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Official scripts of the Republic of India

December 07, 2023

This article is about the officially used writing systems of the official languages of India. For the indigenous writing systems developed in or related to the Indian subcontinent, see Brahmic scripts.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The official scripts of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India include abugidas (pseudo-alphabets), alphabetical writing systems and abjads (Arabic-derived writing systems).

Part of a series on
Officially used writing systems in India
Category
Indic scripts
Arabic derived scripts
Alphabetical scripts
Related
The letters of the official scripts of the official languages of India
(Left to right, top row: Kannada, Gujarati, Perso-Arabic, Tamil;
middle row: Meitei, Devanagari, Assamese/Bengali;
bottom row: Malayalam, Odia/Oriya, Gurmukhi, Telugu)
Writing systems (including official and non-official) used by the Scheduled languages of India

Abugida writing systems edit

Further information: Abugidas and Brahmic scripts

There are ten abugida writing systems, used as the official scripts of India. All these abugidas belong to the Brahmic script family (Indic script family).

Bengali–Assamese script edit

Further information: Assamese alphabet and Bengali alphabet
Not to be confused with Meitei script.

The Eastern Nagari script or the Bengali–Assamese script is the official script of Assamese language, Bengali language and Meitei language (officially called Manipuri)[a],[1] three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.[2][3][4]

The Assamese writing system and Bengali writing system are virtually identical, except for 2 letters, that make Assamese different from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound. For writing Meitei language, the Bengali /r/ and the Assamese /w/ or /v/ are used, making its writing style unique from those of both Assamese and Bengali languages.[5][6][7]

 
The constitutional names and the native names (in Eastern Nagari and Latin transliterations) of the 3 official languages of the Indian Republic that use the Eastern Nagari writing system as their official scripts
Assamese

Being the official script for Assamese language, it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.[8][9]

Bengali

Being the official script for Bengali language, it is officially used in the Indian state of West Bengal,[10] Tripura,[11] Assam (Barak Valley)[12] and Jharkhand.[13][14]

Meitei (Manipuri)

Being one of the 2 official scripts for Meitei language (besides Meitei script),[15][16] it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[17]

It is important to note the following:

"Manipuri Language" means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population: Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language, for a period upto 10(ten) years from the date of commencement of this Act.".

— Section 2 of the "Manipur Official Language Act, 1979", for clause (f)[18]

Devanagari script edit

Further information: Devanagari transliteration and National Library at Kolkata romanisation

The Devanagari script (देवनागरी, romanized: Devanāgarī) is the official script of Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Santali[b] and Sindhi[c] languages, 10 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Bodo (Boro)
Further information: Boro language (India) § Writing system and script movement

Being the official script for Bodo language, Devanagari is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam (Bodoland Territorial Region), where Bodo enjoys the additional official language status.[19][20]

Dogri

Being the official script for Dogri language, Devanagari is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, preceded by the Jammu and Kashmir (state), where Dogri enjoyed the official language status.[21][22]

Hindi

The Constitution of India says:

The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.

— Part XVII of the Indian Constitution[23]

Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is recognised as their official language, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Indian union territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[24]Gujarat[25][26] and West Bengal also officially uses Devanagari as these 2 states recognises Hindi as their additional official languages.[27]

Konkani

Being the official script for Konkani language, Devanagari is officially used in the coastal Indian state of Goa, where Konkani is the official language.[28][29][30]

Maithili

Being the official script for Maithili language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand, where Maithili enjoys the additional official language status.[31]

Marathi

Being the official script for Marathi language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Maharashtra[32] and Goa, where Marathi is their official language.[33] The Devanagari script that is used for writing Marathi language is in the Balbodh version.[34][35][36][37]

Nepali

Being the official script for Nepali language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Sikkim, where Nepali language enjoys the official language status.[38][39]

Sanskrit
Further information: International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration

Being the official script for Sanskrit language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh[40] and Uttarakhand, where Sanskrit is recognised as their official language.[41][42]

Santali

Being the official script for Santali language, besides the Ol Chiki script, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand and West Bengal, where Santali language enjoys the official language statuses.[43]

Gujarati script edit

Gujarati script (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લિપિ, romanized: Gujarātī Lipī) is the sole official script used to write Gujarati language, the official language of the Western Indian state of Gujarat[44][45] and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[46]

Gurmukhi script edit

Not to be confused with Shahmukhi, the Punjabi script used in Punjab, Pakistan.

The Gurmukhi script (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ, romanized: Gurmukhī) is the sole official script of the Punjabi language, the official language of Punjab,[47] Haryana,[48] Delhi[49] and West Bengal[50] inside India.

Kannada script edit

The Kannada script (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ, romanized: Kannaḍa lipi) is the sole official script for Kannada language, the official language of the South Indian state of Karnataka.[51][52][53] Kannada script is highly mutually intelligible with Telugu script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[54][55]

Malayalam script edit

Not to be confused with Malay script.

The Malayalam script (Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി, romanized: Malayāḷalipi) is the sole official script for Malayalam, the sole official language of the South Indian state of Kerala[56][57] and the Indian union territories of Lakshadweep[58] and Puducherry.[59]

Meitei script edit

 
The officially recognized twenty seven letters of the Meitei script (Meetei script) with their names in parentheses and their Latin equivalent letters within inverted commas; unlike other Indic scripts, each Meitei letter possess unique names and convey unique meanings, mostly the primary body parts of human being.

The Meitei script (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meitei Mayek) or the Meetei script (Meitei: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meetei Mayek) is one of the 2 official scripts (besides Bengali script) for Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), the sole official language of the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[60][61] Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[62]

Odia script edit

Not to be confused with Naoriya Phulo script.

The Odia script or the Oriya script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, romanized: Odiā akṣara) is the official script for Odia language, the official language of the Indian states of Odisha,[63] Jharkhand[64] and West Bengal.[65][66][67]

Tamil script edit

The Tamil script (Tamil: தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி, romanized: Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi) is the official script for Tamil language, the official language of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu[68][69] and the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59][70]

Telugu script edit

The Telugu script (Telugu: తెలుగు లిపి, romanized: Telugu lipi) is the official script for Telugu language, the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana[71] and West Bengal[72] as well as the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59] Telugu script is highly mutually intelligible with Kannada script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[73][74]

Alphabetic writing systems edit

Further information: Alphabets

There are two alphabetical writing systems used as the official scripts of India. One is indigenous to India and another is introduced to India.

Latin script edit

The Latin script (or Roman script) is the sole official script for English language (Indian English), one of the official languages of the Union Government of India as well as many states and union territories of India.[75][76][77]

Ol Chiki script edit

The Ol Cemet or the Ol Chiki script (ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, romanized: Ol Ciki) is the official script for Santali language, one of the additional official languages of the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.[78][79] It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the year 1925.[80]

Abjad writing systems edit

See also: Abjad, Arabic script, and Arabic alphabet

The Arabic script or its derivatives like the Persian script or the Urdu script is used as the official scripts by Urdu, Sindhi[d] and Kashmiri, 3 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Urdu

Being the official script for Urdu language, this writing system is used in the Indian states and union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory),[81][82] National Capital Territory of Delhi,[83] Bihar,[84] Uttar Pradesh,[85] Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh,[86][87] Telangana[88][89] and West Bengal, where Urdu enjoys the official language statuses.[90]

Kashmiri

Being the official script for Kashmiri language, this writing system is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, where Kashmiri enjoys the official language status.[91][92]

Sindhi

For Sindhi, although Perso-Arabic alphabet in Naskh script is the widely used writing system, Devanagari script is used for governmental purposes as well as enforced for education.[93]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Besides Bengali script, Meitei language also uses Meitei script as its official script simultaneously.
  2. ^ Besides the Ol Chiki script, Santali language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  3. ^ Besides the Perso Arabic script, Sindhi language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  4. ^ Besides the Arabic script, Sindhi language also uses the Devanagari script as its official script simultaneously.

References edit

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External links edit

  • "Indic writing systems | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.

December 07, 2023
official, scripts, republic, india, this, article, about, officially, used, writing, systems, official, languages, india, indigenous, writing, systems, developed, related, indian, subcontinent, brahmic, scripts, this, article, contains, special, characters, wi. This article is about the officially used writing systems of the official languages of India For the indigenous writing systems developed in or related to the Indian subcontinent see Brahmic scripts This article contains special characters Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols The official scripts of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India include abugidas pseudo alphabets alphabetical writing systems and abjads Arabic derived writing systems Part of a series onOfficially used writing systems in IndiaCategoryIndic scriptsBengali Assamese script Devanagari scriptGujarati script Gurmukhi script Kannada scriptMalayalam script Meitei script Odia scriptTamil script Telugu scriptArabic derived scriptsPerso Arabic script Urdu scriptAlphabetical scriptsOl Chiki script Latin scriptRelatedOfficial scripts of the Indian RepublicWriting systems of IndiaLanguages of India Asia portal India portal Language portal Writing portalThe letters of the official scripts of the official languages of India Left to right top row Kannada Gujarati Perso Arabic Tamil middle row Meitei Devanagari Assamese Bengali bottom row Malayalam Odia Oriya Gurmukhi Telugu Writing systems including official and non official used by the Scheduled languages of India Contents 1 Abugida writing systems 1 1 Bengali Assamese script 1 2 Devanagari script 1 3 Gujarati script 1 4 Gurmukhi script 1 5 Kannada script 1 6 Malayalam script 1 7 Meitei script 1 8 Odia script 1 9 Tamil script 1 10 Telugu script 2 Alphabetic writing systems 2 1 Latin script 2 2 Ol Chiki script 3 Abjad writing systems 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksAbugida writing systems editFurther information Abugidas and Brahmic scripts There are ten abugida writing systems used as the official scripts of India All these abugidas belong to the Brahmic script family Indic script family Bengali Assamese script edit Further information Assamese alphabet and Bengali alphabet Not to be confused with Meitei script The Eastern Nagari script or the Bengali Assamese script is the official script of Assamese language Bengali language and Meitei language officially called Manipuri a 1 three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic 2 3 4 The Assamese writing system and Bengali writing system are virtually identical except for 2 letters that make Assamese different from Bengali in one letter for the r sound and an extra letter for the w or v sound For writing Meitei language the Bengali r and the Assamese w or v are used making its writing style unique from those of both Assamese and Bengali languages 5 6 7 nbsp The constitutional names and the native names in Eastern Nagari and Latin transliterations of the 3 official languages of the Indian Republic that use the Eastern Nagari writing system as their official scriptsAssameseBeing the official script for Assamese language it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam 8 9 BengaliBeing the official script for Bengali language it is officially used in the Indian state of West Bengal 10 Tripura 11 Assam Barak Valley 12 and Jharkhand 13 14 Meitei Manipuri Being one of the 2 official scripts for Meitei language besides Meitei script 15 16 it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur 17 It is important to note the following Manipuri Language means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language for a period upto 10 ten years from the date of commencement of this Act Section 2 of the Manipur Official Language Act 1979 for clause f 18 Devanagari script edit Further information Devanagari transliteration and National Library at Kolkata romanisation The Devanagari script द वन गर romanized Devanagari is the official script of Bodo Dogri Hindi Konkani Maithili Marathi Nepali Sanskrit Santali b and Sindhi c languages 10 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic Bodo Boro Further information Boro language India Writing system and script movement Being the official script for Bodo language Devanagari is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam Bodoland Territorial Region where Bodo enjoys the additional official language status 19 20 DogriBeing the official script for Dogri language Devanagari is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir preceded by the Jammu and Kashmir state where Dogri enjoyed the official language status 21 22 HindiThe Constitution of India says The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals Part XVII of the Indian Constitution 23 Being the official script for Hindi Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is recognised as their official language Bihar Chhattisgarh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and the Indian union territories of Delhi Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 24 Gujarat 25 26 and West Bengal also officially uses Devanagari as these 2 states recognises Hindi as their additional official languages 27 KonkaniBeing the official script for Konkani language Devanagari is officially used in the coastal Indian state of Goa where Konkani is the official language 28 29 30 MaithiliBeing the official script for Maithili language Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand where Maithili enjoys the additional official language status 31 MarathiBeing the official script for Marathi language Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Maharashtra 32 and Goa where Marathi is their official language 33 The Devanagari script that is used for writing Marathi language is in the Balbodh version 34 35 36 37 NepaliBeing the official script for Nepali language Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Sikkim where Nepali language enjoys the official language status 38 39 SanskritFurther information International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration Being the official script for Sanskrit language Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh 40 and Uttarakhand where Sanskrit is recognised as their official language 41 42 SantaliBeing the official script for Santali language besides the Ol Chiki script Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand and West Bengal where Santali language enjoys the official language statuses 43 Gujarati script edit Gujarati script Gujarati ગ જર ત લ પ romanized Gujarati Lipi is the sole official script used to write Gujarati language the official language of the Western Indian state of Gujarat 44 45 and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 46 Gurmukhi script edit Not to be confused with Shahmukhi the Punjabi script used in Punjab Pakistan The Gurmukhi script Punjabi ਗ ਰਮ ਖ romanized Gurmukhi is the sole official script of the Punjabi language the official language of Punjab 47 Haryana 48 Delhi 49 and West Bengal 50 inside India Kannada script edit The Kannada script Kannada ಕನ ನಡ ಲ ಪ romanized Kannaḍa lipi is the sole official script for Kannada language the official language of the South Indian state of Karnataka 51 52 53 Kannada script is highly mutually intelligible with Telugu script due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu Kannada script 54 55 Malayalam script edit Not to be confused with Malay script The Malayalam script Malayalam മലയ ളല പ romanized Malayaḷalipi is the sole official script for Malayalam the sole official language of the South Indian state of Kerala 56 57 and the Indian union territories of Lakshadweep 58 and Puducherry 59 Meitei script edit nbsp The officially recognized twenty seven letters of the Meitei script Meetei script with their names in parentheses and their Latin equivalent letters within inverted commas unlike other Indic scripts each Meitei letter possess unique names and convey unique meanings mostly the primary body parts of human being The Meitei script Meitei ꯃ ꯇ ꯃꯌ ꯛ romanized Meitei Mayek or the Meetei script Meitei ꯃ ꯇ ꯃꯌ ꯛ romanized Meetei Mayek is one of the 2 official scripts besides Bengali script for Meitei language officially called Manipuri the sole official language of the Northeast Indian state of Manipur 60 61 Starting from the year 2021 Meitei script was officially used by the Government of Manipur along with the Bengali script to write the Meitei language as per The Manipur Official Language Amendment Act 2021 62 Odia script edit Not to be confused with Naoriya Phulo script The Odia script or the Oriya script Odia ଓଡ ଆ ଅକ ଷର romanized Odia akṣara is the official script for Odia language the official language of the Indian states of Odisha 63 Jharkhand 64 and West Bengal 65 66 67 Tamil script edit The Tamil script Tamil தம ழ அர ச ச வட romanized Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi is the official script for Tamil language the official language of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu 68 69 and the Indian union territory of Puducherry 59 70 Telugu script edit The Telugu script Telugu త ల గ ల ప romanized Telugu lipi is the official script for Telugu language the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh Telangana 71 and West Bengal 72 as well as the Indian union territory of Puducherry 59 Telugu script is highly mutually intelligible with Kannada script due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu Kannada script 73 74 Alphabetic writing systems editFurther information Alphabets There are two alphabetical writing systems used as the official scripts of India One is indigenous to India and another is introduced to India Latin script edit The Latin script or Roman script is the sole official script for English language Indian English one of the official languages of the Union Government of India as well as many states and union territories of India 75 76 77 Ol Chiki script edit The Ol Cemet or the Ol Chiki script ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ romanized Ol Ciki is the official script for Santali language one of the additional official languages of the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal 78 79 It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the year 1925 80 Abjad writing systems editSee also Abjad Arabic script and Arabic alphabet The Arabic script or its derivatives like the Persian script or the Urdu script is used as the official scripts by Urdu Sindhi d and Kashmiri 3 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic UrduBeing the official script for Urdu language this writing system is used in the Indian states and union territories of Jammu and Kashmir union territory 81 82 National Capital Territory of Delhi 83 Bihar 84 Uttar Pradesh 85 Jharkhand Andhra Pradesh 86 87 Telangana 88 89 and West Bengal where Urdu enjoys the official language statuses 90 KashmiriBeing the official script for Kashmiri language this writing system is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir where Kashmiri enjoys the official language status 91 92 SindhiFor Sindhi although Perso Arabic alphabet in Naskh script is the widely used writing system Devanagari script is used for governmental purposes as well as enforced for education 93 See also editClassical Languages of India Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation Official Languages Commission Part XVII of the Constitution of IndiaNotes edit Besides Bengali script Meitei language also uses Meitei script as its official script simultaneously Besides the Ol Chiki script Santali language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously Besides the Perso Arabic script Sindhi language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously Besides the Arabic script Sindhi language also uses the Devanagari script as its official script 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A mother tongue Partition consumed intact The depletion and revival of Sindhi language and culture Scroll in External links edit Indic writing systems Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2023 01 26 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Official scripts of the Republic of India amp oldid 1184570489, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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