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Jammu and Kashmir (state)

March 09, 2023

This article is about the former state. For the current union territory, see Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). For the former princely state, see Jammu and Kashmir (princely state).

Jammu and Kashmir[a] was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century.[5][6] The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir, and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan, are administered by Pakistan. The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962.

Jammu and Kashmir
A former region administered by India as a state
1952–2019

Map of Jammu and Kashmir
CapitalSrinagar (May–October)
Jammu (November–April)[1][clarification needed]
Area
 • Coordinates34°00′N 76°30′E / 34.0°N 76.5°E / 34.0; 76.5Coordinates: 34°00′N 76°30′E / 34.0°N 76.5°E / 34.0; 76.5
History
Government
Governor 
• 1952–1965 as Sadr-e-Riyasat; 1965–1967
Karan Singh (first)
• 2018–2019[2]
Satya Pal Malik (last)
Chief Minister 
• 1952–1953 as Prime Minister
Sheikh Abdullah (first)
• 2016–2018[3]
Mehbooba Mufti (last)
LegislatureJammu and Kashmir Legislature
• Upper house
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (36 seats)
• Lower house
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (89 seats)
History 
• Abolition of monarchy
17 November 1952
14 May 1954
31 October 2019
Political subdivisions22 districts

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.[7] At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

History

For the pre-1952 history, see Kashmir § History.

Establishment

After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India (which controlled the regions of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh) and Pakistan (which controlled Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir).[8] Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948.[9] In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the Constituent Assembly of India drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become Article 370.[10]

A constituent assembly for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an election in which all the seats were won by the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party of Abdullah.[11]

Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the Constitution of India regarding citizenship and fundamental rights to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.[12]

The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.[13] The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constitutent Assembly on 21 August 1952. The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939 was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent Karan Singh was formally elected as the Sadar-i-Riyasat or head of state by the Constitutent Assembly and was later recognized by the President of India.[14] The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.[15]

Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.[16] Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A Presidential Order was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constitutent Assembly.[17][18]

The new Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.[19] Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held for the legislative assembly in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.[20]

In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the Sino-Indian War of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.[8] Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, recognising a Line of Control in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations.[21]

Kashmir insurgency

In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election[22] triggered a violent uprising and armed insurgency[23][24] which was backed by Pakistan.[25] Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement.[26] The Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training mujahideen,[27][28] to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.[29][28][30] In 2015, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.[31] India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir.[26]

Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the Indian Army took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.[note 1] Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s.[26]

 
Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018

Following the 2008 Kashmir unrest, secessionist movements in the region were boosted.[41][42] The 2016–17 Kashmir unrest resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.[43][44] Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba.[45] An attack on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[46]

Dissolution

In August 2019, both houses of the Parliament of India passed resolutions to amend Article 370 and extend the Constitution of India in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the President of India.[47][48] At the same time, the parliament also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new union territories: the eponymous union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and that of Ladakh.[49]

The reorganisation act was assented to by the President of India, and came into effect on 31 October 2019.[50] Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the Kashmir Valley, increased security forces, imposed Section 144 that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti under house arrest.[51] Internet and phone services were also blocked.[52][53][54]

Administrative divisions

 
The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir (green), Jammu (orange) and Ladakh (blue)

The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: the Jammu Division, the Kashmir Division and Ladakh which are further divided into 22 districts.[55] The Siachen Glacier, while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian were districts formed in 2008.[55]

Districts

Division Name Headquarters Before 2007[56] After 2007
Area
(km2) 		Area
(km2) 		Area
(sq miles) 		Rural Area
(km2) 		Urban Area
(km2) 		Source
for area
Jammu Kathua district Kathua 2,651 2,502 966 2,458.84 43.16 [57]
Jammu district Jammu 3,097 2,342 904 2,089.87 252.13 [58]
Samba district Samba new district 904 349 865.24 38.76 [59]
Udhampur district Udhampur 4,550 2,637 1,018 2,593.28 43.72 [60]
Reasi district Reasi new district 1,719 664 1,679.99 39.01 [61]
Rajouri district Rajouri 2,630 2,630 1,015 2,608.11 21.89 [62]
Poonch district Poonch 1,674 1,674 646 1,649.92 24.08 [63]
Doda district Doda 11,691 8,912 3,441 8,892.25 19.75 [64]
Ramban district Ramban new district 1,329 513 1,313.92 15.08 [65]
Kishtwar district Kishtwar new district 1,644 635 1,643.37 0.63 [66]
Total for division Jammu 26,293 26,293 10,152 25,794.95 498.05 calculated
Kashmir Anantnag district Anantnag 3,984 3,574 1,380 3,475.76 98.24 [67]
Kulgam district Kulgam new district 410 158 360.20 49.80 [68]
Pulwama district Pulwama 1,398 1,086 419 1,047.45 38.55 [69]
Shopian district Shopian new district 312 120 306.56 5.44 [70]
Budgam district Budgam 1,371 1,361 525 1,311.95 49.05 [71]
Srinagar district Srinagar 2,228 1,979 764 1,684.42 294.53 [72]
Ganderbal district Ganderbal new district 259 100 233.60 25.40 [73]
Bandipora district Bandipora new district 345 133 295.37 49.63 [74]
Baramulla district Baramulla 4,588 4,243 1,638 4,179.44 63.56 [75]
Kupwara district Kupwara 2,379 2,379 919 2,331.66 47.34 [76]
Total for division Srinagar 15,948 15,948 6,158 15,226.41 721.54 calculated
Ladakh Kargil district Kargil 14,036 14,036 5,419 14,033.86 2.14 [77]
Leh district Leh 45,110 45,110 17,417 45,085.99 24.01 [78]
Total for division Leh and Kargil 59,146 59,146 22,836 59,119.85 26.15 calculated
Total 101,387 101,387 39,146 100,141.21 1,245.74 calculated

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1961 3,560,976—    
1971 4,616,632+29.6%
1981 5,987,389+29.7%
1991 7,837,051+30.9%
2001 10,143,700+29.4%
2011 12,541,302+23.6%
Source: Census of India[79]

Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census of India.[80]

  Dogri (20.04%)
  Bhadrawahi (0.78%)
  Gojri (9.05%)
  Hindi (2.43%)
  Pahari (7.80%)
  Kashmiri (51.72%)
  Siraji (0.62%)
  Punjabi (1.75%)
  Bauti (0.80%)
  Purkhi (0.74%)
  Others (4.27%)

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.[81] In the Census of India held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, Islam was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed Hinduism. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.[82] According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%).[83]

The state's official language was Urdu, which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.[84] The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.[85][86] The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language," effectively restricting its use to households and family.[86][87]

The most widely spoken language is Kashmiri, the mother tongue of 53% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include Dogri (20%), Gojri (9.1%), Pahari (7.8%), Hindi (2.4%), Punjabi (1.8%),[80] Balti, Bateri, Bhadarwahi, Brokskat, Changthang, Ladakhi, Purik, Sheikhgal, Spiti Bhoti, and Zangskari. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: Bhattiyali, Chambeali, Churahi, Gaddi, Hindko, Lahul Lohar, Pangwali, Pattani, Sansi, and Shina.[88]

Government

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India, according to which no law enacted by the Parliament of India, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.[89] The state was able to define the permanent residents of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.[90]

Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official state flag, along with India's national flag,[91] in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a plough on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.[92]

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[93] After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.[94] The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies.[95][note 2] In 2005, it was reported that the Indian National Congress-led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states.[98]

Central provisions

In 1990, an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,[99][100] a decision which drew criticism from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International for violating human rights.[101][102] Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.[103]

Economy

The economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities.[104] Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.[105] The Doda district, rich in high-grade sapphire, had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.[106] Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.[107] Along with horticulture and agriculture, tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.[108]

Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812 million.[109] Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India.[110] The economy was also benefited by Hindu pilgrims who visited the shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath Temple annually.[111] The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.[112]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]
  2. ^ This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India but did not accept its repeal in the Forty-fourth Amendment.[96][97]
  1. ^ Pronounced variably as /ˈdʒæmuː/ and /ˈdʒʌmuː/; /kæʃˈmɪər/ and /ˌkæʃmɪər/.[4]

References

Citations

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  5. ^ Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William, Jammu and Kashmir, State, India, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 7 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."
  6. ^ Jan·Osma鈔czyk, Edmund; Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
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Sources

Further reading

March 09, 2023
jammu, kashmir, state, this, article, about, former, state, current, union, territory, jammu, kashmir, union, territory, former, princely, state, jammu, kashmir, princely, state, jammu, kashmir, region, formerly, administered, india, state, from, 1952, 2019, c. This article is about the former state For the current union territory see Jammu and Kashmir union territory For the former princely state see Jammu and Kashmir princely state Jammu and Kashmir a was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019 constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India Pakistan and China since the mid 20th century 5 6 The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir whose western districts now known as Azad Kashmir and northern territories now known as Gilgit Baltistan are administered by Pakistan The Aksai Chin region in the east bordering Tibet has been under Chinese control since 1962 Jammu and KashmirA former region administered by India as a state1952 2019Map of Jammu and KashmirCapitalSrinagar May October Jammu November April 1 clarification needed Area Coordinates34 00 N 76 30 E 34 0 N 76 5 E 34 0 76 5 Coordinates 34 00 N 76 30 E 34 0 N 76 5 E 34 0 76 5HistoryGovernmentGovernor 1952 1965 as Sadr e Riyasat 1965 1967Karan Singh first 2018 2019 2 Satya Pal Malik last Chief Minister 1952 1953 as Prime MinisterSheikh Abdullah first 2016 2018 3 Mehbooba Mufti last LegislatureJammu and Kashmir Legislature Upper houseJammu and Kashmir Legislative Council 36 seats Lower houseJammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 89 seats History Abolition of monarchy17 November 1952 Presidential order of 195414 May 1954 Reorganized into Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh31 October 2019Political subdivisions22 districtsPreceded by Succeeded byJammu and Kashmir princely state Jammu and Kashmir union territory LadakhAfter the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019 the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two union territories Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east with effect from 31 October 2019 7 At the time of its dissolution Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim majority population Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment 1 2 Kashmir insurgency 1 3 Dissolution 2 Administrative divisions 2 1 Districts 3 Demographics 4 Government 4 1 Central provisions 5 Economy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Sources 9 Further readingHistoryFor the pre 1952 history see Kashmir History Establishment After the Indo Pakistani War of 1947 1948 the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India which controlled the regions of Jammu Kashmir Valley and Ladakh and Pakistan which controlled Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir 8 Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948 9 In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government the Constituent Assembly of India drew up the draft provision named Article 306 A which would later become Article 370 10 A constituent assembly for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951 after an election in which all the seats were won by the Jammu amp Kashmir National Conference party of Abdullah 11 Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the Delhi Agreement with Jawaharlal Nehru the Prime Minister of India on 24 July 1952 It extended provisions of the Constitution of India regarding citizenship and fundamental rights to the state in addition to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy Jammu and Kashmir while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession 12 The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement 13 The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constitutent Assembly on 21 August 1952 The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939 was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November The regent Karan Singh was formally elected as the Sadar i Riyasat or head of state by the Constitutent Assembly and was later recognized by the President of India 14 The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November 15 Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India which led to his arrest in 1953 16 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir The Constituent Assembly passed a resolution in February 1954 extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession A Presidential Order was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constitutent Assembly 17 18 The new Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957 19 Following this the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held for the legislative assembly in 1957 with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats 20 In 1956 57 China constructed a road through the disputed Aksai Chin area of Ladakh India s belated discovery of this road culminated in the Sino Indian War of 1962 China has since administered Aksai Chin 8 Following the Indo Pakistani War of 1971 India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement recognising a Line of Control in Kashmir and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations 21 Kashmir insurgency In the late 1980s discontent over the high handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election 22 triggered a violent uprising and armed insurgency 23 24 which was backed by Pakistan 25 Pakistan claimed to be giving its moral and diplomatic support to the separatist movement 26 The Inter Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India and the international community of supporting supplying arms and training mujahideen 27 28 to fight in Jammu and Kashmir 29 28 30 In 2015 former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s 31 India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its cross border terrorism in Kashmir 26 Since 1989 a prolonged bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the Indian Army took place both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses including abductions massacres rapes and armed robbery note 1 Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic Jihadi fighters mujahadeen who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet Afghan War in the 1980s 26 Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir 2018 Following the 2008 Kashmir unrest secessionist movements in the region were boosted 41 42 The 2016 17 Kashmir unrest resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15 000 43 44 Six policemen including a sub inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017 by trespassing militants of the Pakistan based Lashkar e Toiba 45 An attack on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama in February 2019 resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan backed militant group Jaish e Mohammed 46 Dissolution In August 2019 both houses of the Parliament of India passed resolutions to amend Article 370 and extend the Constitution of India in its entirety to the state which was implemented as a constitutional order by the President of India 47 48 At the same time the parliament also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019 which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new union territories the eponymous union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and that of Ladakh 49 The reorganisation act was assented to by the President of India and came into effect on 31 October 2019 50 Prior to these measures the union government locked down the Kashmir Valley increased security forces imposed Section 144 that prevented assembly and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti under house arrest 51 Internet and phone services were also blocked 52 53 54 Administrative divisions The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir green Jammu orange and Ladakh blue The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions the Jammu Division the Kashmir Division and Ladakh which are further divided into 22 districts 55 The Siachen Glacier while under Indian military control did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir Kishtwar Ramban Reasi Samba Bandipora Ganderbal Kulgam and Shopian were districts formed in 2008 55 Districts Division Name Headquarters Before 2007 56 After 2007Area km2 Area km2 Area sq miles Rural Area km2 Urban Area km2 Source for areaJammu Kathua district Kathua 2 651 2 502 966 2 458 84 43 16 57 Jammu district Jammu 3 097 2 342 904 2 089 87 252 13 58 Samba district Samba new district 904 349 865 24 38 76 59 Udhampur district Udhampur 4 550 2 637 1 018 2 593 28 43 72 60 Reasi district Reasi new district 1 719 664 1 679 99 39 01 61 Rajouri district Rajouri 2 630 2 630 1 015 2 608 11 21 89 62 Poonch district Poonch 1 674 1 674 646 1 649 92 24 08 63 Doda district Doda 11 691 8 912 3 441 8 892 25 19 75 64 Ramban district Ramban new district 1 329 513 1 313 92 15 08 65 Kishtwar district Kishtwar new district 1 644 635 1 643 37 0 63 66 Total for division Jammu 26 293 26 293 10 152 25 794 95 498 05 calculatedKashmir Anantnag district Anantnag 3 984 3 574 1 380 3 475 76 98 24 67 Kulgam district Kulgam new district 410 158 360 20 49 80 68 Pulwama district Pulwama 1 398 1 086 419 1 047 45 38 55 69 Shopian district Shopian new district 312 120 306 56 5 44 70 Budgam district Budgam 1 371 1 361 525 1 311 95 49 05 71 Srinagar district Srinagar 2 228 1 979 764 1 684 42 294 53 72 Ganderbal district Ganderbal new district 259 100 233 60 25 40 73 Bandipora district Bandipora new district 345 133 295 37 49 63 74 Baramulla district Baramulla 4 588 4 243 1 638 4 179 44 63 56 75 Kupwara district Kupwara 2 379 2 379 919 2 331 66 47 34 76 Total for division Srinagar 15 948 15 948 6 158 15 226 41 721 54 calculatedLadakh Kargil district Kargil 14 036 14 036 5 419 14 033 86 2 14 77 Leh district Leh 45 110 45 110 17 417 45 085 99 24 01 78 Total for division Leh and Kargil 59 146 59 146 22 836 59 119 85 26 15 calculatedTotal 101 387 101 387 39 146 100 141 21 1 245 74 calculatedDemographicsHistorical populationYearPop 19613 560 976 19714 616 632 29 6 19815 987 389 29 7 19917 837 051 30 9 200110 143 700 29 4 201112 541 302 23 6 Source Census of India 79 Jammu amp Kashmir mother tongue of population according to the 2011 Census of India 80 Dogri 20 04 Bhadrawahi 0 78 Gojri 9 05 Hindi 2 43 Pahari 7 80 Kashmiri 51 72 Siraji 0 62 Punjabi 1 75 Bauti 0 80 Purkhi 0 74 Others 4 27 Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim majority population 81 In the Census of India held in 1961 the first to be conducted after the formation of the state Islam was practised by 68 31 of the population while 28 45 followed Hinduism The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64 19 by 1981 but recovered afterward 82 According to the 2011 census the last to be conducted in the state Islam was practised by about 68 3 of the state population while 28 4 followed Hinduism and small minorities followed Sikhism 1 9 Buddhism 0 9 and Christianity 0 3 83 The state s official language was Urdu which occupied a central space in media education religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia 84 The first language of less than 1 of the population it was regarded as a neutral and non native language of the multilingual region and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims 85 86 The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional minority language effectively restricting its use to households and family 86 87 The most widely spoken language is Kashmiri the mother tongue of 53 of the population according to the 2011 census Other major languages include Dogri 20 Gojri 9 1 Pahari 7 8 Hindi 2 4 Punjabi 1 8 80 Balti Bateri Bhadarwahi Brokskat Changthang Ladakhi Purik Sheikhgal Spiti Bhoti and Zangskari Additionally several other languages predominantly found in neighbouring regions are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir Bhattiyali Chambeali Churahi Gaddi Hindko Lahul Lohar Pangwali Pattani Sansi and Shina 88 GovernmentJammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India according to which no law enacted by the Parliament of India except for those in the field of defence communication and foreign policy would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir 89 The state was able to define the permanent residents of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state 90 Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official state flag along with India s national flag 91 in addition to a separate constitution Designed by the then ruling National Conference the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a plough on a red background symbolising labour it replaced the Maharaja s state flag The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state namely Jammu Valley of Kashmir and Ladakh 92 Like all the states of India Jammu and Kashmir had a multi party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies Of these 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 93 After a delimitation in 1988 the total number of seats increased to 111 of which 87 were within Indian administered territory 94 The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6 year term in contrast to the norm of a 5 year term followed in every other state assemblies 95 note 2 In 2005 it was reported that the Indian National Congress led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states 98 Central provisions In 1990 an Armed Forces Special Powers Act of India which gave special powers to the Indian security forces including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir 99 100 a decision which drew criticism from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International for violating human rights 101 102 Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained but had crossed into Pakistan administered Kashmir to engage in militancy 103 EconomyThe economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities 104 Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state produce included apples apricots cherries pears plums almonds and walnuts 105 The Doda district rich in high grade sapphire had active mines until the 1989 insurgency in 1998 the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource 106 Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage 107 Along with horticulture and agriculture tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir accounting for about 7 to its economy 108 Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India in 2004 this amounted to US 812 million 109 Tourism which was integral to the economy witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency but foreign tourism later rebounded and in 2009 the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India 110 The economy was also benefited by Hindu pilgrims who visited the shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath Temple annually 111 The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013 with certain exceptions 112 See also Geography portal Asia portal India portalIndian White Paper on Jammu and KashmirNotes Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the Forty second Amendment of the Constitution of India but did not accept its repeal in the Forty fourth Amendment 96 97 Pronounced variably as ˈ dʒ ae m uː and ˈ dʒ ʌ m uː k ae ʃ ˈ m ɪer and ˌ k ae ʃ m ɪer 4 ReferencesCitations The Hindu Net Desk 8 May 2017 What is the Darbar Move in J amp K all about The Hindu Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 Retrieved 23 February 2019 Satya Pal Malik sworn in as Jammu and 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militants of gang raping her repeatedly The Indian News Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 Retrieved 31 December 2007 A 31 year old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir s Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar e Toiba militants for two months 19 01 90 When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror Rediff Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 Retrieved 31 December 2007 Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse In the preceding months 300 Hindu men and women nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo noted lawyer and BJP national executive member by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14 1989 Soon after that Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead Pandit Sarwanand Premi 80 year old poet and his son were kidnapped tortured their eyes gouged out and hanged to death A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang raped and then beaten to death Another woman was abducted raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill Avijit Ghosh 17 August 2008 In Kashmir there s azadi in air Online edition of The Times of India dated 17 August 2008 Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 Retrieved 28 January 2009 Thottam Jyoti 4 September 2008 Valley of Tears Time Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 Retrieved 5 May 2010 Yasir Sameer 2 January 2017 Kashmir unrest What was the real death toll in the state in 2016 Firstpost Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 27 January 2017 Akmali Mukeet 23 January 2017 After 15000 injuries Govt to train forces in pellet guns Greater Kashmir Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 Retrieved 27 January 2017 Express Web Desk 16 June 2017 Six policemen including sub inspector killed in militant ambush in Anantnag Jammu 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Retrieved 21 November 2020 District Census Handbook Doda Part B PDF Census of India 2011 Report 18 June 2014 pp 9 12 99 Archived PDF from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 District Census Handbook Ramban Part B PDF Census of India 2011 Report 18 June 2014 pp 10 12 Archived PDF from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 District Census Handbook Kishtwar Part B PDF Census of India 2011 Report 18 June 2014 pp 9 10 22 Archived PDF from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643 65 km2 whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643 37 km2 District Census Handbook Anantnag Part A PDF Census of India 2011 Report July 2016 p 9 Archived PDF from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 District Census Handbook Anantnag Part B PDF Census of India 2011 Report July 2016 pp 12 22 Archived PDF from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 District Census Handbook Kulgam 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