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16th century

April 20, 2023

The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 (MDI) and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC) (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).[1]

The world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci (from whose name the word America is derived) and Belgian Gerardus Mercator shows (besides the classical continents Europe, Africa, and Asia) the Americas as America sive India Nova, New Guinea, and other islands of Southeast Asia, as well as a hypothetical Arctic continent and a yet undetermined Terra Australis.

The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of Western civilization and the Islamic gunpowder empires. The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy, becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution.

Spain and Portugal colonized large parts of Central and South America, followed by France and England in Northern America and the Lesser Antilles. The Portuguese became the masters of trade between Brazil, the coasts of Africa, and their possessions in the Indies, whereas the Spanish came to dominate the Greater Antilles, Mexico, Peru, and opened trade across the Pacific Ocean, linking the Americas with the Indies. English and French privateers began to practice persistent theft of Spanish and Portuguese treasures. This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought, where the economic system was viewed as a zero-sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century.

The Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Catholic Church. In England, the British-Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Catholic theology. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years' War being laid towards the end of the century.

In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire continued to expand, with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph, while dealing with a resurgent Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught by a major popularity of the Shia sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior-mystics, providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority-Sunni Muslim world.

In the Indian subcontinent, following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire, new powers emerged, the Sur Empire founded by Sher Shah Suri, Deccan sultanates, and the Mughal Empire[2] by Emperor Babur, a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan.[3] His successors Humayun and Akbar, enlarged the empire to include most of South Asia. The empire developed a strong and stable economy in the world, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture, which significantly influenced the course of Indian history.

Japan suffered a severe civil war at this time, known as the Sengoku period, and emerged from it as a unified nation. China was ruled by the Ming dynasty and came into conflict with Japan and Japanese piracy over the control of Korea.

Significant events

For timelines of earlier events, see 15th century and Timeline of the Middle Ages.

1501–1509

 
Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–06, one of the world's best-known paintings

1510s

1520s

 
Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe in 1519–1522.

1530s

 
Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present-day Mexico, a 16th-century codex

1540s

1550s

 
The Islamic gunpowder empires: Mughal Army artillerymen during the reign of Jalaluddin Akbar

1560s

 
The Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567

1570s

1580s

 
The fall of Spanish Armada

1590–1600

 
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Mughal Azam Akbar, Mughal miniature

Undated

Gallery

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Related article: List of 16th century inventions.

See also

References

  1. ^ Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.
  2. ^ Singh, Sarina; Lindsay Brown; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (2008). Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. Vol. 7, illustrated. Lonely Planet. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  3. ^ Babur (2006). Babur Nama. Penguin Books. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-14-400149-1.
  4. ^ . fsmitha.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
  5. ^ "History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages". Texas Department of State Health Services.
  6. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p.23
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  8. ^ a b Ricklefs (1991), page 24
  9. ^ The Sweating Sickness. Story of London.. Accessed 2009-04-25. 2009-05-03.
  10. ^ Sandra Arlinghaus. "Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494–1566". Personal.umich.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  11. ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 25
  12. ^ . jacquescarter.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008.
  13. ^ "The Lusiads". World Digital Library. 1800–1882. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  14. ^ Schwieger, Peter (2014). The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: a political history of the Tibetan institution of reincarnation. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231538602. OCLC 905914446.
  15. ^ Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xv. ISBN 967-65-3099-9.
  16. ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective". PUQ. p.308. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
  17. ^ a b c d e f Ricklefs (1991), page 27
  18. ^ a b Ricklefs (1991), page 28
  19. ^ Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Page 36, Penguin, 1979.

Further reading

  • Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free

External links

  •   Media related to 16th century at Wikimedia Commons

April 20, 2023
16th, century, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 16th century news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 MDI and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 MDC depending on the reckoning used the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582 1 The world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci from whose name the word America is derived and Belgian Gerardus Mercator shows besides the classical continents Europe Africa and Asia the Americas as America sive India Nova New Guinea and other islands of Southeast Asia as well as a hypothetical Arctic continent and a yet undetermined Terra Australis The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of Western civilization and the Islamic gunpowder empires The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists authors and scientists and led to the foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe which was met with strong resistance and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova These events directly challenged the long held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution Spain and Portugal colonized large parts of Central and South America followed by France and England in Northern America and the Lesser Antilles The Portuguese became the masters of trade between Brazil the coasts of Africa and their possessions in the Indies whereas the Spanish came to dominate the Greater Antilles Mexico Peru and opened trade across the Pacific Ocean linking the Americas with the Indies English and French privateers began to practice persistent theft of Spanish and Portuguese treasures This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought where the economic system was viewed as a zero sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century The Reformation in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Catholic Church In England the British Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Catholic theology European politics became dominated by religious conflicts with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years War being laid towards the end of the century In the Middle East the Ottoman Empire continued to expand with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph while dealing with a resurgent Persia Iran and Iraq were caught by a major popularity of the Shia sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior mystics providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority Sunni Muslim world In the Indian subcontinent following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire new powers emerged the Sur Empire founded by Sher Shah Suri Deccan sultanates and the Mughal Empire 2 by Emperor Babur a direct descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan 3 His successors Humayun and Akbar enlarged the empire to include most of South Asia The empire developed a strong and stable economy in the world leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture which significantly influenced the course of Indian history Japan suffered a severe civil war at this time known as the Sengoku period and emerged from it as a unified nation China was ruled by the Ming dynasty and came into conflict with Japan and Japanese piracy over the control of Korea Contents 1 Significant events 1 1 1501 1509 1 2 1510s 1 3 1520s 1 4 1530s 1 5 1540s 1 6 1550s 1 7 1560s 1 8 1570s 1 9 1580s 1 10 1590 1600 1 11 Undated 2 Gallery 3 Inventions discoveries introductions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksSignificant events EditFor timelines of earlier events see 15th century and Timeline of the Middle Ages 1501 1509 Edit Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci c 1503 06 one of the world s best known paintings 1501 Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David 1501 Safavid dynasty reunifies Iran and rules over it until 1736 Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam 4 1501 First Battle of Cannanore between the Third Portuguese Armada and Kingdom of Cochin under Joao da Nova and Zamorin of Kozhikode s navy marks the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the Indian Ocean 1502 First reported African slaves in the New World 1502 The Crimean Khanate sacks Sarai in the Golden Horde ending its existence 1503 Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms 1503 Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later 1503 Nostradamus is born on either December 14 or December 21 1504 A period of drought with famine in all of Spain 1504 Death of Isabella I of Castile Joanna of Castile becomes the Queen 1504 Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas in what is modern Sudan 1505 Zhengde Emperor ascends the throne of Ming Dynasty 1505 Martin Luther enters St Augustine s Monastery at Erfurt Germany on 17 July and begins his journey to instigating the Reformation 1505 Sultan Trenggono builds the first Muslim kingdom in Java called Demak in Indonesia Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese Each kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity 1506 Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa 1506 King Afonso I of Kongo wins the battle of Mbanza Kongo resulting in Catholicism becoming Kongo s state religion Battle of Cerignola El Gran Capitan finds the corpse of Louis d Armagnac Duke of Nemours 1506 At least two thousand converted Jews are massacred in a Lisbon riot Portugal 1506 Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid Spain 1506 Poland is invaded by Tatars from the Crimean Khanate 1507 The first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World on the island of Hispaniola It devastates the native Taino population 5 1507 Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Hormuz and Muscat among other bases in the Persian Gulf taking control of the region at the entrance of the Gulf 1508 The Christian Islamic power struggle in Europe and West Asia spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese Mamluk War 1508 1512 Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling 1509 The defeat of joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat the Mamluk Burji Sultanate of Egypt and the Zamorin of Calicut with support of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire in Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade and the Indian Ocean 1509 The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca the eastern terminus of Asian trade After initially receiving Sequeira Sultan Mahmud Shah captures and or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships which escape 6 The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca 1509 Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of Vijayanagara Empire 1510s Edit Afonso de Albuquerque 1509 1510 The great plague in various parts of Tudor England 7 1510 Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa in India 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca in present day Malaysia 1512 Copernicus writes Commentariolus and proclaims the sun the center of the solar system 1512 The southern part historical core of the Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castile and Aragon 1512 Qutb Shahi dynasty founded by Quli Qutb Mulk rules Golconda Sultanate until 1687 1512 The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca in present day Malaysia to search for the Spice Islands Maluku led by Francisco Serrao Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu northern Ambon and wins the favour of the local rulers 8 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince a treatise about political philosophy 1513 The Portuguese mariner Jorge Alvares lands at Macau China during the Ming Dynasty 1513 Henry VIII defeats the French at the Battle of the Spurs 1513 The Battle of Flodden Field in which invading Scots are defeated by Henry VIII s forces 1513 Sultan Selim I The Grim orders the massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia present day Turkey 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean which he called Mar del Sur across the Isthmus of Panama He was the first European to do so 1514 The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy s expansion into Eastern Europe 1514 Dozsa rebellion peasant revolt in Hungary Martin Luther initiated the Reformation with his Ninety five Theses in 1517 1514 The Battle of Chaldiran the Ottoman Empire gains decisive victory against Safavid dynasty 1515 The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran 1515 The Ottomans conquers the last beyliks of Anatolia the Dulkadirs and the Ramadanids 1516 1517 The Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and gain control of Egypt Arabia and the Levant 1517 The Sweating sickness epidemic in Tudor England 9 1517 The Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his Ninety five Theses in Saxony 1518 The Treaty of London was a non aggression pact between the major European nations The signatories were Burgundy France England the Holy Roman Empire the Netherlands the Papal States and Spain all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack 1518 Mir Chakar Khan Rind leaves Baluchistan and settles in Punjab 1518 Leo Africanus also known as al Hasan ibn Muhammad al Wazzan al Fasi an Andalusian Berber diplomat who is best known for his book Descrittione dell Africa Description of Africa is captured by Spanish pirates he is taken to Rome and presented to Pope Leo X 1518 The dancing plague of 1518 begins in Strasbourg lasting for about one month 1519 Leonardo da Vinci dies of natural causes on May 2 Europe at the time of the accession of Charles V in 1519 1519 Wang Yangming the Chinese philosopher and governor of Jiangxi province describes his intent to use the firepower of the fo lang ji a breech loading Portuguese culverin in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chenhao 1519 Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa a Turk appointed to ruling position in Algiers by the Ottoman Empire raid Provence and Toulon in southern France 1519 Charles I of Austria Spain and the Low Countries becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V Holy Roman Emperor ruled until 1556 1519 1522 Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan and Elcano are the first to Circumnavigate the Earth 1519 1521 Hernan Cortes leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 1520s Edit Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe in 1519 1522 1520 1566 The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire 1520 The first European diplomatic mission to Ethiopia sent by the Portuguese arrives at Massawa 9 April and reaches the imperial encampment of Emperor Dawit II in Shewa 9 October 1520 Vijayanagara Empire forces under Krishnadevaraya defeat the Adil Shahi under at the Battle of Raichur 1520 Sultan Ali Mughayat Shah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Daya on the west Sumatran coast in present day Indonesia and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast 1520 The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor in present day Indonesia as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca 1521 Belgrade in present day Serbia is captured by the Ottoman Empire 1521 After building fortifications at Tuen Mun the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China but are expelled by Chinese naval forces 1521 Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan He was later killed in the Battle of Mactan in central Philippines in the same year 1521 Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty China 1521 November Ferdinand Magellan s expedition reaches Maluku in present day Indonesia and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves 1521 Pati Unus leads the invasion of Malacca in present day Malaysia against the Portuguese occupation Pati Unus was killed in this battle and was succeeded by his brother sultan Trenggana 1522 Rhodes falls to the Ottomans of Suleiman the Magnificent 10 Sack of Rome by Charles V forces 1522 The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate in present day Indonesia and begin construction of a fort 8 1522 August Luso Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa 1523 Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union 1523 The Cacao bean is introduced to Spain by Hernan Cortes 1524 1525 German Peasants War in the Holy Roman Empire 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland 1524 Ismail I the founder of Safavid dynasty dies and Tahmasp I becomes king Gun wielding Ottoman Janissaries and defending Knights of Saint John at the siege of Rhodes in 1522 from an Ottoman manuscript 1525 Timurid Empire forces under Babur defeat the Lodi dynasty at the First Battle of Panipat end of the Delhi Sultanate 1525 German and Spanish forces defeat France at the Battle of Pavia Francis I of France is captured 1526 The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohacs 1526 Mughal Empire founded by Babur dominates India until 1857 1527 Sack of Rome with Pope Clement VII escaping and the Swiss Guards defending the Vatican being killed The sack of the city of Rome considered the end of the Italian Renaissance 1527 Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden 1527 The last ruler of Majapahit falls from power This state located in present day Indonesia was finally extinguished at the hands of the Demak A large number of courtiers artisans priests and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali however the power and the seat of government transferred to Demak under the leadership of Pangeran later Sultan Fatah 1527 June 22 The Javanese Prince Fatahillah of the Cirebon Sultanate successfully defeated the Portuguese armed forces at the site of the Sunda Kelapa Harbor The city was then renamed Jayakarta meaning a glorious victory This eventful day came to be acknowledged as Jakarta s Founding Anniversary 1527 Mughal Empire forces defeat the Rajput led by Rana Sanga of Mewar at the Battle of Khanwa 1529 The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Vienna 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and Philippines to Spain 1529 Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in the Battle of Shimbra Kure the opening clash of the Ethiopian Adal War 1530s Edit Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present day Mexico a 16th century codex 1531 1532 The Church of England breaks away from the Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church 1531 The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers Atahualpa and Huascar 1532 Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1532 Foundation of Sao Vicente the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the Americas 1533 Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England 1533 Elizabeth Tudor is born 1534 Jacques Cartier claims Canada for France 1534 The Ottomans capture Baghdad from the Safavids 1534 Affair of the Placards where King Francis I becomes more active in repression of French Protestants 1535 The Munster Rebellion an attempt of radical millennialist Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed 1535 The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji or Tabarija and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon 11 Hairun becomes the next sultan 1536 Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle in England Territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman in red and orange 1536 In England Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason 1536 Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal 1536 Foundation of Buenos Aires in present day Argentina by Pedro de Mendoza 1537 The Portuguese establish Recife in Pernambuco north east of Brazil 1537 William Tyndale s partial translation of the Bible into English is published which would eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible 1538 Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada founds Bogota 1538 Spanish Venetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza 1539 Hernando de Soto explores inland North America 1540s Edit Nicolaus Copernicus 1540 The Society of Jesus or the Jesuits is founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III 1540 Sher Shah Suri founds the Suri dynasty in South Asia an ethnic Pashtun Pathan of the house of Sur who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun Sher Shah Suri decisively defeats Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram May 17 1540 1541 Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile 1541 An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain Habsburg is unsuccessful 1541 Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana 1541 Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire 1541 Sahib I Giray of Crimea invades Russia 1542 War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V This time Henry VIII is allied with the Emperor while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with the French 1542 Akbar The Great is born in the Rajput Umarkot Fort 1542 Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago 1543 Ethiopian Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Adal Ottoman Muslim army led by Imam Ahmad Gragn at the Battle of Wayna Daga Imam Ahmad Gragn is killed at this battle 1543 Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun 1543 The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan 1544 The French defeat an Imperial Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole Scenes of everyday life in Ming China by Qiu Ying 1544 Battle of the Shirts in Scotland The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship reportedly 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive 1545 Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani 1545 The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent in northern Italy 1546 Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St Peter s Basilica 1546 Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon Ternate and Morotai Moro laying the foundations for a permanent mission to 1547 1547 Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55 1547 Francis I dies in the Chateau de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52 1547 Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9 1547 Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Muhlberg 1547 Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of All Russia thenceforth becoming the first Russian tsar 1548 Battle of Uedahara Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo 1548 Askia Daoud who reigned from 1548 to 1583 establishes public libraries in Timbuktu in present day Mali 1548 The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates 1549 Tome de Sousa establishes Salvador in Bahia north east of Brazil 1549 Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher Sunan Kudus avenges the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan Kober in present day Indonesia 1550s Edit The Islamic gunpowder empires Mughal Army artillerymen during the reign of Jalaluddin Akbar 1550 The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul 1550 Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing 1550 1551 Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the Americas 1551 Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease 1551 North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo between 5 000 and 6 000 sending them to Libya 1552 Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia 1552 Jesuit China Mission Francis Xavier dies 1553 Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority 1553 The Portuguese found a settlement at Macau 1554 Missionaries Jose de Anchieta and Manuel da Nobrega establishes Sao Paulo southeast Brazil 1554 Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion 1555 The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company 1556 Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi terzo volume by Giovanni Battista Ramusio secretary of Council of Ten with plan La Terra de Hochelaga an illustration of the Hochelaga 12 1556 The Shaanxi earthquake in China is history s deadliest known earthquake during the Ming dynasty 1556 Georgius Agricola the Father of Mineralogy publishes his De re metallica 1556 Akbar defeats Hemu at the Second battle of Panipat 1556 Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate 1556 1605 During his reign Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests in the Indian subcontinent Political map of the world in 1556 1556 Mir Chakar Khan Rind captures Delhi with Humayun 1556 Pomponio Algerio radical theologian is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman inquisition 1557 Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557 1560 1575 and 1596 1557 The Portuguese settle in Macau on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present day Hong Kong 1557 The Ottomans capture Massawa all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world 1558 Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25 1558 1603 The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance 1558 1583 Livonian War between Poland Grand Principality of Lithuania Sweden Denmark and Russia 1558 After 200 years the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France 1559 With the Peace of Cateau Cambresis the Italian Wars conclude 1559 Sultan Hairun of Ternate in present day Indonesia protests the Portuguese s Christianisation activities in his lands Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese 1560s Edit The Mughal Emperor Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567 1560 Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba 1560 Elizabeth Bathory is born in Nyirbator Hungary 1560 By winning the Battle of Okehazama Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre eminent warlords of Japan 1560 Jeanne d Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre 1560 Lazarus Church Macau 1561 Sir Francis Bacon is born in London 1561 The fourth battle of Kawanakajima between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara takes place 1561 Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith 1562 Mughal emperor Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste 1562 1598 French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots 1562 Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion 1562 Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population 11 1563 Plague outbreak claimed 80 000 people in Elizabethan England In London alone over 20 000 people died of the disease 1564 Galileo Galilei born on February 15 1564 William Shakespeare baptized 26 April 1565 Deccan sultanates defeat the Vijayanagara Empireat the Battle of Talikota 1565 Mir Chakar Khan Rind dies at aged 97 1565 Estacio de Sa establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil 1565 The Hospitallers a Crusading Order defeat the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Malta 1565 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years 1565 Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean also known as the tornaviaje 1565 Royal Exchange is founded by Thomas Gresham 1566 Suleiman the Magnificent ruler of the Ottoman Empire dies on September 7 during the battle of Szigetvar Siege of Valenciennes during the Dutch War of Independence in 1567 1566 1648 Eighty Years War between Spain and the Netherlands 1566 Da le Balle Contrade d Oriente composed by Cipriano de Rore 1567 After 45 years reign Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City Longqing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty 1567 Mary Queen of Scots is imprisoned by Elizabeth I 1568 The Transylvanian Diet under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zapolya the former king of Hungary inspired by the teachings of Ferenc David the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania promulgates the Edict of Torda the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the World 1568 1571 Morisco Revolt in Spain 1568 1600 The Azuchi Momoyama period in Japan 1568 Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in law Sutawijaya who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia to kill Arya Penangsang 1569 Rising of the North in England 1569 Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator 1569 The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795 1569 Peace treaty signed by Sultan Hairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal 1570s Edit The Battle of Lepanto 1570 Ivan the Terrible tsar of Russia orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod 1570 Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Catholics to rebel against her 1570 Sultan Hairun of Ternate in present day Indonesia is killed by the Portuguese 11 Babullah becomes the next Sultan 1571 Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks 1571 The Spanish led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Battle of Lepanto 1571 Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow burning everything but the Kremlin 1571 American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown Virginia 1571 Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi establishes Manila Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies 1572 Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle in the Eighty Years War 1572 Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba Peru and execute him in Cuzco 1572 Jeanne d Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre 1572 Catherine de Medici instigates the St Bartholomew s Day massacre which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside 1572 First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Luis Vaz de Camoes three years after the author returned from the East 13 1572 The 9 years old Taizi Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty known as Wanli Emperor 1573 After heavy losses on both sides the siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory St Bartholomew s Day massacre of French Protestants 1574 in the Eighty Years War the capital of Zeeland Middelburg declares for the Protestants 1574 After a siege of 4 months the siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch rebel victory 1575 Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress 1575 Following a five year war the Ternateans under Sultan Babullah defeated the Portuguese 1576 Tahmasp I Safavid shah dies 1576 The Battle of Haldighati is fought between the ruler of Mewar Maharana Pratap and the Mughal Empire s forces under Emperor Akbar led by Raja Man Singh 1576 Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers 1577 1580 Francis Drake circles the world 1577 Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede 1578 King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir 1578 The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon 11 1578 Sonam Gyatso is conferred the title of Dalai Lama by Tumed Mongol ruler Altan Khan Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai Lama in the lineage 14 1579 The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands a foundation for the later Dutch Republic 1579 The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands a foundation for the later states of the Spanish Netherlands the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium The Irish Gaelic chieftain s feast from The Image of Ireland 1579 The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon 15 1580s Edit The fall of Spanish Armada 1580 Drake s royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences Philip II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded 1580 Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years i e until 1640 1580 1587 Nagasaki comes under control of the Jesuits 1581 Dutch Act of Abjuration declaring abjuring allegiance to Philip II of Spain 1581 Bayinnaung dies at the age of 65 1582 Oda Nobunaga commits seppuku during the Honnō ji Incident coup by his general Akechi Mitsuhide 1582 Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar Friday 15 October 1582 1582 Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs 1583 Denmark builds the world s first theme park Bakken 1583 Death of Sultan Babullah of Ternate 1584 1585 After the siege of Antwerp many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam According to Luc Normand Tellier At its peak between 1510 and 1557 Antwerp concentrated about 40 of the world trade It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas 16 1584 Ki Ageng Pemanahan died Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the new ruler in Mataram titled Loring Ngabehi Market because of his home in the north of the market 1585 Akbar annexes Kashmir and adds it to the Kabul Subah Portuguese fusta in India from a book by Jan Huygen van Linschoten 1585 Colony at Roanoke founded in North America 1585 1604 The Anglo Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic 1587 Mary Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I 1587 The reign of Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty 1587 Troops that would invade Pajang Mataram Sultanate storm ravaged the eruption of Mount Merapi Sutawijaya and his men survived 1588 Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan titled Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life 1588 England repulses the Spanish Armada 1589 Spain repulses the English Armada 1589 Catherine de Medici dies at aged 69 1590 1600 Edit Abu l Fazl ibn Mubarak presenting Akbarnama to Mughal Azam Akbar Mughal miniature 1590 Siege of Odawara the Go Hojo clan surrender to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Japan is unified 1591 Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow 1591 In Mali Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi 1592 1593 John Stow reports 10 675 plague deaths in London a city of approximately 200 000 people 1592 1598 Korea with the help of Ming Dynasty China repels two Japanese invasions 1593 1606 The Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks 1594 St Paul s College Macau founded by Alessandro Valignano 1595 First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty nine men and sixty four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman 17 1596 Birth of Rene Descartes 1596 June de Houtman s expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura 17 1597 Romeo and Juliet is published 1597 Cornelis de Houtman s expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit 17 1598 The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion 1598 Abbas I moves Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598 1598 1613 Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles 1598 The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising 11 to 1599 1598 More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable 17 Edo period screen depicting the Battle of Sekigahara 1598 The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico is established in Northern New Spain The region would later become a territory of Mexico the New Mexico Territory in the United States and the US State of New Mexico 1598 Death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi known as the unifier of Japan 1599 The Mali Empire is defeated at the Battle of Jenne 1599 The van Neck expedition returns to Europe The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit 17 to 1600 1599 March Leaving Europe the previous year a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the Spice Islands of Maluku 17 1600 Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome Siege of Fiľakovo castle during the Long Turkish War 1600 Battle of Sekigahara in Japan End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo period 1600 The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon 18 Later in the year the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti Portuguese alliance in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu 18 1600 Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia 1600 Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian principalities Wallachia Moldavia and Transylvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599 Undated Edit Polybius The Histories translated into Italian English German and French 19 Mississippian culture disappears Medallion rug variant Star Ushak style Anatolia modern Turkey is made It is now kept at The Saint Louis Art Museum Gallery Edit Dr Alberico Gentili the Father of international law Vasily III Grand Duke of Moscow by Andre Thevet Hernan Cortes Akbar the Great Philip II of Spain Francis I of France Hans Holbein the Younger c 1536 1537 Henry VIII King of England and Ireland Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo Ivan IV the Terrible Sir Francis Drake Oda NobunagaInventions discoveries introductions EditRelated article List of 16th century inventions The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet 1500 First portable watch is created by Peter Henlein of Germany The Iberian Union in 1598 under Philip II King of Spain and Portugal 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon sights Florida and Vasco Nunez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean 1519 22 Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano lead the first circumnavigation of the World 1519 1540 In America Hernando de Soto expeditions map the Gulf of Mexico coastline and bays 1525 Modern square root symbol 1540 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon 1541 42 Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River 1542 43 Firearms are introduced into Japan by the Portuguese 1543 Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun 1545 Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardano of Italy 1558 Camera obscura is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta of Italy 1559 1562 Spanish settlements in Alabama Florida and Georgia confirm dangers of hurricanes and local native warring tribes 1565 Spanish settlers outside New Spain Mexico colonize Florida s coastline at St Augustine 1565 Invention of the graphite pencil in a wooden holder by Conrad Gesner Modernized in 1812 1568 Gerardus Mercator creates the first Mercator projection map 1572 Supernova SN 1572 is observed by Tycho Brahe in the Milky Way 1582 Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII and adopted by Catholic countries c 1583 Galileo Galilei of Pisa Italy identifies the constant swing of a pendulum leading to development of reliable timekeepers 1585 earliest known reference to the sailing carriage in China 1589 William Lee invents the stocking frame 1591 First flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England the design published under the title The Metamorphosis of Ajax 1593 Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer 1596 William Barents discovers Spitsbergen 1597 Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri See also EditEntertainment in the 16th centuryReferences Edit Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity thus NASA s lunar eclipse catalogue states The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards Before that date the Julian calendar is used For dates after 15 October 1582 care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles Singh Sarina Lindsay Brown Paul Clammer Rodney Cocks John Mock 2008 Pakistan amp the Karakoram Highway Vol 7 illustrated Lonely Planet p 137 ISBN 978 1 74104 542 0 Retrieved 23 August 2010 Babur 2006 Babur Nama Penguin Books p vii ISBN 978 0 14 400149 1 16th Century Timeline 1501 to 1600 fsmitha com Archived from the original on February 3 2009 History of Smallpox Smallpox Through the Ages Texas Department of State Health Services Ricklefs 1991 p 23 A LIST OF NATIONAL EPIDEMICS OF PLAGUE IN ENGLAND 1348 1665 Archived from the original on 2009 05 08 Retrieved 2009 04 25 a b Ricklefs 1991 page 24 The Sweating Sickness Story of London Accessed 2009 04 25 Archived 2009 05 03 Sandra Arlinghaus Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494 1566 Personal umich edu Retrieved 2013 05 05 a b c d e Ricklefs 1991 page 25 La Terra De Hochelaga Jaques Cartier a Hochelaga jacquescarter org Archived from the original on December 23 2008 The Lusiads World Digital Library 1800 1882 Retrieved 2013 08 31 Schwieger Peter 2014 The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China a political history of the Tibetan institution of reincarnation New York Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231538602 OCLC 905914446 Miller George ed 1996 To The Spice Islands and Beyond Travels in Eastern Indonesia New York Oxford University Press pp xv ISBN 967 65 3099 9 Luc Normand Tellier 2009 Urban world history an economic and geographical perspective PUQ p 308 ISBN 2 7605 1588 5 a b c d e f Ricklefs 1991 page 27 a b Ricklefs 1991 page 28 Polybius The Rise Of The Roman Empire Page 36 Penguin 1979 Further reading EditLanger William An Encyclopedia of World History 5th ed 1973 highly detailed outline of events online freeExternal links Edit Media related to 16th century at Wikimedia Commons Timelines of 16th century events science culture and persons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 16th century amp oldid 1150117018, wikipedia, wiki, 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