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Guru Gobind Singh

March 12, 2023

This article is about the tenth Guru of Sikhism. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Gobind Singh (VC). For the Malaysian politician, see Gobind Singh Deo.

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː goːbɪn̪d̪ᵊ sɪ́ŋgᵊ]; 22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708),[1][9] born Gobind Das or Gobind Rai[12][13][14][15] the tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher. When his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was executed by Aurangzeb,[a] Guru Gobind Singh was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs at the age of nine, becoming the tenth and final human Sikh Guru.[20] His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle, two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.[21][22][23]

Guru Gobind Singh
ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ
Contemporary painting of Guru Gobind Singh (seated) found within a Dasam Granth manuscript of Anandpur Sahib
Personal
Born
Gobind Rai

22 December 1666[1]
Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal Empire
Died7 October 1708(1708-10-07) (aged 41)
Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Bidah Subah, Mughal Empire
Cause of deathAssassination[6][7]
ReligionSikhism
SpouseMata Jito
Mata Sundari
Mata Sahib Devan[2]
Children
Parents
Known for

Fought the following Battles :

Other namesTenth Nanak[8]
Tenth Master
Signature
Religious career
PredecessorGuru Tegh Bahadur
SuccessorGuru Granth Sahib

Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in 1699[4][24][25] and introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals.[26][27] He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism's primary scripture and eternal Guru.[28][29]

Family and early life

 
Guru Gobind Singh's birthplace in Patna, Bihar.
 
Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Gobind Das at the Anandpur Darbar.

Gobind Singh was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, and Mata Gujri.[30] He was born in Patna, Bihar on 22 December 1666 while his father was visiting Bengal and Assam.[1] His birth name was Gobind Das/Rai, and a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life.[1] In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March 1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India, called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled.[1][24]

His father Guru Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits[31] in 1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, the Mughal governor of Kashmir under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[1][better source needed] Tegh Bahadur considered a peaceful resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, but was cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk. The young Gobind Rai – to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699[9] – advised his father that no one was more worthy to lead and make a sacrifice than him.[1] His father made the attempt, but was arrested then publicly beheaded in Delhi on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the Islamic Empire.[32][33] Before dying Guru Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Guru Gobind Rai (the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and it is part of the Guru Granth Sahib) as one last test to find the next Guru, after his father's martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Guru on Vaisakhi on 29 March 1676.[34]

The education of Guru Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru, both in reading and writing as well as martial arts such as horse riding and archery. The Guru learned Farsi in a year and at the age of 6 started training in martial arts.[35] In 1684, he wrote the Chandi di Var in Punjabi language – a legendary war between the good and the evil, where the good stands up against injustice and tyranny, as described in the ancient Sanskrit text Markandeya Purana.[1] He stayed in Paonta, near the banks of river Yamuna, until 1685.[1]

 
From Bhai Rupa showing the Guru at the age of 23 (contemporary painting from circa 1701)

Guru Gobind Singh had three wives:[2][36]

  • At age 10, he married Mata Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km north of Anandpur. The couple had three sons: Jujhar Singh (b. 1691), Zorawar Singh (b. 1696) and Fateh Singh (b. 1699).[37]
  • at age 17, he married Mata Sundari on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur. The couple had one son, Ajit Singh (b. 1687).[38]
  • at age 33, he married Mata Sahib Devan on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur. They had no children, but she had an influential role in Sikhism. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the Mother of the Khalsa.[39] The Guru initially rejected her marriage proposal he was married already and have four sons. The Sangat and the Guru's family agreed to the marriage. but Guru Gobind Singh made it clear that his relationship with Mata Sahib Diwan will be spiritual one and not physical[40]

The life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh have been of historical importance to the Sikhs. He institutionalized the Khalsa (literally, Pure Ones), who played the key role in protecting the Sikhs long after his death, such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and the holy war led by Ahmad Shah Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.[9]

Founding the Khalsa

 
A Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and The Panj Piare in Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh built in the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

In 1699, the Guru requested the Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi (the annual spring harvest festival).[41] According to the Sikh tradition, he asked for a volunteer. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd alone, with a bloody sword.[41] He asked for another volunteer, and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the Panj Pyare and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.[42]

Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword to prepare what he called Amrit ("nectar"). He then administered this to the Panj Pyare, accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the khande ka pahul (baptization ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.[41][43] The Guru also gave them a new surname "Singh" (lion). After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.[41] This initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul ritual practiced by the previous gurus, in which an initiate would drink the water either the Guru or a masand of the guru had dipped their right toe in.[44][45]

 
Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks

Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Five K's tradition of the Khalsa,[46]

He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and adultery were forbidden.[46][47] The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.[46] The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.[47] Guru Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued the defence of dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of Aurangzeb.[48]

 
Anandpur Sahib gurdwara, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa

He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by the Mughal authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, the jizya (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax, and Bhaddar tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.[4] Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa does not need to continue this practice, because Bhaddar is not dharam, but a bharam (illusion).[4][49] Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.[4] However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.[4]

Guru Gobind Singh had a deep respect for the Khalsa and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the sangat (panth).[50] Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.[51] Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of Masands appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The Masands led the local Sikh communities, local temples, and collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.[51] Guru Gobind Singh concluded that the Masands system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.[51] These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.[51] The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.[52][53]

The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.[54][55][56]

Sikh scriptures

 
The Dasam Granth is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. It incorporates among other things the warrior-saint mythologies of ancient India.[57][58]

Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Ratan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as much regard to the pen as to the sword.[59]

Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition with finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the Guru Granth Sahib – the primary scripture of Sikhism.[28] The final version did not accept the extraneous hymns in other versions, and included the compositions of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur.[28] Guru Gobind Singh also declared this text to be the eternal Guru for Sikhs.[29][60]

Guru Gobind Singh is also credited with the Dasam Granth.[26] It is a controversial religious text considered to be the second scripture by some Sikhs, and of disputed authority to other Sikhs.[61][27] The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[61][62] The Dasam Granth includes hymns, mythological tales from Hindu texts,[26] a celebration of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga,[63] erotic fables,[26] an autobiography, secular stories from the Puranas and the Mahabharata, letters to others such as the Mughal emperor, as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.[61][64][65]

According to the Bansavlinama, written in 1755 by Kesar Singh Chibbar,[66] Sikhs requested that Guru Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth with the Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh responded to the request by saying, "This is the Adi Guru Granth; The root book. That one (Dasam Granth) is only for my diversion. Let this be kept in the mind and let the two stay separate."[67][68]

The Dasam Granth has a significant role in the initiation and the daily life of devout Khalsa Sikhs.[69][70] Parts of its compositions such as the Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Benti Chaupai are the daily prayers (Nitnem) and sacred liturgical verses used in the initiation of Khalsa Sikhs.[27][71][72]

Wars

When all other means have failed,
It is but lawful to take to the sword.

– Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah[73][74]

The period following the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur – the father of Guru Gobind Singh, was a period where the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb was an increasingly hostile enemy of the Sikh people.[75] The Sikh resisted, led by Gobind Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts peaked during this period.[75] Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army had an active interest in Guru Gobind Singh. Aurangzeb issued an order to exterminate Guru Gobind Singh and his family.[76]

Guru Gobind Singh believed in a Dharam Yudh (war in defence of righteousness), something that is fought as a last resort, neither out of a wish for revenge nor for greed nor for any destructive goals.[77] To Guru Gobind Singh, one must be prepared to die to stop tyranny, end persecution, and to defend one's own religious values.[77] He led fourteen wars with these objectives, but never took captives nor damaged anyone's place of worship.[77]

Significant battles

 
Guru Gobind Singh with his horse

Guru Gobind Singh fought 13 battles against the Mughal Empire and the kings of Siwalik Hills.

  • Battle of Bhangani (1688), which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh's Bicitra Natak, when Fateh Shah, along with mercenary commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,[78] attacked his forces without any purpose. The Guru was aided by the forces of Kripal (his maternal uncle) and a Brahmin named Daya Ram, both of whom he praises as heroes in his text.[79] The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle, a cousin from Guru Hargobind's daughter.[78]
  • Battle of Nadaun (1691), against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his son Alif Khan, who were defeated by the allied forces of Guru Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand and other Hindu kings of Himalayan foothills.[80] The non-Muslims aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu.[78]

In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region of India, and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers.[78][81]

  • Battle of Guler (1696), first against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan's son Rustam Khan, near Sutlej river, where the Guru teamed up with the Hindu king of Guler and routed the Muslim army.[82] The commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the Guru and the Guler kingdom, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces.[82]
  • Battle of Anandpur (1700), against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who had sent 10,000 soldiers under the command of Painda Khan and Dina Beg.[83] In direct combat between Guru Gobind Singh and Painda Khan, the latter was killed. His death led to the Mughal army fleeing the battlefield.[83]
  • Battle of Anandpur (1701), The hill Rajas of northern Punjab regrouped after defeat at Anandpur the previous year and resumed their campaign against Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, joining forces with Gujar tribesmen to besiege Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana. Gujar leader Jagatullah was killed on the first day and the Rajas were driven off after a brilliant defence led by the Guru's son Ajit Singh.[83][84][81]
  • Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702), against the forces of Aurangzeb, led by Wazir Khan reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills on the banks of Nirmohgarh. The battle continued for two days, with heavy losses on both sides, and Wazir Khan army left the battlefield.
  • Battle of Basoli (1702), against the Mughal army; named after the kingdom of Basoli whose Raja Dharampul supported the Guru in the battle.[85] The Mughal army was supported by rival kingdom of Kahlur led by Raja Ajmer Chand. The battle ended when the two sides reached a tactical peace.[85]
  • First Battle of Chamkaur (1702), Mughal Army was repulsed.[83]
  • First Battle of Anandpur (1704), Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent a fresh force into northern Punjab under General Saiyad Khan, later replaced by Ramjan Khan. Ramjan was mortally wounded in further very heavy fighting around the Sikh stronghold at Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana, and his force again withdrew.[83]
  • Second Battle of Anandpur, According to scholars, this battle was triggered by the proliferation of armed Sikhs in Anandpur, the increasing numbers creating a shortage of supplies. This led the Sikhs to raid local villages for supplies, food, and forage, which in turn dramatically frustrated the local pahari rajas who forged alliances and mounted an attack on Guru Gobind Singh's patrimony.[86][78] The Mughal general was fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers, and the army withdrew. Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with two generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan in May 1704, to destroy the Sikh resistance.[83] The approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted siege against Anandpur, from May to December, cutting off all food and other supplies moving in and out, along with repeated battles.[6] Some Sikh men deserted the Guru during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and escaped to their homes where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru's army and died fighting with him in 1705.[87][88] Towards the end, the Guru, his family, and followers accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur.[89] However, as they left Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one of the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru's two sons – Zorawar Singh aged 8 and Fateh Singh aged 5 – were taken captive by the Mughal army.[84][90] Both his children were executed by burying them alive into a wall.[6][91] The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.[84]
  • Battle of Sarsa (1704), against the Mughal army led by general Wazir Khan; the Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of a safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December.[90] However, when the Guru accepted the offer and left, Wazir Khan took captives, executed them and pursued the Guru.[92] The retreating troops he was with were repeatedly attacked from behind, with heavy casualties to the Sikhs, particularly while crossing the Sarsa river.[92]
  • Battle of Chamkaur (1704) Regarded as one of the most important battles in Sikh history. It was against the Mughal army led by Nahar Khan;[93] the Muslim commander was killed,[93] while on Sikh side the remaining two elder sons of the Guru – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.[94][84][95]
  • Battle of Muktsar (1705), the Guru's army was re-attacked by the Mughal army, being hunted down by general Wazir Khan, in the arid area of Khidrana-ki-Dhab. The Mughals were blocked again, but with many losses of Sikh lives – particularly the famous Chalis Mukte (literally, the "forty liberated ones"),[88] and this was the last battle led by Guru Gobind Singh.[7] The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about a 100 years later by Ranjit Singh to Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of liberation"), after the term "Mukt" (moksha) of the ancient Indian tradition, in honour of those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation.[96]

Mughal accounts

The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh as well as the geopolitics of the times he lived in, and these official Persian accounts were readily available and the basis of colonial era English-language description of Sikh history.[97][98]

According to Dhavan, the Persian texts that were composed by Mughal court historians during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh were hostile to him but presented the Mughal perspective.[97] They believed that the religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him, through the creation of a military order willing to resist the Imperial army.[97] Dhavan writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a century after the death of Guru Gobind Singh evolved from relying entirely on court histories of the Mughals which disparage the Guru, to including stories from the Sikh gurbilas text that praise the Guru.[97][99]

The Mughal accounts suggest that the Muslim commanders viewed the Sikh panth as one divided into sects with different loyalties.[100]

Relationship with other religious groups

Main article: Sikh Rehat Maryada

As a result of the violent hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal armies, Guru Gobind Singh ordered the social segregation of the Khalsa from the Muslims, the sentiments of which are reiterated in the contemporary and posthumous rahit-namas. To a lesser extent, injunctions were also made prohibiting the partake in certain Hindu rituals and beliefs as well as against schismatic Sikh factions opposed to the orthodox Khalsa community.[105][111]

Post-War years

 
GGS Marg Map

After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru and his remaining soldiers moved and stayed in different spots including hidden in places such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab.[90]

Some of the various spots in north, west, and central India where the Guru lived after 1705, include Hehar with Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, and Madhe and Dina (Malwa (Punjab) region). He stayed with relatives or trusted Sikhs such as the three grandsons of Rai Jodh, a devotee of Guru Har Gobind.[112]

Zafarnama

Main article: Zafarnama (letter)

Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct of Aurangzeb and his army against his family and his people as a betrayal of a promise, unethical, unjust, and impious.[90] After all of Guru Gobind Singh's children had been killed by the Mughal army and the battle of Muktsar, the Guru wrote a defiant letter in Persian to Aurangzeb, titled Zafarnama (literally, "epistle of victory"), a letter which the Sikh tradition considers important towards the end of the 19th century.[90][113][114]

The Guru's letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb. He indicted the Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms, and accused them of a lack of morality both in governance and in the conduct of war.[115] The letter predicted that the Mughal Empire would soon end, because it persecutes, and is full of abuse, falsehood, and immorality. The letter is spiritually rooted in Guru Gobind Singh's beliefs about justice and dignity without fear.[115]

There are two narratives of why the Guru went to Nanded, one is that he was further helping Bahadur Shah suppress the Mahrathas and Bhoi Dynasty leaders or he went there just to preach Sikhism as he had just surprised the rebellion of Kam Bakhsh and the soldiers were tired and decided to camp. The second is the more popular narrative.[citation needed]

Death of family members

 
Gurudwara Parivar Vichora Sahib, Majri, Punjab where Guru's younger sahibzaade got separated from him.[116]
See also: Saka Sirhind

Guru Gobind Singh's four sons, also referred to as Chaar Sahibzaade (the four princes), were killed during his lifetime – the elder two in a battle with Mughals, and the younger two executed by the Mughal governor of Sirhind.[21]

Guru and his two elder sons had escaped the siege of Anandpur in December 1704 and reached Chamkaur, but they were pursued by a large Mughal army.[117] In the ensuing battle, Guru's elder sons, also called the 'Vaade Sahibzaade' fought bravely, but the Mughal army was much larger and well equipped.[118] While Guru was taken to a safe place, Guru's elder sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17, and Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed in the Battle of Chamkaur in December 1704 against the Mughal army.[6]

Guru's mother Mata Gujri and his two younger sons got separated from the Guru after escaping the Mughal siege of Anandpur in December 1704; and were later arrested by the forces of Wazir Khan, the Mughal governor of Sirhind.[117] The younger pair, called the 'Chotte Sahibzaade', along with their grandmother were imprisoned in an Open Tower (Thanda Burj), in chilling winter days.[118] Around 26 and 27 December 1704, the younger sons, Sahibzada Fateh Singh aged 6 and Zorawar Singh aged 9, were offered a safe passage if they converted to Islam, which they refused; and subsequently, Wazir Khan ordered them to be bricked alive in the wall.[119][120] Mata Gujri fainted on hearing about her grandsons' death and died shortly thereafter.[117]

His adopted son Zorawar Singh Palit whose real name is unknown died in 1708 near Chittorgarh Fort in a skirmish with local soldiers.[121] According to Sainapati Zorawar Singh Palit had managed to escape in the Battle of Chamkaur and later met the Guru in Rajputana after which he got in a minor scuffle at Chittorgarh and died.[122]

According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh news about the execution of his sons with stoic calm, and wrote 'What use is it to put out a few sparks when you raise a mighty flame instead?'.[123]

Final days

 
Cremation of Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded
 
Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded, built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was cremated in 1708, the inner chamber is still called Angitha Sahib.

Aurangzeb died in 1707, and immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who attacked each other.[124] Guru Gobind Singh supported Bahadur Shah in the Battle of Jajau by sending 200 – 300 Sikhs under Bhai Dharam Singh and later joining the battle themselves.[125] According to Sikh sources it was Guru Gobind Singh who killed Azam Shah.[126][127] the official successor Bahadur Shah, invited Guru Gobind Singh with his army to meet him in person in the Deccan region of India for reconciliation. Guru Gobind Singh hoped to get Anandpur, his former stronghold back, and remained close to the imperial camp for nearly a year. His appeals for the restoration of his lands turned out to be ineffectual however as Bahadur Shah went on postponing any restoration to the status quo ante as he was not willing to offend either the Guru or the hill rajas.[6][124][128][129]

Wazir Khan, a Muslim army commander and the Nawab of Sirhind, against whose army the Guru had fought several wars,[7] commissioned two Afghans, Jamshed Khan, and Wasil Beg, to follow the Guru's army as it moved for the meeting with Bahadur Shah, and then assassinate the Guru. The two secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area of India, and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near river Godavari for months.[130] They gained access to the Guru and Jamshed Khan stabbed him two times resulting in a fatal wound at Nanded.[6][131][132] Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh may not have been sent by Wazir Khan, but was instead sent by the Mughal army that was staying nearby.[7]

According to Senapati's Sri Gur Sobha, an early 18th-century writer, the fatal wounds of the Guru was one below his heart. The Guru fought back and killed the assassin, while the assassin's companion was killed by the Sikh guards as he tried to escape.[130]

The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708[133] His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals.[130]

According to the Bansavalinama by Kesar Singh Chibber written in 1768, the Guru's last words were, "The Granth is the Guru and it will bring you to Akal. The Guru is the Khalsa and the Khalsa is the Guru. The seat has been given to Sri Sahib Mata Devi. Love each other and expand the community. Follow the words of the Granth. The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with the Guru. Follow the conduct of the Guru. Always remain with Waheguru."[134]

Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10)

 
Dohra of Guru Gobind Singh, as recorded in a copy of an Adi Granth, dated 1707 CE and autographed (containing a 'nisan') by Guru Gobind Singh, where 'Dohra' Mahalla 10 (Dasvan) is included. This is given as evidence of Guru Gobind Singh being the author of a Dohra (rhyming couplet) line contained at the end of the scripture on page 1429

While it is generally believed that Guru Gobind Singh did not add any of his own compositions to the Guru Granth Sahib, there are some who argue that a single rhyming couplet, known as a Dohra, of the tenth Guru, titled Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10), near the end of the scripture on page 1429 is the work of Guru Gobind Singh.[135][136][137]

The composition in-question is as follows:[138][139]

ਮਹਲਾ ੧੦:
Mahalla 10:
ਬਲੁ ਹੋਆ ਬੰਧਨ ਛੁਟੇ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਹੋਤ ਉਪਾਇ ॥
My strength has been restored, and my bonds have been broken; now, I can do everything.
ਨਾਨਕ ਸਭੁ ਕਿਛੁ ਤੁਮਰੈ ਹਾਥ ਮੈ ਤੁਮ ਹੀ ਹੋਤ ਸਹਾਇ ॥੫੪॥
Nanak: everything is in Your hands, Lord; You are my Helper and Support. ||54||

In popular culture

While Sikh Gurus are generally not portrayed on screen due to certain beliefs in Sikhism[citation needed], a number of Indian films surrounding Guru Gobind Singh's life have been made. These include:[140]

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. ^ Jenkins, Grewal, and Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to convert to Islam.[16][17][18] Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed for causing unrest in the Punjab.[19]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ganda Singh. "GOBIND SINGH, GURU (1666–1708)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b Dhillon, Dr Dalbir Singh (1988). Sikhism – Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 144. from the original on 17 September 2016.
  3. ^ Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 463–464. ISBN 9788173805301.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.
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  10. ^ Grewal 1998, p. 70: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das."
  11. ^ Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.
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  13. ^ Cole, W. Owen (26 August 2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-906716-91-2. Guru Gobind Singh's name was Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai, but from the founding of the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh.
  14. ^ McLeod, W. H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-14-025260-6. Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru, at least so it seems. Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai, but documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, give his name as Gobind Das.
  15. ^ Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition, Chaupai Sahib, refers to himself as Gobind Das.
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  87. ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2000). Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love". Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-564947-5.
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  89. ^ Singh, Prithi Pal (2007). The History of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Books. pp. 128–147. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
  90. ^ a b c d e Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. I.B.Tauris. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-1-78076-250-0.
  91. ^ Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2.
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  94. ^ Raju, Karam Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. ISBN 9380213646.
  95. ^ Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  96. ^ Sir Lepel Henry Griffin (1898). Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56.
  97. ^ a b c d Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–167, 13–24. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  98. ^ Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 110–113. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.
  99. ^ Murphy, Anne (2012). Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 47–50. ISBN 978-1-136-70729-2.
  100. ^ Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  101. ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60, 118. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
  102. ^ Morgan, Peggy (16 February 2007). Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions. Edinburgh University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7486-3002-8. Ever since the time of Guru Gobind Singh (d. CE 1708), codes of conduct (rahitnamas), for example Rahitnama Bhai Chaupa and Prem Sumarg, have been in circulation. These laid down the behaviour required of Sikhs. The eighteenth and nineteenth-century rahitnamas reflected their period, and one clear purpose was the social segregation of Sikhs and Muslims.
  103. ^ Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  104. ^ Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. University of Chicago Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-226-61593-6.
  105. ^ [101][102][103][104]
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  108. ^ Cook, Michael (6 December 2016). Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-691-17334-4.
  109. ^ Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.
  110. ^ Malhotra, Anshu; Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan (23 October 2015). Speaking of the Self: Gender, Performance, and Autobiography in South Asia. Duke University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8223-7497-8. From the time of the establishment of the Khalsa in 1699, some from within the Sikhs, more specifically the Khalsa, tried to create religious norms and codes of behavior that worked toward imparting a distinct Sikh identity partly by distancing from the Muslims. A stream within the Khalsa set about creating codes of conduct, the rahit literature, that began "othering" the Muslim/Turak (used interchangeably), passing tenets that included the avoidance of halal meat associated with the Muslims, and sleeping with Muslim women.
  111. ^ [106][107][108][109][110]
  112. ^ Johar, Surinder Singh (1998). Holy Sikh shrines. New Delhi: M D Publications. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7533-073-3. OCLC 44703461.
  113. ^ W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow. pp. xxv, 52, 214–215. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
  114. ^ Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.
  115. ^ a b Hadley, Michael L. (2001). Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, The. State University of New York Press. pp. 20, 207–214. ISBN 978-0-7914-9114-0.
  116. ^ Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh. Hay House, Inc. p. 183. ISBN 9789381398616.
  117. ^ a b c Anand, TK (2005). Essence of Sikhism – 7. Madhubun Books. p. 63. ISBN 9788125919483.
  118. ^ a b "Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice". The Statesman. 23 December 2021.
  119. ^ Singh, PrithiPal (2006). The History of Sikh Gurus. ISBN 9788183820752.
  120. ^ Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh. Hay House, Inc. p. 186. ISBN 9789381398616.
  121. ^ Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 4. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 463–464. ISBN 9788173805301.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  122. ^ Kulwant Singh summarizing a chapter of Gur Sobha in his English translation of Gur Sobha said, "Zorawar Singh had escaped from the battle of Chamkaur and had met the Guru in Rajputana. It was this Zorawar Singh who was killed at Chittor in a minor scuffle."
  123. ^ Singh, Khushwant (1977). A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469–1839. Oxford India Collection. p. 81. ISBN 9780195606003.
  124. ^ a b Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  125. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2004). A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. pp. 323, 324. ISBN 8172053061.
  126. ^ A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. p. 324.
  127. ^ Gurbilas Patashahi 10 Chapter 19
  128. ^ Grewal 1998, p. 79.
  129. ^ Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (24 September 2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-139-53705-6.
  130. ^ a b c d Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India. I.B.Tauris. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-78076-250-0.
  131. ^ Singh, Prithi Pal (15 September 2007). The history of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
  132. ^ Singh, Santhok. Suraj Granth (in Punjabi). Translated by Singh, Sodhi Teja. CSJS. p. 486.
  133. ^ However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.[130]
  134. ^ Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 189–190.
  135. ^ Sikh art and literature. Kerry, August 17- Brown. London: Routledge. 1999. p. 198. ISBN 0-415-20288-4. OCLC 39765536.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  136. ^ Singh, Anurag (December 2018). "Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh" (PDF). Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal. 1: 29.
  137. ^ Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur’s teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective." Sikh Formations 17.4 (2021): 409-434.
  138. ^ "Guru Granth Sahib". www.searchgurbani.com. p. 1429. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  139. ^ Khalsa, Harjinder Singh (17 February 2017). "'Dohra' Mahalla 10". SikhNet. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  140. ^ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. OUP Oxford. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.

Bibliography

  • Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Vol. 2–3. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.
  • Jenkins, Everett (2000). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4766-0889-1.
  • Olson, Carl (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press.
  • Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press.

Further reading

  • Deora, Man Singh (1989). Guru Gobind Singh: a literary survey. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7041-160-4. OCLC 21280295.
  • Singh, Gobind; Jasbir Kaur Ahuja (1996). The Zafarnama of Guru Gobind Singh. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 42966940.
  • Singh, Prof. Surinderjit, Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnamah Transliteration and Poetic Rendering in English. Singh Brothers, Amritsar. 2003. ISBN 81-7205-272-3.

External links

  •   Media related to Guru Gobind Singh at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Guru Gobind Singh at Wikiquote
Preceded by Sikh Guru
11 November 1675 – 7 October 1708 		Succeeded by

March 12, 2023
guru, gobind, singh, this, article, about, tenth, guru, sikhism, recipient, victoria, cross, gobind, singh, malaysian, politician, gobind, singh, punjabi, pronunciation, gʊɾuː, goːbɪn, ŋgᵊ, december, 1666, october, 1708, born, gobind, gobind, tenth, sikh, guru. This article is about the tenth Guru of Sikhism For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Gobind Singh VC For the Malaysian politician see Gobind Singh Deo Guru Gobind Singh Punjabi pronunciation gʊɾuː goːbɪn d ᵊ sɪ ŋgᵊ 22 December 1666 7 October 1708 1 9 born Gobind Das or Gobind Rai 12 13 14 15 the tenth Sikh Guru a spiritual master warrior poet and philosopher When his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Aurangzeb a Guru Gobind Singh was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs at the age of nine becoming the tenth and final human Sikh Guru 20 His four biological sons died during his lifetime two in battle two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan 21 22 23 Guru Gobind Singhਗ ਰ ਗ ਬ ਦ ਸ ਘContemporary painting of Guru Gobind Singh seated found within a Dasam Granth manuscript of Anandpur SahibPersonalBornGobind Rai22 December 1666 1 Patna Sahib Bihar Subah Mughal EmpireDied7 October 1708 1708 10 07 aged 41 Hazur Sahib Nanded Bidah Subah Mughal EmpireCause of deathAssassination 6 7 ReligionSikhismSpouseMata JitoMata SundariMata Sahib Devan 2 ChildrenAjit Singh Jujhar Singh Zorawar Singh Fateh Singh Zorawar Singh Palit Adopted 3 ParentsGuru Tegh Bahadur Mata GujriKnown forFounding the Khalsa 4 composed the following Dasam Granth known prayers of which include Jaap Sahib Chandi di Var Tav Prasad Savaiye Zafarnamah Bachittar Natak Akal Ustat Chaupai Sikhism Sabad Patshahi 10 Ugardanti Chaubis Avtar Rudra Avtar Sarbloh Granth Founded Sikh festival of Hola MohallaFought the following Battles Battle of Bhangani Battle of Nadaun Battle of Guler 1696 Battle of Anandpur 1700 Battle of Nirmohgarh 1702 Battle of Basoli First Battle of Chamkaur First Battle of Anandpur 1704 Second Battle of Anandpur Battle of Sarsa Second Battle of Chamkaur 1704 Battle of Muktsar Gave Jaikara or Slogan Bole So Nihal 5 Other namesTenth Nanak 8 Tenth MasterSignatureReligious careerPredecessorGuru Tegh BahadurSuccessorGuru Granth SahibAmong his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in 1699 4 24 25 and introducing the Five Ks the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals 26 27 He is also credited as the one who finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism s primary scripture and eternal Guru 28 29 Contents 1 Family and early life 2 Founding the Khalsa 3 Sikh scriptures 4 Wars 4 1 Significant battles 4 2 Mughal accounts 4 3 Relationship with other religious groups 5 Post War years 5 1 Zafarnama 6 Death of family members 7 Final days 8 Dohra Mahalla Dasvan 10 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksFamily and early life Guru Gobind Singh s birthplace in Patna Bihar Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Gobind Das at the Anandpur Darbar Gobind Singh was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur the ninth Sikh guru and Mata Gujri 30 He was born in Patna Bihar on 22 December 1666 while his father was visiting Bengal and Assam 1 His birth name was Gobind Das Rai and a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four years of his life 1 In 1670 his family returned to Punjab and in March 1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India called the Sivalik range where he was schooled 1 24 His father Guru Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits 31 in 1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan the Mughal governor of Kashmir under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 1 better source needed Tegh Bahadur considered a peaceful resolution by meeting Aurangzeb but was cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk The young Gobind Rai to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699 9 advised his father that no one was more worthy to lead and make a sacrifice than him 1 His father made the attempt but was arrested then publicly beheaded in Delhi on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the Islamic Empire 32 33 Before dying Guru Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to Guru Gobind Rai the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and it is part of the Guru Granth Sahib as one last test to find the next Guru after his father s martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Guru on Vaisakhi on 29 March 1676 34 The education of Guru Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th Guru both in reading and writing as well as martial arts such as horse riding and archery The Guru learned Farsi in a year and at the age of 6 started training in martial arts 35 In 1684 he wrote the Chandi di Var in Punjabi language a legendary war between the good and the evil where the good stands up against injustice and tyranny as described in the ancient Sanskrit text Markandeya Purana 1 He stayed in Paonta near the banks of river Yamuna until 1685 1 From Bhai Rupa showing the Guru at the age of 23 contemporary painting from circa 1701 Guru Gobind Singh had three wives 2 36 At age 10 he married Mata Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh 10 km north of Anandpur The couple had three sons Jujhar Singh b 1691 Zorawar Singh b 1696 and Fateh Singh b 1699 37 at age 17 he married Mata Sundari on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur The couple had one son Ajit Singh b 1687 38 at age 33 he married Mata Sahib Devan on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur They had no children but she had an influential role in Sikhism Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the Mother of the Khalsa 39 The Guru initially rejected her marriage proposal he was married already and have four sons The Sangat and the Guru s family agreed to the marriage but Guru Gobind Singh made it clear that his relationship with Mata Sahib Diwan will be spiritual one and not physical 40 The life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh have been of historical importance to the Sikhs He institutionalized the Khalsa literally Pure Ones who played the key role in protecting the Sikhs long after his death such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and the holy war led by Ahmad Shah Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769 9 Founding the Khalsa A Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and The Panj Piare in Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh built in the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh In 1699 the Guru requested the Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi the annual spring harvest festival 41 According to the Sikh tradition he asked for a volunteer One came forward whom he took inside a tent The Guru returned to the crowd alone with a bloody sword 41 He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent the Guru returned with all five volunteers all safe He called them the Panj Pyare and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition 42 Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl stirring it with a double edged sword to prepare what he called Amrit nectar He then administered this to the Panj Pyare accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth thus founding the khande ka pahul baptization ceremony of a Khalsa a warrior community 41 43 The Guru also gave them a new surname Singh lion After the first five Khalsa had been baptized the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh 41 This initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul ritual practiced by the previous gurus in which an initiate would drink the water either the Guru or a masand of the guru had dipped their right toe in 44 45 Kanga Kara and Kirpan three of the five Ks Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Five K s tradition of the Khalsa 46 Kesh uncut hair Kangha a wooden comb Kara an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist Kirpan a sword Kacchera short breeches He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors Tobacco eating halal meat a way of slaughtering in which the animal s throat is slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered fornication and adultery were forbidden 46 47 The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors 46 The co initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one s caste or gender 47 Guru Gobind Singh s significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important as he institutionalized the Khalsa resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire and continued the defence of dharma by which he meant True Religion against the assault of Aurangzeb 48 Anandpur Sahib gurdwara Punjab the birthplace of Khalsa He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by the Mughal authorities For example Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well the jizya poll tax on non Muslims pilgrim tax and Bhaddar tax the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation 4 Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa does not need to continue this practice because Bhaddar is not dharam but a bharam illusion 4 49 Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire 4 However the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa 4 Guru Gobind Singh had a deep respect for the Khalsa and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the sangat panth 50 Before his founding of the Khalsa the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word Sisya literally disciple or student but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa 51 Additionally prior to the Khalsa the Sikh congregations across India had a system of Masands appointed by the Sikh Gurus The Masands led the local Sikh communities local temples and collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause 51 Guru Gobind Singh concluded that the Masands system had become corrupt he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision 51 These developments created two groups of Sikhs those who initiated as Khalsa and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation 51 The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity while the Nanak panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective 52 53 The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism His tradition has survived into the modern times with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs 54 55 56 Sikh scriptures The Dasam Granth is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh It incorporates among other things the warrior saint mythologies of ancient India 57 58 Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Ratan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as much regard to the pen as to the sword 59 Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition with finalizing the Kartarpur Pothi manuscript of the Guru Granth Sahib the primary scripture of Sikhism 28 The final version did not accept the extraneous hymns in other versions and included the compositions of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur 28 Guru Gobind Singh also declared this text to be the eternal Guru for Sikhs 29 60 Guru Gobind Singh is also credited with the Dasam Granth 26 It is a controversial religious text considered to be the second scripture by some Sikhs and of disputed authority to other Sikhs 61 27 The standard edition of the text contains 1 428 pages with 17 293 verses in 18 sections 61 62 The Dasam Granth includes hymns mythological tales from Hindu texts 26 a celebration of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga 63 erotic fables 26 an autobiography secular stories from the Puranas and the Mahabharata letters to others such as the Mughal emperor as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology 61 64 65 According to the Bansavlinama written in 1755 by Kesar Singh Chibbar 66 Sikhs requested that Guru Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth with the Guru Granth Sahib Guru Gobind Singh responded to the request by saying This is the Adi Guru Granth The root book That one Dasam Granth is only for my diversion Let this be kept in the mind and let the two stay separate 67 68 The Dasam Granth has a significant role in the initiation and the daily life of devout Khalsa Sikhs 69 70 Parts of its compositions such as the Jaap Sahib Tav Prasad Savaiye and Benti Chaupai are the daily prayers Nitnem and sacred liturgical verses used in the initiation of Khalsa Sikhs 27 71 72 WarsWhen all other means have failed It is but lawful to take to the sword Guru Gobind Singh Zafarnamah 73 74 The period following the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur the father of Guru Gobind Singh was a period where the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb was an increasingly hostile enemy of the Sikh people 75 The Sikh resisted led by Gobind Singh and the Muslim Sikh conflicts peaked during this period 75 Both Mughal administration and Aurangzeb s army had an active interest in Guru Gobind Singh Aurangzeb issued an order to exterminate Guru Gobind Singh and his family 76 Guru Gobind Singh believed in a Dharam Yudh war in defence of righteousness something that is fought as a last resort neither out of a wish for revenge nor for greed nor for any destructive goals 77 To Guru Gobind Singh one must be prepared to die to stop tyranny end persecution and to defend one s own religious values 77 He led fourteen wars with these objectives but never took captives nor damaged anyone s place of worship 77 Significant battles Guru Gobind Singh with his horse Guru Gobind Singh fought 13 battles against the Mughal Empire and the kings of Siwalik Hills Battle of Bhangani 1688 which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh s Bicitra Natak when Fateh Shah along with mercenary commanders Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan 78 attacked his forces without any purpose The Guru was aided by the forces of Kripal his maternal uncle and a Brahmin named Daya Ram both of whom he praises as heroes in his text 79 The Guru s cousin named Sango Shah was killed in the battle a cousin from Guru Hargobind s daughter 78 Battle of Nadaun 1691 against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his son Alif Khan who were defeated by the allied forces of Guru Gobind Singh Bhim Chand and other Hindu kings of Himalayan foothills 80 The non Muslims aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the Islamic officials based in Jammu 78 In 1693 Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region of India and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers 78 81 Battle of Guler 1696 first against the Muslim commander Dilawar Khan s son Rustam Khan near Sutlej river where the Guru teamed up with the Hindu king of Guler and routed the Muslim army 82 The commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the Guru and the Guler kingdom a war fought near Pathankot and Hussain Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces 82 Battle of Anandpur 1700 against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb who had sent 10 000 soldiers under the command of Painda Khan and Dina Beg 83 In direct combat between Guru Gobind Singh and Painda Khan the latter was killed His death led to the Mughal army fleeing the battlefield 83 Battle of Anandpur 1701 The hill Rajas of northern Punjab regrouped after defeat at Anandpur the previous year and resumed their campaign against Sikh Guru Gobind Singh joining forces with Gujar tribesmen to besiege Anandpur northeast of Ludhiana Gujar leader Jagatullah was killed on the first day and the Rajas were driven off after a brilliant defence led by the Guru s son Ajit Singh 83 84 81 Battle of Nirmohgarh 1702 against the forces of Aurangzeb led by Wazir Khan reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills on the banks of Nirmohgarh The battle continued for two days with heavy losses on both sides and Wazir Khan army left the battlefield Battle of Basoli 1702 against the Mughal army named after the kingdom of Basoli whose Raja Dharampul supported the Guru in the battle 85 The Mughal army was supported by rival kingdom of Kahlur led by Raja Ajmer Chand The battle ended when the two sides reached a tactical peace 85 First Battle of Chamkaur 1702 Mughal Army was repulsed 83 First Battle of Anandpur 1704 Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent a fresh force into northern Punjab under General Saiyad Khan later replaced by Ramjan Khan Ramjan was mortally wounded in further very heavy fighting around the Sikh stronghold at Anandpur northeast of Ludhiana and his force again withdrew 83 Second Battle of Anandpur According to scholars this battle was triggered by the proliferation of armed Sikhs in Anandpur the increasing numbers creating a shortage of supplies This led the Sikhs to raid local villages for supplies food and forage which in turn dramatically frustrated the local pahari rajas who forged alliances and mounted an attack on Guru Gobind Singh s patrimony 86 78 The Mughal general was fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers and the army withdrew Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with two generals Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan in May 1704 to destroy the Sikh resistance 83 The approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted siege against Anandpur from May to December cutting off all food and other supplies moving in and out along with repeated battles 6 Some Sikh men deserted the Guru during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and escaped to their homes where their women shamed them and they rejoined the Guru s army and died fighting with him in 1705 87 88 Towards the end the Guru his family and followers accepted an offer by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur 89 However as they left Anandpur in two batches they were attacked and one of the batches with Mata Gujari and Guru s two sons Zorawar Singh aged 8 and Fateh Singh aged 5 were taken captive by the Mughal army 84 90 Both his children were executed by burying them alive into a wall 6 91 The grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well 84 Battle of Sarsa 1704 against the Mughal army led by general Wazir Khan the Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb s promise of a safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December 90 However when the Guru accepted the offer and left Wazir Khan took captives executed them and pursued the Guru 92 The retreating troops he was with were repeatedly attacked from behind with heavy casualties to the Sikhs particularly while crossing the Sarsa river 92 Battle of Chamkaur 1704 Regarded as one of the most important battles in Sikh history It was against the Mughal army led by Nahar Khan 93 the Muslim commander was killed 93 while on Sikh side the remaining two elder sons of the Guru Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle 94 84 95 Battle of Muktsar 1705 the Guru s army was re attacked by the Mughal army being hunted down by general Wazir Khan in the arid area of Khidrana ki Dhab The Mughals were blocked again but with many losses of Sikh lives particularly the famous Chalis Mukte literally the forty liberated ones 88 and this was the last battle led by Guru Gobind Singh 7 The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about a 100 years later by Ranjit Singh to Mukt sar literally lake of liberation after the term Mukt moksha of the ancient Indian tradition in honour of those who gave their lives for the cause of liberation 96 Mughal accounts The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh as well as the geopolitics of the times he lived in and these official Persian accounts were readily available and the basis of colonial era English language description of Sikh history 97 98 According to Dhavan the Persian texts that were composed by Mughal court historians during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh were hostile to him but presented the Mughal perspective 97 They believed that the religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him through the creation of a military order willing to resist the Imperial army 97 Dhavan writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a century after the death of Guru Gobind Singh evolved from relying entirely on court histories of the Mughals which disparage the Guru to including stories from the Sikh gurbilas text that praise the Guru 97 99 The Mughal accounts suggest that the Muslim commanders viewed the Sikh panth as one divided into sects with different loyalties 100 Relationship with other religious groups Main article Sikh Rehat Maryada As a result of the violent hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal armies Guru Gobind Singh ordered the social segregation of the Khalsa from the Muslims the sentiments of which are reiterated in the contemporary and posthumous rahit namas To a lesser extent injunctions were also made prohibiting the partake in certain Hindu rituals and beliefs as well as against schismatic Sikh factions opposed to the orthodox Khalsa community 105 111 Post War years GGS Marg Map After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704 the Guru and his remaining soldiers moved and stayed in different spots including hidden in places such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab 90 Some of the various spots in north west and central India where the Guru lived after 1705 include Hehar with Kirpal Das maternal uncle Manuke Mehdiana Chakkar Takhtupura and Madhe and Dina Malwa Punjab region He stayed with relatives or trusted Sikhs such as the three grandsons of Rai Jodh a devotee of Guru Har Gobind 112 Zafarnama Main article Zafarnama letter Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct of Aurangzeb and his army against his family and his people as a betrayal of a promise unethical unjust and impious 90 After all of Guru Gobind Singh s children had been killed by the Mughal army and the battle of Muktsar the Guru wrote a defiant letter in Persian to Aurangzeb titled Zafarnama literally epistle of victory a letter which the Sikh tradition considers important towards the end of the 19th century 90 113 114 The Guru s letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb He indicted the Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms and accused them of a lack of morality both in governance and in the conduct of war 115 The letter predicted that the Mughal Empire would soon end because it persecutes and is full of abuse falsehood and immorality The letter is spiritually rooted in Guru Gobind Singh s beliefs about justice and dignity without fear 115 There are two narratives of why the Guru went to Nanded one is that he was further helping Bahadur Shah suppress the Mahrathas and Bhoi Dynasty leaders or he went there just to preach Sikhism as he had just surprised the rebellion of Kam Bakhsh and the soldiers were tired and decided to camp The second is the more popular narrative citation needed Death of family members Gurudwara Parivar Vichora Sahib Majri Punjab where Guru s younger sahibzaade got separated from him 116 See also Saka Sirhind Guru Gobind Singh s four sons also referred to as Chaar Sahibzaade the four princes were killed during his lifetime the elder two in a battle with Mughals and the younger two executed by the Mughal governor of Sirhind 21 Guru and his two elder sons had escaped the siege of Anandpur in December 1704 and reached Chamkaur but they were pursued by a large Mughal army 117 In the ensuing battle Guru s elder sons also called the Vaade Sahibzaade fought bravely but the Mughal army was much larger and well equipped 118 While Guru was taken to a safe place Guru s elder sons Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17 and Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed in the Battle of Chamkaur in December 1704 against the Mughal army 6 Guru s mother Mata Gujri and his two younger sons got separated from the Guru after escaping the Mughal siege of Anandpur in December 1704 and were later arrested by the forces of Wazir Khan the Mughal governor of Sirhind 117 The younger pair called the Chotte Sahibzaade along with their grandmother were imprisoned in an Open Tower Thanda Burj in chilling winter days 118 Around 26 and 27 December 1704 the younger sons Sahibzada Fateh Singh aged 6 and Zorawar Singh aged 9 were offered a safe passage if they converted to Islam which they refused and subsequently Wazir Khan ordered them to be bricked alive in the wall 119 120 Mata Gujri fainted on hearing about her grandsons death and died shortly thereafter 117 His adopted son Zorawar Singh Palit whose real name is unknown died in 1708 near Chittorgarh Fort in a skirmish with local soldiers 121 According to Sainapati Zorawar Singh Palit had managed to escape in the Battle of Chamkaur and later met the Guru in Rajputana after which he got in a minor scuffle at Chittorgarh and died 122 According to Sikh historians Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh news about the execution of his sons with stoic calm and wrote What use is it to put out a few sparks when you raise a mighty flame instead 123 Final days Cremation of Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded Takht Sri Hazur Sahib Nanded built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was cremated in 1708 the inner chamber is still called Angitha Sahib Aurangzeb died in 1707 and immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who attacked each other 124 Guru Gobind Singh supported Bahadur Shah in the Battle of Jajau by sending 200 300 Sikhs under Bhai Dharam Singh and later joining the battle themselves 125 According to Sikh sources it was Guru Gobind Singh who killed Azam Shah 126 127 the official successor Bahadur Shah invited Guru Gobind Singh with his army to meet him in person in the Deccan region of India for reconciliation Guru Gobind Singh hoped to get Anandpur his former stronghold back and remained close to the imperial camp for nearly a year His appeals for the restoration of his lands turned out to be ineffectual however as Bahadur Shah went on postponing any restoration to the status quo ante as he was not willing to offend either the Guru or the hill rajas 6 124 128 129 Wazir Khan a Muslim army commander and the Nawab of Sirhind against whose army the Guru had fought several wars 7 commissioned two Afghans Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg to follow the Guru s army as it moved for the meeting with Bahadur Shah and then assassinate the Guru The two secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area of India and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near river Godavari for months 130 They gained access to the Guru and Jamshed Khan stabbed him two times resulting in a fatal wound at Nanded 6 131 132 Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru Gobind Singh may not have been sent by Wazir Khan but was instead sent by the Mughal army that was staying nearby 7 According to Senapati s Sri Gur Sobha an early 18th century writer the fatal wounds of the Guru was one below his heart The Guru fought back and killed the assassin while the assassin s companion was killed by the Sikh guards as he tried to escape 130 The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708 133 His death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals 130 According to the Bansavalinama by Kesar Singh Chibber written in 1768 the Guru s last words were The Granth is the Guru and it will bring you to Akal The Guru is the Khalsa and the Khalsa is the Guru The seat has been given to Sri Sahib Mata Devi Love each other and expand the community Follow the words of the Granth The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with the Guru Follow the conduct of the Guru Always remain with Waheguru 134 Dohra Mahalla Dasvan 10 Dohra of Guru Gobind Singh as recorded in a copy of an Adi Granth dated 1707 CE and autographed containing a nisan by Guru Gobind Singh where Dohra Mahalla 10 Dasvan is included This is given as evidence of Guru Gobind Singh being the author of a Dohra rhyming couplet line contained at the end of the scripture on page 1429 While it is generally believed that Guru Gobind Singh did not add any of his own compositions to the Guru Granth Sahib there are some who argue that a single rhyming couplet known as a Dohra of the tenth Guru titled Dohra Mahalla Dasvan 10 near the end of the scripture on page 1429 is the work of Guru Gobind Singh 135 136 137 The composition in question is as follows 138 139 ਮਹਲ ੧੦ Mahalla 10 ਬਲ ਹ ਆ ਬ ਧਨ ਛ ਟ ਸਭ ਕ ਛ ਹ ਤ ਉਪ ਇ My strength has been restored and my bonds have been broken now I can do everything ਨ ਨਕ ਸਭ ਕ ਛ ਤ ਮਰ ਹ ਥ ਮ ਤ ਮ ਹ ਹ ਤ ਸਹ ਇ ੫੪ Nanak everything is in Your hands Lord You are my Helper and Support 54 In popular cultureWhile Sikh Gurus are generally not portrayed on screen due to certain beliefs in Sikhism citation needed a number of Indian films surrounding Guru Gobind Singh s life have been made These include 140 Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh a 1998 Indian Punjabi language drama film directed by Ram Maheshwari The film follows Guru s life but he is not directly portrayed by an actor Chaar Sahibzaade a 2014 Indian computer animated film by Harry Baweja It is based on the sacrifices of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Jorawar Singh and Fateh Singh Chaar Sahibzaade Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur a 2016 Indian computer animated film by Harry Baweja It is a sequel to Chaar Sahibzaade and follows Baba Banda Singh Bahadur s fight against the Mughals under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh See also India portal Biography portal Punjab portalList of places named after Guru Gobind Singh The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh Bhai Jiwan Singh Banda Singh BahadurReferencesInformational notes Jenkins Grewal and Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to convert to Islam 16 17 18 Whereas Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was executed for causing unrest in the Punjab 19 Citations a b c d e f g h i Ganda Singh GOBIND SINGH GURU 1666 1708 Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2016 a b Dhillon Dr Dalbir Singh 1988 Sikhism Origin and Development Atlantic Publishers and Distributors p 144 Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 Singh Harbans 1992 1998 The encyclopaedia of Sikhism Vol 4 Patiala Punjabi University pp 463 464 ISBN 9788173805301 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link a b c d e f Mandair Arvind Pal Singh Shackle Christopher Singh Gurharpal 2013 Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Routledge pp 25 28 ISBN 978 1 136 84627 4 Bole So Nihal Asian Ethnic Religion Religious Comparison Retrieved 7 December 2017 via Scribd a b c d e f Fenech Louis E W H McLeod 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism Rowman amp Littlefield p 9 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 a b c d J S Grewal 1998 The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press pp 78 79 ISBN 978 0 521 63764 0 Singh Pashaura Fenech Louis E 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies Oxford University Press p 311 ISBN 978 0 19 969930 8 a b c Owen Cole William Piara Singh Sambhi 1995 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practice Sussex Academic Press p 36 Grewal 1998 p 70 Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das Grewal J S 25 July 2019 Guru Gobind Singh 1666 1708 Master of the White Hawk Oxford University Press p 45 ISBN 978 0 19 099038 1 10 11 Cole W Owen 26 August 2004 Understanding Sikhism Dunedin Academic Press Ltd p 68 ISBN 978 1 906716 91 2 Guru Gobind Singh s name was Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai but from the founding of the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh McLeod W H 1997 Sikhism Penguin Books p 47 ISBN 978 0 14 025260 6 Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru at least so it seems Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai but documents issued by his father Guru Tegh Bahadur give his name as Gobind Das Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition Chaupai Sahib refers to himself as Gobind Das Jenkins 2000 p 200 Grewal 1998 p 72 Olson 2007 p 23 Truschke 2017 p 54 55 Mayled Jon 2002 Sikhism Heinemann p 12 ISBN 978 0 435 33627 1 a b Seiple Chris Hoover Dennis Otis Pauletta 2013 The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security Routledge p 93 ISBN 978 0 415 66744 9 Richards John F 1995 The Mughal Empire Cambridge University Press pp 255 258 ISBN 978 0 521 56603 2 The Sikh Review Sikh Cultural Centre 20 218 229 28 1972 Hardip Singh Syan 2013 Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India I B Tauris pp 218 222 ISBN 978 1 78076 250 0 a b BBC Religions Sikhism BBC 26 October 2009 Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 Retrieved 30 July 2011 Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press pp 3 4 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 a b c d Dasam Granth Encyclopaedia Britannica a b c McLeod W H 1990 Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 56085 4 pages 2 67 a b c Mandair Arvind Pal Singh Shackle Christopher Singh Gurharpal 2013 Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Routledge pp 11 12 17 19 ISBN 978 1 136 84627 4 a b Shelke Christopher 2009 Divine covenant rainbow of religions and cultures Gregorian Press p 199 ISBN 978 88 7839 143 7 Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti Wishes Pics Facebook Messages To Share NDTV com Retrieved 20 January 2021 Singh Pashaura Fenech Louis 2014 The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies Oxford UK Oxford University Press p 445 ISBN 978 0 19 969930 8 Seiple Chris 2013 The Routledge handbook of religion and security New York Routledge p 96 ISBN 978 0 415 66744 9 Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech 2014 The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies Oxford UK Oxford University Press pp 236 237 ISBN 978 0 19 969930 8 Hansra Harkirat S 2007 Liberty at Stake sikhs the Most Visible iUniverse pp 28 29 ISBN 978 0 595 43222 6 Singh Kesar 1997 Bansavalinama in Punjabi Singh Brothers pp 125 126 ISBN 81 7205 175 1 Jones Constance A Ryan James D 2007 Encyclopedia of Hinduism New York Facts on File Inc p 417 ISBN 978 0 8160 5458 9 Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 Ashok Shamsher Singh JITOJI MATA Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 14 September 2016 SUNDARI MATA 9 December 2019 Retrieved 17 August 2022 Ashok Shamsher Singh SAHIB DEVAN Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 16 August 2016 SAHIB DEVAN The Sikh Encyclopedia 19 December 2000 Retrieved 25 March 2022 a b c d Mahmood Cynmthia Keppley 1996 Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press pp 43 45 ISBN 978 0 8122 1592 2 OCLC 44966032 Macauliffe Max Arthur 2009 The Sikh Religion Cambridge Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 cbo9781139506595 ISBN 978 1 139 50659 5 Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press p 49 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Singh Pashaura Fenech Louis E 27 March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies Oxford University Press p 595 ISBN 978 0 19 100411 7 Hawley John Stratton Mann Gurinder Singh Studying the Sikhs Issues for North America State University of New York Press p 176 ISBN 978 1 4384 0619 0 a b c Cole W Owen Sambhi Piara Singh 1978 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Routledge p 37 ISBN 0 7100 8842 6 a b John M Koller 2016 The Indian Way An Introduction to the Philosophies amp Religions of India Routledge pp 312 313 ISBN 978 1 315 50740 8 Cole W Owen Sambhi Piara Singh 1978 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practices London Routledge amp Kegan Paul 36 37 ISBN 0 7100 8842 6 Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press pp 43 44 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Cole W Owen Sambhi Piara Singh 1978 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practices London Routledge amp Kegan Paul pp 38 39 ISBN 0 7100 8842 6 a b c d Oberoi Harjot 1994 The Construction of Religious Boundaries Culture Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition University of Chicago Press pp 59 62 ISBN 978 0 226 61592 9 Oberoi Harjot 1994 The Construction of Religious Boundaries Culture Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition University of Chicago Press pp 24 77 78 89 90 ISBN 978 0 226 61592 9 Mandair Arvind Pal S Shackle Christopher Singh Gurharpal 2013 Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Routledge pp 30 33 ISBN 978 1 136 84634 2 Singh Pashaura Fenech Louis E 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies Oxford University Press pp 23 24 ISBN 978 0 19 100411 7 Fenech Louis E W H McLeod 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism Rowman amp Littlefield pp 84 85 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 Jacobsen Knut A Myrvold Kristina 2012 Sikhs Across Borders Transnational Practices of European Sikhs Bloomsbury Publishing pp 142 147 156 157 ISBN 978 1 4411 0358 1 Rinehart Robin 2011 Debating the Dasam Granth Oxford University Press pp 59 62 ISBN 978 0 19 975506 6 Murphy Anne 2012 The Materiality of the Past History and Representation in Sikh Tradition Oxford University Press p 96 ISBN 978 0 19 991629 0 Grewal J S Guru Gobind Singh 1666 1708 Master of the White Hawk Adi Granth Sikh sacred scripture Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 20 January 2021 a b c Rinehart Robin 2014 Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech ed The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies Oxford University Press pp 136 138 ISBN 978 0 19 969930 8 Singha H S 2000 The Encyclopedia of Sikhism over 1000 Entries Hemkunt Press ISBN 978 81 7010 301 1 pp 53 54 Nesbitt Eleanor 2016 Sikhism A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press pp 107 109 ISBN 978 0 19 106277 3 Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair 2005 Teachings of the Sikh Gurus Routledge ISBN 978 0415266048 page xx Deol J 2013 Arvind Pal Singh Mandair et al eds Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Routledge pp 30 34 ISBN 978 1 136 84627 4 Gujral Maninder S 19 December 2000 BANSAVALINAMA DASAN PATSHAHIAN KA The Sikh Encyclopedia Retrieved 1 October 2022 Singh Kesar Bansavalinama p 161 Gujral Maninder S 19 December 2000 DASAM GRANTH The Sikh Encyclopedia Retrieved 1 October 2022 Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair 2005 Teachings of the Sikh Gurus Routledge ISBN 978 0415266048 pages xvii xx J Deol 2000 Sikh Religion Culture and Ethnicity Editors AS Mandair C Shackle G Singh Routledge ISBN 978 0700713899 pages 31 33 Jacobsen Knut A Myrvold Kristina 2012 Sikhs Across Borders Transnational Practices of European Sikhs A amp C Black pp 233 234 ISBN 978 1 4411 1387 0 Robert Zaehner 1988 The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths Hutchinson ISBN 978 0091735760 pages 426 427 Singh Mohinder 1988 History and Culture of Panjab Atlantic Publishers p 10 Singh Pashaura 2012 Renard John ed Fighting Words Religion Violence and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts University of California Press pp 211 218 ISBN 978 0 520 95408 3 a b Brekke Torkel 2014 Gregory M Reichberg and Henrik Syse ed Religion War and Ethics A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions Cambridge University Press pp 673 674 ISBN 978 1 139 95204 0 J S Grewal 1998 The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press p 62 ISBN 978 0 521 63764 0 Quote Aurangzeb took an active interest in the issue of succession passed orders for the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur and at one time ordered total extirpation of Guru Gobind Singh and his family a b c Christopher J H Wright 2003 God and Morality Oxford University Press p 153 ISBN 978 0 19 914839 4 a b c d e J S Grewal 1998 The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press pp 73 74 ISBN 978 0 521 63764 0 Nikky Guninder Kaur Singh 2012 Birth of the Khalsa The A Feminist Re Memory of Sikh Identity State University of New York Press pp 26 28 ISBN 978 0 7914 8266 7 Jaques Tony 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F O Greenwood p 704 ISBN 978 0 313 33538 9 a b Fenech Louis E 2013 The Sikh Zafar namah of Guru Gobind Singh A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire Oxford University Press p 14 ISBN 978 0 19 993145 3 a b Jaques Tony 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F O Greenwood p 420 ISBN 978 0 313 33538 9 a b c d e f Jaques Tony 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges A E Greenwood Publishing pp 48 49 ISBN 978 0 313 33537 2 a b c d Rinehart Robin 2011 Debating the Dasam Granth Oxford University Press pp 22 23 ISBN 978 0 19 975506 6 a b Jaques Tony 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F O Greenwood p 112 ISBN 978 0 313 33538 9 Malhotra Anshu Mir Farina 21 February 2012 Punjab Reconsidered History Culture and Practice Oxford University Press p 135 ISBN 978 0 19 908877 5 Fenech Louis E 2000 Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition Playing the game of Love Oxford University Press p 92 ISBN 978 0 19 564947 5 a b W H McLeod 2009 The A to Z of Sikhism Scarecrow p 43 ISBN 978 0 8108 6344 6 Singh Prithi Pal 2007 The History of Sikh Gurus Lotus Books pp 128 147 ISBN 978 81 8382 075 2 a b c d e Hardip Singh Syan 2013 Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India I B Tauris pp 220 222 ISBN 978 1 78076 250 0 Nikky Guninder Kaur Singh 2011 Sikhism An Introduction I B Tauris pp 84 85 ISBN 978 0 85773 549 2 a b Jaques Tony 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges A E Greenwood Publishing p 914 ISBN 978 0 313 33537 2 a b Fenech Louis E W H McLeod 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism Rowman amp Littlefield p 218 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 Raju Karam Singh 1999 Guru Gobind Singh Prophet of peace ISBN 9380213646 Fenech Louis E W H McLeod 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism Rowman amp Littlefield p 79 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 Sir Lepel Henry Griffin 1898 Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia Oxford University Press pp 55 56 a b c d Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press pp 165 167 13 24 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Murphy Anne 2012 The Materiality of the Past History and Representation in Sikh Tradition Oxford University Press pp 110 113 ISBN 978 0 19 991629 0 Murphy Anne 2012 Time History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia Routledge pp 47 50 ISBN 978 1 136 70729 2 Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press pp 51 53 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Nesbitt Eleanor M 2016 Sikhism A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press pp 59 60 118 ISBN 978 0 19 874557 0 Morgan Peggy 16 February 2007 Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions Edinburgh University Press p 120 ISBN 978 0 7486 3002 8 Ever since the time of Guru Gobind Singh d CE 1708 codes of conduct rahitnamas for example Rahitnama Bhai Chaupa and Prem Sumarg have been in circulation These laid down the behaviour required of Sikhs The eighteenth and nineteenth century rahitnamas reflected their period and one clear purpose was the social segregation of Sikhs and Muslims Fenech Louis E McLeod W H 11 June 2014 Historical Dictionary of Sikhism Rowman amp Littlefield p 214 ISBN 978 1 4422 3601 1 Oberoi Harjot 15 December 1994 The Construction of Religious Boundaries Culture Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition University of Chicago Press p 68 ISBN 978 0 226 61593 6 101 102 103 104 Cush Denise Robinson Catherine York Michael 21 August 2012 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Routledge p 792 ISBN 978 1 135 18979 2 Coward Harold G 1987 Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism State University of New York Press p 283 ISBN 978 0 7914 9992 4 Cook Michael 6 December 2016 Ancient Religions Modern Politics The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective Princeton University Press p 238 ISBN 978 0 691 17334 4 Grewal J S 25 July 2019 Guru Gobind Singh 1666 1708 Master of the White Hawk Oxford University Press p 96 ISBN 978 0 19 099038 1 Malhotra Anshu Lambert Hurley Siobhan 23 October 2015 Speaking of the Self Gender Performance and Autobiography in South Asia Duke University Press p 195 ISBN 978 0 8223 7497 8 From the time of the establishment of the Khalsa in 1699 some from within the Sikhs more specifically the Khalsa tried to create religious norms and codes of behavior that worked toward imparting a distinct Sikh identity partly by distancing from the Muslims A stream within the Khalsa set about creating codes of conduct the rahit literature that began othering the Muslim Turak used interchangeably passing tenets that included the avoidance of halal meat associated with the Muslims and sleeping with Muslim women 106 107 108 109 110 Johar Surinder Singh 1998 Holy Sikh shrines New Delhi M D Publications p 63 ISBN 978 81 7533 073 3 OCLC 44703461 W H McLeod 2009 The A to Z of Sikhism Scarecrow pp xxv 52 214 215 ISBN 978 0 8108 6344 6 Murphy Anne 2012 The Materiality of the Past History and Representation in Sikh Tradition Oxford University Press p 73 ISBN 978 0 19 991629 0 a b Hadley Michael L 2001 Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice The State University of New York Press pp 20 207 214 ISBN 978 0 7914 9114 0 Dahiya Amardeep 2014 Founder of the Khalsa The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh Hay House Inc p 183 ISBN 9789381398616 a b c Anand TK 2005 Essence of Sikhism 7 Madhubun Books p 63 ISBN 9788125919483 a b Chaar Sahibzaade The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice The Statesman 23 December 2021 Singh PrithiPal 2006 The History of Sikh Gurus ISBN 9788183820752 Dahiya Amardeep 2014 Founder of the Khalsa The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh Hay House Inc p 186 ISBN 9789381398616 Singh Harbans 1992 1998 The encyclopaedia of Sikhism Vol 4 Patiala Punjabi University pp 463 464 ISBN 9788173805301 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date format link Kulwant Singh summarizing a chapter of Gur Sobha in his English translation of Gur Sobha said Zorawar Singh had escaped from the battle of Chamkaur and had met the Guru in Rajputana It was this Zorawar Singh who was killed at Chittor in a minor scuffle Singh Khushwant 1977 A History of the Sikhs Volume 1 1469 1839 Oxford India Collection p 81 ISBN 9780195606003 a b Dhavan P 2011 When Sparrows Became Hawks The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition 1699 1799 Oxford University Press pp 45 46 ISBN 978 0 19 975655 1 Gandhi Surjit 2004 A Historian s Approach to Guru Gobind Singh pp 323 324 ISBN 8172053061 A Historian s Approach to Guru Gobind Singh p 324 Gurbilas Patashahi 10 Chapter 19 Grewal 1998 p 79 Metcalf Barbara D Metcalf Thomas R 24 September 2012 A Concise History of Modern India Cambridge University Press p 33 ISBN 978 1 139 53705 6 a b c d Hardip Singh Syan 2013 Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India I B Tauris pp 222 223 ISBN 978 1 78076 250 0 Singh Prithi Pal 15 September 2007 The history of Sikh Gurus Lotus Press p 158 ISBN 978 81 8382 075 2 Singh Santhok Suraj Granth in Punjabi Translated by Singh Sodhi Teja CSJS p 486 However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708 130 Singh Kesar Bansavalinama in Punjabi Singh Brothers pp 189 190 Sikh art and literature Kerry August 17 Brown London Routledge 1999 p 198 ISBN 0 415 20288 4 OCLC 39765536 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Singh Anurag December 2018 Punjab Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh PDF Gyankosh An Interdisciplinary e Journal 1 29 Singh Pashaura Fearlessness and human justice Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur s teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective Sikh Formations 17 4 2021 409 434 Guru Granth Sahib www searchgurbani com p 1429 Retrieved 18 January 2023 Khalsa Harjinder Singh 17 February 2017 Dohra Mahalla 10 SikhNet Retrieved 18 January 2023 Singh Pashaura Fenech Louis E March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies OUP Oxford p 478 ISBN 978 0 19 969930 8 Bibliography Grewal J S 1998 The Sikhs of the Punjab Vol 2 3 Cambridge University Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 521 63764 0 Jenkins Everett 2000 The Muslim Diaspora Volume 2 1500 1799 A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia Africa Europe and the Americas McFarland p 200 ISBN 978 1 4766 0889 1 Olson Carl 2007 The Many Colors of Hinduism A Thematic historical Introduction Rutgers University Press Truschke Audrey 2017 Aurangzeb The Life and Legacy of India s Most Controversial King Stanford University Press Further reading Deora Man Singh 1989 Guru Gobind Singh a literary survey New Delhi Anmol Publications ISBN 978 81 7041 160 4 OCLC 21280295 Singh Gobind Jasbir Kaur Ahuja 1996 The Zafarnama of Guru Gobind Singh Mumbai Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan OCLC 42966940 Singh Prof Surinderjit Guru Gobind Singh s Zafarnamah Transliteration and Poetic Rendering in English Singh Brothers Amritsar 2003 ISBN 81 7205 272 3 Sri Dasam Granth Sahib Questions and Answers The book on Sri Dasam Granth SahibExternal links Media related to Guru Gobind Singh at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Guru Gobind Singh at WikiquotePreceded byGuru Tegh Bahadur Sikh Guru11 November 1675 7 October 1708 Succeeded byGuru Granth Sahib Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guru Gobind Singh amp oldid 1143581993, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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