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Cambridge

January 08, 2023

This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see Cambridge (disambiguation).

Cambridge (/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/[2] KAYM-brij) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately 55 miles (89 km) north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700.[3][a] Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.

Cambridge
City and non-metropolitan district
King's College Chapel, seen from the Backs
Coat of arms
Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire
Location within England
Location within the United Kingdom
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 52°12′19″N 0°07′09″E / 52.20528°N 0.11917°E / 52.20528; 0.11917Coordinates: 52°12′19″N 0°07′09″E / 52.20528°N 0.11917°E / 52.20528; 0.11917
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionEast of England
Ceremonial countyCambridgeshire
Admin HQCambridge Guildhall
Founded1st century
City status1951
Government
 • TypeNon-metropolitan district, city
 • Governing bodyCambridge City Council
 • MayorMark Ashton (L)
 • LeaderAnna Smith (L)
 • MPs:Daniel Zeichner (L)
Anthony Browne (C)
Area
 • Total15.71 sq mi (40.7 km2)
Elevation
20 ft (6 m)
Population
 (2021 -)
 • Total145,674 (ranked 149th)
 • Ethnicity (2011)[1]
66% White British
1.4% White Irish
15% White Other
1.7% Black British
3.2% Mixed Race
11% British Asian & Chinese
1.6% other
DemonymCantabrigian
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode
CB1 – CB5
Area code01223
ONS code12UB (ONS)
E07000008 (GSS)
OS grid referenceTL450588
Websitewww.cambridge.gov.uk
Click the map for an interactive fullscreen view

The city is most famous as the home of the University of Cambridge, which was founded in 1209 and consistently ranks among the best universities in the world.[4][5] The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.

Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen, which contains industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world includes the headquarters of AstraZeneca, a hotel, and the relocated Royal Papworth Hospital.[6]

The first game of association football took place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Cambridge.

Prehistory

See also: Prehistoric Britain and British Iron Age

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.[7] Archaeological evidence of occupation through the Iron Age is a settlement on Castle Hill from the 1st century BC, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of the Belgae.[8]

Roman

Main article: Duroliponte

The principal Roman site is a small fort (castrum) Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.[9] It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads[10] and a village in the Cambridge district of Newnham.[11] A Roman coffin for Etheldreda was found next to the Roman town, and taken back by river for her burial in Ely. (Bede)[citation needed]

Medieval

 
Trinity Street in 2008 with Trinity College on the left and St John's College in the background
 
St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridgeshire, next to Corpus Christi College
 
Peterhouse was the first college to be founded at the University of Cambridge.
 
The President's Lodge, Queens' College

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the location may have been abandoned by the Britons, although the site is usually identified as Cair Grauth,[12] as listed among the 28 cities of Britain in the History of the Britons attributed to Nennius.[13][15] Evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.[16] Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known as Grantebrycge.[18] ("Granta-bridge"). (By Middle English, the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridge", deriving from the word 'Camboricum', meaning 'Passage' or 'ford' of stream in a town or settlement,[19][20] and the lower stretches of the Granta changed their name to match.[21]) Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Æthelthryth (Etheldreda).[17] Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.[17]

The arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878[22] Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.[22] After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches such as St Bene't's Church, wharves, merchant houses and a mint, which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[22]

In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror built a castle on Castle Hill, the motte of which survives.[17] Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.

The first town charter was granted by Henry I between 1120 and 1131. It gave Cambridge monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the borough court.[23] The distinctive Round Church dates from this period.[24] In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.[25][26] The oldest existing college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.[27]

In 1349 Cambridge was affected by the Black Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at King's Hall died.[28] The town north of the river was severely affected being almost wiped out.[29] Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.[28] With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namely Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall, Corpus Christi and Clare.[30]

In 1382 a revised town charter effects a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the Peasants' Revolt. The charter transfers supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and forestalling and regrating, from the town to the university.[23]

King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI.[31] The chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515, its history intertwined with the Wars of the Roses, and completed during the reign of King Henry VIII.[31] The building would become synonymous with Cambridge, and currently is used in the logo for the Cambridge City Council.[32]

Early modern

 
Cambridge in 1575

Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century,[33] sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of Hobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of the Gog Magog Hills to the southeast of Cambridge, into the centre of the town.[34]

Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regional East Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of the New Model Army.[35] In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to Oliver Cromwell, who had been educated at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge.[36] The town's castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence. Although Royalist forces came within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used, and the garrison was stood down the following year.[35]

Early-industrial era

In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly, due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.[37] The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington.[35]

The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.[38] With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such as Romsey Town.[39] The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt.[37]

20th and 21st centuries

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.[40] The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East Chesterton, King's Hedges, and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.[41]

During World War II, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.[35] The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[37] During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London.[35]

Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[35] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[42] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[43]

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin. The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road.[44]

Governance

Local government

See also: Cambridge local elections
 
Map showing the 2010 electoral boundaries of the city, with postcode districts superimposed

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district – one of six districts within the county of Cambridgeshire – and is administered by Cambridge City Council. The district covers most of the city's urban area, although some suburbs extend into the surrounding South Cambridgeshire district. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a mayor,[45] although the first recorded mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[46] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton. At the 2019 election, Labour retained its majority.[47]

Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council, which is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways.[48]

Since 2017, Cambridge has also been within the area of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority,[49] which is led by a directly elected Mayor. The city is represented on the authority by the leader of the City Council.

Westminster

See also: Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city; Daniel Zeichner (Labour) has represented the seat since the 2015 general election. The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015. A southern area of the city, Queen Edith's ward,[50] falls within the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Anthony Browne (Conservative), first elected in 2019.

The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons; Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most notable MPs. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Geography and environment

 
Aerial view of Cambridge
 
The rear of Old Court, Clare College, seen from The Backs

Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (152 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79 ft) above sea level.[51] The town was thus historically surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.[52]

The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay and Chalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,[53] partly overlaid by terrace gravel.[52] A layer of phosphatic nodules (coprolites) under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser; this became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn Exchange, Fulbourn Hospital, and St. John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.[53]

The River Cam flows through the city from the village of Grantchester, to the southwest. It is bordered by water meadows within the city such as Sheep's Green as well as residential development.[52] Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1[54] and Accordia schemes near the station,[55] and developments such as Great Kneighton, formally known as Clay Farm,[56] and Trumpington Meadows[57] currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerly NIAB), and University-led developments at West Cambridge and North West Cambridge, (Eddington).

The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.[58]

Climate

The city has an oceanic climate. (Köppen: Cfb).[59] Cambridge has an official weather observing station, at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, about one mile (1.6 km) south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the university's Department of Computer Science and Technology[60] maintains a weather station on the West Cambridge site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an app, and also an archive dating back to 1995.[61]

The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream. Located in the driest region of Britain,[62][63] Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm (22.44 in) per year, around half the national average,[64] The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)[65] of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.[66] This is just below the semi-arid precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350mm of annual precipitation.[67] Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.[68] Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.

Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB[69] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[70] are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.[71] The absolute maximum stands at 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.[72] Before this date, Cambridge held the record for the all-time maximum temperature in the UK, after recording 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,[73] with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)[74] over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,[75] although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[76] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,[77] −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013[78] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)[79] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[80] to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[81] per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[82] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.

Climate data for Cambridge University Botanic Garden,[b] elevation: 13 m (43 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.9
(103.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		29.3
(84.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		39.9
(103.8)
Average high °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		19.9
(67.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		15.1
(59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		10.8
(51.4)
Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3.1
(37.6) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.5
(43.7)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−17.2
(1.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.2
(1.86) 		35.9
(1.41) 		32.2
(1.27) 		36.2
(1.43) 		43.9
(1.73) 		52.3
(2.06) 		53.2
(2.09) 		57.6
(2.27) 		49.3
(1.94) 		56.5
(2.22) 		54.4
(2.14) 		49.8
(1.96) 		568.4
(22.38)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.7 8.9 8.1 7.9 7.4 8.7 8.4 8.7 8.1 9.5 10.5 10.3 107.3
Source: ECA&D[83]


Ecology

The city contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,[84] and ten Local Nature Reserves (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen, Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.[85]

Green belt

Further information: Cambridge Green Belt

Cambridge is completely enclosed by green belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.[86][87] While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire[88] and nearby East Cambridgeshire[89] districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.[90]

Demography

 
Population pyramid of Cambridge in 2020

At the 2011 Census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,[91] while that of the City Council area was 123,867.[92]

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.[93] Within the university, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identified as white (including overseas students).[94]

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[95] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[95] In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).[96]

Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and a Gini coefficient of 0.460 in 2018.[97][98]

Historical population

Year Population Year Population
1749 6,131 6131
 
 1901 38,379 38379
 
⋮ 1911 40,027 40027
 
1801 10,087 10087
 
 1921 59,212 59212
 
1811 11,108 11108
 
 1931 66,789 66789
 
1821 14,142 14142
 
 1951 81,500 81500
 
1831 20,917 20917
 
 1961 95,527 95527
 
1841 24,453 24453
 
 1971 99,168 99168
 
1851 27,815 27815
 
 1981 87,209 87209
 
1861 26,361 26361
 
 1991 107,496 107496
 
1871 30,078 30078
 
 2001 108,863 108863
 
1891 36,983 36983
 
 2011 123,900 123900
 

Local census 1749[99] Census: Regional District 1801–1901[100] Civil Parish 1911–1961[101] District 1971–2011[102]

Ethnicity

Ethnic Group Year
1991[103] 2001[104] 2011[105] 2021[106]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 86,519 94.1% 102,096 93.8% 97,365 78.6% 108,570 74.6%
White: British – – 81,742 75.1% 85,472 69% 77,195 53.0%
White: Irish – – 1,767 1,708 1,885 1.3%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – 109 110 0.1%
White: Roma 885 0.6%
White: Other – – 18,587 17.1% 10,185 8.2% 28,495 19.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total 3,371 3.7% 6,410, 5.9% 13,618, 11% 21,626 14.9%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 906 1,952 3,413 5916 4.1%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 248 513 742 1500 1.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 438 976 1,849 2874 2.0%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 909 2,325 4,454 6362 4.4%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 870 644 3,160 4974 3.4%
Black or Black British: Total 1,080 1.2% 1,461 1.3% 2,097 1.7% 3,561 2.4%
Black or Black British: African 315 786 1,300 2519 1.7%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 454 547 598 639 0.4%
Black or Black British: Other Black 311 128 199 403 0.3%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – 2,141 2% 3,944 3.2% 7,410 5.2%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – 454 728 1152 0.8%
Mixed: White and Black African – – 214 470 1010 0.7%
Mixed: White and Asian – – 735 1,501 2987 2.1%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 738 1,245 2261 1.6%
Other: Total 963 1% 1,486 1.4% 2,003 1.6% 4,507 3.1%
Other: Arab – – – – 908 1,141 0.8%
Other: Any other ethnic group 963 1% 1,486 1.4% 1,095 3,366 2.3%
Total 91,933 100% 108,863 100% 123,867 100% 145,674 100%

Religion

Religion 2001[107] 2011[108] 2021[109]
Number % Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 69,433 63.8 65,828 53.1 66,225 45.5
  Christian 62,764 57.7 55,514 44.8 51,335 35.2
  Buddhist 1,139 1.0 1,573 1.3 1,668 1.1
  Hindu 1,293 1.2 2,058 1.7 3,301 2.3
  Jewish 850 0.8 870 0.7 1,057 0.7
  Muslim 2,651 2.4 4,897 4.0 7,392 5.1
  Sikh 205 0.2 213 0.2 322 0.2
Other religion 531 0.5 703 0.6 1,122 0.8
No religion 28,965 26.6 46,839 37.8 65,160 44.7
Religion not stated 10,465 9.6 11,200 9.0 14,315 9.8
Total population 108,863 100.0 123,867 100.0 145,700 100.0

Economy

 
Cambridge Market viewed from the Tower of St. Mary the Great

The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge[110] The town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".[111] For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.[111] Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.[112]

Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.[113] Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" by Forbes in 2010,[114] with the view from The Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by National Trust chair Simon Jenkins, tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy.[115]

Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.[116] Cambridge Science Park, which is the largest commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned by Trinity College;[117][118] St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre.[119] Technology companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair.[120] Microsoft has located its Microsoft Research UK offices in West Cambridge, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading, and also has an office on Station Road.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd, founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory; it began by supplying the university and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.[37] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Sepura. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Cambridge
 
A guided bus on the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway

Road

Due to its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network.[121] The M11 motorway from east London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins the A14, a major freight route which connects the port of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands. The A428 connects the city with the A1 at St Neots: the route continues westwards towards Oxford (as the A421) via Bedford and Milton Keynes. The A10 connects the city to King's Lynn to the north via Ely and is the historic route south to the City of London.

As of November 2022, the Greater Cambridge Partnership is consulting on plans comprising: transforming the bus network; investing in other sustainable travel scheme; and creating a sustainable travel zone, which includes the introduction of a congestion charge.[122]

Cycling

As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[123] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[124]

Park and ride

Cambridge has five Park and Ride sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.[125] Since 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives, Huntingdon and other towns and villages along the routes, operated by Stagecoach in the Fens and Whippet.[126] The A service continues on to the railway station and Addenbrookes, before terminating at a new Park and Ride in Trumpington. Since 2017, it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station.

Air

Although Cambridge has its own airport, Cambridge City Airport, it has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights[127] and by Marshall Aerospace for aircraft maintenance. London Stansted Airport, about 30 miles (48 km) south via the M11 or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations.

Metro

In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as the Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro. It would have connected the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations, Cambridge Science Park, and Haverhill.[128] In May 2021 the newly elected mayor said he was focused instead on a "revamped bus network" but would not yet abandon the work done.

Rail

Cambridge railway station was opened in 1845, initially linking to Bishopsgate station in London, via Bishops Stortford.[129] Further lines opened throughout the 19th century, including the Cambridge and St Ives branch line, the Stour Valley Railway, the Cambridge to Mildenhall railway, and the Varsity Line to Oxford. Another station was opened in Cherry Hinton though, at the time, this was a separate village to Cambridge. Several of these lines were closed during the 1960s.

Today, Cambridge station has direct rail links to London with termini at London King's Cross (via the Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line), Liverpool Street (on the West Anglia Main Line) and St Pancras (on the Thameslink line). Commuter trains to King's Cross run every half-hour during peak hours, with a journey time of 53 minutes.[130] Trains also run to King's Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line), Norwich (via the Breckland Line), Leicester, Birmingham, Peterborough, Stevenage, Ipswich, Stansted Airport, Brighton and Gatwick Airport railway stations.

A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017, having originally planned to open in March 2015.[131][132][133] A third railway station, Cambridge South, near Addenbrooke's Hospital, has been proposed;[134] it is expected to open in 2025.[135]

Education

See also: List of schools in Cambridgeshire
 
Anglia Ruskin University evolved from the nineteenth-century Cambridge School of Art, opened by educationist and art figure John Ruskin in 1858

Cambridge's two universities,[136] the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.[137] Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662,[138] and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.[139] ARU now (2019) has additional campuses in London and Peterborough. State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,[140] 35 of them in Cambridge city.[141] Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College), North Cambridge Academy and the Christian inter-denominational St Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education.[142] Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.[143] Independent schools in the city include The Perse School, Stephen Perse Foundation, Sancton Wood School, St Mary's School, Heritage School and The Leys School.[144] The city has one university technical college, Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology, which opened in September 2014.

Sport

Football

 
Parker's Piece, where the Cambridge rules were first played

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a 'defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules' which again were first played on Parker's Piece.[145]

The city is home to Cambridge United FC, who play at the Abbey Stadium. Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid-1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons and, in 1992, they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League; however, they were beaten in the play-offs and another decline set in. In 2005, they were relegated from the Football League and, for the second time in 20 years, narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non-league football, they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference National play-offs.

Cambridge United WFC is a women's only football club based in Cambridge. The team compete in the FA Women's National League South East. The club plays home games at St Neots Town F.C. and the Abbey Stadium.

Cambridge City FC of the Southern Football League Premier Division now play in the adjoining village of Histon. Formed in Cambridge in 1908, as Cambridge Town, the club were Southern Premier League champions in 1962–63, the highest they have finished in the English football pyramid. After a legal dispute with their landlords,[146] the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013-14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city, in Sawston.

Cricket

Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.[147] The University of Cambridge's cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.[148] The Cambridgeshire Cricket Association operates an amateur club cricket league with six adult divisions, including numerous clubs in the city, plus junior divisions.[149] Most of the university colleges also operate their own teams, and there are several casual village cricket teams that play in the city suburbs.

Rugby

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. were founded in 1923 [150] and play in National League 1[151] at their home ground, Grantchester Road, in the south-west corner of the city. Cambridge Lions represent the city in rugby league and are members of East Rugby League.[152]

Watersports

The River Cam, which runs through the city centre, is used for boating. The university and its colleges are well known for rowing and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the university.[153] Rowing clubs based in the city include City of Cambridge RC, Cambridge '99 RC, Cantabrigian RC and Rob Roy BC. Parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

Cambridge Swimming Club, Cambridge Dive team and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool.[154]

Parkour/freerunning

Home and training ground to many influential traceurs, Cambridge is well known for its vibrant, and at times high-profile, parkour and freerunning scene.[155][156]

Other sports

Cambridge is home to two real tennis courts (out of about 50 in the world) at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.[157][158] Cambridgeshire Cats play American football at Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals are members of the British Baseball Federation's Triple-A South Division.[159] Cambridge has two cycling clubs: Team Cambridge[160] and Cambridge Cycling Club.[161] Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club[162] is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track. Cambridge Handball Club compete in the men's England Handball National Super 8 League and the women's England Handball National Super 7 League. There are three field hockey clubs; Cambridge City Hockey Club, Cambridge South Hockey Club and Cambridge Nomads. The city is also represented in polo by Cambridge Polo Club, based in Barton, just outside the city. The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play roller derby in Cambridge.[163] Speedway racing was formerly staged at a greyhound stadium in Coldhams Lane.[164]

Varsity sports

Cambridge is known for the sporting events between the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race, though many of these do not take place within either Cambridge or Oxford.

Culture

Theatre

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[165] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1,800 standing or 1,200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.[166] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.[166] The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of Cambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[167] The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

Museums

Within the city there are several notable museums, some run by the University of Cambridge Museums consortium and others independent of it.

The Fitzwilliam Museum is the city's largest, and is the lead museum of the University of Cambridge Museums. Founded in 1816 from the bequeathment and collections of Richard, Viscount FitzWilliam, the museum was originally located in the building of the Perse Grammar School in Free School Lane.[168] After a brief housing in the University of Cambridge library, it moved to its current, purpose-built building on Trumpington Street in 1848.[168] The museum has five departments: Antiquities; Applied Arts; Coins and Medals; Manuscripts and Printed Books; and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Other members of the University of Cambridge Museums are the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Polar Museum, The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Museum of Classical Archaeology, The Whipple Museum of the History of Science, and the University Museum of Zoology.

The Museum of Cambridge, formerly known as the Cambridge & County Folk Museum, is a social history museum located in a former pub on Castle Street.[169] The Centre for Computing History, a museum dedicated to the story of the Information age, moved to Cambridge from Haverhill in 2013.[170] Housed in a former sewage pumping station, the Cambridge Museum of Technology has a collection of large exhibits related to the city's industrial heritage.

Music

Popular music

Pink Floyd are the most notable band with roots in Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Bands that were formed in Cambridge include Clean Bandit, Henry Cow, The Movies, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys,[171] Ezio[172] The Broken Family Band,[173] Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats,[174] and the pop-classical group the King's Singers, who were formed at the university.[175] Solo artist Boo Hewerdine[176] is from Cambridge, as are drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics. Singers Matthew Bellamy,[177] of the rock band Muse, Tom Robinson,[178] Olivia Newton-John[179] and Charli XCX were born in the city. 2012 Mercury Prize winners Alt-J are based in Cambridge.[180]

Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the Cambridge Corn Exchange, Cambridge Junction and the Portland Arms,[181] as well as The Blue Moon.[182]

Classical music

Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.[183] The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July.[184]

Contemporary art

Cambridge contains Kettle's Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and the Heong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 at Downing College.[185] Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.[186] Wysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.[187] Artist-run organisations including Aid & Abet,[181] Cambridge Art Salon, Changing Spaces[188] and Motion Sickness[189] also run exhibitions, events and artists' studios in the city, often in short-term or temporary spaces.

Festivals and events

 
Festival-goers attending the 2014 Cambridge Folk Festival

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John.[190] Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, on Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974.[191]

Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the university's colleges and chapels.[192] The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[193] Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, moving to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.[194]

The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.[195] The Cambridge Literary Festival, which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non-fiction, is held bi-annually in April and November.[196] Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.[197] Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,[198] the E-luminate Festival, which took place every February from 2013 to 2018,[199][200] and The Big Weekend, a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.[201]

Three Cambridge Free Festivals held in 1969, 1970, and 1971 that featured artists including David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, Spontaneous Combustion, UFO and others are believed by the festival organiser to have been the first free multiple-day rock music festivals held in the UK.[202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210]

Literature and film

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated,[211] Kate Atkinson's Case Histories,[212] Rebecca Stott's Ghostwalk[213] and Robert Harris' Enigma,[214][215] while Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge.[216] Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece, and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.[217]

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional college in Porterhouse Blue.[218]

ITV TV series Granchester was partly filmed in Cambridge.[219]

Television

News and television programmes are broadcast from the BBC East studio in Cambridge that is home to BBC Look East (West) which covers the city, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire) and parts of Hertfordshire.[220] ITV Anglia is another TV news which broadcasts from Norwich.[221]

Public services

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres in the city and a teaching hospital at Addenbrooke's. Located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated regional trauma centre.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.[222] The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.[223] Cambridgeshire Constabulary provides the city's policing; the main police station is at Parkside,[224] adjacent to the city's fire station, operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.[225]

Cambridge Water Company supplies water services to the city,[226] while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.[227] For the supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is UK Power Networks.[228] The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.[229] The Cambridge Electric Supply Company had provided the city with electricity since the early twentieth century from Cambridge power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the small 7.26 megawatt (MW) coal fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city.[230]

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[231] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[231] and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[232] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[232][233] As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.[234]

The Cambridge City Cemetery is located to the north of Newmarket Road.

Religion

 
Great St Mary's Church marks the centre of Cambridge
 
St Botolph's Church
 
Castle Street Methodist Church, the older of the two Methodist churches
 
The atrium of Cambridge Central Mosque

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely.[235]Great St Mary's Church has the status of "University Church".[236] Many of the university colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic.[237] The city also has a number of theological colleges training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia and is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road, St Laurence's on Milton Road, St Vincent De Paul Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard, in Cherry Hinton Road.[238]

There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Diocese of Sourozh who worship at the chapel of Westcott House,[239] the Greek Orthodox Church holds services at the purpose-built St Athanasios church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain,[240] while the Romanian Orthodox Church share St Giles' with the Church of England.[241]

There are two Methodist churches in the city. Wesley Methodist Church was built in 1913, and is located next to Christ's Pieces. The Castle Street Methodist Church is the oldest of the two, having been built in 1823, and was formerly a Primitive Methodist church.

There are three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in Pembroke College.[242]

An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish Students.[243][244] The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school,[245] opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.[246] There is also a student-led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday evenings.

Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.[247][248] Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque[249] and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.[250][251][252]

Cambridge Buddhist Centre, which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community, was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[253] There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society.[254] A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road.[255][256]

A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982, and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013.[257][258]

Twinned cities

Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg, Germany since 1965,[259] and Szeged, Hungary since 1987.[259]

Panoramic gallery

 
King's Parade seen from outside St. Mary the Great
 
Panorama of the city centre, viewed from the tower of St. Mary the Great
 
Panorama of Trinity Street

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ As of October 2022, the ONS has yet to release data for the wider built-up area (which extends outside the city limits).
  2. ^ Weather station is located 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the Cambridge city centre.

References

  1. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Cambridge Local Authority (2092957699)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Cambridge". Collins Dictionary. n.d. from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  3. ^ "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  4. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  5. ^ Cairns, Richard (1 October 2011). . The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  6. ^ "Papworth heart and lung specialist hospital to move". BBC News. 3 December 2013. from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  7. ^ "Bronze Age site is found in city". BBC News. 17 January 2008. from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  8. ^ . Cambridge City Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  9. ^ Gray, Ronald D; Stubbings, Derek (2000). Cambridge Street-Names: Their Origins and Associations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780521789561.
  10. ^ Henley, John (28 August 2009). "The Roman foundations of Cambridge". The Guardian. London. from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2012. 'What's interesting about Cambridge is that with these tracts of land bequeathed to the university, you have a lot of preserved green space coming in close to the city centre,' says Chris Evans, head of the Cambridge unit. 'It hasn't been developed in the intervening centuries. There are iron-age and Roman farmsteads literally every 200–300 metres.'
  11. ^ "Schoolgirls unearth Roman village under College garden". University of Cambridge. 22 September 2010. from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Large amounts of Roman pottery convinced both Dr Hills and Dr Lewis that they had dug through to the remains of a 2,000-year-old settlement, significant because it suggests that the Roman presence at Newnham was far more considerable than previously thought.
  12. ^ Nennius (attrib.). Theodor Mommsen (ed.). Historia Brittonum, VI. Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at Latin Wikisource.
  13. ^ Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine" at Britannia. 2000.
  14. ^ Newman, John Henry & al. Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine James Toovey (London), 1844.
  15. ^ Although note that Bishop Ussher believed the listing to refer to the Cambridge in Gloucestershire.[14]
  16. ^ Burnham, Barry C; Wacher, John (1990). The Small Towns of Roman Britain. London: B T Batsford.
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  18. ^ In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, cited by Roach.[17]
  19. ^ A Dictionary, english-latin, and latin-english containing all things necessary for the translating of either language into the other By Elisha Coles · 1679
  20. ^ A Restoration of the Ancient Modes of Bestowing Names on the Rivers, Hills, Vallies, Plains, and Settlements of Britain by Gilbert Dyer Publication date 1805 (page 242)
  21. ^ Chance, F. (13 November 1869). "Cambridge". Notes and Queries: A Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. London: Bell & Daldy. 4: 401–404. OCLC 644126889. from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  22. ^ a b c Nugent Lawrence Brooke, Christopher; Riehl Leader, Damien (1988). A history of the University of Cambridge. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10 [10]. ISBN 0-521-32882-9. from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  23. ^ a b Roach, J.P.C., ed. (1959). "The city of Cambridge: Constitutional history". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University of Cambridge. Victoria County History. from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012 – via Institute of Historical Research.
  24. ^ Roach, J. P. C., ed. (1959). "The city of Cambridge: Churches". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge. London: Victoria County History. pp. 123–132. from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  25. ^ Bailey, Simon (18 December 2009). "The hanging of the clerks in 1209". BBC News. from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  26. ^ "University and Colleges: A Brief History". University of Cambridge. 7 February 2008. from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  27. ^ "About the College". Peterhouse College. from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  28. ^ a b Ziegler, Philip; Platt, Colin (1998). The Black Death (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-14-027524-7.
  29. ^ Atkinson, Thomas (1897). Cambridge, Described and Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University. London: Macmillan. p. 41. OCLC 1663499. from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016. The Ward beyond the Bridge, that is, all the town on the Castle side of the river, appears to have been almost entirely destroyed. Most of the people in the parish of All Saints' in Castro died and those that escaped left the neighbourhood for other parishes.
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  32. ^ Pennick, Nigel (9 January 2012). Secrets of King's College Chapel. Karnac Books. p. 3.
  33. ^ Roach, J. P. C., ed. (1959). "The city of Cambridge: Public health". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge. London: Victoria County History. pp. 101–108. from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  34. ^ "Cambridgeshire > Natural History > Cam Valley Walk > Stage 7". BBC Cambridgeshire. from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Cambridge
  • Bowes, Robert (1894). A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. OCLC 1064186. OL 23284674M.
  • Rawle, Tim (author and photographer), John Adamson (editor). Cambridge (new ed. with foreword by William Bortrick). Cambridge: The Oxbridge Portfolio (2016), 204 pp. ISBN 978-0-9572867-2-6

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Cambridge.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambridge.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cambridge.
  • Cambridge City Council
  • Greater Cambridge Partnership
  • Cambridgeshire Association for Local History
  • Cambridgeshire Community Archives
  • Visit Cambridge: the official tourism website for Cambridge

January 08, 2023
cambridge, this, article, about, city, england, other, uses, disambiguation, kaym, brij, university, city, county, town, shire, england, located, river, approximately, miles, north, london, 2021, united, kingdom, census, population, became, important, trading,. This article is about the city in England For other uses see Cambridge disambiguation Cambridge ˈ k eɪ m b r ɪ dʒ 2 KAYM brij is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire England It is located on the River Cam approximately 55 miles 89 km north of London As of the 2021 United Kingdom census the population of Cambridge was 145 700 3 a Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age The first town charters were granted in the 12th century although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 CambridgeCity and non metropolitan districtKing s College Chapel seen from the BacksCoat of armsCambridge shown within CambridgeshireLocation within EnglandShow map of EnglandLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 52 12 19 N 0 07 09 E 52 20528 N 0 11917 E 52 20528 0 11917 Coordinates 52 12 19 N 0 07 09 E 52 20528 N 0 11917 E 52 20528 0 11917Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryEnglandRegionEast of EnglandCeremonial countyCambridgeshireAdmin HQCambridge GuildhallFounded1st centuryCity status1951Government TypeNon metropolitan district city Governing bodyCambridge City Council MayorMark Ashton L LeaderAnna Smith L MPs Daniel Zeichner L Anthony Browne C Area Total15 71 sq mi 40 7 km2 Elevation20 ft 6 m Population 2021 Total145 674 ranked 149th Ethnicity 2011 1 66 White British1 4 White Irish15 White Other1 7 Black British3 2 Mixed Race11 British Asian amp Chinese1 6 otherDemonymCantabrigianTime zoneUTC 0 Greenwich Mean Time Summer DST UTC 1 BST PostcodeCB1 CB5Area code01223ONS code12UB ONS E07000008 GSS OS grid referenceTL450588Websitewww cambridge gov ukClick the map for an interactive fullscreen viewThe city is most famous as the home of the University of Cambridge which was founded in 1209 and consistently ranks among the best universities in the world 4 5 The buildings of the university include King s College Chapel Cavendish Laboratory and the Cambridge University Library one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world The city s skyline is dominated by several college buildings along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church and the chimney of Addenbrooke s Hospital Anglia Ruskin University which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology also has its main campus in the city Cambridge is at the heart of the high technology Silicon Fen which contains industries such as software and bioscience and many start up companies born out of the university Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification more than twice the national average The Cambridge Biomedical Campus one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world includes the headquarters of AstraZeneca a hotel and the relocated Royal Papworth Hospital 6 The first game of association football took place at Parker s Piece The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King s Cross railway station Contents 1 History 1 1 Prehistory 1 2 Roman 1 3 Medieval 1 4 Early modern 1 5 Early industrial era 1 6 20th and 21st centuries 2 Governance 2 1 Local government 2 2 Westminster 3 Geography and environment 3 1 Climate 3 2 Ecology 3 3 Green belt 4 Demography 4 1 Historical population 4 2 Ethnicity 4 3 Religion 5 Economy 6 Transport 6 1 Road 6 2 Cycling 6 3 Park and ride 6 4 Air 6 5 Metro 6 6 Rail 7 Education 8 Sport 8 1 Football 8 2 Cricket 8 3 Rugby 8 4 Watersports 8 5 Parkour freerunning 8 6 Other sports 8 7 Varsity sports 9 Culture 9 1 Theatre 9 2 Museums 9 3 Music 9 3 1 Popular music 9 3 2 Classical music 9 4 Contemporary art 9 5 Festivals and events 9 6 Literature and film 9 7 Television 10 Public services 11 Religion 12 Twinned cities 13 Panoramic gallery 14 See also 15 Explanatory notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Cambridge Prehistory Edit See also Prehistoric Britain and British Iron Age Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3 500 year old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College 7 Archaeological evidence of occupation through the Iron Age is a settlement on Castle Hill from the 1st century BC perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of the Belgae 8 Roman Edit Main article Duroliponte The principal Roman site is a small fort castrum Duroliponte on Castle Hill just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle s Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill 9 It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads 10 and a village in the Cambridge district of Newnham 11 A Roman coffin for Etheldreda was found next to the Roman town and taken back by river for her burial in Ely Bede citation needed Medieval Edit Trinity Street in 2008 with Trinity College on the left and St John s College in the background St Bene t s Church the oldest standing building in Cambridgeshire next to Corpus Christi College Peterhouse was the first college to be founded at the University of Cambridge The President s Lodge Queens College Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410 the location may have been abandoned by the Britons although the site is usually identified as Cair Grauth 12 as listed among the 28 cities of Britain in the History of the Britons attributed to Nennius 13 15 Evidence exists that the invading Anglo Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century 16 Their settlement also on and around Castle Hill became known as Grantebrycge 18 Granta bridge By Middle English the settlement s name had changed to Cambridge deriving from the word Camboricum meaning Passage or ford of stream in a town or settlement 19 20 and the lower stretches of the Granta changed their name to match 21 Anglo Saxon grave goods have been found in the area During this period Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard to travel fenlands By the 7th century the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of AEthelthryth Etheldreda 17 Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river 17 The arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle in 875 Viking rule the Danelaw had been imposed by 878 22 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank 22 After the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a return to power building churches such as St Bene t s Church wharves merchant houses and a mint which produced coins with the town s name abbreviated to Grant 22 In 1068 two years after the Norman Conquest of England William the Conqueror built a castle on Castle Hill the motte of which survives 17 Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies The first town charter was granted by Henry I between 1120 and 1131 It gave Cambridge monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the borough court 23 The distinctive Round Church dates from this period 24 In 1209 Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility 25 26 The oldest existing college Peterhouse was founded in 1284 27 In 1349 Cambridge was affected by the Black Death Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at King s Hall died 28 The town north of the river was severely affected being almost wiped out 29 Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361 a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church 28 With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen namely Gonville Hall Trinity Hall Corpus Christi and Clare 30 In 1382 a revised town charter effects a diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed due to Cambridge s participation in the Peasants Revolt The charter transfers supervision of baking and brewing weights and measures and forestalling and regrating from the town to the university 23 King s College Chapel was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI 31 The chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515 its history intertwined with the Wars of the Roses and completed during the reign of King Henry VIII 31 The building would become synonymous with Cambridge and currently is used in the logo for the Cambridge City Council 32 Early modern Edit Cambridge in 1575 Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century 33 sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of Hobson s Conduit in the early 1600s Water was brought from Nine Wells at the foot of the Gog Magog Hills to the southeast of Cambridge into the centre of the town 34 Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern Counties Association an organisation administering a regional East Anglian army which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of the New Model Army 35 In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to Oliver Cromwell who had been educated at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge 36 The town s castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence Although Royalist forces came within 2 miles 3 km of the town in 1644 the defences were never used and the garrison was stood down the following year 35 Early industrial era Edit In the 19th century in common with many other English towns Cambridge expanded rapidly due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets 37 The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton Cherry Hinton and Trumpington 35 The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway s London to Norwich line The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates 38 With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station such as Romsey Town 39 The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries such as the production of brick cement and malt 37 20th and 21st centuries Edit From the 1930s to the 1980s the size of the city was increased by several large council estates 40 The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river which are now the estates of East Chesterton King s Hedges and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s 41 During World War II Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast The town became a military centre with an R A F training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk Suffolk Essex Cambridgeshire Huntingdonshire Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire established during the conflict 35 The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids which were mainly targeted at the railway 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged In 1944 a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe 37 During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7 000 people from London as well as for parts of the University of London 35 Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history administrative importance and economic success 35 Cambridge does not have a cathedral traditionally a prerequisite for city status instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely In 1962 Cambridge s first shopping arcade Bradwell s Court opened on Drummer Street though this was demolished in 2006 42 Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard which housed a relocated Central Library for the city and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city This latter project was controversial at the time 43 The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005 the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin The Open University also has a presence in the city with an office operating on Hills Road 44 Governance EditLocal government Edit See also Cambridge local elections Map showing the 2010 electoral boundaries of the city with postcode districts superimposed Cambridge is a non metropolitan district one of six districts within the county of Cambridgeshire and is administered by Cambridge City Council The district covers most of the city s urban area although some suburbs extend into the surrounding South Cambridgeshire district The city council s headquarters are in the Guildhall a large building in the market square Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207 which permitted the appointment of a mayor 45 although the first recorded mayor Harvey FitzEustace served in 1213 46 City councillors now elect a mayor annually For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards Abbey Arbury Castle Cherry Hinton Coleridge East Chesterton King s Hedges Market Newnham Petersfield Queen Edith s Romsey Trumpington and West Chesterton At the 2019 election Labour retained its majority 47 Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council which is responsible for services including school education social care and highways 48 Since 2017 Cambridge has also been within the area of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority 49 which is led by a directly elected Mayor The city is represented on the authority by the leader of the City Council Westminster Edit See also Cambridge UK Parliament constituency The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city Daniel Zeichner Labour has represented the seat since the 2015 general election The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992 then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010 before returning to Labour in 2015 A southern area of the city Queen Edith s ward 50 falls within the South Cambridgeshire constituency whose MP is Anthony Browne Conservative first elected in 2019 The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most notable MPs The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election along with the other university constituencies Geography and environment Edit Aerial view of Cambridge The rear of Old Court Clare College seen from The Backs Cambridge is situated about 55 miles 89 km north by east of London and 95 miles 152 kilometres east of Birmingham The city is located in an area of level and relatively low lying terrain just south of the Fens which varies between 6 and 24 metres 20 and 79 ft above sea level 51 The town was thus historically surrounded by low lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded 52 The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay and Chalk Marl known locally as Cambridge Greensand 53 partly overlaid by terrace gravel 52 A layer of phosphatic nodules coprolites under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser this became a major industry in the county and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn Exchange Fulbourn Hospital and St John s Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production 53 The River Cam flows through the city from the village of Grantchester to the southwest It is bordered by water meadows within the city such as Sheep s Green as well as residential development 52 Like most cities modern day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high density housing The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial historic buildings and large green areas such as Jesus Green Parker s Piece and Midsummer Common Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century with estates such as the CB1 54 and Accordia schemes near the station 55 and developments such as Great Kneighton formally known as Clay Farm 56 and Trumpington Meadows 57 currently under construction in the south of the city Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green formerly NIAB and University led developments at West Cambridge and North West Cambridge Eddington The entire city centre as well as parts of Chesterton Petersfield West Cambridge Newnham and Abbey are covered by an Air Quality Management Area implemented to counter high levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere 58 Climate Edit The city has an oceanic climate Koppen Cfb 59 Cambridge has an official weather observing station at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden about one mile 1 6 km south of the city centre In addition the Digital Technology Group of the university s Department of Computer Science and Technology 60 maintains a weather station on the West Cambridge site displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an app and also an archive dating back to 1995 61 The city like most of the UK has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream Located in the driest region of Britain 62 63 Cambridge s rainfall averages around 570 mm 22 44 in per year around half the national average 64 The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380 4 mm 14 98 in 65 of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347 2 mm 13 67 in at the NIAB site 66 This is just below the semi arid precipitation threshold for the area which is 350mm of annual precipitation 67 Conversely 2012 was the wettest year on record with 812 7 mm 32 00 in reported 68 Snowfall accumulations are usually small in part because of Cambridge s low elevation and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events Owing to its low lying inland and easterly position within the British Isles summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year 30 2 C 86 4 F in July 2008 at NIAB 69 and 30 1 C 86 2 F in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden 70 are two recent examples Other years include 1876 1887 1888 1892 1897 1899 and 1900 71 The absolute maximum stands at 39 9 C 103 8 F recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden 72 Before this date Cambridge held the record for the all time maximum temperature in the UK after recording 38 7 C 101 7 F on 25 July 2019 Typically the temperature will reach 25 1 C 77 2 F or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981 2010 period 73 with the annual warmest day averaging 31 5 C 88 7 F 74 over the same period The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was 17 2 C 1 0 F recorded in February 1947 75 although a minimum of 17 8 C 0 0 F was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879 76 More recently the temperature fell to 15 3 C 4 5 F on 11 February 2012 77 12 2 C 10 0 F on 22 January 2013 78 and 10 9 C 12 4 F 79 on 20 December 2010 The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42 8 days at the NIAB site 80 to 48 3 days at the Botanic Garden 81 per year over the 1981 2010 period Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to 8 0 C 17 6 F 82 Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England Sunshine averages around 1 500 hours a year or around 35 of possible a level typical of most locations in inland central England vteClimate data for Cambridge University Botanic Garden b elevation 13 m 43 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1914 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 7 60 3 18 8 65 8 23 9 75 0 27 9 82 2 31 1 88 0 35 0 95 0 39 9 103 8 36 9 98 4 33 9 93 0 29 3 84 7 21 1 70 0 16 0 60 8 39 9 103 8 Average high C F 7 8 46 0 8 6 47 5 11 5 52 7 14 6 58 3 18 0 64 4 20 8 69 4 23 3 73 9 22 9 73 2 19 9 67 8 15 3 59 5 10 9 51 6 8 1 46 6 15 1 59 2 Daily mean C F 4 8 40 6 5 2 41 4 7 3 45 1 9 7 49 5 12 8 55 0 15 6 60 1 17 9 64 2 17 7 63 9 15 0 59 0 11 4 52 5 7 5 45 5 5 0 41 0 10 8 51 4 Average low C F 1 7 35 1 1 7 35 1 3 1 37 6 4 7 40 5 7 5 45 5 10 5 50 9 12 6 54 7 12 5 54 5 10 2 50 4 7 4 45 3 4 2 39 6 1 9 35 4 6 5 43 7 Record low C F 16 1 3 0 17 2 1 0 11 7 10 9 6 1 21 0 4 4 24 1 0 6 30 9 2 2 36 0 3 3 37 9 2 2 28 0 6 5 20 3 13 3 8 1 15 6 3 9 17 2 1 0 Average precipitation mm inches 47 2 1 86 35 9 1 41 32 2 1 27 36 2 1 43 43 9 1 73 52 3 2 06 53 2 2 09 57 6 2 27 49 3 1 94 56 5 2 22 54 4 2 14 49 8 1 96 568 4 22 38 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 10 7 8 9 8 1 7 9 7 4 8 7 8 4 8 7 8 1 9 5 10 5 10 3 107 3Source ECA amp D 83 Ecology Edit The city contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest SSSIs at Cherry Hinton East Pit Cherry Hinton West Pit and Travellers Pit 84 and ten Local Nature Reserves LNRs Sheep s Green and Coe Fen Coldham s Common Stourbridge Common Nine Wells Byron s Pool West Pit Paradise Barnwell West Barnwell East and Logan s Meadow 85 Green belt Edit Further information Cambridge Green Belt Cambridge is completely enclosed by green belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992 86 87 While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city s boundary much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire 88 and nearby East Cambridgeshire 89 districts helping to maintain local green space prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city 90 Demography Edit Population pyramid of Cambridge in 2020 At the 2011 Census the population of the Cambridge contiguous built up area urban area was 158 434 91 while that of the City Council area was 123 867 92 In the 2001 Census held during University term 89 44 of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white compared with a national average of 92 12 93 Within the university 84 of undergraduates and 80 of post graduates identified as white including overseas students 94 Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional managerial or administrative jobs 32 6 vs 23 5 95 and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers 27 6 vs 40 2 95 In addition 41 2 have a higher level qualification e g degree Higher National Diploma Master s or PhD much higher than the national average proportion 19 7 96 Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK s most unequal city in 2017 and 2018 Residents income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured with its top 6 earners accounting for 19 of its total income and the bottom 20 for only 2 and a Gini coefficient of 0 460 in 2018 97 98 Historical population Edit Year Population Year Population1749 6 131 6131 1901 38 379 38379 1911 40 027 40027 1801 10 087 10087 1921 59 212 59212 1811 11 108 11108 1931 66 789 66789 1821 14 142 14142 1951 81 500 81500 1831 20 917 20917 1961 95 527 95527 1841 24 453 24453 1971 99 168 99168 1851 27 815 27815 1981 87 209 87209 1861 26 361 26361 1991 107 496 107496 1871 30 078 30078 2001 108 863 108863 1891 36 983 36983 2011 123 900 123900 Local census 1749 99 Census Regional District 1801 1901 100 Civil Parish 1911 1961 101 District 1971 2011 102 Ethnicity Edit Ethnic Group Year1991 103 2001 104 2011 105 2021 106 Number Number Number Number White Total 86 519 94 1 102 096 93 8 97 365 78 6 108 570 74 6 White British 81 742 75 1 85 472 69 77 195 53 0 White Irish 1 767 1 708 1 885 1 3 White Gypsy or Irish Traveller 109 110 0 1 White Roma 885 0 6 White Other 18 587 17 1 10 185 8 2 28 495 19 6 Asian or Asian British Total 3 371 3 7 6 410 5 9 13 618 11 21 626 14 9 Asian or Asian British Indian 906 1 952 3 413 5916 4 1 Asian or Asian British Pakistani 248 513 742 1500 1 0 Asian or Asian British Bangladeshi 438 976 1 849 2874 2 0 Asian or Asian British Chinese 909 2 325 4 454 6362 4 4 Asian or Asian British Other Asian 870 644 3 160 4974 3 4 Black or Black British Total 1 080 1 2 1 461 1 3 2 097 1 7 3 561 2 4 Black or Black British African 315 786 1 300 2519 1 7 Black or Black British Caribbean 454 547 598 639 0 4 Black or Black British Other Black 311 128 199 403 0 3 Mixed or British Mixed Total 2 141 2 3 944 3 2 7 410 5 2 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 454 728 1152 0 8 Mixed White and Black African 214 470 1010 0 7 Mixed White and Asian 735 1 501 2987 2 1 Mixed Other Mixed 738 1 245 2261 1 6 Other Total 963 1 1 486 1 4 2 003 1 6 4 507 3 1 Other Arab 908 1 141 0 8 Other Any other ethnic group 963 1 1 486 1 4 1 095 3 366 2 3 Total 91 933 100 108 863 100 123 867 100 145 674 100 Religion Edit Religion 2001 107 2011 108 2021 109 Number Number Number Holds religious beliefs 69 433 63 8 65 828 53 1 66 225 45 5 Christian 62 764 57 7 55 514 44 8 51 335 35 2 Buddhist 1 139 1 0 1 573 1 3 1 668 1 1 Hindu 1 293 1 2 2 058 1 7 3 301 2 3 Jewish 850 0 8 870 0 7 1 057 0 7 Muslim 2 651 2 4 4 897 4 0 7 392 5 1 Sikh 205 0 2 213 0 2 322 0 2Other religion 531 0 5 703 0 6 1 122 0 8No religion 28 965 26 6 46 839 37 8 65 160 44 7Religion not stated 10 465 9 6 11 200 9 0 14 315 9 8Total population 108 863 100 0 123 867 100 0 145 700 100 0Economy Edit Cambridge Market viewed from the Tower of St Mary the Great The town s river link to the surrounding agricultural land and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge 110 The town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country The river was described in an account of 1748 as being often so full of merchant boats that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time 111 For example 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East particularity Norfolk to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London 111 Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge s importance as a market town 112 Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development software consultancy high value engineering creative industries pharmaceuticals and tourism 113 Described as one of the most beautiful cities in the world by Forbes in 2010 114 with the view from The Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by National Trust chair Simon Jenkins tourism generates over 750 million for the city s economy 115 Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen an allusion to Silicon Valley because of the density of high tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges and the companies often have been spun out of the university 116 Cambridge Science Park which is the largest commercial R amp D centre in Europe is owned by Trinity College 117 118 St John s is the landlord of St John s Innovation Centre 119 Technology companies include Abcam CSR ARM Limited CamSemi Jagex and Sinclair 120 Microsoft has located its Microsoft Research UK offices in West Cambridge separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading and also has an office on Station Road Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd founded in 1898 by W G Pye who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory it began by supplying the university and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment radios televisions and also defence equipment 37 Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Sepura Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other Transport EditMain article Transport in Cambridge A guided bus on the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway Road Edit Due to its rapid growth in the 20th century Cambridge has a congested road network 121 The M11 motorway from east London terminates to the north west of the city where it joins the A14 a major freight route which connects the port of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands The A428 connects the city with the A1 at St Neots the route continues westwards towards Oxford as the A421 via Bedford and Milton Keynes The A10 connects the city to King s Lynn to the north via Ely and is the historic route south to the City of London As of November 2022 update the Greater Cambridge Partnership is consulting on plans comprising transforming the bus network investing in other sustainable travel scheme and creating a sustainable travel zone which includes the introduction of a congestion charge 122 Cycling Edit As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the UK 123 According to the 2001 census 25 of residents travelled to work by bicycle Furthermore a survey in 2013 found that 47 of residents travel by bike at least once a week 124 Park and ride Edit Cambridge has five Park and Ride sites all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city s edge 125 Since 2011 the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives Huntingdon and other towns and villages along the routes operated by Stagecoach in the Fens and Whippet 126 The A service continues on to the railway station and Addenbrookes before terminating at a new Park and Ride in Trumpington Since 2017 it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station Air Edit Although Cambridge has its own airport Cambridge City Airport it has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights 127 and by Marshall Aerospace for aircraft maintenance London Stansted Airport about 30 miles 48 km south via the M11 or direct rail offers a broad range of international destinations Metro Edit In February 2020 consultations opened for a transport system known as the Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro It would have connected the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations Cambridge Science Park and Haverhill 128 In May 2021 the newly elected mayor said he was focused instead on a revamped bus network but would not yet abandon the work done Rail Edit Cambridge railway station Cambridge railway station was opened in 1845 initially linking to Bishopsgate station in London via Bishops Stortford 129 Further lines opened throughout the 19th century including the Cambridge and St Ives branch line the Stour Valley Railway the Cambridge to Mildenhall railway and the Varsity Line to Oxford Another station was opened in Cherry Hinton though at the time this was a separate village to Cambridge Several of these lines were closed during the 1960s Today Cambridge station has direct rail links to London with termini at London King s Cross via the Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line Liverpool Street on the West Anglia Main Line and St Pancras on the Thameslink line Commuter trains to King s Cross run every half hour during peak hours with a journey time of 53 minutes 130 Trains also run to King s Lynn and Ely via the Fen Line Norwich via the Breckland Line Leicester Birmingham Peterborough Stevenage Ipswich Stansted Airport Brighton and Gatwick Airport railway stations A second railway station Cambridge North opened on 21 May 2017 having originally planned to open in March 2015 131 132 133 A third railway station Cambridge South near Addenbrooke s Hospital has been proposed 134 it is expected to open in 2025 135 Education EditSee also List of schools in Cambridgeshire Anglia Ruskin University evolved from the nineteenth century Cambridge School of Art opened by educationist and art figure John Ruskin in 1858 Cambridge s two universities 136 the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University serve around 30 000 students by some estimates 137 Cambridge University estimated its 2007 08 student population at 17 662 138 and Anglia Ruskin reports 24 000 students across its two campuses one of which is outside Cambridge in Chelmsford for the same period 139 ARU now 2019 has additional campuses in London and Peterborough State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College Long Road Sixth Form College and Cambridge Regional College Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council which maintains 251 schools in total 140 35 of them in Cambridge city 141 Netherhall School Chesterton Community College the Parkside Federation comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College North Cambridge Academy and the Christian inter denominational St Bede s School provide comprehensive secondary education 142 Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours 143 Independent schools in the city include The Perse School Stephen Perse Foundation Sancton Wood School St Mary s School Heritage School and The Leys School 144 The city has one university technical college Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology which opened in September 2014 Sport EditFootball Edit Parker s Piece where the Cambridge rules were first played Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football the game s first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848 The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker s Piece and had a defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules which again were first played on Parker s Piece 145 The city is home to Cambridge United FC who play at the Abbey Stadium Formed in 1912 as Abbey United they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978 although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons and in 1992 they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League however they were beaten in the play offs and another decline set in In 2005 they were relegated from the Football League and for the second time in 20 years narrowly avoided going out of business After nine years of non league football they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference National play offs Cambridge United WFC is a women s only football club based in Cambridge The team compete in the FA Women s National League South East The club plays home games at St Neots Town F C and the Abbey Stadium Cambridge City FC of the Southern Football League Premier Division now play in the adjoining village of Histon Formed in Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town the club were Southern Premier League champions in 1962 63 the highest they have finished in the English football pyramid After a legal dispute with their landlords 146 the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013 14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city in Sawston Cricket Edit Parker s Piece was used for first class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864 147 The University of Cambridge s cricket ground Fenner s is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC 148 The Cambridgeshire Cricket Association operates an amateur club cricket league with six adult divisions including numerous clubs in the city plus junior divisions 149 Most of the university colleges also operate their own teams and there are several casual village cricket teams that play in the city suburbs Rugby Edit The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football Rugby union club Cambridge R U F C were founded in 1923 150 and play in National League 1 151 at their home ground Grantchester Road in the south west corner of the city Cambridge Lions represent the city in rugby league and are members of East Rugby League 152 Watersports Edit Bumps race on the River Cam The River Cam which runs through the city centre is used for boating The university and its colleges are well known for rowing and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association formed in 1868 organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the university 153 Rowing clubs based in the city include City of Cambridge RC Cambridge 99 RC Cantabrigian RC and Rob Roy BC Parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole Cambridge Swimming Club Cambridge Dive team and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool 154 Parkour freerunning Edit Home and training ground to many influential traceurs Cambridge is well known for its vibrant and at times high profile parkour and freerunning scene 155 156 Other sports Edit Cambridge is home to two real tennis courts out of about 50 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club 157 158 Cambridgeshire Cats play American football at Coldham s Common Cambridge Royals are members of the British Baseball Federation s Triple A South Division 159 Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge 160 and Cambridge Cycling Club 161 Cambridge amp Coleridge Athletic Club 162 is the city s track and field club based at the University of Cambridge s Wilberforce Road track Cambridge Handball Club compete in the men s England Handball National Super 8 League and the women s England Handball National Super 7 League There are three field hockey clubs Cambridge City Hockey Club Cambridge South Hockey Club and Cambridge Nomads The city is also represented in polo by Cambridge Polo Club based in Barton just outside the city The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play roller derby in Cambridge 163 Speedway racing was formerly staged at a greyhound stadium in Coldhams Lane 164 Varsity sports Edit Cambridge is known for the sporting events between the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race though many of these do not take place within either Cambridge or Oxford Culture Edit Cambridge Guildhall Cambridge Corn Exchange Theatre Edit Cambridge s main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre a venue with 666 seats in the town centre 165 The theatre often has touring shows as well as those by local companies The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1 800 standing or 1 200 seated Housed within the city s 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties motor shows sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage 166 The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s turning it into a full time arts venue hosting theatre dance and music performances 166 The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220 seat J2 part of Cambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre dance live music and comedy 167 The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge and typically has 3 shows a week during term time It hosts the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University and hosts shows by both student and non student groups There are also a number of venues within the colleges Museums Edit Within the city there are several notable museums some run by the University of Cambridge Museums consortium and others independent of it The Fitzwilliam Museum is the city s largest and is the lead museum of the University of Cambridge Museums Founded in 1816 from the bequeathment and collections of Richard Viscount FitzWilliam the museum was originally located in the building of the Perse Grammar School in Free School Lane 168 After a brief housing in the University of Cambridge library it moved to its current purpose built building on Trumpington Street in 1848 168 The museum has five departments Antiquities Applied Arts Coins and Medals Manuscripts and Printed Books and Paintings Drawings and Prints Other members of the University of Cambridge Museums are the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology The Polar Museum The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Museum of Classical Archaeology The Whipple Museum of the History of Science and the University Museum of Zoology The Museum of Cambridge formerly known as the Cambridge amp County Folk Museum is a social history museum located in a former pub on Castle Street 169 The Centre for Computing History a museum dedicated to the story of the Information age moved to Cambridge from Haverhill in 2013 170 Housed in a former sewage pumping station the Cambridge Museum of Technology has a collection of large exhibits related to the city s industrial heritage Music Edit Popular music Edit Pink Floyd are the most notable band with roots in Cambridge The band s former songwriter guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city and he and another founding member Roger Waters went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys David Gilmour the guitarist who replaced Barrett was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School Bands that were formed in Cambridge include Clean Bandit Henry Cow The Movies Katrina and the Waves The Soft Boys 171 Ezio 172 The Broken Family Band 173 Uncle Acid amp the Deadbeats 174 and the pop classical group the King s Singers who were formed at the university 175 Solo artist Boo Hewerdine 176 is from Cambridge as are drum and bass artists and brothers Nu Tone and Logistics Singers Matthew Bellamy 177 of the rock band Muse Tom Robinson 178 Olivia Newton John 179 and Charli XCX were born in the city 2012 Mercury Prize winners Alt J are based in Cambridge 180 Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the Cambridge Corn Exchange Cambridge Junction and the Portland Arms 181 as well as The Blue Moon 182 Classical music Edit Started in 1991 the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November 183 The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July 184 Contemporary art Edit Cambridge contains Kettle s Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and the Heong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 at Downing College 185 Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art 186 Wysing Arts Centre one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe is associated with the city though is located several miles west of Cambridge 187 Artist run organisations including Aid amp Abet 181 Cambridge Art Salon Changing Spaces 188 and Motion Sickness 189 also run exhibitions events and artists studios in the city often in short term or temporary spaces Festivals and events Edit Festival goers attending the 2014 Cambridge Folk Festival Sierpinski tetrahedron and menger sponge models at the Cambridge Science Festival Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge mostly during the British summer Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211 when it was granted a charter by King John 190 Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for Strawberry Fair a free music and children s fair with various market stalls For one week in May on Jesus Green the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974 191 Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964 The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music held in the university s colleges and chapels 192 The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight week season of open air performances of the works of William Shakespeare held in the gardens of various colleges of the university 193 Started in 1977 the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July moving to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival 194 The Cambridge Science Festival typically held annually in March is the United Kingdom s largest free science festival 195 The Cambridge Literary Festival which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non fiction is held bi annually in April and November 196 Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually 197 Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair held the first Saturday of December 198 the E luminate Festival which took place every February from 2013 to 2018 199 200 and The Big Weekend a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July 201 Three Cambridge Free Festivals held in 1969 1970 and 1971 that featured artists including David Bowie King Crimson Roy Harper Spontaneous Combustion UFO and others are believed by the festival organiser to have been the first free multiple day rock music festivals held in the UK 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 Literature and film Edit The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels including Douglas Adams Dirk Gently s Holistic Detective Agency Rose Macaulay s They Were Defeated 211 Kate Atkinson s Case Histories 212 Rebecca Stott s Ghostwalk 213 and Robert Harris Enigma 214 215 while Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge 216 Gwen Raverat the granddaughter of Charles Darwin talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym Whipplesnaith about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s 217 Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce s Tom s Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say the city renamed as Castleford and as the home of Tom Sharpe s fictional college in Porterhouse Blue 218 ITV TV series Granchester was partly filmed in Cambridge 219 Television Edit News and television programmes are broadcast from the BBC East studio in Cambridge that is home to BBC Look East West which covers the city Cambridgeshire Northamptonshire Bedfordshire Milton Keynes Buckinghamshire and parts of Hertfordshire 220 ITV Anglia is another TV news which broadcasts from Norwich 221 Public services Edit Addenbrooke s Hospital Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust with several smaller medical centres in the city and a teaching hospital at Addenbrooke s Located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus Addenbrooke s is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated regional trauma centre The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road 222 The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road 223 Cambridgeshire Constabulary provides the city s policing the main police station is at Parkside 224 adjacent to the city s fire station operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service 225 Cambridge Water Company supplies water services to the city 226 while Anglian Water provides sewerage services 227 For the supply of electricity Cambridge is part of the East of England region for which the distribution network operator is UK Power Networks 228 The city has no power stations though a five metre wind turbine part of a Cambridge Regional College development can be seen in King s Hedges 229 The Cambridge Electric Supply Company had provided the city with electricity since the early twentieth century from Cambridge power station Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the small 7 26 megawatt MW coal fired power station redundant It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city 230 Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city s first public library located on Jesus Lane was opened in 1855 231 It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862 231 and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre The library was reopened in September 2009 232 after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007 232 233 As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries run by the County Council 234 The Cambridge City Cemetery is located to the north of Newmarket Road Religion Edit Great St Mary s Church marks the centre of Cambridge St Botolph s Church Castle Street Methodist Church the older of the two Methodist churches The atrium of Cambridge Central Mosque Cambridge has a number of churches some of which form a significant part of the city s architectural landscape Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely 235 Great St Mary s Church has the status of University Church 236 Many of the university colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England while the chapel of St Edmund s College is Roman Catholic 237 The city also has a number of theological colleges training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia and is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road St Laurence s on Milton Road St Vincent De Paul Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard in Cherry Hinton Road 238 There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Diocese of Sourozh who worship at the chapel of Westcott House 239 the Greek Orthodox Church holds services at the purpose built St Athanasios church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain 240 while the Romanian Orthodox Church share St Giles with the Church of England 241 There are two Methodist churches in the city Wesley Methodist Church was built in 1913 and is located next to Christ s Pieces The Castle Street Methodist Church is the oldest of the two having been built in 1823 and was formerly a Primitive Methodist church There are three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge located on Jesus Lane Hartington Grove and a Meeting called Oast House that meets in Pembroke College 242 An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson s Lane operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish Students 243 244 The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school 245 opened a purpose built synagogue in 2015 246 There is also a student led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday evenings Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge s community of around 4 000 Muslims 247 248 Opened in 2019 it is described as Europe s first eco friendly mosque 249 and is the first purpose built mosque within the city The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship 250 251 252 Cambridge Buddhist Centre which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998 253 There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Metta Society 254 A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road 255 256 A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982 and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013 257 258 Twinned cities EditCambridge is twinned with two cities Like Cambridge both have universities and are also similar in population Heidelberg Germany since 1965 259 and Szeged Hungary since 1987 259 Panoramic gallery Edit King s Parade seen from outside St Mary the Great Panorama of the city centre viewed from the tower of St Mary the Great Panorama of Trinity StreetSee also Edit England portalList of bridges in Cambridge List of churches in Cambridge Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies Category Buildings and structures in Cambridge Category Organisations based in Cambridge Category People from CambridgeExplanatory notes Edit As of October 2022 update the ONS has yet to release data for the wider built up area which extends outside the city 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Archived from the original on 18 July 2006 Retrieved 12 November 2009 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Cambridge Bowes Robert 1894 A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University town amp county of Cambridge from 1521 to 1893 Cambridge Macmillan amp Bowes OCLC 1064186 OL 23284674M Rawle Tim author and photographer John Adamson editor Cambridge new ed with foreword by William Bortrick Cambridge The Oxbridge Portfolio 2016 204 pp ISBN 978 0 9572867 2 6External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Cambridge Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambridge Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cambridge Cambridge City Council Greater Cambridge Partnership Cambridgeshire Association for Local History Cambridgeshire Community Archives Visit Cambridge the official tourism website for Cambridge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cambridge amp oldid 1130779132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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