 agronomist a wealthy merchant economist and lawyer Franz Rudolf Frisching 1733 1807 Bernese patrician officer politician founded the Frisching Faience Manufactory Rodolphe Lindt 1855 1909 chocolate manufacturer founded the Lindt chocolate factory Marianne Alvoni born 1964 fashion designerSport Edit Otto Hess c 1906 Jenni Oehrli 2013 Elia Alessandrini 1997 2022 a footballer prospect player for the Switzerland national football team died from drowning in Oman Philippe Marie Eugene Count d Ursel 1920 2017 was a Swiss born Belgian alpine skier and a member of the Ursel family competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics Tanja Frieden born 1976 a snowboarder and gold medallist at the 2006 Winter Olympics Guerino Gottardi born 1970 a retired Swiss Italian footballer almost 250 club caps Otto Hess 1878 1926 a pitcher for the Cleveland Bronchos 1902 and 1904 08 and Boston Braves 1912 15 Maurizio Jacobacci born 1963 an Italian Swiss football manager and former player Roman Josi born 1990 a professional ice hockey player selected to play for Switzerland at the 2010 Winter Olympics Arnold Kach 1914 1998 a military officer skier ski official and writer Christian Kauter born 1947 a fencer silver medallist in the team epee at the 1972 Summer Olympics and bronze medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics Dominik Marki born 1990 a Swiss curler living in Fayetteville Arkansas bronze medallist in the 2018 Winter Olympics Jurg Marmet 1927 2013 a mountaineer part of the first two man Swiss team which climbed Mount Everest in 1956 Maja Neuenschwander born 1980 a long distance runner who competes in marathon races Jennifer Oehrli born 1989 a football goalkeeper member of the Switzerland women s national football team Mirjam Ott born 1972 a retired curler captain of the Swiss Olympic Curling Team Markus Ryffel born 1955 a former long distance runner silver medallist in the 5000 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics Akira Schmid born 2000 professional ice hockey goaltender with the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League Ernst Schmied 1924 2002 mountaineer the second successful summiteer of Mount Everest in 1956 Esther Staubli born 1979 a football referee on the FIFA International Referees List since 2006 Willi Steffen 1925 2005 a former fighter pilot and international footballer won 28 caps for his country Christine Stuckelberger born 1947 a retired equestrian gold medallist in dressage at the 1976 Summer Olympics compete at six Olympics 1972 1976 1984 1988 1996 and 2000 Alain Sutter born 1968 a footballer 351 club caps 58 national team capsSee also EditMunicipalities of the canton of BernNotes and references EditNotes Edit French pronunciation bɛʁn listen in other Swiss languages Alemannic German Barn b aeːrn Arpitan Berna ˈbɛʁna listen Italian Berna ˈbɛrna Romansh Berna ˈbɛrnɐ listen According to the Swiss constitution the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no capital but Bern has governmental institutions such as the Federal Assembly and Federal Council However the Federal Supreme Court is in Lausanne the Federal Criminal Court is in Bellinzona and the Federal Administrative Court and the Federal Patent Court are in St Gallen exemplifying the federal nature of the Confederation The official language in any municipality in German speaking Switzerland is always German In this context the term German is used as an umbrella term for any variety of German So according to law people are allowed to communicate with the authorities by using any kind of German in written or oral form However the authorities will always use Swiss Standard German aka the Swiss variety of Standard German in documents or any written form And orally it is either Hochdeutsch i e Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers as High German or then it depends on the speaker s origin which dialectal variant they are using References Edit a b Arealstatistik Standard Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen Federal Statistical Office Retrieved 13 January 2019 https www pxweb bfs admin ch pxweb de retrieved 15 June 2020 publisher Federal Statistical Office in German Bundesstadt French ville federale Italian citta federale and Romansh citad federala Holenstein Andre 2012 Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht The capital does not exist UniPress in German UniPress 152 Die Hauptstatdtregion Berne University of Berne 16 19 doi 10 7892 boris 41280 S2CID 178237847 Als 1848 ein politisch administratives Zentrum fur den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war verzichteten die Verfassungsvater darauf eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108 Alles was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehorden bezieht ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehorden a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bern in Zahlen Aktuelles official site in German and French Berne Switzerland City of Berne Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 Retrieved 18 April 2019 Population size and population composition Data indicators Agglomerations Permanent resident population in urban and rural areas Statistics Federal Statistical Office Neuchatel Swiss Federal Administration 2015 Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Office federal du developpement territorial ARE B3 Les aires metropolitaines in French German and Italian Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE 7 June 2006 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 17 April 2014 Old City of Berne UNESCO World Heritage List UNESCO Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 Retrieved 4 January 2019 Muller Wulf Tremp Ernst 13 November 2013 Uchtland Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Andres Kristol ed Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen Huber Frauenfeld 2005 ISBN 3 7193 1308 5 p 143 Bern Development of the settlement and the population in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland municipal statistics 1 Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine includes 6 816 weekend commuters not included in the federal statistics of 123 466 Statistik Schweiz Aktuellste Daten Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 Retrieved 8 December 2010 a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office Land Use Statistics Archived 16 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 2018 data in German accessed 26 July 2020 a b c d e Bern 1981 2010 Averages PDF Archived PDF from the original on 31 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 August 2003 Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Annual Average Maximum Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 February 1929 Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Annual Average Minimum Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Climate Normals Bern Zollikofen Reference period 1991 2020 PDF Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology MeteoSwiss 13 January 2022 Archived from the original PDF on 14 January 2022 Retrieved 13 January 2022 Bern extreme values KNMI Retrieved 30 August 2017 a b Gemeindewahlen 2020 official site in German Berne Switzerland Stadtkanzlei Stabsstelle des Gemeinderats Stadt Bern 29 November 2020 Retrieved 1 August 2022 a b Gemeinderat official site in German Berne Switzerland Stadtkanzlei Stabsstelle des Gemeinderats Stadt Bern 1 January 2021 Retrieved 1 August 2022 a b Stadtrat Mitglieder official site in German Berne Switzerland Ratssekretariat des Stadtrats Stadt Bern 1 January 2021 Retrieved 1 August 2022 Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO ed 28 November 2019 NR Ergebnisse Parteien Gemeinden INT1 CSV official statistics in German French and Italian Neuchatel Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Retrieved 18 May 2020 via opendata swiss Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO ed 28 November 2019 NR Wahlbeteiligung Gemeinden INT1 CSV official statistics in German French and Italian Neuchatel Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Retrieved 18 May 2020 via opendata swiss Nationalratswahlen 2015 Starke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden official statistics in German and French Neuchatel Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office 4 March 2016 Archived from the original XLS on 2 August 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2016 EURO 2008 Partnerschaft von Stadt und Kanton Bern sowie mit Stadt und Land Salzburg www bern ch in German Abteilung Kommunikation und Amt fur Information City of Berne 30 May 2006 Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 6 April 2014 in einer gemeinsamen Erklarung die Absicht bekundet mittels einer zeitlich befristeten Partnerschaft zwischen den Stadten und Landern Interpellation Fraktion SP JUSO Andreas Fluckiger Markus Luthi SP Das orange Wunder von Bern Diese Freundschaft muss gepflegt werden Was konnen wir tun www bern ch in German Der Gemeinderat Municipal Council 22 October 2008 Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 Retrieved 14 October 2014 Bisher hat die Stadt Bern bewusst auf eine Stadtepartnerschaft verzichtet Standige und nichtstandige Wohnbevolkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen Geburtsort und Staatsangehorigkeit bfs admin ch in German Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT TAB 31 December 2020 Retrieved 21 September 2021 a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 23 January 2012 a b c d e STAT TAB Datenwurfel fur Thema 40 3 2000 Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 2 February 2011 Statistical office of the canton of Bern Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 4 January 2012 Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT TAB Datenwurfel fur Thema 09 2 Gebaude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 28 January 2011 Swiss Federal Statistical Office Rental prices Archived 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2003 data in German accessed 26 May 2010 a b Bern in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland City of bears receives Russian bruins swissinfo ch 16 September 2009 Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 Retrieved 13 July 2010 City Council of Bern minutes of the 14 May 1998 5 00PM session Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed 23 November 2008 in German Hofer 281 Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 Retrieved 21 December 2012 Kantonsliste A Objekte KGS Inventar in German Federal Office of Civil Protection 2009 Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 Retrieved 25 April 2011 Stadttheater Bern Archived from the original on 1 February 2003 Retrieved 12 April 2009 Narrenpack Theatre Bern Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 Retrieved 12 April 2009 Schlachthaus Theatre Bern Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 Retrieved 12 April 2009 Das Theatre an der Effingerstrasse Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 12 April 2009 Theater am Kafigturm Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 Retrieved 12 April 2009 Musikpreise 2019 des Kantons Bern in German musikzeitung ch 9 October 2019 Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 23 May 2020 Musikalische Auszeichnungen in German www erz be ch er Archived from the original on 22 October 2020 Retrieved 23 May 2020 Der Kanton Bern verleiht jedes Jahr Musikpreise als Zeichen der Wertschatzung und Anerkennung fur das Wirken herausragender Musikschaffender Ausgezeichnet werden professionelle Musikerinnen und Musiker aus allen kunstlerischen und organisatorischen Bereichen des Musiklebens sowie allen musikalischen Stilrichtungen die die Berner Musikszene entscheidend mitpragen FC Breitenrain s official website Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 Retrieved 29 May 2021 Merk Martin 12 March 2015 Swiss stay top SC Bern number one in European attendance ranking http www basketballbern ch Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Bern Bears Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT TAB Betriebszahlung Arbeitsstatten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 Abschnitte Sektoren 1 3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 28 January 2011 a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office Statweb in German accessed 24 June 2010 EDK CDIP IDES 2010 Kantonale Schulstrukturen in der Schweiz und im Furstentum Liechtenstein Structures Scolaires Cantonales en Suisse et Dans la Principaute du Liechtenstein PDF Report Archived PDF from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 24 June 2010 Schuljahr 2009 10 pdf document Archived 2 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 4 January 2012 Swiss Federal Statistical Office list of libraries Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine in German accessed 14 May 2010 Velohauptrouten Stadt Bern in German Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 Retrieved 18 March 2021 Grynaeus Johann Jakob Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed 1911 p 642 Bakunin Mikhail Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 p 231 Noemi Landolt 10 November 2011 Die pragmatische Bruckenbauerin in German WOZ Die Wochenzeitung 45 2011 Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 Retrieved 16 April 2016 Haller Albrecht von Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed 1911 pp 855 856 Bandelier Adolph Francis Alphonse Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed 1911 p 311 Kocher Emil Theodor Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Boner Ulrich Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 203 Coolidge William Augustus Brevoort 1911 Bonstetten Charles Victor de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed p 214 Reid James Smith 1911 Wyttenbach Daniel Albert Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed pp 879 880 Wyss Johann Rudolf Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Vincent O Carter entry in the literapedia bern IMDb Database Archived 19 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 26 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 27 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 25 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 28 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 14 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018 IMDb Database Archived 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bern Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bern Online camera Coolidge William Augustus Brevoort 1911 Bern Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed p 795 Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopaedia article Bern Official website Bern Public Transportation Website BernMobil Bern Gemeinde in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 10 November 2016 GIS City of Bern Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 23 April 2006 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Gurtenfestival Buskers Bern Portal Switzerland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bern amp oldid 1146358704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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