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Manipur

March 25, 2023

This article is about the modern day state of India. For the eponymous kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, see Manipur (Mahabharat). For other uses, see Manipur (disambiguation).
"Kangleipak" redirects here. For other uses, see Kangleipak (disambiguation).

Manipur (/ˌmʌnɪˈpʊər/)[8][9] (Meitei: Kangleipak[a][10][11][12]) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital.[13] It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language). Native to the Meitei people, it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other Sino-Tibetan languages.[14] Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[15] It connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, regions in the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.[16][17]

Manipur
State
Clockwise from top: the Sanamahi Kiyong in the Nongmaiching Ching mountain, the Ima Keithel (Ima Market), the dual statues of the Kangla Sha dragons, the Loktak lake, the Temple of Pakhangba inside the Kangla Fort, the Manipuri classical dance, the Shree Shree Govindajee Temple
Emblem of Manipur
Anthem: Sana Leibak Manipur
(Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1]
Location of Manipur in India
Country India
RegionNortheast India
Before wasManipur Princely State
Admission to Union15 October 1949[2]
As Union territory1956
Formation
(as a state)		1972
Capital
and largest city		Imphal
Districts16
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Manipur
 • GovernorAnusuiya Uikey[3]
 • Chief MinisterN. Biren Singh[4] (BJP)
State LegislatureUnicameral
 • AssemblyManipur Legislative Assembly (60 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha1 seat
 • Lok Sabha2 seats
High CourtManipur High Court
Area
 • Total22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)
 • Rank23rd
Population
 (2011)[5]
 • Total2,855,794
 • Rank23rd
 • Density130/km2 (300/sq mi)
 • Urban
30.21%
 • Rural
69.79%
Language
 • OfficialMeitei
GDP
 • Total (2018–19)₹0.31 lakh crore (US$3.9 billion)
 • Rank28th
 • Per capita₹75,226 (US$940) (27th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-MN
Vehicle registrationMN
HDI (2018)0.696[6] (15th)
Literacy (2011)79.85% (16th)
Sex ratio (2011)985♀/1000 ♂
Websitemanipur.gov.in
Symbols of Manipur
SongSana Leibak Manipur
(Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1]
LanguageMeitei
Bird
Nongyeen (Syrmaticus humiae)
Fish
Pengba[7]
Flower
Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae)
Mammal
Sangai (Cervus eldii eldii)
Tree
Uningthou (Phoebe hainesiana)
List of State Symbols
This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display.

During the days of the British Indian Empire, the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states.[18] Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of Burma, which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II in 1939. On 11 August 1947, Maharaja Budhachandra signed an Instrument of Accession, joining India.[19][20] Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C State.[21][22] This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.[23] The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.[24] From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.[25]

The Meitei people[26] represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various Naga ethnic groups at 24% and various Kuki/Zomi tribes (also known as Chin-Kuki-Mizo people) at 16%.[27] Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.[28] According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the major religion in the state, closely followed by Christianity. Other religions include Islam, Sanamahism, Buddhism, and Judaism, etc.[28][29]

Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal airport, the second largest in northeastern India.[30] Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance,[31] and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans.[32]

Alternate names

The word "Manipur" is made-up of two Sanskrit words (Maṇi), which means jewel and (Purǝ), which means land/place/abode, Manipur is translated as "Jewelled land". Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak (Meitei: ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ)[33][34][35][36] or Meeteileipak.[37] Sanamahi Laikan wrote that officials during the reign of Meidingu Pamheiba in the eighteenth century adopted Manipur's new name.

Neighbouring cultures each had differing names for Manipur and its people. The Shan or Pong called the area Cassay, the Burmese Kathe, and the Assamese Meklee. In the first treaty between the British East India Company and Meidingu Chingthangkhomba (Bhagyachandra), signed in 1762, the kingdom was referred to as "Meckley". Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley. Later on, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name.[38]

The term Kanglei, meaning "of Manipur/Kangleipak", is used to refer to items associated with the state where the term Manipuri is a recently given name.

Examples using the term "Kanglei" Translation
Kanglei of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kangleicha People of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kanglei foods Foods of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kanglei style Style of Kangleipak/Manipur

History

Main articles: History of Manipur and Manipur Kingdom

Antiquity

Main article: Ancient Kangleipak
 
A match of Sagol Kangjei (Meitei for 'Polo') depicted in a stamp of the Republic of India

The history of Manipur Meities is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about the forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, and so forth in the archaic Meitei script, which is comparable to the Thai script. The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and Maichou [simple] (Meitei scholars). Hill tribes have their own folk tales, myths, and legends. Manipur was known by different names at various periods in its history, such as, Tilli-Koktong, Poirei-Lam, Sanna-Leipak, Mitei-Leipak, Meitrabak or Manipur (present day). Its capital was Kangla, Yumphal or Imphal (present day). Its people were known by various names, such as Mi-tei, Poirei-Mitei, Meetei, Maitei or Meitei. The Puwaris, Ninghthou Kangbalon, Ningthourol Lambuba, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, recorded the events of each King who ruled Manipur in a span of more than 3500 years until 1955 CE (a total of more than 108 kings). According to some Tai chronicles, Manipur (Kahse) is one of the territories conquered by Samlongpha, the first Sawbwa of Mongkawng.[39] A 14th century inscription from Pagan mentions Kasan (Manipur) to be one of the 21 states under Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6) who was later captured by the Governor of Taungdwingyi.[40] Ningthou Kangba (15th century BCE) is regarded as the first and foremost king of Manipur. There were times when the country was in turmoil without rulers, and long historical gaps exist between 1129 BCE and 44 BCE. In 1891 CE, after the defeat of the Meiteis by the British in the Anglo-Manipuri war of Khongjom, the sovereignty of Manipur which it had maintained for more than three millenniums, was lost. In 1926, it became a part of Pakokku Hill Tracts Districts of British Burma until 4 January 1947. It regained its freedom on 14 August 1947. On 15 October 1949, Manipur was unified with India.[41]

Medieval

Main article: Medieval Kangleipak

By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur, Ahom kingdom and Burma had become common.[41] Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the Puya, provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now Assam, Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh and from other South Indian kingdoms as well.[42] Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh, during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba.[42] The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating Anglo-Burmese wars, affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.[43]

Imperial period

Main article: Manipur (princely state)

In 1824, the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that the state remained internally self-governing, as a princely state.[44] During World War II, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal, which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia.

Modern history

Main article: History of modern Manipur

After the war, British India moved towards independence, and the princely states which had existed alongside it became responsible for their own external affairs and defence, unless they joined the new India or the new Pakistan. The Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government, with the Maharaja continuing as the head of state.[45] Maharaja Bodhchandra was summoned to Shillong, to merge the kingdom into the Union of India.[46] He is believed to have signed the merger agreement under duress.[47] Thereafter, the legislative assembly was dissolved, and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India.[48] It was made a Union Territory in 1956.[49] and a fully-fledged State in 1972 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.[50]

 
Kangla Gate, the west entrance to the Kangla Fort

Manipur had a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence.[51][52] The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964 and declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. In 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), formed in 1978 which Human Rights Watch said had received arms and training from China. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence.[24]

From 1980 to 2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area. This term (designated by the Ministry of Home Affairs or a state governor) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces, in the same manner, detain individuals up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, to perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals that break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four as well as giving legal immunity to the military.[53] Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about human rights violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and forced disappearances. Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by Irom Sharmila Chanu.[54][55]

In 2004, the government lifted the disturbed status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a manipuri woman, Thangjam Manorama Devi, by members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the Meira Paibis women association.[56]

Geography

 
Loktak Lake, the largest fresh water lake in the state.

The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 square miles (2,000 km2), surrounded by blue mountains, at an elevation of 790 metres (2,590 ft) above sea level.[57] The slope of the valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges create a moderated climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms.

The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with Myanmar to its east.

 
A tree amid Manipur hills.

The state has four major river basins: the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north.[58] The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham (million hectare metres). The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget.[59] (By comparison, India receives 400 Mham of rain annually.[60])

The Barak River, the largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai. After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north, forms the border with Assam State, and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills.[citation needed]

 
Landscape view for dawn at Senapati, Manipur

Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak lake.[57] The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams.[citation needed]

Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna. The valley region has hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km2. The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mount Tempü peak along the border with Nagaland.

The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand, and sandy clay, and are varied. On the plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8.[61]

Flora

 
Flowers carpeting the foothills

Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14,365 square kilometres (5,546 sq mi), nearly 64% of the total geographical area of the state,[citation needed] and consists of short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos, and trees. Broadly, there are four types of forests: Tropical Semi-evergreen, Dry Temperate Forest, Sub-Tropical Pine, and Tropical Moist Deciduous.[citation needed]

There are forests of teak, pine, oak, uningthou, leihao, bamboo, and cane. Rubber, tea, coffee, orange, and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice is a staple food for Manipuris.

Climate

 
The Dzüko Valley which exists between the boundaries of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate.

Manipur's climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region. Lying 790 metres above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.

The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 millimetres (57.78 in) between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city Imphal receives an annual average of 933 millimetres (36.7 in). Rainfall in this region is caused by The South Westerly Monsoon picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heading towards the Eastern Himalaya ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well.

Manipur is already experiencing climate change, especially changes in weather, with both increased variability in rain as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature.[62]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951 578,000—    
1961 780,000+34.9%
1971 1,073,000+37.6%
1981 1,421,000+32.4%
1991 1,837,000+29.3%
2001 2,294,000+24.9%
2011 2,855,794+24.5%
Source: Census of India[citation needed]

Manipur has a population of 2,855,794 as per 2011 census.[63] Of this total, 57.2% live in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The valley (plain) is mainly inhabited by the Meitei speaking population (native Manipuri speakers). The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno-linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the Nagas, the Kukis and smaller tribal groupings. Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur.

The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:[citation needed]

Demographics of Manipur (2011)
Total Population 2,855,794
Male Population 1,438,586
Female Population 1,417,208
Rural Population 1,736,236
Urban Population 834,154
Child Sex Ratio 936 female to 1000 male
Density (per km2) 115
Literacy 1,768,181 (85.4%)
Towns 33

People

Main article: Manipuri people

The Meiteis[26] (synonymous to the Manipuris) constitute the majority of the state's population. In 1901, the Meiteis were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur.[64]

Nagas and Kuki/Zo are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes like Anāl, Liangmai, Mao, Maram, Maring, Poumai, Rongmei, Tangkhul, Zeme, etc.[65][66][67]

Languages

Main articles: Languages of India and Manipuri language

Languages in Manipur (2011)[70]

  Meitei (53.30%)
  Thadou (7.84%)
  Tangkhul (6.41%)
  Poula (4.74%)
  Rongmei (3.83%)
  Mao (3.12%)
  Nepali (2.23%)
  Paite (1.92%)
  Hmar (1.72%)
  Liangmai (1.59%)
  Vaiphei (1.39%)
  Kuki (1.32%)
  Maram (1.12%)
  Bengali (1.07%)
  Others (8.40%)

The official language of the state is Meitei (also known as Manipuri). It is a scheduled language in the Republic of India,[71] and serves as the lingua franca in Manipur.[72]

Other than Meitei language, in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity, as is the case in most of the Northeast India. Almost all of the languages are Sino-Tibetan, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple Kuki-Chin languages, the largest being Thadou. Another major language family is the Naga languages, like Tangkhul, Poula, Rongmei and Mao. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly Nepali and Bengali, in its Sylheti dialect, which is the major language of Jiribam district.[73]

The Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (AKA Department of Language Planning and Implementation) of the Government of Manipur works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur.[74]

Linguistic events

Religion

The religious groups of the Meitei-speaking people include Sanamahists, Hindus, Meitei Christians and Meitei Pangals. Besides these, the non Meitei-speaking communities (tribesmen communities) are mostly Christians.

Religion in Manipur (2011)[28]

  Hinduism (41.39%)
  Christianity (41.29%)
  Islam (8.40%)
  Sanamahi (7.78%)
  Buddhism (0.25%)
  Heraka (0.23%)
  Judaism (0.07%)
  Sikhism (0.05%)
  Jainism (0.06%)
  Not religious (0.38%)

Hinduism

Further information: Hinduism in Manipur and Meitei Hindus

The Meitei ethnicity (aka Manipuri people) is the majority group following Hinduism in Manipur, beside other minor immigrants following the same faith in the state. Among the indigenous communities of Manipur, Meiteis are the only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith. According to the 2011 Census of India, about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice Hinduism. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley (Imphal Valley), among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.[75]

Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur. In 1704, Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name, Pitambar Singh.[76] However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words.[77] During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple.[78] The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba), by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple.[79]

Christianity

Main articles: Christianity in Manipur and Meitei Christians
 
St. Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal

Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur.[75]

Islam

Main article: Meitei Pangals

The Meitei Pangals (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ), also known as the Meitei Muslims or the Manipuri Muslims, are the third largest religious majority group in the state as they constitute about 8.3% of the state population as per 2011 census. They belong to the Sunni group of the Hanafi school of Islamic thought and there are Arab, Bangladesh, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among these Meitei speaking Muslims.[80]

Sanamahism

Main article: Sanamahism
 
The holy symbol of the Sanamahi religion, the indigenous ethnic religion of the Meitei people, the predominant ethnic group of Manipur
 
A reconstructed ancient temple dedicated to Meitei God Pakhangba of Sanamahism inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal

Sanamahism (often referred to as traditional Meitei religion) is the ancient polytheistic indigenous animistic ethnic religion of the Meitei people, the predominant ethnic group of Manipur.[81] Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity Lainingthou Sanamahi (often associated as well as confused with direct Sun God Korouhanba). The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity, Salailen, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped in the sacred groves. Some of the traditional Meitei deities (Lais) are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Panthoibi, Imoinu, Thangching (Thangjing), Marjing, Wangpulen (Wangbaren) and Koupalu (Koubru). Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists.

Other religions

The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.[citation needed]

Government

Main articles: Government of Manipur and Manipur Legislative Assembly

The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes.[82] The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral.[83] Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India.[84]

The state has one autonomous council.

Civil unrest

Social movements

There were many public movements in Manipur against the government:

Security and insurgency

Further information: Insurgency in Manipur, Human rights abuses in Manipur, and Thangjam Manorama § Protests against the AFSPA
 
Irom Chanu Sharmila, the world's longest hunger striker, who hunger striked for more than 500 weeks, demanding the repealing of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 in Manipur[85]

The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meitei ethnicity, various Naga tribes, various Kuki tribes, and other tribal groups.[24]

Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).[86][24]

The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.[87] The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.[24]

According to SATP, there has been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009. In 2009, 77 civilians died (about 3 per 100,000 people).[25] From 2010 onward, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people). However, there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared to 107 in 2012. Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions, some claiming they were targeting competing militant groups, others claiming their targets were state and central government officials.[88] As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.[89]

The CM Biren Singh used the National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as 'puppet'. NSA is meant to be used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent. These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among locals.[90]

Economy

 
Bamboo is common in Manipur, and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine. Above is soibum yendem eromba, a bamboo shoot dish of Manipur.

The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about ₹10,188 crore (US$1.3 billion).[91] Its economy is primarily agriculture, forestry, cottage and trade driven.[92] Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the East" through Moreh and Tamu towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.[93]

Electricity

Manipur produced about 0.1 gigawatt-hours (0.36 TJ) of electricity in 2010 with its infrastructure.[94] The state has hydroelectric power generation potential, estimated to be over 2 gigawatt-hours (7.2 TJ). As of 2010, if half of this potential is realised, it is estimated that this would supply 24/7 electricity to all residents, with a surplus for sale, as well as supplying the Burma power grid.[95]

Agriculture

Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic medicinal and aromatic plants.[93] Some cash crops suited for Manipur include Lychee, Cashew, Walnut, Orange, Lemon, Pineapple, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peach, Pear and Plum.[92] The state is covered with over 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.[93]

The agriculture in Manipur includes a number of smallholding farms, many of whom are women.[96] Climate change, especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state.[97] Like rural women in other parts of the world, women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather, because of less access to support from local governments.[96]

Transportation infrastructure

 
Imphal airport is the second largest airport in India's northeast.

Tulihal Airport, Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, and Agartala. It has been upgraded to an international airport. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport.[30] National Highway NH-39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of 215 km (134 mi) from Imphal.

National Highway 53 (India) connects Manipur with another railway station at Silchar in Assam, which is 269 km (167 mi) away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of 7,170 km (4,460 mi) connects all the important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable.[98][99] In 2010, Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to Vietnam.[100] The proposed Trans-Asian Railway (TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting India to Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in North East India

The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid.[citation needed] The culture features martial arts, dance, theatre and sculpture. Greenery accompanies a moderate climate. The seasonal Shirui Lily plant at Ukhrul (district), Dzüko Valley at Senapati, Sangai (Brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are among the rarities of the area. Polo, which can be called a royal game, originated in Manipur.

UNESCO list

The Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), which is the world's only floating national park, located in the Loktak lake,[101][102] is currently under the tentative lists of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, under the title "Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area (KLCA)", additionally covering the buffer of Loktak Lake (140 sq km) and Pumlen Pat (43 sq. km), besides the 40 sq km of the KLNP.[103][104]

The Kangla (officially called the Kangla Fort), which was the historic seat of administration of the Meitei rulers of Manipur Kingdom, is also currently moved in the Indian Parliament, to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.[105][106]

Imphal (capital)

 
A view of Imphal City

The city is inhabited by the Meitei people and other communities. The city contains the Tulihal Airport. The district is divided into East and West. The Khuman Lampak Sports Complex was built for the 1997 National Games. The stadium is used for a sports venue. It also contains a cyclists' velodrome. Most of the imported goods are sold at Paona Bazaar, Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza. Kangla Fort, Marjing Polo Statue, Sanamahi Kiyong, Ima Market, Samban-Lei Sekpil, Shree Govindajee Temple, Andro village, and Manipur State Museum are in the city.

Lakes and islands

 
 
 
Rare birds and flowers include: Nongin[107] is the state bird (top) and Siroi Lily[108] is its state flower (middle). Leimaram falls, bottom, is a local attraction.

48 km (30 mi) from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in northeast India, the Loktak Lake, a miniature inland sea. There is a tourist bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the lake people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a Sendra tourist home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake. Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of Bishnupur. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams).[57] Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.

Hills and valleys

Kaina is a hillock about 921 metres (3,022 ft) above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. It is 29 km (18 mi) from Imphal. The Dzüko Valley is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) above sea level, behind Mount Japfü in Nagaland. The rare Dzüko lily is found only in this valley.[citation needed]

Eco tourism

 
Sangai, the state animal, at Keibul Lamjao National Park. In the wild, it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers.[109]

Keibul Lamjao National Park, 48 km (30 mi) away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of brow antlered deer. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals.[57] It is the only floating national park of the world.[110][citation needed] Six kilometres (3.7 mi) to the west of Imphal, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Some brow antlered deer (Sangai) are housed there.

Waterfalls

Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village[111] 27 km (17 mi) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. This consists of three falls with the first fall about 30 metres (98 ft) high. Agape Park is in the vicinity.

Natural caves

Thalon Cave (around 910 metres (2,990 ft) above sea level) is one of the historical sites of Manipur under Tamenglong district. It is around 185 kilometres (115 mi) from the state capital and around 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Tamenglong district headquarters in north side. From Thalon village, this cave is 4–5 kilometres (2.5–3.1 mi).[112] Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in Ukhrul district. The big hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the northern hall is the royal bedroom, according to local folklore. During World War II, villagers sought shelter here. This cave is an hour's trek from Khangkui village.[113]

Education

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Manipur
 
The Sanamahi Kiyong shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture in the Nongmaiching Ching mountain.

Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). The main universities are Manipur University, Central Agricultural University, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and Indira Gandhi National Tribal University.

Manipur is home to India's first floating elementary school: Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake.

Transportation

Further information: India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway
 
Manipur serves as the passing point of the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway, having Imphal-Mandalay-Bangkok route with a distance of 1,813 km (1,127 miles) to improve the ASEAN–India Free Trade Area.
 
National Highway 150 in Imphal

Air

Imphal International Airport is situated in the capital Imphal which connects direct flights from Imphal to Kolkata, Guwahati, New Delhi, Bangalore and Agartala.

Roadways

Manipur is connected to all its neighbouring states with National Highways.

Rail

Currently, Manipur has one operational railway station, Jiribam. Imphal railway station, is an under-construction railway station in Imphal, the capital of Manipur.

Art and Culture

Main articles: Art and culture of Manipur and Art forms of Manipur
Further information: Meitei architecture, Meitei culture, Meitei dances, Meitei mythology, Meitei festivals, Meitei folklore, Meitei folktales, Meitei religion, and Meitei literature

Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13×13 ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage, set design, or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, and visual effects. It uses one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim as the "theatre of the masses" is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving one passage as entrance and exit.[citation needed]

The world of Phampak lila (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on Manipur theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891–1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976).[citation needed] These groups started experimenting with types of plays apart from historical and Puranic ones. Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions shown in India and abroad. Manipur plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila, have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.[citation needed]

Iskcon led by Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami started a network of schools in Northeastern India, where more than 4,000 students receive education centred on Vaishnava spiritual values. In 1989 he founded "Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural Arts Troupe", which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in over 15 countries. Ranganiketan (literally "House of Colorful Arts") is a group of more than 20 dancers, musicians, singers, martial artists, choreographers, and craft artisans.[citation needed] Some of them have received international acclaim.

Manipur dance (Ras Lila)

Main article: Manipuri dance
 
The Shrine – the main theatre

Manipur dance also known as Jagoi,[114] is one of the major Indian classical dance forms,[115] named after the state of Manipur.[116][117] It is particularly known for its Hindu Vaishnavism themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called Raslila.[116][114][118] However, the dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism and regional deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba.[119][120] The roots of Manipur dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text Natya Shastra, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.[121]

Chorus Repertory Theatre

The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about 2 acres (8,100 m2). It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self-sufficiency of life. The theatre association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like Chakravyuha and Uttarpriyadashi. Its 25 years of existence in theatre had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. Chakravyuha taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival. Chakravyuha deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death, whereas Uttarpriyadashi is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's redemption.[citation needed]

Sports

Main articles: Sports in Manipur, Khong kangjei, Mukna, and Polo
 
Marjing Polo Statue, the world's tallest polo player statue, standing inside the Marjing Polo Complex, dedicated to God Marjing, the Meitei deity of polo, in the Heingang Ching

Mukna is a popular form of wrestling.[122] Mukna Kangjei, or Khong Kangjei, is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling hockey) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots.[123][124]

Yubi lakpi is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to rugby.[124] Yubi lakpi literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports.[125] The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee.[126] It is like the game of rugby,[127] or American football.[128]

Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).[124] Hiyang Tannaba, also called Hi Yangba Tanaba, is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.[124]

Polo

 
 
The rules-based Polo game in 19th century Manipur (above), and modern Polo in the 21st century.

Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer[129] of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules-based pulu or sagolkangjei (literally, horse and stick) game in 1859. They adopted its rules, calling the game polo, and playing it on their horses. The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England.[32][130]

Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in Cambodia. They are played especially during the Khmer New Year.[131]

First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.[132]

Festivals

 
The Lai Haraoba, a dance festival showcases the folk dances of Manipur.

The festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-ni Ningol Chakouba, Shirui Lily festival, Yaoshang, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba, as well as the broader religious festivals Eid-Ul-Fitr, Eid-Ul-Adha and Christmas. Most of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states of India is observed.

On 21 November 2017, the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President Ram Nath Kovind in Manipur. Held for 10 days, the festival is named after Manipur's state animal, the brow-antlered Sangai deer. The Sangai Festival showcases the tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts and culture, handloom, handicrafts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports.

Ningol Chakouba

Held on 9 November,[133] this is a social festival of the Meitei people of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.

Kut

Held after the Harvest festival in November,[134][135] this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe — the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year, the state declared holiday for Kut celebration.

Yaosang

Main article: Yaosang

Held in February or March,[136] Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. It is the Holi festival (festival of colour) but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur.

Khuado Pawi

Khuado Pawi is the harvest festival of the Tedim people who were recognised as Sukte and Zomi in India and Myanmar respectively. The word Pawi means festival in Tedim Zomi language. It is celebrated every year in the month of September–October after harvesting.[137]

 
Cheiraoba is a celebration of the new year during the spring season. People feast (top), then climb up a hill together later in the day to signify overcoming hurdles and reaching new heights in the new year.[128]

Cheiraoba

Main article: Sajibu Nongma Panba

Also known as Sajibugi Nongma Panba and held in March or April, Cheiraoba is the new year of Manipur.[128] It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar month Sajibu (March/April) and so it is also popularly known as Sajibu Cheiraoba. People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. After the feast, as a part of the ritual, people climb hilltops; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life.[128]

Gaan-Ngai

Gaan-Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. It is a five-day festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching.

Notable people

Main articles: List of Meitei people and List of Meitei kings

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Kangleipak" is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of "Manipur". Historically, in the 18th century, the Meitei language term "Kangleipak" was replaced by the Sanskrit term "Manipur" but the name "Kangleipak" is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), the sole official language of Manipur State.

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Bibliography

  • Gogoi, Padmeswar (1956). The political expansion of the Mao Shans.
  • Luce, G.H; Htway, Tin (1976), "A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagán, Burma", Malalasekera Commemoration Volume. Colombo: The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee, Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Ceylon, pp. 203–256
  • Ragini Devi (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
  • Saryu Doshi (1989). Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition. Marg Publications. ISBN 978-81-85026-09-1.
  • Reginald Massey (2004). India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-434-9.
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External links

 
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Look up Manipur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Government

  • Official website  

General information

March 25, 2023
manipur, this, article, about, modern, state, india, eponymous, kingdom, mentioned, epic, mahabharata, mahabharat, other, uses, disambiguation, kangleipak, redirects, here, other, uses, kangleipak, disambiguation, ʊər, meitei, kangleipak, state, northeast, ind. This article is about the modern day state of India For the eponymous kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata see Manipur Mahabharat For other uses see Manipur disambiguation Kangleipak redirects here For other uses see Kangleipak disambiguation Manipur ˌ m ʌ n ɪ ˈ p ʊer 8 9 Meitei Kangleipak a 10 11 12 is a state in Northeast India with the city of Imphal as its capital 13 It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west It also borders two regions of Myanmar Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south The state covers an area of 22 327 square kilometres 8 621 sq mi The official and most widely spoken language is Meitei language officially known as Manipuri language Native to the Meitei people it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities who speak a variety of other Sino Tibetan languages 14 Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2 500 years 15 It connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia East Asia Siberia regions in the Arctic Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people cultures and religions 16 17 ManipurStateClockwise from top the Sanamahi Kiyong in the Nongmaiching Ching mountain the Ima Keithel Ima Market the dual statues of the Kangla Sha dragons the Loktak lake the Temple of Pakhangba inside the Kangla Fort the Manipuri classical dance the Shree Shree Govindajee TempleEmblem of ManipurAnthem Sana Leibak Manipur Meitei for Manipur Land of Gold 1 Location of Manipur in IndiaCountry IndiaRegionNortheast IndiaBefore wasManipur Princely StateAdmission to Union15 October 1949 2 As Union territory1956Formation as a state 1972Capitaland largest cityImphalDistricts16Government BodyGovernment of Manipur GovernorAnusuiya Uikey 3 Chief MinisterN Biren Singh 4 BJP State LegislatureUnicameral AssemblyManipur Legislative Assembly 60 seats National ParliamentParliament of India Rajya Sabha1 seat Lok Sabha2 seatsHigh CourtManipur High CourtArea Total22 327 km2 8 621 sq mi Rank23rdPopulation 2011 5 Total2 855 794 Rank23rd Density130 km2 300 sq mi Urban30 21 Rural69 79 Language OfficialMeiteiGDP Total 2018 19 0 31 lakh crore US 3 9 billion Rank28th Per capita 75 226 US 940 27th Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST ISO 3166 codeIN MNVehicle registrationMNHDI 2018 0 696 6 15th Literacy 2011 79 85 16th Sex ratio 2011 985 1000 Websitemanipur wbr gov wbr inSymbols of ManipurEmblem of ManipurSongSana Leibak Manipur Meitei for Manipur Land of Gold 1 LanguageMeiteiBirdNongyeen Syrmaticus humiae FishPengba 7 FlowerShirui lily Lilium mackliniae MammalSangai Cervus eldii eldii TreeUningthou Phoebe hainesiana List of State SymbolsThis article contains the Meitei alphabet Without proper rendering support you may see errors in display During the days of the British Indian Empire the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states 18 Between 1917 and 1939 some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy By the late 1930s the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire rather than part of Burma which was being separated from India These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of World War II in 1939 On 11 August 1947 Maharaja Budhachandra signed an Instrument of Accession joining India 19 20 Later on 21 September 1949 he signed a Merger Agreement merging the kingdom into India which led to its becoming a Part C State 21 22 This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur as having been completed without consensus and under duress 23 The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50 year insurgency in the state for independence from India as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state 24 From 2009 through 2018 the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people 25 The Meitei people 26 represent around 53 of the population of Manipur state followed by various Naga ethnic groups at 24 and various Kuki Zomi tribes also known as Chin Kuki Mizo people at 16 27 Manipur s ethnic groups practice a variety of religions 28 According to 2011 census Hinduism is the major religion in the state closely followed by Christianity Other religions include Islam Sanamahism Buddhism and Judaism etc 28 29 Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy with significant hydroelectric power generation potential It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal airport the second largest in northeastern India 30 Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance 31 and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans 32 Contents 1 Alternate names 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 2 Medieval 2 3 Imperial period 2 4 Modern history 3 Geography 3 1 Flora 3 2 Climate 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 2 People 4 3 Languages 4 3 1 Linguistic events 4 4 Religion 4 4 1 Hinduism 4 4 2 Christianity 4 4 3 Islam 4 4 4 Sanamahism 4 4 5 Other religions 5 Government 5 1 Civil unrest 5 1 1 Social movements 5 1 2 Security and insurgency 6 Economy 6 1 Electricity 6 2 Agriculture 6 3 Transportation infrastructure 6 4 Tourism 6 4 1 UNESCO list 6 4 2 Imphal capital 6 4 3 Lakes and islands 6 4 4 Hills and valleys 6 4 5 Eco tourism 6 4 6 Waterfalls 6 4 7 Natural caves 7 Education 8 Transportation 8 1 Air 8 2 Roadways 8 3 Rail 9 Art and Culture 9 1 Manipur dance Ras Lila 9 2 Chorus Repertory Theatre 10 Sports 10 1 Polo 11 Festivals 11 1 Ningol Chakouba 11 2 Kut 11 3 Yaosang 11 4 Khuado Pawi 11 5 Cheiraoba 11 6 Gaan Ngai 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Footnotes 15 References 15 1 Bibliography 16 External linksAlternate namesThe word Manipur is made up of two Sanskrit words Maṇi which means jewel and Purǝ which means land place abode Manipur is translated as Jewelled land Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak Meitei ꯀ ꯂ ꯄꯛ 33 34 35 36 or Meeteileipak 37 Sanamahi Laikan wrote that officials during the reign of Meidingu Pamheiba in the eighteenth century adopted Manipur s new name Neighbouring cultures each had differing names for Manipur and its people The Shan or Pong called the area Cassay the Burmese Kathe and the Assamese Meklee In the first treaty between the British East India Company and Meidingu Chingthangkhomba Bhagyachandra signed in 1762 the kingdom was referred to as Meckley Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with Manipureshwar or lord of Manipur and the British discarded the name Meckley Later on the work Dharani Samhita 1825 34 popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur s name 38 The term Kanglei meaning of Manipur Kangleipak is used to refer to items associated with the state where the term Manipuri is a recently given name Examples using the term Kanglei TranslationKanglei of Kangleipak ManipurKangleicha People of Kangleipak ManipurKanglei foods Foods of Kangleipak ManipurKanglei style Style of Kangleipak ManipurHistoryMain articles History of Manipur and Manipur Kingdom Antiquity Main article Ancient Kangleipak A match of Sagol Kangjei Meitei for Polo depicted in a stamp of the Republic of India The history of Manipur Meities is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris stories about the forefathers namely the Ninghthou Kangbalon Cheitharol Kumbaba Ningthourol Lambuba Poireiton Khunthokpa Panthoibi Khongkul and so forth in the archaic Meitei script which is comparable to the Thai script The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and Maichou simple Meitei scholars Hill tribes have their own folk tales myths and legends Manipur was known by different names at various periods in its history such as Tilli Koktong Poirei Lam Sanna Leipak Mitei Leipak Meitrabak or Manipur present day Its capital was Kangla Yumphal or Imphal present day Its people were known by various names such as Mi tei Poirei Mitei Meetei Maitei or Meitei The Puwaris Ninghthou Kangbalon Ningthourol Lambuba Cheitharol Kumbaba Poireiton Khunthokpa recorded the events of each King who ruled Manipur in a span of more than 3500 years until 1955 CE a total of more than 108 kings According to some Tai chronicles Manipur Kahse is one of the territories conquered by Samlongpha the first Sawbwa of Mongkawng 39 A 14th century inscription from Pagan mentions Kasan Manipur to be one of the 21 states under Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa 1413 1445 6 who was later captured by the Governor of Taungdwingyi 40 Ningthou Kangba 15th century BCE is regarded as the first and foremost king of Manipur There were times when the country was in turmoil without rulers and long historical gaps exist between 1129 BCE and 44 BCE In 1891 CE after the defeat of the Meiteis by the British in the Anglo Manipuri war of Khongjom the sovereignty of Manipur which it had maintained for more than three millenniums was lost In 1926 it became a part of Pakokku Hill Tracts Districts of British Burma until 4 January 1947 It regained its freedom on 14 August 1947 On 15 October 1949 Manipur was unified with India 41 Medieval Main article Medieval Kangleipak By the medieval period marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur Ahom kingdom and Burma had become common 41 Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century particularly the Puya provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century In centuries thereafter royal spouses came also from what is now Assam Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and from other South Indian kingdoms as well 42 Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century from what is now Bangladesh during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba 42 The socio political turmoil and wars particularly the persistent and devastating Anglo Burmese wars affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur 43 Imperial period Main article Manipur princely state In 1824 the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent which became responsible for Manipur s external defence The British recognised that the state remained internally self governing as a princely state 44 During World War II Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia Modern history Main article History of modern Manipur After the war British India moved towards independence and the princely states which had existed alongside it became responsible for their own external affairs and defence unless they joined the new India or the new Pakistan The Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government with the Maharaja continuing as the head of state 45 Maharaja Bodhchandra was summoned to Shillong to merge the kingdom into the Union of India 46 He is believed to have signed the merger agreement under duress 47 Thereafter the legislative assembly was dissolved and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India 48 It was made a Union Territory in 1956 49 and a fully fledged State in 1972 by the North Eastern Areas Reorganisation Act 1971 50 Kangla Gate the west entrance to the Kangla Fort Manipur had a long record of insurgency and inter ethnic violence 51 52 The first armed opposition group in Manipur the United National Liberation Front UNLF was founded in 1964 and declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country Over time many more groups formed in Manipur each with different goals and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur In 1977 the People s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak PREPAK was formed and the People s Liberation Army PLA formed in 1978 which Human Rights Watch said had received arms and training from China In 1980 the Kangleipak Communist Party KCP was formed These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence 24 From 1980 to 2004 the Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area This term designated by the Ministry of Home Affairs or a state governor refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act can be used The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces in the same manner detain individuals up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals to perform warrantless searches and to shoot and kill individuals that break laws carry weapons or gather in groups larger than four as well as giving legal immunity to the military 53 Since 1980 the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about human rights violations in the region such as arbitrary killings torture cruel inhuman and degrading treatment and forced disappearances Its continued application has led to numerous protests notably the longstanding hunger strike by Irom Sharmila Chanu 54 55 In 2004 the government lifted the disturbed status after a violent attack on a local woman The rape of a manipuri woman Thangjam Manorama Devi by members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the Meira Paibis women association 56 Geography Loktak Lake the largest fresh water lake in the state The state lies at a latitude of 23 83 N 25 68 N and a longitude of 93 03 E 94 78 E The total area covered by the state is 22 327 square kilometres 8 621 sq mi The capital lies in an oval shaped valley of approximately 700 square miles 2 000 km2 surrounded by blue mountains at an elevation of 790 metres 2 590 ft above sea level 57 The slope of the valley is from north to south The mountain ranges create a moderated climate preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north Mizoram to its south Assam to its west and shares an international border with Myanmar to its east A tree amid Manipur hills The state has four major river basins the Barak River Basin Barak Valley to the west the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur the Yu River Basin in the east and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north 58 The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1 8487 Mham million hectare metres The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0 7236 Mham in the annual water budget 59 By comparison India receives 400 Mham of rain annually 60 The Barak River the largest of Manipur originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries such as the Irang Maku and Tuivai After its junction with the Tuivai the Barak River turns north forms the border with Assam State and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers the Manipur Imphal Iril Nambul Sekmai Chakpi Thoubal and Khuga All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills citation needed Landscape view for dawn at Senapati Manipur Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak lake 57 The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young due to the hilly terrain through which they flow These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku Barak Jiri Irang and Leimatak Rivers draining the eastern part of the state the Yu River Basin include the Chamu Khunou and other short streams citation needed Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys and the inner area of flat plain with all associated landforms These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna The valley region has hills and mounds rising above the flat surface The Loktak lake is an important feature of the central plain The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km2 The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2 994 m at Mount Tempu peak along the border with Nagaland The soil cover can be divided into two broad types viz the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley The valley soils generally contain loam small rock fragments sand and sandy clay and are varied On the plains especially flood plains and deltas the soil is quite thick The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes The normal pH value ranges from 5 4 to 6 8 61 Flora Flowers carpeting the foothills Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14 365 square kilometres 5 546 sq mi nearly 64 of the total geographical area of the state citation needed and consists of short and tall grasses reeds and bamboos and trees Broadly there are four types of forests Tropical Semi evergreen Dry Temperate Forest Sub Tropical Pine and Tropical Moist Deciduous citation needed There are forests of teak pine oak uningthou leihao bamboo and cane Rubber tea coffee orange and cardamom are grown in hill areas Rice is a staple food for Manipuris Climate The Dzuko Valley which exists between the boundaries of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate Manipur s climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region Lying 790 metres above sea level Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate though the winters can be chilly The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 C 90 F The coldest month is January and the warmest July The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1 467 5 millimetres 57 78 in between April and mid October Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour The capital city Imphal receives an annual average of 933 millimetres 36 7 in Rainfall in this region is caused by The South Westerly Monsoon picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heading towards the Eastern Himalaya ranges This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well Manipur is already experiencing climate change especially changes in weather with both increased variability in rain as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature 62 DemographicsPopulation Historical populationYearPop 1951578 000 1961780 000 34 9 19711 073 000 37 6 19811 421 000 32 4 19911 837 000 29 3 20012 294 000 24 9 20112 855 794 24 5 Source Census of India citation needed Manipur has a population of 2 855 794 as per 2011 census 63 Of this total 57 2 live in the valley districts and the remaining 42 8 in the hill districts The valley plain is mainly inhabited by the Meitei speaking population native Manipuri speakers The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the Nagas the Kukis and smaller tribal groupings Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region though less in numbers There are also sizable population of Nepalis Bengalis Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur The distribution of area population and density and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below citation needed Demographics of Manipur 2011 Total Population 2 855 794Male Population 1 438 586Female Population 1 417 208Rural Population 1 736 236Urban Population 834 154Child Sex Ratio 936 female to 1000 maleDensity per km2 115Literacy 1 768 181 85 4 Towns 33People Main article Manipuri people The Meiteis 26 synonymous to the Manipuris constitute the majority of the state s population In 1901 the Meiteis were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur 64 Nagas and Kuki Zo are the major tribe conglomerates The Nagas in Manipur are further sub divided into sub tribes like Anal Liangmai Mao Maram Maring Poumai Rongmei Tangkhul Zeme etc 65 66 67 Languages Main articles Languages of India and Manipuri language Meitei language Manipuri language written in Meitei script Manipuri script the official language and the official script of the Government of Manipur respectively 68 69 Languages in Manipur 2011 70 Meitei 53 30 Thadou 7 84 Tangkhul 6 41 Poula 4 74 Rongmei 3 83 Mao 3 12 Nepali 2 23 Paite 1 92 Hmar 1 72 Liangmai 1 59 Vaiphei 1 39 Kuki 1 32 Maram 1 12 Bengali 1 07 Others 8 40 The official language of the state is Meitei also known as Manipuri It is a scheduled language in the Republic of India 71 and serves as the lingua franca in Manipur 72 Other than Meitei language in Manipur there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity as is the case in most of the Northeast India Almost all of the languages are Sino Tibetan with many different subgroups represented There are multiple Kuki Chin languages the largest being Thadou Another major language family is the Naga languages like Tangkhul Poula Rongmei and Mao Less than 5 speak Indo European languages mostly Nepali and Bengali in its Sylheti dialect which is the major language of Jiribam district 73 The Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation AKA Department of Language Planning and Implementation of the Government of Manipur works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur 74 Linguistic events Meitei language day Manipuri language day Meitei poetry day Manipuri poetry day Meitei language movements Meitei classical language movement ongoing Meitei linguistic purism movement ongoing Meitei scheduled language movement successful Religion The religious groups of the Meitei speaking people include Sanamahists Hindus Meitei Christians and Meitei Pangals Besides these the non Meitei speaking communities tribesmen communities are mostly Christians Religion in Manipur 2011 28 Hinduism 41 39 Christianity 41 29 Islam 8 40 Sanamahi 7 78 Buddhism 0 25 Heraka 0 23 Judaism 0 07 Sikhism 0 05 Jainism 0 06 Not religious 0 38 Hinduism Further information Hinduism in Manipur and Meitei Hindus Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple The Meitei ethnicity aka Manipuri people is the majority group following Hinduism in Manipur beside other minor immigrants following the same faith in the state Among the indigenous communities of Manipur Meiteis are the only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith According to the 2011 Census of India about 41 39 of the Manipuri people practice Hinduism The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley Imphal Valley among the Meitei people The districts of Bishnupur Thoubal Imphal East and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities averaging 67 62 range 62 27 74 81 according to the 2011 census data 75 Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur In 1704 Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name Pitambar Singh 76 However the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words 77 During the 13th century Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple 78 The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State As per the legends the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple 79 Christianity Main articles Christianity in Manipur and Meitei Christians St Joseph s Cathedral at Imphal Christianity is the religion of 41 of the people in the state but is the majority in rural areas with 53 and is predominant in the hills It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century In the 20th century a few Christian schools were established which introduced Western type education Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority over 96 of the Christian population in Manipur 75 Islam Main article Meitei Pangals The Meitei Pangals Meitei ꯃ ꯇ ꯄ ꯡꯒꯜ also known as the Meitei Muslims or the Manipuri Muslims are the third largest religious majority group in the state as they constitute about 8 3 of the state population as per 2011 census They belong to the Sunni group of the Hanafi school of Islamic thought and there are Arab Bangladesh Turani Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among these Meitei speaking Muslims 80 Sanamahism Main article Sanamahism The holy symbol of the Sanamahi religion the indigenous ethnic religion of the Meitei people the predominant ethnic group of Manipur A reconstructed ancient temple dedicated to Meitei God Pakhangba of Sanamahism inside the Kangla Fort Imphal Sanamahism often referred to as traditional Meitei religion is the ancient polytheistic indigenous animistic ethnic religion of the Meitei people the predominant ethnic group of Manipur 81 Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity Lainingthou Sanamahi often associated as well as confused with direct Sun God Korouhanba The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity Salailen and followed their ancestors Their ancestor worship and animism was based on Umang Lai ethnic governing deities worshiped in the sacred groves Some of the traditional Meitei deities Lais are Atiya Sidaba Pakhangba Sanamahi Leimaren Panthoibi Imoinu Thangching Thangjing Marjing Wangpulen Wangbaren and Koupalu Koubru Out of the 233 767 people who opted for the Other religion option 222 315 were Sanamahists Other religions The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions 6 444 were Heraka 2 032 were Jewish and 1 180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak citation needed GovernmentThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2015 Main articles Government of Manipur and Manipur Legislative Assembly The emblem of the Government of Manipur depicts Kangla Sha Kangla Sa an ancient Meitei deity and a Meitei language text written in Meitei script The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes 82 The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha The legislature of the state is Unicameral 83 Representatives are elected for a five year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India 84 The state has one autonomous council Civil unrest Social movements There were many public movements in Manipur against the government Meitei classical language movement Meitei scheduled language movement Meitei linguistic purism movementSecurity and insurgency Further information Insurgency in Manipur Human rights abuses in Manipur and Thangjam Manorama Protests against the AFSPA Irom Chanu Sharmila the world s longest hunger striker who hunger striked for more than 500 weeks demanding the repealing of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958 in Manipur 85 The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups There is violence between the Meitei ethnicity various Naga tribes various Kuki tribes and other tribal groups 24 Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups and disagreement between them is rife Other than the UNLF PLA and PREPAK Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front RPF Manipur Liberation Front Army MLFA Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup KYKL Revolutionary Joint Committee RJC Kangleipak Communist Party KCP Peoples United Liberation Front PULF Manipur Naga People Front MNPF National Socialist Council of Nagaland NSCN K National Socialist Council of Nagaland NSCN I M United Kuki Liberation Front UKLF Kuki National Front KNF Kuki National Army KNA Kuki Defence Force KDF Kuki Democratic Movement KDM Kuki National Organisation KNO Kuki Security Force KSF Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front CKRF Kom Rem Peoples Convention KRPC Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers ZRV Zomi Revolutionary Army ZRA Zomi Reunification Organisation ZRO and Hmar Peoples Convention HPC 86 24 The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations the Kuki National Organisation KNO and United Peoples Forum 87 The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis Meiteis and Muslims 24 According to SATP there has been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009 In 2009 77 civilians died about 3 per 100 000 people 25 From 2010 onward about 25 civilians have died in militant related violence about 1 per 100 000 people dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 or 0 8 per 100 000 people However there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared to 107 in 2012 Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions some claiming they were targeting competing militant groups others claiming their targets were state and central government officials 88 As a point of comparison the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7 9 per 100 000 people 89 The CM Biren Singh used the National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as puppet NSA is meant to be used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among locals 90 Economy Bamboo is common in Manipur and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine Above is soibum yendem eromba a bamboo shoot dish of Manipur The 2012 2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about 10 188 crore US 1 3 billion 91 Its economy is primarily agriculture forestry cottage and trade driven 92 Manipur acts as India s Gateway to the East through Moreh and Tamu towns the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia East Asia Siberia the Arctic Micronesia and Polynesia Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India 93 Electricity Manipur produced about 0 1 gigawatt hours 0 36 TJ of electricity in 2010 with its infrastructure 94 The state has hydroelectric power generation potential estimated to be over 2 gigawatt hours 7 2 TJ As of 2010 if half of this potential is realised it is estimated that this would supply 24 7 electricity to all residents with a surplus for sale as well as supplying the Burma power grid 95 Agriculture Manipur s climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops Growing there are rare and exotic medicinal and aromatic plants 93 Some cash crops suited for Manipur include Lychee Cashew Walnut Orange Lemon Pineapple Papaya Passion Fruit Peach Pear and Plum 92 The state is covered with over 3 000 square kilometres 1 200 sq mi of bamboo forests making it one of India s largest contributor to its bamboo industry 93 The agriculture in Manipur includes a number of smallholding farms many of whom are women 96 Climate change especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state 97 Like rural women in other parts of the world women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather because of less access to support from local governments 96 Transportation infrastructure Imphal airport is the second largest airport in India s northeast Tulihal Airport Changangei Imphal the only airport of Manipur connects directly with Delhi Kolkata Guwahati and Agartala It has been upgraded to an international airport As India s second largest airport in the northeast it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport 30 National Highway NH 39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of 215 km 134 mi from Imphal National Highway 53 India connects Manipur with another railway station at Silchar in Assam which is 269 km 167 mi away from Imphal The road network of Manipur with a length of 7 170 km 4 460 mi connects all the important towns and distant villages However the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable 98 99 In 2010 Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to Vietnam 100 The proposed Trans Asian Railway TAR if constructed will pass through Manipur connecting India to Burma Thailand Malaysia and Singapore Tourism Main article Tourism in North East India The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid citation needed The culture features martial arts dance theatre and sculpture Greenery accompanies a moderate climate The seasonal Shirui Lily plant at Ukhrul district Dzuko Valley at Senapati Sangai Brow antlered deer and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are among the rarities of the area Polo which can be called a royal game originated in Manipur UNESCO list The Keibul Lamjao National Park KLNP which is the world s only floating national park located in the Loktak lake 101 102 is currently under the tentative lists of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the title Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area KLCA additionally covering the buffer of Loktak Lake 140 sq km and Pumlen Pat 43 sq km besides the 40 sq km of the KLNP 103 104 The Kangla officially called the Kangla Fort which was the historic seat of administration of the Meitei rulers of Manipur Kingdom is also currently moved in the Indian Parliament to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list 105 106 Imphal capital A view of Imphal City The city is inhabited by the Meitei people and other communities The city contains the Tulihal Airport The district is divided into East and West The Khuman Lampak Sports Complex was built for the 1997 National Games The stadium is used for a sports venue It also contains a cyclists velodrome Most of the imported goods are sold at Paona Bazaar Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza Kangla Fort Marjing Polo Statue Sanamahi Kiyong Ima Market Samban Lei Sekpil Shree Govindajee Temple Andro village and Manipur State Museum are in the city Lakes and islands Rare birds and flowers include Nongin 107 is the state bird top and Siroi Lily 108 is its state flower middle Leimaram falls bottom is a local attraction 48 km 30 mi from Imphal lies the largest fresh water lake in northeast India the Loktak Lake a miniature inland sea There is a tourist bungalow atop Sendra Island Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the lake people the blue waters of the lake and colourful water plants There is a Sendra tourist home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species It is in the district of Bishnupur The etymology of Loktak is lok stream tak the end End of the Streams 57 Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist Hills and valleys Kaina is a hillock about 921 metres 3 022 ft above sea level It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus The legend is that Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee Shri Jai Singh Maharaja and asked the saintly king to install in a temple an image of Shri Govindajee It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree which was then growing at Kaina It is 29 km 18 mi from Imphal The Dzuko Valley is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna It is at an altitude of 2 438 metres 7 999 ft above sea level behind Mount Japfu in Nagaland The rare Dzuko lily is found only in this valley citation needed Eco tourism Sangai the state animal at Keibul Lamjao National Park In the wild it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers 109 Keibul Lamjao National Park 48 km 30 mi away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of brow antlered deer This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals 57 It is the only floating national park of the world 110 citation needed Six kilometres 3 7 mi to the west of Imphal at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal Kangchup Road are the Zoological Gardens Some brow antlered deer Sangai are housed there Waterfalls Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village 111 27 km 17 mi from Imphal in the Sadar hill area Senapati district This consists of three falls with the first fall about 30 metres 98 ft high Agape Park is in the vicinity Natural caves Thalon Cave around 910 metres 2 990 ft above sea level is one of the historical sites of Manipur under Tamenglong district It is around 185 kilometres 115 mi from the state capital and around 30 kilometres 19 mi from Tamenglong district headquarters in north side From Thalon village this cave is 4 5 kilometres 2 5 3 1 mi 112 Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in Ukhrul district The big hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the northern hall is the royal bedroom according to local folklore During World War II villagers sought shelter here This cave is an hour s trek from Khangkui village 113 EducationSee also List of institutions of higher education in Manipur The Sanamahi Kiyong shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture in the Nongmaiching Ching mountain Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation Instruction is mainly in English Under the 10 2 3 plan students may enroll in general or professional degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination the grade 12 examination The main universities are Manipur University Central Agricultural University National Institute of Technology Manipur Indian Institute of Information Technology Manipur Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Manipur is home to India s first floating elementary school Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake TransportationFurther information India Myanmar Thailand Trilateral Highway Manipur serves as the passing point of the India Myanmar Thailand Trilateral Highway having Imphal Mandalay Bangkok route with a distance of 1 813 km 1 127 miles to improve the ASEAN India Free Trade Area National Highway 150 in Imphal Air Imphal International Airport is situated in the capital Imphal which connects direct flights from Imphal to Kolkata Guwahati New Delhi Bangalore and Agartala Roadways Manipur is connected to all its neighbouring states with National Highways Rail Currently Manipur has one operational railway station Jiribam Imphal railway station is an under construction railway station in Imphal the capital of Manipur Art and CultureMain articles Art and culture of Manipur and Art forms of Manipur Further information Meitei architecture Meitei culture Meitei dances Meitei mythology Meitei festivals Meitei folklore Meitei folktales Meitei religion and Meitei literature Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious it is performed in the secular or profane spheres In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila stage drama Shumang lila is very popular Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of Shumang courtyard and Lila play or performance It is performed in an area of 13 13 ft in the centre of any open space in a very simple style without a raised stage set design or heavy props such as curtains background scenery and visual effects It uses one table and two chairs kept on one side of the performance space Its claim as the theatre of the masses is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it leaving one passage as entrance and exit citation needed The world of Phampak lila stage drama performed in the proscenium theatre is similar in form to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous The so called modern theatre descended on Manipur theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan 1902 under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj 1891 1941 The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union MDU 1930 Arian Theatre 1935 Chitrangada Natya Mandir 1936 Society Theatre 1937 Rupmahal 1942 Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union 1968 and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam 1976 citation needed These groups started experimenting with types of plays apart from historical and Puranic ones Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions shown in India and abroad Manipur plays both Shumang lila and stage lila have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama New Delhi citation needed Iskcon led by Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami started a network of schools in Northeastern India where more than 4 000 students receive education centred on Vaishnava spiritual values In 1989 he founded Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural Arts Troupe which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in over 15 countries Ranganiketan literally House of Colorful Arts is a group of more than 20 dancers musicians singers martial artists choreographers and craft artisans citation needed Some of them have received international acclaim Manipuri dance one of eight the classical dances of India Thang Ta the martial art form of Manipur Pena is an ancient Manipur musical instrument particularly popular among the Meitei people The Chorus Repertory Theatre Imphal founded by Ratan ThiyamManipur dance Ras Lila Main article Manipuri dance The Shrine the main theatre Manipur dance also known as Jagoi 114 is one of the major Indian classical dance forms 115 named after the state of Manipur 116 117 It is particularly known for its Hindu Vaishnavism themes and exquisite performances of love inspired dance drama of Radha Krishna called Raslila 116 114 118 However the dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism Shaktism and regional deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba 119 120 The roots of Manipur dance as with all classical Indian dances is the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text Natya Shastra but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia East Asia Siberia Micronesia and Polynesia 121 Chorus Repertory Theatre The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about 2 acres 8 100 m2 It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self sufficiency of life The theatre association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like Chakravyuha and Uttarpriyadashi Its 25 years of existence in theatre had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence Chakravyuha taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival Chakravyuha deals with the story of Abhimanyu son of Arjun of his last battle and approaching death whereas Uttarpriyadashi is an 80 minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka s redemption citation needed SportsMain articles Sports in Manipur Khong kangjei Mukna and Polo Marjing Polo Statue the world s tallest polo player statue standing inside the Marjing Polo Complex dedicated to God Marjing the Meitei deity of polo in the Heingang Ching Mukna is a popular form of wrestling 122 Mukna Kangjei or Khong Kangjei is a game which combines the arts of mukna wrestling hockey and Kangjei Cane Stick to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots 123 124 Yubi lakpi is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur India using a coconut which has some notable similarities to rugby 124 Yubi lakpi literally means coconut snatching The coconut is greased to make it slippery There are rules of the game as with all Manipur sports 125 The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king the chief guest or the judges before the game begins The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own In Manipur s long history Yubi lakpi was the annual official game attended by the king over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee 126 It is like the game of rugby 127 or American football 128 Oolaobi Woo Laobi is an outdoor game mainly played by females Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi Taret seven deities seven fairies played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups size as per agreement Players are divided as into Raiders Attackers or Defenders Avoiders 124 Hiyang Tannaba also called Hi Yangba Tanaba is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas 124 Polo The rules based Polo game in 19th century Manipur above and modern Polo in the 21st century Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer 129 of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules based pulu or sagolkangjei literally horse and stick game in 1859 They adopted its rules calling the game polo and playing it on their horses The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England 32 130 Apart from these games some outdoor children s games are fading in popularity Some games such as Khutlokpi Phibul Thomba and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere such as in Cambodia They are played especially during the Khmer New Year 131 First of its kind in India National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur 132 Festivals The Lai Haraoba a dance festival showcases the folk dances of Manipur The festivals of Manipur are Lui ngai ni Ningol Chakouba Shirui Lily festival Yaoshang Gan ngai Chumpha Cheiraoba Kang and Heikru Hidongba as well as the broader religious festivals Eid Ul Fitr Eid Ul Adha and Christmas Most of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar Almost every festival celebrated in other states of India is observed On 21 November 2017 the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President Ram Nath Kovind in Manipur Held for 10 days the festival is named after Manipur s state animal the brow antlered Sangai deer The Sangai Festival showcases the tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts and culture handloom handicrafts indigenous sports cuisine music and adventure sports Ningol Chakouba Held on 9 November 133 this is a social festival of the Meitei people of Manipur where married women Ningol are invited Chakouba literally calling to a meal for dinner or lunch to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children Besides the feast gifts are given to the women invitees and to their children It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family Nowadays other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family bonding festival Kut Held after the Harvest festival in November 134 135 this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki Chin Mizo tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe the whole state populace participates in merriment On 1 November of every year the state declared holiday for Kut celebration Yaosang Main article Yaosang Held in February or March 136 Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur It is the Holi festival festival of colour but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur Khuado Pawi Khuado Pawi is the harvest festival of the Tedim people who were recognised as Sukte and Zomi in India and Myanmar respectively The word Pawi means festival in Tedim Zomi language It is celebrated every year in the month of September October after harvesting 137 Cheiraoba is a celebration of the new year during the spring season People feast top then climb up a hill together later in the day to signify overcoming hurdles and reaching new heights in the new year 128 Cheiraoba Main article Sajibu Nongma Panba Also known as Sajibugi Nongma Panba and held in March or April Cheiraoba is the new year of Manipur 128 It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar month Sajibu March April and so it is also popularly known as Sajibu Cheiraoba People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day After the feast as a part of the ritual people climb hilltops in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life 128 Gaan Ngai Gaan Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people It is a five day festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching Notable peopleMain articles List of Meitei people and List of Meitei kings Saikhom Mirabai Chanu b 1994 Indian weightlifter Tokyo Olympics Silver medallist Sushila Chanu Indian hockey player and former captain of Indian national women s hockey team Khwairakpam Chaoba 1895 1950 poet Bala Devi Indian footballer plays as a forward for Rangers W F C and India women s national football team Sabitri Heisnam b 1946 actress and Padma Shri awardee Hijam Irabot 1896 1951 politician and social activist Heisnam Kanhailal 1941 2016 theatre director and Padma Bhushan awardee Muhammed Alauddin Khan politician Ralengnao Khathing first and only person from Manipur to serve as an Ambassador for India Mary Kom Only boxer to win 8 amateur world championship medals Lin Laishram International model actress and entrepreneur Dingko Singh Indian boxer who won the gold medal at 1998 Asian Games Irom Chanu Sharmila b 1972 civil rights activist and poet Armstrong Pame officer in the Indian Administrative Service Jugeshor Singh b 1990 Indian footballer Laishram Nandakumar Singh Minister of Urban Development Renedy Singh former Indian footballer Udanta Singh Indian footballer plays as a forward for Bengaluru FC and India national football teamSee also India portal2022 in Manipur Human rights abuses in Manipur List of Manipur films of 2013 Maramfest Outline of Manipur Tourist Attractions in Manipur Tumukhong KajengleiFootnotes Kangleipak is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of Manipur Historically in the 18th century the Meitei language term Kangleipak was replaced by the Sanskrit term Manipur but the name Kangleipak is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in Meitei language officially known as Manipuri language the sole official language of Manipur State References Sana Leibak Manipur adopted as State Song by Cabinet 12 August 2021 Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 SINHA L P 1987 The Politics and Government of Manipur The Indian Journal of Political Science 48 4 487 493 ISSN 0019 5510 JSTOR 41855332 Laithangbam Iboyaima 27 August 2021 Ganesan sworn in as Manipur Governor The Hindu Archived from the original on 20 October 2021 Retrieved 29 August 2021 BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine India Today 15 March 2017 Manipur Population Sex Ratio in Manipur Literacy rate data census2011 co in Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Sub national HDI Subnational HDI Global Data Lab globaldatalab org Archived from the original on 12 November 2020 Retrieved 17 April 2020 State Fishes of India PDF National Fisheries Development Board Government of India Archived PDF from the original on 10 October 2020 Retrieved 25 December 2020 Manipur Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Manipur Merriam Webster Dictionary Sanajaoba Naorem 1988 Manipur Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization Mittal Publications p 89 ISBN 978 81 7099 853 2 Yamahata Chosein 2022 Social Transformations in India Myanmar and Thailand Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress Springer Nature p 242 ISBN 978 981 16 7110 4 Sahoo Ajaya K 30 March 2021 Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development Routledge p 121 ISBN 978 1 000 36686 0 Manipur Treatise amp Documents Volume 1 ISBN 978 8170993995 Introduction Manipuri language Britannica Retrieved 9 July 2022 Naorem Sanajaoba editor Manipur Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization Volume 4 Chapter 1 NK Singh ISBN 978 8170998532 Naorem Sanajaoba editor Manipur Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization Volume 4 Chapter 4 K Murari ISBN 978 8170998532 Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 Retrieved 7 July 2018 Naorem Sanajaoba Editor Manipur Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization Volume 4 Chapter 2 NT Singh ISBN 978 8170998532 Why Pre Merger Political Status for Manipur Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession 1947 Research and Media Cell CIRCA 2018 p 26 GGKEY 8XLWSW77KUZ archived from the original on 10 January 2022 retrieved 19 August 2018 Singh Socio religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 2011 Chapter 6 p 139 U B Singh India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union 2003 p 135 K R Dikshit Jutta K Dikshit 2013 North East India Land People and Economy Springer Science p 56 ISBN 978 94 007 7055 3 Kalpana Kannabiran Ranbir Singh 2008 Challenging The Rules s of Law SAGE Publications p 264 ISBN 978 81 321 0027 0 a b c d e Background Conflict in Manipur Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch 2008 a b State wise Indian fatalities 1994 2013 Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Militancy and Terrorism Database SATP New Delhi a b Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 322 347 Census of India Website Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 15 July 2019 a b c Population by religion community 2011 Census of India 2011 The Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from 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15 17 19 Amsterdam University Press Irom Sharmila World s longest hunger strike ends BBC News 9 August 2016 Archived from the original on 24 March 2019 Retrieved 23 March 2019 Indian hunger striker Irom Chanu Sharmila to end 16 year fast TheGuardian com 9 August 2016 Archived from the original on 23 March 2019 Retrieved 23 March 2019 McDuie Ra Duncan 2016 Borderland City in New India Frontier to Gateway Amsterdam University Press p 18 a b c d fate of loktak lake e pao net Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Haokip Shri Ngamthang 2007 Basine Delineation Map of Manipur Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Profile on State of Environment Report of Manipur 2006 07 Ministry of Environment and Forests Manipur p 4 Government of Manipur Irrigation And Water Management PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 June 2011 Retrieved 31 October 2010 Centre for Science and Environment India The Arithmetic of Water in India Archived from the original on 26 October 2010 Retrieved 31 October 2010 Director of Commerce and Industries Manipur Soil and Climate of Manipur Archived from the original on 31 August 2010 Retrieved 31 October 2010 SAMOM SOBHAPATI 31 May 2019 Manipur affected by changing climate say scientists NorthEast Now Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 Retrieved 7 October 2021 Manipur Population Census data 2011 Census 2011 Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 2 September 2017 census 1901 Meetei Nameirakpam Bijen 2014 Ethnicity Colonial Legacies and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North East India Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 20 99 115 doi 10 1080 13537113 2014 879768 S2CID 144397292 Laishram Ratankumar singh 2009 United Naga Council UNC PDF A Historical study of the role and politics of civil society in Manipur Thesis Manipur University hdl 10603 103655 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 10 January 2022 S R Tohring 2010 Violence and identity in North east India Naga Kuki conflict Mittal Publications pp xv xvii ISBN 978 81 8324 344 5 Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 Retrieved 15 November 2015 Manipuri language Britannica Retrieved 22 February 2023 GAZETTE TITLE The Manipur Official Language Amendment Act 2021 manipurgovtpress nic in Retrieved 22 February 2023 Manipuri Language means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language for a period upto 10 ten years from the date of commencement of this Act C 1 Population By Linguistic Community Census Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 Retrieved 10 June 2019 Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities 47th report July 2008 to June 2010 PDF Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities Ministry of Minority Affairs Government of India p 78 Archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2012 Retrieved 16 February 2012 Manipuri language Britannica Retrieved 22 February 2023 Census of India Website Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India censusindia gov in Archived from the original on 22 April 2020 Retrieved 15 March 2020 Department of language planning and implementation trying to resolve all language issues in the state Pothashang News 14 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2023 a b Census of India C 1 Population By Religious Community censusindia gov in Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 S Bebita Devi 2013 4 PDF Advent of a caste the emergence and role of Brahmans in Manipuri society Thesis Devi Rajkumari Geetanjali 2018 The origin and development of Manipuri rasa dance Its nature philosophy and social relevance PDF Thesis Sanajaoba Naorem 1988 Manipur Past and Present The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization ISBN 9788170998532 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 20 August 2020 The Vaishnava Temples of Manipur An Historical Study Archived from the original on 28 November 2019 Retrieved 2 February 2020 Evolution of clan system Manipuri Muslim 1 e pao net Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Bertil Lintner 2015 Great Game East India China and the Struggle for Asia s Most Volatile Frontier Yale University Press p 113 ISBN 978 0 300 19567 5 State UT wise Seats in the Assembly and their Reservation Status Election Commission of India Archived from the original on 19 May 2018 Retrieved 23 May 2018 Manipur Government Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Govt of India ECI Manipur Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Govt of India A decade of starvation for Irom Sharmila The Independent 4 November 2010 Retrieved 22 February 2023 Singh Vijaita Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit The Hindu Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 12 March 2017 仏壇修理 洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店 kukination net Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Manipur Assessment Year 2014 Archived 4 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine SATP New Delhi Global Burden of Armed Violence Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Chapter 2 Geneva Declaration Switzerland 2011 Misusing NSA the detention of a Manipur journalist The Hindu 21 December 2018 ISSN 0971 751X Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 Retrieved 21 December 2018 State wise Population GSDP Per Capita Income and Growth Rate Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Planning Commission Govt of India See third table 2011 2012 fiscal year 16th row a b G Hiamguanglung Gonmei Hills Economy of Manipur A Structural Change Journal of North East India Studies Vol 3 No 1 January June 2013 pp 61 73 a b c Manipur Economy Snapshot Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine IBEF Manipur Energy Archived 23 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur Manipur power Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of India a b In rural Manipur women feel the heat of climate change The Third Pole 14 March 2018 Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 Retrieved 7 October 2021 Shirin Babie 27 January 2021 Climate Change Farmers in Manipur hit hard by unusual weather temperature Imphal Free Press Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 Retrieved 24 December 2021 Manipur s villagers take charge fix 19km stretch of roads ANI The Indian Express The Indian Express Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 Retrieved 14 December 2016 Prafullokumar Singh A 2009 The Ninth Assembly Elections in Manipur A Prafullokumar Singh Election Politics in Manipur p 521 ISBN 9788183242790 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards Tharoor The Times of India Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 1 July 2013 The Floating Islands of India earthobservatory nasa gov 7 May 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2023 The largest island is home to the Keibul Lamjao the world s only floating national park It serves as a habitat for the endangered brow antlered sangai or dancing deer whose hooves have adapted to the island s spongy ground The park covering 15 square miles 40 km2 was specifically created to preserve the deer which were once thought to be extinct McKechnie Ben The world s only floating national park www bbc com Retrieved 13 March 2023 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 13 March 2023 Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers www worldheritagesite org Retrieved 13 March 2023 Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site The Times of India 5 February 2021 ISSN 0971 8257 Kangla as a World Heritage Site Imphal Free Press State bird Nongin Archived 27 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur State flower SHIRUI LILY Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur State animal Sangai Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur The world s only floating national park Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 Retrieved 23 March 2019 Ichum Keirap yolasite com Archived from the original on 25 April 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Thalon Cave Tamenglong December 2009 Pictures from Manipur e pao net Archived from the original on 21 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 Ukhrul District ukhrul nic in Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 Retrieved 1 September 2015 a b Reginald Massey 2004 p 177 Williams 2004 pp 83 84 the other major classical Indian dances are Bharatanatyam Kathak Odissi Kathakali Kuchipudi Cchau Satriya Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela a b James G Lochtefeld 2002 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism A M The Rosen Publishing Group pp 420 421 ISBN 978 0 8239 3179 8 Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2016 Reginald Massey 2004 pp 177 187 Ragini Devi 1990 pp 175 180 Reginald Massey 2004 pp 177 180 Saroj Nalini Parratt 1997 The pleasing of the gods Meitei Lai Haraoba Vikas Publishers pp 14 20 42 46 ISBN 9788125904168 Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2016 Saryu Doshi 1989 pp xv xviii Ved Prakash Encyclopaedia of North East India Volume 4 ISBN 978 8126907069 pp 1558 1561 Gurmeet Kanwal Defenders of the Dawn ISBN 978 8170622796 pp 48 a b c d Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 824 830 Indigenous games of Manipur Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 825 Mills J H 2006 Manipur Rules Here Gender Politics and Sport in an Asian Border Zone Journal of Sport amp Social Issues 30 1 62 78 a b c d Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 825 830 Joseph Ford Sherer is called the Father of English Polo see Horace A Laffaye 2009 The Evolution of Polo ISBN 978 0786438143 Chapter 2 National Army Museum Silver salver presented to Captain Joseph Ford Sherer Archived 28 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine United Kingdom Chris Aston Manipur Cradle of the Modern Game Archived 27 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Polo Consult Singh Atom Sunil indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur A Borderless Connectivity The Sangai Express 4 June 2008 Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 30 April 2017 Lok Sabha passes Bill to set up sports varsity in Manipur The Hindu 3 August 2018 Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 3 August 2018 via www thehindu com Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 607 617 Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 950 961 G K Ghosh Shukla Ghosh Women of Manipur ISBN 978 8170248972 Khomdan Singh Lisam Encyclopaedia Of Manipur ISBN 978 8178358642 pp 629 632 Zomi Ngeina Khuado Pawi Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 9 February 2016 Bibliography Gogoi Padmeswar 1956 The political expansion of the Mao Shans Luce G H Htway Tin 1976 A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagan Burma Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Colombo The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies University of Ceylon pp 203 256 Ragini Devi 1990 Dance Dialects of India Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0674 0 Saryu Doshi 1989 Dances of Manipur The Classical Tradition Marg Publications ISBN 978 81 85026 09 1 Reginald Massey 2004 India s Dances Their History Technique and Repertoire Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 81 7017 434 9 Singh Haorongbam Sudhirkumar 2011 Socio religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934 51 INFLIBNET hdl 10603 121665 Williams Drid 2004 In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism Authentic East Indian Dancing PDF Visual Anthropology 17 1 69 98 doi 10 1080 08949460490274013 S2CID 29065670 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2016 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Manipur Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manipur Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Manipur Look up Manipur in Wiktionary the free dictionary Government Official website Official Tourism Site of ManipurGeneral information Manipur at Curlie Geographic data related to Manipur at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manipur amp oldid 1146281430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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