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Immigrant generations

January 20, 2023

In sociology, people who permanently resettle to a new country are considered immigrants, regardless of the legal status of their citizenship or residency.[1] The United States Census Bureau (USCB) uses the term "generational status" to refer to the place of birth of an individual or an individual's parents. First-generation immigrants are the first foreign-born family members to gain citizenship or permanent residency in the country.[2] People beyond the first generation are not "immigrants" in the strictest sense of the word and, depending on local laws, may have received citizenship from birth. The categorization of immigrants into generations helps sociologists and demographers track how the children and subsequent generations of immigrant forebears compare to sections of the population that do not have immigrant background or to equivalent generations of prior eras.

First generation

According to USCB, the first generation of immigrants is composed of individuals who are foreign-born, which includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, protracted temporary residents (such as long-staying foreign students and migrant workers, but not tourists and family visitors), humanitarian migrants (such as refugees and asylees), and even unauthorized migrants.[2] Those who only recently immigrated are often subjected to the derogatory expression of being "fresh off the boat".

In some definitions, however, those born to at least one immigrant parent are considered "first generation"[1] — or rather, the first generation of an immigrant's descendants (i.e. second generation from the USCB definition).

1.5 generation

The term 1.5 generation or 1.5G, although not widely used, refers to first-generation immigrants who immigrated to the new country before or during their early teens, ages 6-12. They earn the label the "1.5 generation" because while they spend their formative years engaging in assimilation and socialization in the new country, they often still maintain native language, cultural traits and even national identities from their country of origin.[1][3] Oftentimes, in the case of small children, a battle of linguistic comprehension occurs between their academic language and the language spoken at home.[4] Their identity is, thus, a combination of new and old culture and tradition. Sociologist Rubén Rumbaut was among the first to use the term to examine outcomes among those arriving in the United States before adolescence, but since then the term has expanded to include foreign students, as well as other unique individuals.[5]

Depending on the age of immigration, the community where they settle, extent of education in their native country, and other factors, 1.5 generation individuals identify with their countries of origin to varying degrees. However, their identification is affected by their experiences growing up in the new country. 1.5G feels stronger and more curious about their heritage culture than further generations.[6]1.5G individuals are often bilingual and find it easier to assimilate into local culture and society than people who immigrate as adults. Many 1.5 generation individuals also become bi-cultural, combining both cultures - culture from the country of origin with the culture of the new country.

1.75 and 1.25 generations

Rubén G. Rumbaut has coined the term "1.75 generation" and "1.25 generation" immigrants, for children who are closer to birth or full adulthood when they immigrate.[7] Children who arrive in their early childhood (ages 0 to 5) are referred to as 1.75 generation immigrants since their experiences are closer to a true 2nd-generation immigrant who was born in the country they live in: they retain virtually no memory of their country of birth, were too young to go to school to learn to read or write in the parental language or dialect in the home country, typically learn the language or dialect of the country they immigrate to without an accent and are almost entirely socialized there. Children who arrive in their adolescent years (ages 13–17) are referred to as 1.25 generation immigrants because their experiences are closer to the first generation of adult immigrants than to the native born second generation.[7]

Second generation

The term "second-generation" extends the concept of first-generation by one generation. As such, the term exhibits the same type of ambiguity as "first-generation," as well as additional ones. Like "first-generation immigrant", the term "second-generation" can refer to a member of either:

  • The second generation of a family to inhabit, but the first natively born in, a country, or
  • The second generation born in a country (i.e. "third generation" in the above definition)

In the United States, among demographers and other social scientists, "second generation" refers to the U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents.[8]

The term second-generation immigrant attracts criticism due to it being an oxymoron. Namely, critics say, a "second-generation immigrant" is not an immigrant, since being "second-generation" means that the person is born in the country and the person's parents are the immigrants in question. Generation labeling immigrants is further complicated by the fact that immigrant generations may not correspond to the genealogical generations of a family. For instance, if a family of two parents and their two adult children immigrate to a new country, members in both generations of this family may be considered "first generation" by the former definition, as both parents and children were foreign-born, adult, immigrants. Likewise, if the two parents had a third child later on, this child would be of a different immigrant generation from that of its siblings. For every generation, the factor of mixed-generation marriages further convolutes the issue, as a person may have immigrants at several different levels of his or her ancestry.

These ambiguities notwithstanding, generation labeling is frequently used in parlance, news articles [1], and reference articles without deliberate clarification of birthplace or naturalization. It may or may not be possible to determine, from context, which meaning is intended.

2.5 generation

When demographers and other social scientists in the United States use the term "second generation", they usually refer to people with one foreign-born parent. Likewise, Statistics Canada defines second generation persons as those individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada.[9] Some researchers have begun to question whether those with one native-born parent and those with no native-born parents should be lumped together, with evidence suggesting that there are significant differences in identities and various outcomes between the two groups.[10][11] For instance, patterns of ethnic identification with the majority ethnic group and the heritage ethnic group differ between the 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 generations, such that there is greater polarization between the two identities in the 1.0 generation (i.e., identifying as Canadian implies dis-identifying as a member of the heritage ethnic community and vice versa), a lack of a relation between the two identities in the 2.0 generation, and a positive association between the two identities for the 2.5 generation (i.e., implying that the two identities are compatible and possibly hybridized) [12]

Factors leading to immigrant generations' accomplishments

Most immigrant youth tend to have higher academic accomplishment at all levels, at times even having greater levels of post-secondary education than their parents and grandparents.[13] To explain that phenomenon, called the immigrant paradox, there are several factors that are noticeable:

  1. Immigrant children usually have more in the way of family obligation than children not born of immigrants and so they are more likely to feel pressure to study seriously at school and gain the ability to provide for their relatives.[14] That can also be explained by a stronger emphasis of higher education from their immigrant parents, who may invest in tutoring and private schooling to increase the human capital of their children.[15]
  2. Optimism, the idea that if they put in the work, they will achieve social mobility in the host nation, is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed.[16]
  3. Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local national language(s) of their host country. As bilinguals, they have "advantages on all tasks especially involving conflicting attention".[17]

Many of those factors are reinforced and supported by the parents of immigrant youth who may have immigrated in the first place only to provide their children with a brighter future.[18]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Gonzales, Roberto (2016). Lives in limbo : undocumented and coming of age in America. University of California Press.
  2. ^ a b "About Foreign Born". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  3. ^ Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2004). "Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States". The International Migration Review. 38 (3): 1160–1205. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00232.x. JSTOR 27645429. S2CID 144438688.
  4. ^ Asher, C. (2011). "The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5". Reference & User Service Quarterly, 51(1). 43–48.
  5. ^ Rojas, Leslie Berenstein (2011-04-07). "Introducing the cultural mashup dictionary: Our first term, 1.5 generation". Article. Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  6. ^ Tan, Tony Xing (2016-10-01). "Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in 1.5th Generation, 2nd Generation Immigrant Children, and Foreign Adoptees". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 18 (5): 957–965. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0388-0. ISSN 1557-1920.
  7. ^ a b Rumbaut, Rubén. "Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States". p. 1167. SSRN 1887924.
  8. ^ . Press Release. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  9. ^ Statistics Canada (2013). "Generation status: Canadian-born children of immigrants". Minister of Industry, Government of Canada. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
  10. ^ Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick (2004). "Second‐Generation Immigrants? The "2.5 Generation" in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 85 (2): 380–399. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502013.x.
  11. ^ Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Jocelyn Pan; Hee-Jin Jun; Theresa L. Osypuk; Karen M. Emmons (2005). "The effect of immigrant generation on smoking". Social Science & Medicine. 61 (6): 1223–1242. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.027. PMID 15970233.
  12. ^ Noels, Kimberly A.; Richard Clément (2015). "Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations: Implications for acculturative change and cross-cultural adaptation". International Journal of Psychology. 50 (6): 451–462. doi:10.1002/ijop.12205. PMID 26271917.
  13. ^ Marks, Amy K.; Ejesi, Kida; García Coll, Cynthia (2014-06-01). "Understanding the U.S. Immigrant Paradox in Childhood and Adolescence". Child Development Perspectives. 8 (2): 59–64. doi:10.1111/cdep.12071. ISSN 1750-8606.
  14. ^ Geel, Mitch van; Vedder, Paul (2009-10-27). "The Role of Family Obligations and School Adjustment in Explaining the Immigrant Paradox". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 40 (2): 187–196. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9468-y. ISSN 0047-2891. PMC 3018245. PMID 19859793.
  15. ^ Warman, C.; Webb, M. D.; Worswick, C. (2019). "Immigrant category of admission and the earnings of adults and children: How far does the apple fall?". Journal of Population Economics. 32 (1): 53–112. doi:10.1007/s00148-018-0700-5. S2CID 158119602.
  16. ^ Hill, Nancy E.; Torres, Kathryn (2010-03-01). "Negotiating the American Dream: The Paradox of Aspirations and Achievement among Latino Students and Engagement between their Families and Schools". Journal of Social Issues. 66 (1): 95–112. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01635.x. ISSN 1540-4560.
  17. ^ Carlson, Stephanie M.; Meltzoff, Andrew N. (2008-03-01). "Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children". Developmental Science. 11 (2): 282–98. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x. ISSN 1467-7687. PMC 3647884. PMID 18333982.
  18. ^ Tweedie, Gregory; Dressler, Anja; Schmidt, Cora-Leah (2018-11-12). "Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools: An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta". Retrieved 17 November 2018.

Sources

  • "generation, n". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. 9 January 2012 [2].
  • McLellan, Janet (1999). Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802044211; ISBN 9780802082251; [3] OCLC 247672282.
  • Asher, C. (2011). "The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5". Reference & User Service Quarterly, 51(1). 43–48.

Further reading

External links

  • Generation 1.5 Students and College Writing

January 20, 2023
immigrant, generations, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, attention, from, expert, sociology, specific, problem, needs, expanded, wi. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs attention from an expert in sociology The specific problem is needs to be expanded with relevant research findings WikiProject Sociology may be able to help recruit an expert April 2013 This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate November 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message In sociology people who permanently resettle to a new country are considered immigrants regardless of the legal status of their citizenship or residency 1 The United States Census Bureau USCB uses the term generational status to refer to the place of birth of an individual or an individual s parents First generation immigrants are the first foreign born family members to gain citizenship or permanent residency in the country 2 People beyond the first generation are not immigrants in the strictest sense of the word and depending on local laws may have received citizenship from birth The categorization of immigrants into generations helps sociologists and demographers track how the children and subsequent generations of immigrant forebears compare to sections of the population that do not have immigrant background or to equivalent generations of prior eras Contents 1 First generation 1 1 1 5 generation 1 2 1 75 and 1 25 generations 2 Second generation 2 1 2 5 generation 3 Factors leading to immigrant generations accomplishments 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External linksFirst generation EditAccording to USCB the first generation of immigrants is composed of individuals who are foreign born which includes naturalized citizens lawful permanent residents protracted temporary residents such as long staying foreign students and migrant workers but not tourists and family visitors humanitarian migrants such as refugees and asylees and even unauthorized migrants 2 Those who only recently immigrated are often subjected to the derogatory expression of being fresh off the boat In some definitions however those born to at least one immigrant parent are considered first generation 1 or rather the first generation of an immigrant s descendants i e second generation from the USCB definition 1 5 generation Edit The term 1 5 generation or 1 5G although not widely used refers to first generation immigrants who immigrated to the new country before or during their early teens ages 6 12 They earn the label the 1 5 generation because while they spend their formative years engaging in assimilation and socialization in the new country they often still maintain native language cultural traits and even national identities from their country of origin 1 3 Oftentimes in the case of small children a battle of linguistic comprehension occurs between their academic language and the language spoken at home 4 Their identity is thus a combination of new and old culture and tradition Sociologist Ruben Rumbaut was among the first to use the term to examine outcomes among those arriving in the United States before adolescence but since then the term has expanded to include foreign students as well as other unique individuals 5 Depending on the age of immigration the community where they settle extent of education in their native country and other factors 1 5 generation individuals identify with their countries of origin to varying degrees However their identification is affected by their experiences growing up in the new country 1 5G feels stronger and more curious about their heritage culture than further generations 6 1 5G individuals are often bilingual and find it easier to assimilate into local culture and society than people who immigrate as adults Many 1 5 generation individuals also become bi cultural combining both cultures culture from the country of origin with the culture of the new country 1 75 and 1 25 generations Edit Ruben G Rumbaut has coined the term 1 75 generation and 1 25 generation immigrants for children who are closer to birth or full adulthood when they immigrate 7 Children who arrive in their early childhood ages 0 to 5 are referred to as 1 75 generation immigrants since their experiences are closer to a true 2nd generation immigrant who was born in the country they live in they retain virtually no memory of their country of birth were too young to go to school to learn to read or write in the parental language or dialect in the home country typically learn the language or dialect of the country they immigrate to without an accent and are almost entirely socialized there Children who arrive in their adolescent years ages 13 17 are referred to as 1 25 generation immigrants because their experiences are closer to the first generation of adult immigrants than to the native born second generation 7 Second generation EditThe term second generation extends the concept of first generation by one generation As such the term exhibits the same type of ambiguity as first generation as well as additional ones Like first generation immigrant the term second generation can refer to a member of either The second generation of a family to inhabit but the first natively born in a country or The second generation born in a country i e third generation in the above definition In the United States among demographers and other social scientists second generation refers to the U S born children of foreign born parents 8 The term second generation immigrant attracts criticism due to it being an oxymoron Namely critics say a second generation immigrant is not an immigrant since being second generation means that the person is born in the country and the person s parents are the immigrants in question Generation labeling immigrants is further complicated by the fact that immigrant generations may not correspond to the genealogical generations of a family For instance if a family of two parents and their two adult children immigrate to a new country members in both generations of this family may be considered first generation by the former definition as both parents and children were foreign born adult immigrants Likewise if the two parents had a third child later on this child would be of a different immigrant generation from that of its siblings For every generation the factor of mixed generation marriages further convolutes the issue as a person may have immigrants at several different levels of his or her ancestry These ambiguities notwithstanding generation labeling is frequently used in parlance news articles 1 and reference articles without deliberate clarification of birthplace or naturalization It may or may not be possible to determine from context which meaning is intended 2 5 generation Edit When demographers and other social scientists in the United States use the term second generation they usually refer to people with one foreign born parent Likewise Statistics Canada defines second generation persons as those individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada 9 Some researchers have begun to question whether those with one native born parent and those with no native born parents should be lumped together with evidence suggesting that there are significant differences in identities and various outcomes between the two groups 10 11 For instance patterns of ethnic identification with the majority ethnic group and the heritage ethnic group differ between the 1 0 2 0 and 2 5 generations such that there is greater polarization between the two identities in the 1 0 generation i e identifying as Canadian implies dis identifying as a member of the heritage ethnic community and vice versa a lack of a relation between the two identities in the 2 0 generation and a positive association between the two identities for the 2 5 generation i e implying that the two identities are compatible and possibly hybridized 12 Factors leading to immigrant generations accomplishments EditMost immigrant youth tend to have higher academic accomplishment at all levels at times even having greater levels of post secondary education than their parents and grandparents 13 To explain that phenomenon called the immigrant paradox there are several factors that are noticeable Immigrant children usually have more in the way of family obligation than children not born of immigrants and so they are more likely to feel pressure to study seriously at school and gain the ability to provide for their relatives 14 That can also be explained by a stronger emphasis of higher education from their immigrant parents who may invest in tutoring and private schooling to increase the human capital of their children 15 Optimism the idea that if they put in the work they will achieve social mobility in the host nation is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed 16 Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local national language s of their host country As bilinguals they have advantages on all tasks especially involving conflicting attention 17 Many of those factors are reinforced and supported by the parents of immigrant youth who may have immigrated in the first place only to provide their children with a brighter future 18 See also EditNisei Immigration Inequality within immigrant families in the United States Second generation immigrants in the United States Cultural assimilation Emigration DekasegiReferences EditCitations Edit a b c Gonzales Roberto 2016 Lives in limbo undocumented and coming of age in America University of California Press a b About Foreign Born United States Census Bureau Retrieved 2021 05 21 Rumbaut Ruben G 2004 Ages Life Stages and Generational Cohorts Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States The International Migration Review 38 3 1160 1205 doi 10 1111 j 1747 7379 2004 tb00232 x JSTOR 27645429 S2CID 144438688 Asher C 2011 The progressive past How history can help us serve generation 1 5 Reference amp User Service Quarterly 51 1 43 48 Rojas Leslie Berenstein 2011 04 07 Introducing the cultural mashup dictionary Our first term 1 5 generation Article Southern California Public Radio Retrieved 31 January 2012 Tan Tony Xing 2016 10 01 Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in 1 5th Generation 2nd Generation Immigrant Children and Foreign Adoptees Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 18 5 957 965 doi 10 1007 s10903 016 0388 0 ISSN 1557 1920 a b Rumbaut Ruben Ages Life Stages and Generational Cohorts Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States p 1167 SSRN 1887924 Nation s Foreign Born Population Nears 37 Million Press Release U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 Retrieved 31 January 2012 Statistics Canada 2013 Generation status Canadian born children of immigrants Minister of Industry Government of Canada Retrieved 2017 04 24 Ramakrishnan S Karthick 2004 Second Generation Immigrants The 2 5 Generation in the United States Social Science Quarterly 85 2 380 399 doi 10 1111 j 0038 4941 2004 08502013 x Acevedo Garcia Dolores Jocelyn Pan Hee Jin Jun Theresa L Osypuk Karen M Emmons 2005 The effect of immigrant generation on smoking Social Science amp Medicine 61 6 1223 1242 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2005 01 027 PMID 15970233 Noels Kimberly A Richard Clement 2015 Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations Implications for acculturative change and cross cultural adaptation International Journal of Psychology 50 6 451 462 doi 10 1002 ijop 12205 PMID 26271917 Marks Amy K Ejesi Kida Garcia Coll Cynthia 2014 06 01 Understanding the U S Immigrant Paradox in Childhood and Adolescence Child Development Perspectives 8 2 59 64 doi 10 1111 cdep 12071 ISSN 1750 8606 Geel Mitch van Vedder Paul 2009 10 27 The Role of Family Obligations and School Adjustment in Explaining the Immigrant Paradox Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40 2 187 196 doi 10 1007 s10964 009 9468 y ISSN 0047 2891 PMC 3018245 PMID 19859793 Warman C Webb M D Worswick C 2019 Immigrant category of admission and the earnings of adults and children How far does the apple fall Journal of Population Economics 32 1 53 112 doi 10 1007 s00148 018 0700 5 S2CID 158119602 Hill Nancy E Torres Kathryn 2010 03 01 Negotiating the American Dream The Paradox of Aspirations and Achievement among Latino Students and Engagement between their Families and Schools Journal of Social Issues 66 1 95 112 doi 10 1111 j 1540 4560 2009 01635 x ISSN 1540 4560 Carlson Stephanie M Meltzoff Andrew N 2008 03 01 Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children Developmental Science 11 2 282 98 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7687 2008 00675 x ISSN 1467 7687 PMC 3647884 PMID 18333982 Tweedie Gregory Dressler Anja Schmidt Cora Leah 2018 11 12 Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta Retrieved 17 November 2018 Sources Edit generation n OED Online December 2011 Oxford University Press 9 January 2012 2 McLellan Janet 1999 Many Petals of the Lotus Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 9780802044211 ISBN 9780802082251 3 OCLC 247672282 Asher C 2011 The progressive past How history can help us serve generation 1 5 Reference amp User Service Quarterly 51 1 43 48 Further reading EditAmaya Ismael 2010 How First Generation College and Underrepresented Students Can Overcome Obstacles to Attaining a College Education Handbook for a New Family Tradition Paper 318 Applied Research Projects Texas State University http forms gradsch psu edu diversity mcnair mcnair jrnl2010 files Adebowale pdfExternal links EditDictionary citation for 1 5 generation from Double Tongued Word Generation 1 5 Students and College Writing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Immigrant generations amp oldid 1128292603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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