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Punjabi nationalism

August 25, 2023

This article is about the ideology that asserts Punjabi cultural solidarity. For the militant separatist movement aimed at creating an independent Sikh country, see Khalistan movement.

Punjabi nationalism or Punjabiyat[1][2][3][4][5][6] is a vision that emphasizes that Punjabis are one nation and promotes the cultural unity of Punjabis around the world. The demands of the Punjabi nationalist movement are linguistic, cultural, economic and political rights.[7][8][9][10][11]

In Pakistan, the goal of the movement is to stop the state-sponsored suppression of Punjabi in favor of Urdu,[12] while in India the goal is to bring together the Sikh and Punjabi Hindu communities and promote the Punjabi language in regions of Northern India.[13] Supporters in the Punjabi diaspora focus on the promotion of a shared cultural heritage.[14]

Punjabi Nationalism also has close links to Sikh Nationalism due to the religious significance of Punjabi and Gurmukhi script in Sikhism.[15] With the advent of the notion of Devanagari script and Hindi or Sanskrit as a language associated with Hindu nationalism and Arya Samaj advancing the cause of Devanagari in the late 19th century, the cause of Gurmukhi was advanced by Singh Sabha movement.[16][17][18] This later culminated in Punjabi Sooba movement where Sikhs who mostly identified Punjabi as their mother tongue, whilst Hindus identifying with Hindi in the census, leading to trifurcation of state on a linguistic basis in 1966 and the formation of a Sikh majority, Punjabi speaking state in India.[19] During the Khalistan movement, Sikh militants were known to enforce Punjabi language, Gurmukhi script and traditional Punjabi cultural dress in Punjab.[20] SGPC in it’s 1946 Sikh State resolution declared the Punjab region as the natural homeland of the Sikhs.[21][22] Anandpur Sahib Resolution also links Sikhism to Punjab as a Sikh homeland.[23]

History Edit

 
Lohri Bonfire, it is celebrated in the wider Punjab region in remembrance of Dulla Bhatti

The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE.[24][25][26] Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning "brotherhood") or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society.[26][27]

The Punjab region's history of warfare and foreign invasions has contributed to a culture of engaging in warfare to protect the land.[28] During the Mughal rule, Dulla Bhatti, a Punjabi folk hero led the Punjabis to a revolt against Mughal rule during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar.[29] He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from Punjabi folklore, and took the form of social banditry.[30] According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".[31][32]

Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,[a][34] were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the Mughal emperor Akbar.[35][34]

His general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature is described to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".[36] Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor.[37][b] Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves.[39]

His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify Guru Arjan Dev Ji, and through Guru Arjan Dev Ji's influence the people of Bari Doab, by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.[37]

The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Shah Hussain, a contemporary Sufi poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".[40][41] The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual Lohri celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands.[42]

During the rule of the Mughal Empire in India, two Sikh gurus were martyred. (Guru Arjan was martyred on suspicion of helping in betrayal of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb)[43] As the Sikh faith grew, the Sikhs subsequently militarized to oppose Mughal rule.

In the late 18th century, during frequent invasions of the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Misls were in close combat with the Durrani Empire,[44] but they began to gain territory with the capture of Lahore, by Ranjit Singh, from its Afghan ruler, Zaman Shah Durrani, and the subsequent and progressive expulsion of Afghans from the Punjab, by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the Afghan-Sikh Wars, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with Vaisakhi), creating a unified political state.[45]

Despite the religious diversity of the Sikh Empire, the people of Punjab were united by a shared identity as Punjabis and a growing sense of Punjabi nationalism.[46][47]

In her 2022-book Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century, Dr. Robina Yasmin, a Pakistani historian who teaches at the Islamia University Bahawalpur, tries to give a balanced picture of Ranjit Singh, between the contradictory images of "a great secular ruler" and that of "an extremist Sikh who was bent upon eliminating Islam in the Punjab", Dr. Robina Yasmin's own assessment after her study being that Ranjit Singh himself was tolerant and secular and that the mistreatment of the Muslim population often ascribed to him based on dubious anecdotes in fact came from his subordinates.[48]

This sense of identity was bolstered by the secular rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a Sikh Punjabi who had successfully expelled the Afghan invaders from Punjab and established a powerful Sikh kingdom in the region. As a result, Punjab was a secular nation with a strong sense of Punjabi nationalism.[46][47]

British period Edit

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.[49][50]

During the British Raj, after the Bengalis and Hindustani speaking people, Punjabis were the third biggest nation in South Asia and for the British, Punjab was a frontier province of British India. Therefore to rule, the prime factor for the British rulers was to control the Punjab by dominating or eliminating the Punjabi nation.[51]

The British rulers imposed martial law in Punjab to govern Punjab and due to a fear from Punjabi nationalism, started to eliminate the Punjabi nation into fractions by switching over the characteristics of Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs from “Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion”.[52]

For demolishing the nationalism and promoting the religious fundamentalism in the Punjab, British rulers, not allowed the Punjabis to use their mother tongue as an educational and official language. Therefore, the British rulers first introduced the Urdu as an official language in Punjab for the purpose of Punjab administration.[53][54][55] As a result, the Punjabi nation became a socially and politically depressed and deprived nation due to the domination and hegemony of Urdu-Hindi language.[56][57][58][59]

As a consequence of preferring Hindi language by Hindu Punjabi's by declaring the Hindi as a language of Hindus[60] and preferring the Urdu language by the Muslim Punjabi's by declaring the Urdu as a language of Muslims, the characteristics of assimilation to accomplish the sociological instinct started to switch over from “ Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion” and “A Great Nation of Sub-Continent Got Divided on Ground of Religion with Partition of Punjab and Got Emerged into Muslim and Hindu States, Pakistan and India”.[61][62][63][64][65]

Post-Partition Edit

Pakistan Edit

Punjabi nationalism in Pakistan largely emerged in the 1980s due to the emergence of the Saraiki language movement that looked to separate the Saraiki-speaking areas of the Punjab from the rest of the province.[66] Alyssa Ayres, a cultural historian, suggests that many Punjabi intellectuals considered the Saraiki movement as "yet another attack on Punjabi."[66][67] Punjabi nationalists accuse the elite sections made up of fellow Punjabis of neglecting the Punjabi language and forgetting the Punjabi culture to maintain their personal influence and power.[68][69] Punjabi nationalism is a more recent phenomenon, and compared to other ethno-nationalisms in Pakistan, it is often overlooked due to the dominance of the Punjabi ethnic group in the country.[66]

In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[70][71] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[72][73] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.

India Edit

Main article: Punjabi Suba movement

The Punjabi Suba movement was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by Punjabi speaking people (mostly Sikhs) demanding the creation of autonomous Punjabi Suba, or Punjabi-speaking state, in the post-independence Indian state of East Punjab.[74] The movement is defined as the forerunner of Khalistan movement.[75][76]

Borrowing from the pre-partition demands for a Sikh country, this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India.[77] Led by the Akali Dal, it resulted in the formation of the state of Punjab. The state of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh were also created and some Pahari-majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh following the movement. The result of the movement failed to satisfy its leaders.[78]

From 1938 to 1947, Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh proposed the whole Punjab region (Azad Punjab) as the ‘natural homeland’ of the Sikhs.[79] This demand was raised throughout this period along with the 1946 SGPC resolution declaring the Punjab as homeland of the Sikhs.[80] The image of Punjab region as an independent Sikh Homeland continues to exist in sections of the Sikh, particularly being advocated by Sikhs in the diaspora post 1947.[81]

Pan-nationalist Punjabi Reunification Edit

 
The Punjab Province of British India (1909)
 
Punjab
Further information: Indian reunification

Bhajan Lal proposed the idea of the Punjabi Reunification, in which the modern Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh would reunify into a single Punjab state within India, with its borders corresponding to the former East Punjab state.[82] The idea of the reunification of these states with the area corresponding to West Punjab has not been one that has been heavily contemplated apart from the context of Indian reunification in general.[83][84]

See also Edit

References Edit

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  1. ^ Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of Sandal Bar is named after him.[33]
  2. ^ Social bandit is a concept devised by Eric Hobsbawm, defined as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions."[38]

August 25, 2023
punjabi, nationalism, this, article, about, ideology, that, asserts, punjabi, cultural, solidarity, militant, separatist, movement, aimed, creating, independent, sikh, country, khalistan, movement, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discus. This article is about the ideology that asserts Punjabi cultural solidarity For the militant separatist movement aimed at creating an independent Sikh country see Khalistan movement This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Punjabi nationalism or Punjabiyat 1 2 3 4 5 6 is a vision that emphasizes that Punjabis are one nation and promotes the cultural unity of Punjabis around the world The demands of the Punjabi nationalist movement are linguistic cultural economic and political rights 7 8 9 10 11 In Pakistan the goal of the movement is to stop the state sponsored suppression of Punjabi in favor of Urdu 12 while in India the goal is to bring together the Sikh and Punjabi Hindu communities and promote the Punjabi language in regions of Northern India 13 Supporters in the Punjabi diaspora focus on the promotion of a shared cultural heritage 14 Punjabi Nationalism also has close links to Sikh Nationalism due to the religious significance of Punjabi and Gurmukhi script in Sikhism 15 With the advent of the notion of Devanagari script and Hindi or Sanskrit as a language associated with Hindu nationalism and Arya Samaj advancing the cause of Devanagari in the late 19th century the cause of Gurmukhi was advanced by Singh Sabha movement 16 17 18 This later culminated in Punjabi Sooba movement where Sikhs who mostly identified Punjabi as their mother tongue whilst Hindus identifying with Hindi in the census leading to trifurcation of state on a linguistic basis in 1966 and the formation of a Sikh majority Punjabi speaking state in India 19 During the Khalistan movement Sikh militants were known to enforce Punjabi language Gurmukhi script and traditional Punjabi cultural dress in Punjab 20 SGPC in it s 1946 Sikh State resolution declared the Punjab region as the natural homeland of the Sikhs 21 22 Anandpur Sahib Resolution also links Sikhism to Punjab as a Sikh homeland 23 Contents 1 History 1 1 British period 2 Post Partition 2 1 Pakistan 2 2 India 3 Pan nationalist Punjabi Reunification 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory Edit Lohri Bonfire it is celebrated in the wider Punjab region in remembrance of Dulla BhattiThe coalescence of the various tribes castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common Punjabi identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE 24 25 26 Historically the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari literally meaning brotherhood or tribes with each person bound to a clan With the passage of time tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society 26 27 The Punjab region s history of warfare and foreign invasions has contributed to a culture of engaging in warfare to protect the land 28 During the Mughal rule Dulla Bhatti a Punjabi folk hero led the Punjabis to a revolt against Mughal rule during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar 29 He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time and the only evidence of his existence comes from Punjabi folklore and took the form of social banditry 30 According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur although he was the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab he remains on the periphery of Punjab s historiography 31 32 Both his father Farid and his grandfather variously called Bijli or Sandal a 34 were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the Mughal emperor Akbar 35 34 His general anti authoritarian rebellious nature is described to crystallise with the Akbar regime as its target although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally Bhatti saw this says Gaur as a peasant class war 36 Bhatti s class war took the form of social banditry taking from the rich and giving to the poor 37 b Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves 39 His efforts may have influenced Akbar s decision to pacify Guru Arjan Dev Ji and through Guru Arjan Dev Ji s influence the people of Bari Doab by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues 37 The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore Shah Hussain a contemporary Sufi poet who wrote of him recorded his last words as being No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab 40 41 The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual Lohri celebrations in the region to this day although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands 42 During the rule of the Mughal Empire in India two Sikh gurus were martyred Guru Arjan was martyred on suspicion of helping in betrayal of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 43 As the Sikh faith grew the Sikhs subsequently militarized to oppose Mughal rule In the late 18th century during frequent invasions of the Durrani Empire the Sikh Misls were in close combat with the Durrani Empire 44 but they began to gain territory with the capture of Lahore by Ranjit Singh from its Afghan ruler Zaman Shah Durrani and the subsequent and progressive expulsion of Afghans from the Punjab by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the Afghan Sikh Wars and the unification of the separate Sikh misls Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 to coincide with Vaisakhi creating a unified political state 45 Despite the religious diversity of the Sikh Empire the people of Punjab were united by a shared identity as Punjabis and a growing sense of Punjabi nationalism 46 47 In her 2022 book Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century Dr Robina Yasmin a Pakistani historian who teaches at the Islamia University Bahawalpur tries to give a balanced picture of Ranjit Singh between the contradictory images of a great secular ruler and that of an extremist Sikh who was bent upon eliminating Islam in the Punjab Dr Robina Yasmin s own assessment after her study being that Ranjit Singh himself was tolerant and secular and that the mistreatment of the Muslim population often ascribed to him based on dubious anecdotes in fact came from his subordinates 48 This sense of identity was bolstered by the secular rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh a Sikh Punjabi who had successfully expelled the Afghan invaders from Punjab and established a powerful Sikh kingdom in the region As a result Punjab was a secular nation with a strong sense of Punjabi nationalism 46 47 British period Edit After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement Finally by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo Sikh War 49 50 During the British Raj after the Bengalis and Hindustani speaking people Punjabis were the third biggest nation in South Asia and for the British Punjab was a frontier province of British India Therefore to rule the prime factor for the British rulers was to control the Punjab by dominating or eliminating the Punjabi nation 51 The British rulers imposed martial law in Punjab to govern Punjab and due to a fear from Punjabi nationalism started to eliminate the Punjabi nation into fractions by switching over the characteristics of Muslims Hindus and Sikhs from Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion 52 For demolishing the nationalism and promoting the religious fundamentalism in the Punjab British rulers not allowed the Punjabis to use their mother tongue as an educational and official language Therefore the British rulers first introduced the Urdu as an official language in Punjab for the purpose of Punjab administration 53 54 55 As a result the Punjabi nation became a socially and politically depressed and deprived nation due to the domination and hegemony of Urdu Hindi language 56 57 58 59 As a consequence of preferring Hindi language by Hindu Punjabi s by declaring the Hindi as a language of Hindus 60 and preferring the Urdu language by the Muslim Punjabi s by declaring the Urdu as a language of Muslims the characteristics of assimilation to accomplish the sociological instinct started to switch over from Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion and A Great Nation of Sub Continent Got Divided on Ground of Religion with Partition of Punjab and Got Emerged into Muslim and Hindu States Pakistan and India 61 62 63 64 65 Post Partition EditPakistan Edit Punjabi nationalism in Pakistan largely emerged in the 1980s due to the emergence of the Saraiki language movement that looked to separate the Saraiki speaking areas of the Punjab from the rest of the province 66 Alyssa Ayres a cultural historian suggests that many Punjabi intellectuals considered the Saraiki movement as yet another attack on Punjabi 66 67 Punjabi nationalists accuse the elite sections made up of fellow Punjabis of neglecting the Punjabi language and forgetting the Punjabi culture to maintain their personal influence and power 68 69 Punjabi nationalism is a more recent phenomenon and compared to other ethno nationalisms in Pakistan it is often overlooked due to the dominance of the Punjabi ethnic group in the country 66 In August 2015 the Pakistan Academy of Letters International Writer s Council IWC and World Punjabi Congress WPC organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level 70 71 In September 2015 a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province 72 73 Additionally several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day India Edit Main article Punjabi Suba movement The Punjabi Suba movement was a long drawn political agitation launched by Punjabi speaking people mostly Sikhs demanding the creation of autonomous Punjabi Suba or Punjabi speaking state in the post independence Indian state of East Punjab 74 The movement is defined as the forerunner of Khalistan movement 75 76 Borrowing from the pre partition demands for a Sikh country this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India 77 Led by the Akali Dal it resulted in the formation of the state of Punjab The state of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh were also created and some Pahari majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh following the movement The result of the movement failed to satisfy its leaders 78 From 1938 to 1947 Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh proposed the whole Punjab region Azad Punjab as the natural homeland of the Sikhs 79 This demand was raised throughout this period along with the 1946 SGPC resolution declaring the Punjab as homeland of the Sikhs 80 The image of Punjab region as an independent Sikh Homeland continues to exist in sections of the Sikh particularly being advocated by Sikhs in the diaspora post 1947 81 Pan nationalist Punjabi Reunification Edit The Punjab Province of British India 1909 PunjabFurther information Indian reunification Bhajan Lal proposed the idea of the Punjabi Reunification in which the modern Indian states of Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh would reunify into a single Punjab state within India with its borders corresponding to the former East Punjab state 82 The idea of the reunification of these states with the area corresponding to West Punjab has not been one that has been heavily contemplated apart from the context of Indian reunification in general 83 84 See also EditPunjabi culture Punjabi Culture Day Punjabi festivals Punjabi Language Movement Pakistan Punjabi Suba movement India Punjabi WikipediaReferences Edit Dixit Kanak Mani 2018 12 04 Two Punjabs one South Asia The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2019 12 25 Reader s comment Pakistan s movement to revive Punjabi culture faces no viable threat Scroll in Retrieved 2019 12 25 A history steeped in Punjabi and Punjabiyat The Tribune Retrieved 2019 12 25 Bhardwaj Ajay 15 August 2012 The absence in Punjabiyat s split universe The Hindu Retrieved 8 October 2015 Kachhava Priyanka 26 January 2015 Of Punjabiyat quest to migrate and muted masculinity The Times of India Retrieved 8 October 2015 Ayres Alyssa August 2008 Language the Nation and Symbolic Capital The Case of Punjab The Journal of Asian Studies The Association for Asian Studies Inc 67 3 917 946 doi 10 1017 s0021911808001204 S2CID 56127067 Paracha Nadeem F 31 May 2015 Smokers Corner The other Punjab dawn com Retrieved 15 September 2015 Pakistani scholars come to grips with another ethnic ideology Punjabi nationalism The News on Sunday The News on Sunday 5 July 2015 Archived from the original on 11 November 2019 Retrieved 15 September 2015 A labour of love and a battle cry for logical minds The News International Pakistan 8 October 2015 Retrieved 8 October 2015 Dogra Chander Suta 26 October 2013 Punjabiyat on a hilltop The Hindu Retrieved 8 October 2015 Punjabiyyat In the name of 15 February 2015 The News on Sunday TNS The News on Sunday Retrieved 8 October 2015 Singh IP 17 May 2015 No Punjabi versus Hindi divide now The Times of India Retrieved 8 October 2015 The idea of Punjabiyat Himal Southasian 2010 05 01 Retrieved 2023 05 06 Gurmukhi Script An artistic tradition that captures Punjab s soul and spirit Hindustan Times 2023 04 28 Retrieved 2023 05 14 RSS and Sikhs defining a religion and how their relationship has evolved The Indian Express 2019 10 18 Retrieved 2023 05 14 Jones Kenneth W 1973 Ham Hindu Nahin Arya Sikh Relations 1877 1905 The Journal of Asian Studies 32 3 457 475 doi 10 2307 2052684 ISSN 0021 9118 JSTOR 2052684 S2CID 163885354 Gupte Pranay 1985 09 08 THE PUNJAB TORN BY TERROR The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 05 14 How Punjab was won The Indian Express 2010 05 17 Retrieved 2023 05 14 Militants tell villagers in Punjab to mention Punjabi as their mother tongue India Today Retrieved 2023 05 14 SGPC s 1946 resolution on Sikh state What Simranjit Singh Mann missed The Indian Express 2022 05 15 Retrieved 2023 05 14 Vasudeva Vikas 2022 05 12 SGPC urged to support pro Khalistan resolution The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2023 05 14 Anandpur Sahib Resolution 1973 JournalsOfIndia 2021 02 16 Retrieved 2023 05 14 Malhotra Anshu Mir Farina 2012 Punjab reconsidered history culture and practice New Delhi Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 807801 2 Archived from the original on 2016 03 07 Retrieved 2023 04 30 Ayers Alyssa 2008 Language the Nation and Symbolic Capital The Case of Punjab PDF Journal of Asian Studies 67 3 917 46 doi 10 1017 s0021911808001204 S2CID 56127067 a b Singh Pritam Thandi Shinder S 1996 Globalisation and the region explorations in Punjabi identity Coventry United Kingdom Association for Punjab Studies UK ISBN 978 1 874699 05 7 Mukherjee Protap Lopamudra Ray Saraswati 20 January 2011 Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India A Woman s Perspective Approach PDF Ph D Scholars Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110 067 India Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 Daniyal Shoaib Lohri legends the tale of Abdullah Khan Dullah Bhatti the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar Scroll in Retrieved 2022 03 06 Surinder Singh I D Gaur 2008 Popular Literature and Pre modern Societies in South Asia Pearson Education India pp 89 90 ISBN 978 81 317 1358 7 Gaur 2008 pp 27 37 38sfnp error no target CITEREFGaur2008 help Mushtaq Soofi 13 June 2014 Punjab Notes Bar forgotten glory of Punjab Dawn newspaper Retrieved 4 September 2020 Singh 2008 p 106sfnp error no target CITEREFSingh2008 help a b Mushtaq Soofi 13 June 2014 Punjab Notes Bar forgotten glory of Punjab Dawn newspaper Retrieved 4 September 2020 Gaur 2008 pp 34 37sfnp error no target CITEREFGaur2008 help Gaur 2008 pp 35 36sfnp error no target CITEREFGaur2008 help a b Gaur 2008 p 36sfnp error no target CITEREFGaur2008 help Hobsbawm 2010 p 13 sfnp error no target CITEREFHobsbawm2010 help Purewal 2010 p 83sfnp error no target CITEREFPurewal2010 help Gaur 2008 p 37sfnp error no target CITEREFGaur2008 help Ayres 2009 p 76 Purewal 2010 p 83sfnp error no target CITEREFPurewal2010 help McLeod Hew 1987 Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab South Asia Journal of South Asian Studies 22 s1 155 165 doi 10 1080 00856408708723379 Soofi Mushtaq 2014 04 11 Gora Raj our elders and national narrative dawn com Retrieved 2019 10 02 The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Archived 8 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine section Sahib Siṅgh Bedi Baba 1756 1834 a b In Honouring Ranjit Singh Pakistan Is Moving Beyond Conceptions of Muslim vs Sikh History The Wire Retrieved 2019 10 02 a b Explained The enduring legacy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab The Indian Express 2019 06 28 Retrieved 2019 10 02 Yasmin Robina 2022 Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance Bloomsbury Publishing p 63 EXPLAINED How the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar led to the formation of Jammu and Kashmir www timesnownews com Retrieved 2019 10 02 Noorani A G 8 November 2017 Dogra raj in Kashmir Frontline Retrieved 2019 10 02 Das Santanu 19 October 2018 Why half a million people from Punjab enlisted to fight for Britain in World War I Quartz India Retrieved 2019 10 02 Datta Nonica 2019 09 23 Punjab s pain India s agony Britain s unrepentance The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2019 10 02 Khalid Haroon 2016 11 01 How did Pakistan where Punjabi literature was born come to shun the language HuffPost Retrieved 2019 10 02 Punjabi should be taught in schools Daily Times 2014 04 14 Retrieved 2019 10 02 Dhaliwal Sarbjit 2017 11 01 A pro Punjabi movement is building up Rozana Spokesman Retrieved 2019 10 02 Singh I P 50 years of Punjab Is Punjabi losing out to Hindi English The Times of India Retrieved 2019 10 02 Pak s Punjab govt replaces English with Urdu as medium of instruction in primary schools India Today Press Trust of India Retrieved 2019 10 02 The Language Divide in Punjab apnaorg com Retrieved 2019 10 02 Mahmood Cynthia Keppley 2010 08 03 Fighting for Faith and Nation Dialogues with Sikh Militants University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 9780812200171 Singh I P Future tense The Times of India Retrieved 2019 10 07 Sikhs in Punjab shed its blind hostility towards Hindi India Today April 24 2015 Retrieved 2019 10 02 Kamal Neel October 1 2019 Punjabi in Pakistan Forging ahead against great odds The Times of India Retrieved 2019 10 02 Khalid Haroon 2017 11 29 The transformation of Punjabi identity over the centuries dawn com Retrieved 2019 10 02 Khalid Haroon The revolutionary Udham Singh is just one of the many faces of Punjabi identity Scroll in Retrieved 2019 10 02 Thank you Punjabi The Nation 2019 09 30 Retrieved 2019 10 02 a b c Paracha Nadeem F 2015 05 31 Smokers Corner The other Punjab DAWN COM Retrieved 2023 05 06 Ayres Alyssa 2009 07 23 Speaking Like a State Language and Nationalism in Pakistan Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51931 1 Punjabis Without Punjabi apnaorg com Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Urdu isation of Punjab The Express Tribune The Express Tribune 4 May 2015 Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Rally for ending 150 year old ban on education in Punjabi The Nation 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Sufi poets can guarantee unity The Nation 26 August 2015 Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 Supreme Court s Urdu verdict No language can be imposed from above The Nation 15 September 2015 Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Two member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP Business Recorder 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Doad 1997 p 391 sfn error no target CITEREFDoad1997 help Rina Ramdev Sandhya D Nambiar Debaditya Bhattacharya 2015 Sentiment Politics Censorship The State of Hurt SAGE Publications p 91 ISBN 9789351503057 The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Chopra Radhika 2012 Militant and Migrant The Politics and Social History of Punjab Routledge p 42 ISBN 978 1 136 70435 2 Retrieved 2023 03 10 Saith A 2019 Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought Springer International Publishing p 290 ISBN 978 3 030 12422 9 Retrieved 2023 03 10 Stanley Wolpert 2005 India University of California Press p 216 ISBN 978 0 520 24696 6 Shani Giorgio Singh Gurharpal eds 2021 The Partition of India and the Sikhs 1940 1947 Sikh Nationalism New Approaches to Asian History Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 82 109 ISBN 978 1 107 13654 0 retrieved 2023 05 24 SGPC s 1946 resolution on Sikh state What Simranjit Singh Mann missed The Indian Express 2022 05 15 Retrieved 2023 05 24 Gupta Bhabani Sen 1990 Punjab Fading of Sikh Diaspora Economic and Political Weekly 25 7 8 364 366 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 4395948 Bhatia Prem 1997 Witness to history Har Anand Publications p 296 Mr Bhajan Lal s reunification scheme would turn Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh together with Chandigarh into one enlarged State Dhanda Anirudh 12 August 2019 Lingering pain of Partition The Tribune Retrieved 5 October 2019 Even after seven decades of Partition it is difficult to comprehend and grasp the trauma in its full essence May be it is for this reason that the writers are still obsessed with this theme but hardly any writer has contemplated the reunification of Punjab pondered Amarjit Chandan Markandey Katju 10 April 2017 India And Pakistan Must Reunite For Their Mutual Good The Huffington Post Surinder Singh s analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti s grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility given the influence that he had in the region that the area of Sandal Bar is named after him 33 Social bandit is a concept devised by Eric Hobsbawm defined as peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals but who remain within peasant society and are considered by their people as heroes as champions 38 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punjabi nationalism amp oldid 1169977544, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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