Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia,[a] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's capital is Richmond, its most populous city is Virginia Beach, and Fairfax County is the state's most populous political subdivision. Virginia's population in 2022[update] was over 8.68 million, with 35% living within the Greater Washington metropolitan area. The Blue Ridge Mountains cross the western and southwestern parts of the state, while the state's central region lies mostly within the Piedmont. Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, with the Middle Peninsula forming the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay.
Virginia | |
|---|---|
| Commonwealth of Virginia | |
| Nicknames: Old Dominion, Mother of Presidents | |
| Motto(s): | |
| Anthem: "Our Great Virginia" | |
Map of the United States with Virginia highlighted | |
| Country | United States |
| Before statehood | Colony of Virginia |
| Admitted to the Union | June 25, 1788 (10th) |
| Capital | Richmond |
| Largest city | Virginia Beach |
| Largest metro and urban areas | Washington (metro and urban) |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Glenn Youngkin (R) |
| • Lieutenant Governor | Winsome Sears (R) |
| Legislature | General Assembly |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | House of Delegates |
| Judiciary | Supreme Court of Virginia |
| U.S. senators |
|
| U.S. House delegation | 6 Democrats 5 Republicans (list) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2) |
| • Rank | 35th |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 430 mi (690 km) |
| • Width | 200 mi (320 km) |
| Elevation | 950 ft (290 m) |
| Highest elevation | 5,729 ft (1,746 m) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Total | 8,683,619[3] |
| • Rank | 12th |
| • Density | 219.3/sq mi (84.7/km2) |
| • Rank | 14th |
| • Median household income | $80,615 |
| • Income rank | 10th |
| Demonym | Virginian |
| Language | |
| • Official language | English |
| • Spoken language |
|
| Time zone | UTC-05:00 (Eastern) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-04:00 (EDT) |
| USPS abbreviation | VA |
| ISO 3166 code | US-VA |
| Traditional abbreviation | Va. |
| Latitude | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N |
| Longitude | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W |
| Website | www |
Virginia's history begins with several Indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607, the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World. Virginia's state nickname, the Old Dominion, is a reference to this status. Slave labor and land from displaced native tribes fueled the growing plantation economy, but also fueled conflicts both inside and outside the colony. Virginia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution, during which several key battles were fought there. More major battles were fought in Virginia during the American Civil War, which split the state as the government in Richmond joined the Confederacy, but many northwestern counties remained loyal to the Union and separated as the state of West Virginia in 1863. Although the state was under one-party rule for nearly a century following the Reconstruction era, both major political parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
Virginia's state legislature is the Virginia General Assembly, which was established in July 1619, making it the oldest current law-making body in North America. It is made up of a 40-member Senate and a 100-member House of Delegates. Unlike other states, cities and counties in Virginia function as equals, but the state government manages most local roads inside each. It is also the only state where governors are prohibited from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy is diverse with a strong agriculture industry in the Shenandoah Valley; high-tech and federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency; and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport.
History
Earliest inhabitants
Nomadic hunters are estimated to have arrived in Virginia around 17,000 years ago. Evidence from Daugherty's Cave in Russell County shows it was regularly used as a rock shelter by 9,800 years ago.[5] During the late Woodland period (500–1000 CE), tribes coalesced, and farming, first of corn and squash, began, with beans and tobacco arriving from the southwest and Mexico by the end of the period. Palisaded towns began to be built around 1200, and the native population in the current boundaries of Virginia reached around 50,000 in the 1500s.[6] Large groups in the area at that time included the Algonquian in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah, the Iroquoian-speaking Nottoway and Meherrin to the north and south, and the Tutelo, who spoke Siouan, to the west.[7]
In response to threats from these other groups to their trade network, thirty or so Virginia Algonquian-speaking tribes consolidated during the 1570s under Wahunsenacawh, known in English as Chief Powhatan.[7] Powhatan controlled more than 150 settlements that had total population of around 15,000 in 1607.[8] Three-fourths of the native population in Virginia, however, died from smallpox and other Old World diseases during that century,[9] disrupting their oral traditions and complicating research into earlier periods.[10] Additionally, many primary sources, including those that mention Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas, were created by Europeans, who may have held biases or misunderstood native social structures and customs.[4][11]
Colony
Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century.[12] To help counter Spain's colonies in the Caribbean, Queen Elizabeth I of England supported Walter Raleigh's April 1584 expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.[13][14] The name "Virginia" was used by Captain Arthur Barlowe in the expedition's report, and may have been suggested that year by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen" or that they viewed the land as being untouched, and may also be related to an Algonquin phrase, Wingandacoa or Windgancon, or leader's name, Wingina, as heard by the expedition.[15][16] The name initially applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina in the south to Maine in the north, along with the island of Bermuda.[17] Raleigh's colony failed disastrously, but his ideas persisted, and in 1606, King James I issued a charter for a new colony to the London Company. They financed an expedition under Christopher Newport that crossed the Atlantic and established a settlement named Jamestown in May 1607.[18]
Though more settlers soon joined, many were ill-prepared for the dangers of the new settlement. As the colony's president, John Smith secured food from nearby tribes, but after he left in 1609, this trade stopped and a series of conflicts with Chief Powhatan and his brother began, resulting in mass starvation that winter and a cycle of ambush-style killings by both sides.[19] By the end of the colony's first fourteen years, over eighty percent of the roughly eight thousand settlers transported there had died.[20] Demand for exported tobacco, however, fueled the need for more workers.[21] Starting in 1618, the headright system tried to solve this by granting colonists farmland for their help attracting indentured servants.[22] Enslaved Africans were first sold in Virginia in 1619. Though other Africans arrived under the rules of indentured servitude, and could be freed after four to seven years, the basis for lifelong slavery was developed in legal cases like those of John Punch in 1640 and John Casor in 1655.[23] Laws passed in Jamestown defined slavery as race-based in 1661, as inherited maternally in 1662, and as enforceable by death in 1669.[24]
From the colony's start, residents agitated for greater local control, and in 1619, certain male colonists began electing representatives to an assembly, later called the House of Burgesses, that negotiated issues with the governing council appointed by the London Company.[26] Unhappy with this arrangement, the monarchy revoked the company's charter and began directly naming governors and Council members in 1624. In 1635, colonists arrested a governor who ignored the assembly and sent him back to England against his will.[27] The turmoil of the English Civil War permitted the assembly greater autonomy and power during the 1640s and 1650s, and many supporters of the king fled to the colony, becoming known as "Virginia Cavaliers."[28] After the 1660 Restoration, newly reempowered Governor William Berkeley blocked assembly elections and exacerbated the class divide by disenfranchising and restricting the movement of indentured servants, who made up around eighty percent of the colony's workforce.[29] On the colony's frontier, Piedmont tribes like the Tutelo and Doeg were being squeezed by Seneca raiders from the north, leading to more confrontations with colonists. In 1676, several hundred working-class followers of Nathaniel Bacon, upset with Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the tribes, marched to and burned Jamestown.[30][31]
Bacon's Rebellion forced the signing of Bacon's Laws, which restored some of the colony's rights and sanctioned both attacks on native tribes and the enslavement of their men and women. The Treaty of 1677 further reduced the independence of the tribes that signed it, and aided the colony's assimilation of their land in the years that followed.[32][33] Colonists in the 1700s were pushing westward into this area held by the Seneca and their larger Iroquois group, and in 1748, a group of wealthy speculators, backed by the British monarchy, formed the Ohio Company to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.[34] The Kingdom of France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and in 1754 the French and Indian War engulfed England, France, the Iroquois, and other allied tribes on both sides. A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by 21-year-old Major George Washington, himself one of the investors in the Ohio Company.[35]
Statehood
In the decade following the French and Indian War, the British Parliament under prime ministers Grenville, Chatham, and North passed new taxes on various colonial activities. These were deeply unpopular in the colonies, and in the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others.[36] Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773 and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.[37] After the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1774 by the royal governor, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution that designated Virginia as a commonwealth, using a translation of the Latin term res publica.[38] Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.[39]
After the American Revolutionary War began in 1776, George Washington was selected by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia to head the Continental Army, and many Virginians joined the army and other revolutionary militias. Virginia was the first colony to ratify the Articles of Confederation in December 1777.[40] In April 1780, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's coastal location would make it vulnerable to British attack.[41] British forces indeed landed around Portsmouth in October 1780, and soldiers under Benedict Arnold managed to raid Richmond in January 1781.[42] The British army had over seven thousand soldiers and twenty-five warships stationed in Virginia at the beginning of 1781, but General Charles Cornwallis and his superiors were indecisive, and maneuvers by the three thousand soldiers under the Marquis de Lafayette and twenty-nine allied French warships together managed to confine the British to a swampy area of the Virginia Peninsula in September. Around sixteen thousand soldiers under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau quickly converged there and defeated Cornwallis in the siege of Yorktown.[43] His surrender on October 19, 1781, led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.[44]
Virginians were instrumental in the new country's early years and in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.[39] Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives. Together with the Virginia dynasty of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. In 1790, both Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new District of Columbia, though the Virginian area was retroceded in 1846.[45] Virginia is called the "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into states such as Kentucky, which became the fifteenth state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.[46]
Civil War
Between 1790 and 1860, the number of slaves in Virginia rose from around 290 thousand to over 490 thousand, roughly one-third of the state population during that time, and the number of slave owners rose to over 50 thousand, both the most in the U.S.[48][49] The boom in cotton production across the South using cotton gins increased the amount of labor needed for harvesting raw cotton, but new federal laws prohibited the importation of additional slaves from abroad. Years of monoculture tobacco farming had also degraded Virginia's agricultural productivity.[50] In response to these factors, Virginia plantations increasingly turned to exporting slaves, which broke up countless families and made the breeding of slaves, often through rape, a profitable business for their owners.[51][52] Slaves in the Richmond area were also forced into industrial jobs, including mining and shipbuilding.[53] The failed slave uprisings of Gabriel Prosser in 1800, George Boxley in 1815, and Nat Turner in 1831, however, marked the growing resistance to the system of slavery. Afraid of further uprisings, Virginia's government in the 1830s encouraged free Blacks to migrate to Liberia.[50]
On October 16, 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on an armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to start a slave revolt across the southern states. The polarized national response to his raid, capture, trial, and execution in Charles Town that December marked a tipping point for many who believed the end of slavery would need to be achieved by force.[54] Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election further convinced many southern supporters of slavery that his opposition to its expansion would ultimately mean the end of slavery across the country. In South Carolina, the first state to secede to preserve the institution of slavery, a regiment loyal to the newly formed Confederate States of America seized Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, prompting President Lincoln to call for a federal army of 75,000 men from state militias the next day.[55]
In Virginia, a special convention called by the legislature voted on April 17 to secede on the condition it was approved in a referendum the next month. The convention then voted to join the Confederacy, which named Richmond its capital on May 20.[46] During the May 23 referendum, armed pro-Confederate groups prevented the casting and counting of votes from many northwestern counties that opposed secession. Representatives from 27 of these counties instead began the Wheeling Convention that month, which organized a government loyal to the Union and led to the separation of West Virginia as a new state.[56]
The armies of the Union and Confederacy first met on July 21, 1861, in Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, where a Confederate victory established that the war would not be easily decided. Union General George B. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac, which landed on the Virginia Peninsula in March 1862 and reached the outskirts of Richmond that June. With Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston wounded in fighting outside the city, command of his Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee. Over the next month, Lee drove the Union army back, and starting that September led the first of several invasions into Union territory. During the next three years of war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House, where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.[57] After the capture of Richmond that month, the state capital was briefly moved to Lynchburg,[58] while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville.[59] 32,751 Virginians died in the Civil War.[60]
Reconstruction and Jim Crow
Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.[62] During the post-war Reconstruction era, African Americans were able to unite in communities, particularly around Richmond, Danville, and the Tidewater region, and take a greater role in Virginia society, as many achieved some land ownership during the 1870s.[63][64] Virginia adopted a constitution in 1868 which guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights, and provided for free public schools.[65] However, with many railroad lines and other infrastructure investments destroyed during the Civil War, the Commonwealth was deeply in debt, and in the late 1870s redirected money from public schools to pay bondholders. The Readjuster Party formed in 1877 and won legislative power in 1879 by uniting Black and white Virginians behind a shared opposition to debt payments and the perceived plantation elites.[66]
The Readjusters focused on building up schools, like Virginia Tech and Virginia State, and successfully forced West Virginia to share in the pre-war debt.[67] But in 1883, they were divided by a proposed repeal of anti-miscegenation laws, and days before that year's election, a riot in Danville, involving armed policemen, left four Black men and one white man dead.[68] These events motivated a push by white supremacists to seize political power through voter suppression, and segregationists in the Democratic Party won the legislature that year and maintained control for decades.[69] They passed Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the state constitution to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.[70]
New economic forces would meanwhile industrialize the Commonwealth. Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new large-scale production centered around Richmond. Railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding in 1886, which was responsible for building six dreadnoughts, seven battleships, and 25 destroyers for the U.S. Navy between 1907 and 1923.[71] During World War I, German submarines like U-151 attacked ships outside the port,[72] which was a major site for transportation of both soldiers and supplies.[61] A homecoming parade to honor African-American veterans returning from the war was attacked in July 1919 as part of a renewed white-supremacy movement that was known as Red Summer.[73] During World War II, the shipyard quadrupled its labor force to 70,000 by 1943, while the Radford Arsenal outside Blacksburg had 22,000 workers making explosives.[74]
Civil rights to present
Protests against underfunded segregated schools started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the doctrine of "separate but equal". But, in 1956, under the policy of "massive resistance" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state or private funding as part of the Stanley Plan. After schools in many districts began closing in September 1958, state and district courts ruled the plan unconstitutional, and on February 2, 1959, the first Black students integrated schools in Arlington and Norfolk, where they were known as the Norfolk 17.[75] Prince Edward County still refused to integrate and closed their county school system in June 1959. The Supreme Court ordered the county's public schools to be, like others in the state, open and integrated in May 1964, which they finally did that September.[76][77]
The civil rights movement gained national support during the 1960s. Federal passage of the Civil Rights Act in June 1964 and Voting Rights Act in August 1965, and their later enforcement, helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn Jim Crow era state laws.[78] In June 1967, the Supreme Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. In 1968, Governor Mills Godwin called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, passed in a referendum with 71.8% support and went into effect in June 1971.[79] In 1977, Black members became the majority of Richmond's city council; in 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States; and in 1992, Bobby Scott became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.[80][81]
The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the Cold War boosted the region's population and economy.[82] The Central Intelligence Agency outgrew their offices in Foggy Bottom during the Korean War, and moved to Langley in 1961, in part due to a decision by the National Security Council that the agency relocate outside the District of Columbia.[83] The agency was involved in various Cold War events, and its headquarters was a target of Soviet espionage activities. The Pentagon, built in Arlington during World War II as the headquarters of the Department of Defense, was one of the targets of the September 11, 2001 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane was flown into the building.[84] Mass shootings at Virginia Tech in 2007 and in Virginia Beach in 2019 led to passage of gun control measures in 2020.[85] Racial injustice and the presence of Confederate monuments in Virginia have also led to large demonstrations, including in August 2017, when a white supremacist drove his car into protesters, killing one, and in June 2020, when protests that were part of the larger Black Lives Matter movement brought about the removal of statues on Monument Avenue in Richmond and elsewhere.[86]
Geography
Virginia is located in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.[87][88] Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area.[89] The Commonwealth is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina to the south; by Tennessee to the southwest; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.[90]
The Commonwealth's southern border is defined as 36°30' north latitude, though surveyor error in the 1700s led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes as the North Carolina border moved west.[91] Surveyors appointed by Virginia and Tennessee worked in 1802 and 1803 to reset the border as a line from the summit of White Top Mountain to the top of Tri-State Peak in the Cumberland Mountains. However, errors in this line were discovered in 1856, and the Virginia General Assembly proposed a new surveying commission in 1871. Representatives from Tennessee preferred to keep the 1803 line, and in 1893, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in their state's favor in the case Virginia v. Tennessee.[92][93] One result of this is the division of the city of Bristol between the two states.[94]
Geology and terrain
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valley of the ancient Susquehanna River.[96] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as "necks" named Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula, and the Virginia Peninsula from north to south.[97] Sea level rise has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include Tangier Island in the bay and Chincoteague, one of 23 barrier islands on the Atlantic coast.[98][99]
The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era.[100] The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville.[101] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the Commonwealth, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).[2] The Ridge-and-Valley region is west of the mountains, carbonate rock based, and includes the Massanutten Mountain ridge and the Great Appalachian Valley, which is called the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, named after the river of the same name that flows through it.[102] The Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the Allegheny Plateau. In this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.[103]
The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in magnitude, because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The Commonwealth's largest earthquake in at least a century, at a magnitude of 5.8, struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral.[104] Due to the area's geologic properties, this earthquake was felt from Northern Florida to Southern Ontario.[105] 35 million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience.[106] A meteor impact is also theorized as the source of Lake Drummond, the largest of the two natural lakes in the state.[107]
The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 limestone caves, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular Luray Caverns and Skyline Caverns.[108] Virginia's iconic Natural Bridge is also the remaining roof of a collapsed limestone cave.[109] Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.[110] More than 72 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2020[update].[111] The largest-known deposits of uranium in the U.S. are under Coles Hill, Virginia. Despite a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice, the state has banned its mining since 1982 due to environmental and public health concerns.[112]
Climate
| Virginia state-wide averages 1895–2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Virginia has a humid subtropical climate that transitions to humid continental west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[113] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July.[114] The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the Commonwealth, making the climate there warmer and more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west.[115] Virginia receives an average of 43.49 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually,[114] with the Shenandoah Valley being the state's driest region due to the mountains on either side.[115]
Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September.[116] These months are also the most common for tornadoes,[117] sixteen of which touched down in the Commonwealth in 2022.[118] Hurricanes and tropical storms can occur from August to October, and though they typically impact coastal regions, the deadliest natural disaster in Virginia was Hurricane Camille, which killed over 150 people mainly in inland Nelson County in 1969.[115][119] Between December and March, cold-air damming caused by the Appalachian Mountains can lead to significant snowfalls across the state, such as the January 2016 blizzard, which created the state's highest recorded one-day snowfall of 36.6 inches (93 cm) near Bluemont.[120][121] On average, cities in Virginia can receive between 5.8–12.3 inches (15–31 cm) of snow annually, but recent winters have seen below-average snowfalls, and much of Virginia failed to register any measurable snow during 2022–2023 winter season.[122][123]
Part of this is due to climate change in Virginia, which is leading to higher temperatures year-round as well as more heavy rain and flooding events.[124] Urban heat islands can be found in many Virginia cities and suburbs, particularly in neighborhoods linked to historic redlining.[125][126] Fairfax County had the most code orange days in 2022 for high ozone pollution in the air, with five, followed by Arlington with four.[127] The closure and conversion of coal power plants in Virginia and the Ohio Valley region has reduced haze in the mountains, which peaked in 1998.[128] Exposure of particulate matter in Virginia's air has been cut in half from 13.5 micrograms per cubic meter in 2003, when coal provided half of Virginia's electricity, to 6.6 in 2022,[129] when coal provided just 3.3%, less than renewables like solar power and biomass.[130][131] Current plans call for 30% of the Commonwealth's electricity to be renewable by 2030 and for all to be carbon-free by 2050.[132]
Ecosystem
Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2021[update], of which 80% is considered hardwood forest, meaning that trees in Virginia are primarily deciduous and broad-leaved. The other 20% is pine, with loblolly and shortleaf pine dominating much of central and eastern Virginia.[134] In the western and mountainous parts of the Commonwealth, oak and hickory are most common, while lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance.[115] Spongy moth infestations in oak trees and the blight in chestnut trees have decreased both of their numbers, leaving more room for hickory and the invasive tree of heaven.[135][115] In the lowland tidewater and Piedmont, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps.[134] Other common trees include red spruce, Atlantic white cedar, tulip-poplar, and the flowering dogwood, the state tree and flower, as well as willows, ashes, and laurels.[136] Plants like milkweed, dandelions, daisies, ferns, and Virginia creeper (which is featured on the state flag) are also common.[137] The Thompson Wildlife Area in Fauquier is known for having one of the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in all of North America.[115]
White-tailed deer, one of 75 mammal species found in Virginia, rebounded from an estimated population of as few as 25,000 in the 1930s to over one million by the 2010s.[138][139] Native carnivorans include black bears, who have a population of around five to six thousand in the state,[140] as well as bobcats, coyotes, both gray and red foxes, raccoons, weasels and skunks. Rodents include groundhogs, nutria, beavers, both gray squirrels and fox squirrels, chipmunks, and Allegheny woodrats, while the seventeen bat species include brown bats and the Virginia big-eared bat, the state mammal.[141][139] The Virginia opossum is also the only marsupial native to the United States and Canada,[142] and the native Appalachian cottontail was recognized in 1992 as a distinct species of rabbit, one of three found in the state.[143] Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have also been recorded in Virginia's coastal waters, with bottlenose dolphins being the most frequent aquatic mammals.[139]
Virginia's bird fauna consists of 422 counted species, of which 359 are regularly occurring, 41 are accidental (vagrant), 20 are hypothetical, and two are extinct; of the regularly occurring species, 214 have bred in Virginia, while the rest are winter residents or transients in Virginia.[144] Water birds include sandpipers, wood ducks, and Virginia rail, while common inland examples include warblers, woodpeckers, and cardinals, the state bird. Birds of prey include osprey, broad-winged hawks, and barred owls.[145] There are no species of bird endemic to the Commonwealth.[144] Audubon recognizes 21 Important Bird Areas in the state.[146] Peregrine falcons, whose numbers dramatically declined due to DDT pesticide poisoning in the middle of the 20th century, are the focus of conservation efforts in the state and a reintroduction program in Shenandoah National Park.[147]
Virginia has 226 species of freshwater fish from 25 families; the state's diverse array of fish species is attributable to its varied and humid climate, topography, interconnected river system, and lack of Pleistocene glaciers. The state's lakes and rivers are home to Eastern blacknose dace and sculpin on the Appalachian Plateau; smallmouth bass and redhorse sucker in the Ridge-and-Valley region; brook trout, the state fish, and Kanawha darter in the Blue Ridge; stripeback darter and Roanoke bass in the Piedmont; and swampfish, bluespotted sunfish, and pirate perch in the Tidewater.[148] The Chesapeake Bay is host to clams, oysters, and 350 species of saltwater and estuarine fish, including the bay's most abundant finfish, the Bay anchovy, as well as the invasive blue catfish.[149][150] An estimated 227 million Chesapeake blue crabs live in the bay as of 2022[update].[151] There are 34 native species of crayfish, like the Big Sandy, which often inhabit rocky bottomed streambeds.[152][115] Amphibians found in Virginia include the Cumberland Plateau salamander and Eastern hellbender,[153] while the northern watersnake is the most common of the 32 snake species.[154]
Protected lands
As of 2019[update], roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits.[156] Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty National Park Service units in the state, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah.[157] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[158] The U.S. Forest Service administers the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into West Virginia and Kentucky.[159] The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge also extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[160]
State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state,[156] and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty Virginia state parks and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 Natural Area Preserves, plus three undeveloped parks.[161][162] Breaks Interstate Park crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States.[163] Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 state forests managed by the Virginia Department of Forestry totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2),[164] as is hunting in 44 Wildlife Management Areas run by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2).[165] The Chesapeake Bay is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state Chesapeake Bay Program, which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed.[166]
Cities and towns
Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, which the U.S. Census Bureau describes as county-equivalents.[167] This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia and stretches back to the influence the city of Williamsburg had in the colonial period.[168] Only three other independent cities exist elsewhere in the United States, each in a different state.[169] The differences between counties and cities in Virginia are small and have to do with how each assess new taxes, whether a referendum is necessary to issue bonds, and with the application of Dillon's Rule, which limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand acts expressly allowed by the General Assembly.[170][171] Within counties, there can also be incorporated towns, which do operate their own governments, and unincorporated communities, which do not. There are no further administrative subdivisions, such as villages or townships.
Over three million people, 35% of Virginians, live in the twenty jurisdictions collectively defined as Northern Virginia, which is part of the larger Washington metropolitan area and the Northeast megalopolis.[172][173] Fairfax County, with more than 1.1 million residents, is Virginia's most populous jurisdiction,[174] and has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons, Virginia's largest office market.[175] Neighboring Prince William County is Virginia's second most populous county, with a population exceeding 450,000, and is home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Loudoun County, with its county seat at Leesburg, is the fastest-growing county in the state.[174][176] Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area,[177] and has considered reorganizing as an independent city due to its high density.[170]
Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its city proper has a population of over 230,000, while its metropolitan area has over 1.3 million.[172] As of 2021[update], Virginia Beach is the most populous independent city in the Commonwealth, with Chesapeake and Norfolk second and third, respectively.[178] The three are part of the larger Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.7 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.[172][179] Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[180] In western Virginia, Roanoke city and Montgomery County, part of the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area, both have surpassed a population of over 100,000 since 2018.[181]
Largest Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in Virginia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Pop. | Rank | Name | Pop. | ||||
| Northern Virginia Hampton Roads | 1 | Northern Virginia | 3,061,478 | 11 | Danville | 102,187 | Richmond Roanoke | ||
| 2 | Hampton Roads | 1,726,251 | 12 | Bristol | 92,108 | ||||
| 3 | Richmond | 1,324,062 | 13 | Martinsville | 63,765 | ||||
| 4 | Roanoke | 314,496 | 14 | Tazewell | 39,925 | ||||
| 5 | Lynchburg | 262,258 | 15 | Big Stone Gap | 39,313 | ||||
| 6 | Charlottesville | 222,688 | |||||||
| 7 | Blacksburg–Christiansburg | 165,293 | |||||||
| 8 | Harrisonburg | 135,824 | |||||||
| 9 | Staunton–Waynesboro | 125,774 | |||||||
| 10 | Winchester | 145,155 | |||||||
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1790 | 691,737 | — | |
| 1800 | 807,557 | 16.7% | |
| 1810 | 877,683 | 8.7% | |
| 1820 | 938,261 | 6.9% | |
| 1830 | 1,044,054 | 11.3% | |
| 1840 | 1,025,227 | −1.8% | |
| 1850 | 1,119,348 | 9.2% | |
| 1860 | 1,219,630 | 9.0% | |
| 1870 | 1,225,163 | 0.5% | |
| 1880 | 1,512,565 | 23.5% | |
| 1890 | 1,655,980 | 9.5% | |
| 1900 | 1,854,184 | 12.0% | |
| 1910 | 2,061,612 | 11.2% | |
| 1920 | 2,309,187 | 12.0% | |
| 1930 | 2,421,851 | 4.9% | |
| 1940 | 2,677,773 | 10.6% | |
| 1950 | 3,318,680 | 23.9% | |
| 1960 | 3,966,949 | 19.5% | |
| 1970 | 4,648,494 | 17.2% | |
| 1980 | 5,346,818 | 15.0% | |
| 1990 | 6,187,358 | 15.7% | |
| 2000 | 7,078,515 | 14.4% | |
| 2010 | 8,001,024 | 13.0% | |
| 2020 | 8,631,393 | 7.9% | |
| 2022 (est.) | 8,683,619 | 0.6% | |
| 1790–2020,[182][183] 2022[3] | |||
The U.S. Census Bureau found the state resident population was 8,631,393 on April 1, 2020, a 7.9% increase since the 2010 census. Another 23,149 Virginians live overseas, giving the state a total population of 8,654,542. Virginia has the fourth largest overseas population of U.S. states due to its federal employees and military personnel.[184] The fertility rate in Virginia as of 2020[update] was 55.8 per 1,000 females between the ages of 15 and 44,[185] and the median age as of 2021[update] was the same as the national average of 38.8 years old, with the oldest city by median age being James City and the youngest being Lynchburg, home to several universities.[178] The geographic center of population was located northwest of Richmond in Hanover County, as of 2020[update].[186]
Though still growing naturally as births outnumber deaths, Virginia has had a negative net migration rate since 2013, with 8,995 more people leaving the state than moving to it in 2021. This is largely credited to high home prices in Northern Virginia,[187] which are driving residents there to relocate south, and although Raleigh is their top destination, in-state migration from Northern Virginia to Richmond increased by 36% in 2020 and 2021 compared to the annual average over the previous decade.[188][189] Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region.[190] About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020[update]. El Salvador is the most common foreign country of birth, with India, Mexico, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam as other common birthplaces.[191]
Race and ethnicity
The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic whites, has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020, as other ethnicities have increased.[192][193] Immigrants from the islands of Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period,[194] a time when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as indentured servants.[195] Those who identify on the census as having "American ethnicity" are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who have been in North America for so long they choose to identify simply as American.[196][197] The Appalachian mountains and Shenandoah Valley have many settlements that were populated by Germans and Scotch-Irish immigrants in the 18th and 19th centuries, often following the Great Wagon Road.[198][199] Over ten percent of Virginians have German ancestry as of 2020[update].[200]
The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, who include about one-fifth of the population.[193] Virginia was a major destination of the Atlantic slave trade, and the first generations of enslaved men, women, and children were brought primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the single largest African group among slaves in Virginia.[201] Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers during the time of slavery.[202][203] Though the Black population was reduced by the Great Migration to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks returning south.[204] The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white interracial marriages in the United States,[205] and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as multiracial.[3]
More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020[update], 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino, and 8.8% as Asian.[3] The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in Northern Virginia.[206] Northern Virginia also has a significant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.[207] Korean Americans have migrated there more recently, attracted by the quality school system,[208] while about 45,000 Filipino Americans have settled in the Hampton Roads area, with many having ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.[209]
Tribal membership in Virginia is complicated by the legacy of the state's "pencil genocide" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African and European ancestry.[210] In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively American Indian or Alaska Native, though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities.[193] The state government has extended recognition to eleven Indigenous tribes resident in Virginia. Seven tribes also have federal recognition, including six that were recognized in 2018 after passage of bill named for activist Thomasina Jordan.[211][212] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi have reservations on tributaries of the York River in the Tidewater region.[213]
| Largest race by county or city | Race and ethnicity (2020) | Alone | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 58.6% | 62.8% | |||
| Black or African American | 18.3% | 20.1% | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 10.5% | |||||
| Asian | 7.1% | 8.6% | ||||
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.2% | 1.5% | ||||
| Other | 0.6% | 1.5% | ||||
| Largest ancestry by county or city | Ancestry (2020 est.) | Total | ||||
| | Irish or Scotch-Irish | 10.4% | ||||
German | 10.3% | |||||
English | 9.8% | |||||
American | 9.4% | |||||
Subsaharan African | 2.3% | |||||
Languages
According to U.S. Census data as of 2019[update] on Virginia residents aged five and older, 83.2% (6,683,027) speak English at home as a first language, while 16.8% (1,352,586) speak something other than English. Spanish is the next most commonly spoken language, with 7.6% (616,226) of Virginia households, though age is a factor, and 10.3% (139,312) of Virginians under age eighteen speak Spanish. 58.2% of Spanish speakers reported speaking English "very well", but again, of Spanish-speakers under age eighteen, 80.3% speak English "very well." Chinese languages, including Standard Mandarin and Cantonese, were the third most commonly spoken languages with around 0.8% of residents, followed by Vietnamese and Arabic, both with just over 0.7%, and then Korean and Tagalog, with 0.6% and 0.5% respectively.[214]
English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.[215] While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, and the use of Southern accents in general has been on the decline in speakers born since the 1960s,[216] various accents are still used around the commonwealth.[217] The Piedmont region is known for its non-rhotic dialect's strong influence on Southern American English, and a BBC America study in 2014 ranked it as one of the most identifiable accents in American English.[218] The Tidewater accent, sometimes described as a subset of the Old Virginia accent, evolved from the language that upper-class English typically spoke in the early Colonial period, while the Appalachian accent has much more influence from the English spoken by Scottish and Irish immigrants from that time.[217][219] The outward stereotypes of Appalachians has, however, lead to some from the region code-switching to a less distinct English accent.[220] The English spoken on Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, preserved by the island's isolation, contains many phrases and euphemisms not found anywhere else and is said to closely resemble Elizabethan English or "Restoration English."[221][222]
Religion
Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptist denominations combined to form largest group with over a quarter of the population as of 2014[update].[223] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.[224][225] Roman Catholics are the next largest religious group with around twelve percent.[223] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest of the state.
The United Methodist Church, representing about six percent of Virginians, has the Virginia Conference as their regional body in most of the Commonwealth, while the Holston Conference represents much of extreme Southwest Virginia. Around five percent of Virginians attend Pentecostal churches, while around three percent attend Presbyterian churches, which are split between the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Presbyterian Church in America. The Lutheran Church, under the Virginia Synod, Congregational churches, and Episcopalian adherents each comprised less than two percent of the population as of 2014[update].[223] The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches.
In November 2006, fifteen conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claimed the secessionist churches' buildings and properties. The resulting property law case, ultimately decided in favor of the mainline diocese, was a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.[227]
Among other religions, adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute just over one percent of the population, with 216 congregations in Virginia as of 2022[update].[228] Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. Sterling is the home of the All Dulles Area Muslim Society, which, with its eleven satellite branches, considers itself the second largest Muslim mosque community in the country.[229] While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.[230] Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church,[231] and the twenty percent who describe themselves as unaffiliated also include seven percent who say religion is important to them, but may not attend regular services with formal membership.[232] Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and the University of Lynchburg.
Economy
Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's average per capita income in 2022 was $68,211,[233] and the gross domestic product (GDP) was $654.5 billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states.[234] The COVID-19 recession caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020,[235] before leaving off around 5% in November 2020 and returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023.[236] In August 2023, the unemployment rate was 2.5%, which was the 8th-lowest nationwide.[237]
Virginia had a median household income of $80,615 in 2021, 11th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.2%, 10th-lowest nationwide.[3] Montgomery County outside Blacksburg has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the U.S. Census poverty thresholds.[238] The Hampton Roads region has the state's highest per capita number of homeless individuals, with 11 per 10,000, as of 2020[update].[239] Loudoun County meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider Northern Virginia region is among the highest-income regions nationwide.[238] As of 2022[update], seven of the twenty-five highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest, are located in Northern Virginia.[240] Though the Gini index shows Virginia has less income inequality than the national average,[241] the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.[242]
Virginia's business environment has been ranked highly by various publications. After two years as number one, CNBC ranked Virginia second in their 2023 Top States for Business, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of living,[243] while Forbes magazine ranked it as the eighteenth best to start a business in.[244] Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses.[245] Oxfam America however ranked Virginia in 2023[update] as only the 28th-best state to work in, with pluses for worker protections from sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination, but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee minimum wage of $2.13.[246] Virginia has been an employment-at-will state since 1906 and a "right to work" state since 1947,[247][248] and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.[249][246]
Government agencies
Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians as of 2022[update], almost 17% of all employees in the state.[251] Approximately 12% of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after California.[252][253] As of 2020[update], 125,648 active-duty personnel, 25,404 reservists, and 99,832 civilians work directly for the U.S. Department of Defense at the Pentagon or one of 27 military bases in the state, representing all major branches and covering 270,009 acres (1,092.69 km2).[254] Another 139,000 Virginians work for defense contracting firms,[255] which received $44.8 billion worth of contracts in the 2020 fiscal year.[254] Virginia has the second highest concentration of veterans of any state with 9.7% of the population, as many stay in the state and the Hampton Roads area in particular, which is home to world's largest navy base and only NATO station on U.S. soil.[256][254]
Other large federal agencies in Northern Virginia include the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, the National Science Foundation and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in Bailey's Crossroads. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 as of 2018[update],[257] with the Departments of Education and of Transportation being the largest by expenditure.[258]
Business
Based on data as of 2020[update], Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341 sole proprietorships. Of the 144,431 registered non-farm businesses in 2017[update], 59.4% are majority male-owned, 22% are majority female-owned, 19.6% are majority minority-owned, and 8.9% are veteran-owned.[3] Twenty-one Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Virginia as of 2022[update], with the largest companies by revenue being Freddie Mac, General Dynamics, Northrup Grumman, and Capital One.[259] The largest by their number of employees are Dollar Tree in Chesapeake and Hilton Worldwide Holdings in McLean.[260]
Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states as of 2020[update], with the 451,268 tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292.[261] Many of these jobs are in Northern Virginia, which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor and Tysons Corner areas. Amazon additionally selected Crystal City for its HQ2 in 2018, while Google expanded their Reston offices in 2019.
Northern Virginia became the world's largest data center market in 2016, with over 47.7 million square feet (4.43 km2) as of 2023[update],[262] much of it in Loudoun County, which has branded itself "Data Center Alley".[263][264] Data centers in Virginia handled around one-third of all internet traffic and directly employed 13,500 Virginians in 2023 and supported 45,000 total jobs.[265] With 505.6 Mbit/s, Virginia boasted the second fastest average internet speed among U.S. states that year and ninth highest percent of households with broadband access, at 93.6%.[266][267] Computer chips first became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006,[268] and had an estimated export value of $740 million in 2022.[269] Though in the top quartile for diversity based on the Simpson index, only 26% of tech employees in Virginia are women, and only 13% are Black or African American.[261]
Tourism in Virginia supported an estimated 185,000 jobs in 2021,[270] making tourism the state's fifth largest industry. It generated $26 billion in 2018, an increase of 4.4% from the previous year.[271] The state was eighth nationwide in domestic travel spending in 2018, with Arlington County the top tourist destination in the state by domestic spending, followed by Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and Virginia Beach.[272] Virginia also saw 1.1 million international tourists in 2018, a five percent increase from 2017.[273]
Agriculture
As of 2021[update], agriculture occupied 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7 million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161 km2) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average 186 acres (0.29 sq mi; 0.75 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest single industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000 jobs.[275] Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2021, ahead of corn and cut flowers as other leading agricultural products.[276] However, the ongoing China-U.S. trade war led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead of soybeans in 2019.[277] Though it is no longer the primary crop, Virginia is still the third-largest producer of tobacco in the United States.[275]
Virginia is also the country's third-largest producer of seafood as of 2018[update], with sea scallops, oysters, Chesapeake blue crabs, menhaden, and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and France, Canada, and Hong Kong as the top export destinations.[278][279] Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs as of 2020[update], while recreation fishing supports another 5,893.[280] Eastern oyster harvests had increased from 23,000 bushels in 2001 to over 500,000 in 2013,[281] but fell to 248,347 in 2019 because of low salinity in coastal waters due to heavy spring rains.[282] Those same rains however made 2019 a record wine harvest for vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains, which also attract 2.3 million tourists annually.[283][284] Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 356 producing 1.1 million cases a year as of 2023[update].[285] Cabernet Franc and Chardonnay are the most grown varieties.[286] Breweries in Virginia also produced 460,315 barrels (54,017 kl) of craft beer in 2022, raking the state as the fifteenth-largest producer nationwide.[287]
Taxes
State income tax is collected from those with incomes above a filing threshold. There are five income brackets, with rates ranging from 2.0% to 5.75% of taxable income.[288][289] The state sales and use tax rate is 4.3%, though there is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5.3% combined sales tax on most purchases. Three regions then have a higher sales tax: 6% in Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads, and 7% in the Historic Triangle.[290] Unlike the majority of states, Virginia does have a 1% sales tax on groceries.[291] This was lowered from 2.5% in January 2023, when the items covered by this lower rate were also expended to include essential personal hygiene goods.[290][292]
Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on one hundred percent of fair market value.[293] As of 2021[update], the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with Manassas Park paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while Powhatan and Lunenburg counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30.[294] Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from taxes on hotels, restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.[295]
Culture
Modern Virginian culture has many sources and is part of the culture of the Southern United States.[296] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions, and in 2007 used their annual Folklife Festival to recognize the substantial contributions of England and Senegal on Virginian culture.[297] Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.[298]
Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginians maintain their own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the Commonwealth.[284] Smithfield ham, sometimes called "Virginia ham", is a type of country ham which is protected by state law and can be produced only in the town of Smithfield.[299] Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the Commonwealth's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the Commonwealth.[198]
Literature in Virginia often deals with the Commonwealth's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of Pulitzer Prize winner Ellen Glasgow often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture.[300] Glasgow's peer and close friend James Branch Cabell wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the Reconstruction era, and challenged its moral code with Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice.[301] William Styron approached history in works such as The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie's Choice.[302] Tom Wolfe has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like I Am Charlotte Simmons.[303] Mount Vernon native Matt Bondurant received critical acclaim for his historic novel The Wettest County in the World about moonshiners in Franklin County during prohibition.[304] Virginia also names a state Poet Laureate.[305]
Fine and performing arts
Virginia ranks near the middle of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts as of 2021[update], at just over half of the national average.[306] The state government does fund some institutions, including the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Science Museum of Virginia. Other museums include the popular Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and the Chrysler Museum of Art.[307] Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as Colonial Williamsburg, the Frontier Culture Museum, and various historic battlefields.[308] The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.[309]
Theaters and venues in Virginia are found both in the cities and in suburbs. The Harrison Opera House, in Norfolk, is home of the Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra operates in and around Hampton Roads.[310] Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the American Shakespeare Center in Staunton.[311] The Barter Theatre in Abingdon, designated the State Theatre of Virginia, won the first Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009. There is also a Children's Theater of Virginia, Theatre IV, which is the second largest touring troupe nationwide.[312] Notable music performance venues include The Birchmere, the Landmark Theater, and Jiffy Lube Live.[313] Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.[314]
Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of old-time string and bluegrass, with groups such as the Carter Family and Stanley Brothers achieving national prominence during the 1940s.[315] The state's African tradition is found through gospel, blues, and shout bands, with both Ella Fitzgerald and Pearl Bailey coming from Newport News.[316] Contemporary Virginia is also known for folk rock artists like Dave Matthews and Jason Mraz, hip hop stars like Pharrell Williams, Missy Elliott and Pusha T, as well as thrash metal groups like GWAR and Lamb of God.[317] Several members of country music band Old Dominion grew up in the Roanoke area, and took their band name from Virginia's state nickname.[318]
Festivals
Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows.[319] Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.[320] The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville.[321] On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Penning of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival.[322]
The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a six-day festival held annually in Winchester which includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide, and Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.[314] The Blue Ridge Rock Festival has operated since 2017, and has brought as many as 33,000 concert-goers to the Blue Ridge Amphitheater in Pittsylvania County.[323] Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.[324]
Law and government
In 1619, the first Virginia General Assembly met at Jamestown Church, and included 22 locally elected representatives, making Virginia's legislature the oldest of its kind in North America.[325] The elected members became the House of Burgesses in 1642, and governed with the Governor's Council, which was appointed by the British monarchy, until Virginians declared their independence from Britain in 1776. The current General Assembly is the 162nd since that year. The government today functions under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which was approved by voters in 1970 went into effect in July 1971.[79] It is similar to the federal structure in that it provides for three branches: a strong legislature, an executive, and a unified judicial system.[326]
Virginia's legislature is bicameral with a 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate, who together write the laws for the Commonwealth. Delegates serve two-year terms, while senators serve four-year terms, with the next scheduled elections for both taking place in November 2023. The executive department includes the governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, who are elected every four years in separate elections, with the next taking place in November 2025. The governor must be at least thirty years old and incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the lieutenant governor and attorney general can, and governors can and have served non-consecutive terms.[327] The lieutenant governor is the official head of the Senate and is responsible for breaking ties. The House elects a Speaker of the House and the Senate elects a President pro tempore, who presides when the lieutenant governor is not present, and both houses elect a clerk and majority and minority leaders.[328] The governor also nominates their sixteen cabinet members and others who head various state departments.[329]
State budgets are biannual and proposed by the governor in even years.[330] Based on data through 2018, the Pew Center on the States found Virginia's government to be above average in running surpluses,[331] and U.S. News & World Report ranked the state eighteenth in fiscal stability.[332] The legislature starts regular sessions on the second Wednesday of every year, which meet for up to 48 days in odd years and 60 days in even years to allow more time for the state budget.[328] After regular sessions end, special sessions can be called either by the governor or with agreement of two-thirds of both houses, and twenty special sessions have been called since 2000, typically for legislation on preselected issues.[333] Though not a full-time legislature, the Assembly is classified as a hybrid because special sessions are not limited by the state constitution and often last several months.[334]
Legal system
The judges and justices who make up Virginia's judicial system, also the oldest in America, are elected by a majority vote in both the House and Senate without input from the governor, one way Virginia's legislature is stronger than its executive. The governor can make recess appointments, and when both branches are controlled by the same party, the assembly often confirms them. The judicial hierarchy starts with the General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts, with the Circuit Courts above them, then the Court of Appeals of Virginia, and the Supreme Court of Virginia on top.[335] The Supreme Court has seven justices who serve twelve-year terms, with a mandatory retirement age of 73, and they select their own Chief Justice, who is informally limited to two four-year terms.[336] Virginia was the last state to guarantee an automatic right of appeal for all civil and criminal cases, and their Court of Appeals increased from eleven to seventeen judges in 2021.[337][338]
The Code of Virginia is the statutory law and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. Virginia has no "pocket veto", and bills will become law if the governor chooses to neither approve nor veto legislation.[339] The largest law enforcement agency in Virginia is the Virginia State Police, with 3,035 sworn and civilian members as of 2019[update].[340] The Virginia Marine Police patrol coastal areas, and were founded as the "Oyster Navy" in 1864 in response to oyster bed poaching.[341] The Virginia Capitol Police protect the legislature and executive department, and are the oldest police department in the United States, dating to the guards who protected the colonial leadership.[342] The governor can also call upon the Virginia National Guard, which consists of approximately 7,200 army soldiers, 1,200 airmen, 300 Defense Force members, and 400 civilians.[343]
Between 1608 and 2021, when the death penalty was abolished, the state executed over 1,300 people, including 113 following the resumption of capital punishment in 1982.[344] Virginia's prison system incarcerates 30,936 people as of 2018[update], 53% of whom are Black,[345] and the state has the sixteenth-highest rate of incarceration in the country, at 422 per 100,000 residents.[346] Prisoner parole was ended in 1995,[347] and Virginia's rate of recidivism of released felons who are re-convicted within three years and sentenced to a year or more is 23.1%, the lowest in the country as of 2019[update].[348][349] Virginia has the fourth lowest violent crime rate and thirteenth lowest property crime rate as of 2018[update].[350] Between 2008 and 2017, arrests for drug-related crimes rose 38%, with 71% of those related to marijuana,[351] which Virginia decriminalized in July 2020 and legalized in July 2021.[352][353]
Politics
Over the past century, Virginia has shifted politically from being a largely rural, conservative, Southern bloc member to a state that is more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate, as both greater enfranchisement and demographic shifts have changed the electorate. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided one-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization.[355] They sought to stymie the political power of Northern Virginia, perpetuate segregation, and successfully restricted voter registration such that between 1905 and 1948, roughly one-third of votes in the state were cast by state employees and officeholders themselves, and voter turnout was regularly below ten percent.[356][357] The organization used malapportionment to manipulate what areas were over-represented in the General Assembly and the U.S. Congress until ordered to end the practice by the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Davis v. Mann and the 1965 Virginia Supreme Court decision in Wilkins v. Davis respectively.[358]
Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped overturn the state's Jim Crow laws that effectively disfranchised African Americans.[359] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive federal approval for changes to voting laws, until the system for including states was struck down in 2013.[360] A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020,[361] and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites.[362] Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies.[363] That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons.[356] These changes moved Virginia from being ranked as the second most difficult state to vote in 2016, to the twelfth easiest in 2020.[364]
Regional differences also play a large part in Virginia politics. While urban and expanding suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia, form the modern Democratic Party base, rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its "southern strategy" starting around 1970.[365][366] Rural Democratic support has nevertheless persisted in union-influenced Roanoke in Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region.[367] African Americans are the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters,[359] but educational attainment and gender have also become strong indicators of political alignment, with the majority of women in Virginia supporting Democratic presidential candidates since 1980.[368] International immigration and domestic migration into Virginia have also increased the proportion of eligible voters born outside the state from 44% in 1980 to 55% in 2019.[369]
State elections
State elections in Virginia occur in odd-numbered years, with executive department elections occurring in years following U.S. presidential elections and State Senate elections occurring in the years prior to presidential elections, as both have four-year terms. House of Delegates elections take place concurrent with each of those elections as delegates have two-year terms. National politics often play a role in state election outcomes, and Virginians have elected governors of the party opposite the U.S. president in eleven of the last twelve contests, with only Terry McAuliffe beating the trend in 2013.[370][371] McAuliffe, a Democrat, was elected during Barack Obama's second presidential term.[372] Republicans at that time held a supermajority of seats in the House of Delegates, which they had first gained in the 2011 state elections,[373] and a one-vote majority the state senate, both of which they maintained in the 2015 elections.[374] The 2011 and 2015 elections also had the lowest voter turnout in recent history, with just 28.6% and 29.1% of registered voters participating respectively.[375]
The 2017 state elections resulted in Democrats holding the three executive offices, as lieutenant governor Ralph Northam won the race for governor. In concurrent House of Delegates elections, Democrats flipped fifteen of the Republicans' previous sixteen-seat majority.[376] Control of the House came down to a tied election in the 94th district, which the Republican won by a drawing of lots, giving the party a slim 51–49 majority in the 2018–19 legislative sessions.[377] At this time, Virginia was ranked as having the most gerrymandered state legislature, as Republicans controlled the House with only 44.5% of the total vote.[378] In 2019, federal courts found that eleven House district lines, including the 94th, were unconstitutionally drawn to discriminate against African Americans.[379][380] Adjusted districts were used in the 2019 elections, when Democrats won full control of the General Assembly, despite a political crisis earlier that year.[381][382] Voters in 2020 then passed a referendum to give control of drawing both state and congressional districts to a commission of eight citizens and four legislators from each of the two major parties, rather than the legislature.[383]
In 2021, Glenn Youngkin became the first Republican to win the governor's race since 2009,[384] with his party also winning the races for lieutenant governor and attorney general and gaining seven seats in the House of Delegates, giving them current control of that body.[385][386] Two years later, new legislative maps drawn by special masters appointed by the state supreme court led to nine retirements in the state senate and to twenty-five House delegates not seeking re-election. In those elections, Democrats claimed a slim majority of one seat in both the Senate and the House.[387]
Federal elections
Though Virginia was considered a "swing state" in the 2008 presidential election,[388] Virginia's thirteen electoral votes were carried in that election and the three since by Democratic candidates, including Joe Biden, who won by over ten percent in 2020, suggesting the state has shifted to being reliably Democratic in presidential elections. Virginia had previously voted for Republican presidential candidates in thirteen out of fourteen presidential elections from 1952 to 2004, including ten in a row from 1968 to 2004.[389] Virginia currently holds its presidential primary election on Super Tuesday, the same day as thirteen other states, with the most recent held on March 3, 2020.[390]
Virginia's two U.S. Senators are in classes 1 and 2. In class 1, Republican incumbent George Allen lost races in 2006 to Democratic newcomer Jim Webb, and again in 2012 to Webb's successor, former Governor Tim Kaine.[391] In 2008, Democrats also won the class 2 seat when former Governor Mark Warner was elected to replace retiring Republican John Warner.[392] Virginia has had eleven U.S. House of Representatives seats since 1993, and control of the majority has flipped four times since then, often as part of "wave elections". In the 2010 mid-term elections, the first under President Obama, Republicans flipped the 2nd and 5th seats from the Democrats, who had flipped both in the previous election, as well as the 9th. In the 2018 mid-terms, the first under President Trump, Democrats took back the 2nd, as well as the 7th and 10th.[393] The 2nd flipped again, to Republican control, in 2022.[394] Currently, Democrats hold six seats to Republicans' five.
Education
Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[395] The 2021 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education thirteenth in the country, with a letter grade of B-.[396] Virginia's K–7 schools had a student–teacher ratio of 12.15:1 as of the 2021–22 school year, and 12.52:1 for grades 8–12.[397] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[398]
Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of the 2022–23 academic year,[update] a total of 1,263,342 students were enrolled in 2,381 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including 57 career and technical schools and 411 alternative and special education centers across 126 school divisions. Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of 52 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students,[399][400] and include the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, the top-rated high school in the country in 2022.[401] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 483 state accredited private schools.[402] An additional 50,713 students receive homeschooling.[403]
In 2022, 92.1% of high school students graduated on-time after four years,[404] and 89.3% of adults over the age 25 had their high school diploma.[3] Virginia has one of the smaller racial gaps in graduation rates among U.S. states,[405] with 90.3% of Black students graduating on time, compared to 94.9% of white students and 98.3% of Asian students. Hispanic students had the highest dropout rate, at 13.95%, with high rates being correlated with students listed as English learners.[404] Despite ending school segregation in the 1960s, seven percent of Virginia's public schools were rated as "intensely segregated" by The Civil Rights Project at UCLA in 2019, and the number has risen since 1989, when only three percent were.[406] Virginia has comparatively large public school districts, typically comprising entire counties or cities, and this helps mitigate funding gaps seen in other states such that non-white districts average slightly more funding, $255 per student as of 2019[update], than majority white districts.[407] Elementary schools, with Virginia's smallest districts, were found to be more segregated than state middle or high schools by a 2019 VCU study.[408]
Colleges and universities
As of 2020[update], Virginia has the sixth-highest percent of residents with bachelor's degrees or higher, with 39.5%.[3] The Department of Education recognizes 163 colleges and universities in Virginia.[410] In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranking of national public universities, the University of Virginia is ranked 3rd, the College of William and Mary is 13th, Virginia Tech is 23rd, George Mason University is 65th, James Madison University is 72nd, and Virginia Commonwealth University is 83rd.[411] There are 119 private institutions in the state, including Washington and Lee University and the University of Richmond, which are ranked as the country's 11th and 18th best liberal arts colleges respectively.[410][412]
Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities, and Virginia State is one of five historically black colleges and universities in Virginia.[413] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[414] Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses which enrolled 218,985 degree-seeking students during the 2020–2021 school year.[415] In 2021, the state made community college free for most low- and middle-income students.[416] George Mason University had the largest on-campus enrollment at 38,542 students as of 2021[update],[417] though the private Liberty University had the largest total enrollment in the state, with 88,283 online and 15,105 on-campus students in Lynchburg as of 2019[update].[418]
Health
Virginia has a mixed health record. The state was ranked 14th in overall health outcomes and 18th for healthy behaviors by the 2022 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings. Among U.S. states, Virginia has the nineteenth lowest rate of premature deaths, with 7,931 per 100,000,[129] and an infant mortality rate of 5.61 per 1,000 live births.[420] The rate of uninsured Virginians dropped to 6.8% in 2022, following an expansion of Medicare in 2019.[129] Falls Church and Loudoun County were both ranked in the top ten healthiest communities in 2020 by U.S. News & World Report.[421]
There are however racial and social health disparities. With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia had an average life expectancy four years lower than whites and twelve years lower than Asian Americans and Latinos in 2017,[422] and were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic.[423] African-American mothers are also three times more likely to die while giving birth in the state.[424] Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.[425] Suicides in the state increased by 11% between 2009 and 2021, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled in that time.[426]
Weight is an issue for many Virginians, and 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese as of 2021[update].[427] Additionally, 35% of adults are overweight and 23.3% do not exercise regularly.[428] Smoking in bars and restaurants was banned in January 2010,[429] and the percent of tobacco smokers in the state has declined from 19% in that year to 12.4% in 2022, but an additional 6.8% use e-cigarettes. Virginia does have above average percentage of residents who receive annual immunizations, ranking sixteenth for yearly flu vaccinations.[129] In 2008, Virginia became the first U.S. state to mandate the HPV vaccine for girls for school attendance,[430] and 64.9% of adolescents have the vaccine.[129] As of July 2023[update], 74% of Virginians had received a full COVID-19 vaccine.[431]
The Virginia Board of Health regulates healthcare facilities, and there are ninety hospitals in Virginia with a combined 17,706 hospital beds as of 2020[update].[432] Notable examples include Inova Fairfax Hospital, the largest hospital in the Washington Metropolitan Area, and the VCU Medical Center, located on the medical campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. The University of Virginia Medical Center, part of the University of Virginia Health System, is highly ranked in endocrinology according to U.S. News & World Report.[433] Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, a teaching institution of Eastern Virginia Medical School, was the site of the first successful in-vitro fertilization program.[434] Virginia has a ratio of 254.8 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 228.8 mental health providers per that number, the thirteenth worst nationwide.[129] As of 2021[update], the state's eight public mental health care facilities were 96% full, causing delays in admissions.[435]
Media
The Hampton Roads area is the 44th-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 56th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 71st as of 2022[update]. Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market, which is the country's 9th-largest.[436]
There are 36 television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers including those broadcasting from neighboring jurisdictions.[437] According the Federal Communications Commission, 595 FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Virginia, with 239 such AM stations as of 2020[update].[438][439] The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington PBS member station WETA-TV produces programs such as the PBS NewsHour and Washington Week.
The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot with around 132,000 subscribers,[440] the Richmond Times-Dispatch with 86,219,[441] and The Roanoke Times as of 2018[update].[442] USA Today, which is headquartered in McLean, has seen its daily subscription number decline significantly from over 500,000 in 2019 to just over 180,000 in 2021, but is still the third-most circulated paper nationwide.[443] USA Today is the flagship publication of Gannett, Inc., which merged with GateHouse Media in 2019, and operates over one hundred local newspapers nationwide.[444] In Northern Virginia, The Washington Post is the dominant newspaper and provides local coverage for the region.[445] Politico, which covers national politics, has its offices in Rosslyn.[446]
Transportation
Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.[447] As of 2018[update], the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third-largest state highway system in the nation.[448]
Traffic on Virginia's roads is among the worst in the nation according to the 2019 American Community Survey. The average commute time of 28.7 minutes is the eighth-longest among U.S. states, and the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second-worst rate of traffic congestion among U.S. cities.[449] About 65.6% of workers in Virginia reported driving alone to work in 2021, the eleventh lowest percent in the U.S.,[129] while 8.5% reported carpooling,[450] and Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.[451]
Mass transit and ports
About 3.4% of Virginians commute on public transit,[450] and there were over 171.9 million public transit trips in Virginia in 2019, over 62% of which were done on the Washington Metro transit system, which serves Arlington and Alexandria, and extends into Loudoun and Fairfax Counties.[452] Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector, FRED buses in Fredericksburg, and OmniRide in Prince William County,[453] while the state-run Virginia Breeze buses run four inter-city routes from Washington, D.C. to Bristol, Blacksburg, Martinsville, and Danville.[454] VDOT operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown Ferry which connects Jamestown to Scotland Wharf across the James River.[455]
Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. VRE averaged over 90,000 weekly riders in 2019, but saw a dramatic 90% decline in ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[456] In October 2022, VRE ridership was still less than 50% of pre-pandemic levels, despite a fare-free month,[457] however, Amtrak routes in Virginia have passed pre-pandemic levels and served 87,300 passengers in January 2023.[458] Major freight railroads in Virginia include Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, and in 2021 the state finalized a deal to purchase 223 miles (359 km) of track and over 350 miles (560 km) of right of way from CSX for future passenger rail service.[459]
Virginia has five major airports: Dulles International and Reagan Washington National in Northern Virginia, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year, Richmond International southeast of the state capital, Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, and Norfolk International. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.[460] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 61,505,700 short tons (55,797,000 t) of total cargo in 2021[update], the sixth most of United States ports.[461] The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket launch center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport.[462][463] Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.[464]
Sports
Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise. The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state, a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums, and the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Charlotte, and Raleigh.[466] A proposed arena in Virginia Beach designed for an NBA franchise became the latest unsuccessful sports initiative when the city council there ended support in 2017.[467] Virginia Beach had previously been considered for an NBA franchise in 1987, which ultimately became the Charlotte Hornets.[468]
Five minor league baseball and two mid-level hockey teams play in Virginia. Norfolk is host to two: The Triple-A Norfolk Tides and the ECHL's Norfolk Admirals. The Double-A Richmond Flying Squirrels began playing at The Diamond in 2010,[469] while the Fredericksburg Nationals, Lynchburg Hillcats, and Salem Red Sox play in the Low-A East league.[470] Loudoun United FC, the reserve team of D.C. United, debuted in the USL Championship in 2019,[471] while the Richmond Kickers of the USL League One have operated since 1993 and are the only team in their league to win both the league championship and the U.S. Open Cup in the same year.[472] The Washington Commanders also have their headquarters in Ashburn and their training facility in Richmond,[473] and the Washington Capitals practice at MedStar Capitals Iceplex in Ballston.
Virginia has many professional caliber golf courses including Kingsmill Resort outside Williamsburg, which hosts an LPGA Tour tournament in May, and the Country Club of Virginia outside Richmond, which hosts a charity classic on the PGA Tour Champions in October. NASCAR currently schedules Cup Series races on two tracks in Virginia: Martinsville Speedway and Richmond Raceway. Notable drivers from Virginia in the series have included Denny Hamlin and Curtis Turner.[474] Hampton Roads has produced several Olympic gold medalists, including Gabby Douglas, the first African American to win gymnastics individual all-around gold,[475] and LaShawn Merritt, Francena McCorory, and Michael Cherry, who have all won gold in the 4 × 400 meters relay.[476] Major long-distance races in the state include the Richmond Marathon, the Blue Ridge Marathon on the Parkway, and the Monument Avenue 10K.
College sports
In the absence of professional sports, several of Virginia's collegiate sports programs have attracted strong followings, with a 2015 poll showing that 34% of Virginians were fans of the Virginia Cavaliers and 28% were fans of the rival Virginia Tech Hokies, making both more popular than the surveyed regional professional teams.[477] The men's and women's college basketball programs of the Cavaliers, VCU Rams, and Old Dominion Monarchs have combined for 66 regular season conference championships and 49 conference tournament championships between them as of 2023[update]. The Hokies football team sustained a 27-year bowl streak between 1993 and 2019; James Madison Dukes football won FCS NCAA Championships in both 2004 and 2016.[478] The overall UVA men's athletics programs won the national Capital One Cup in both 2015 and 2019, and lead the Atlantic Coast Conference in NCAA championships.[479][480]
Fourteen universities in total compete in NCAA Division I, with multiple programs each in the Atlantic Coast Conference, Atlantic 10 Conference, Big South Conference, and Coastal Athletic Association. Three historically Black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others (Hampton and Norfolk State) compete in Division I. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division III championships in football, men's basketball, volleyball, and softball in Salem.[481] State appropriated funds are not allowed to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.[482]
High school sports
Virginia is also home to several of the nation's top high school basketball programs, including Paul VI Catholic High School and Oak Hill Academy, the latter of which has won nine national championships.[483] In the 2018–2019 school year, 174,224 high school students participated in fourteen girls sports and thirteen boys sports managed by the Virginia High School League, with the most popular sports being football, outdoor track and cross country, soccer, basketball, baseball and softball, and volleyball.[484]
State symbols
Virginia has several nicknames, the oldest of which is the "Old Dominion." King Charles II of England first referred to "our auntient dominion of Virginia" in 1660, the year of his restoration, perhaps because Virginia was home to many of his supporters during the English Civil War.[486] These supporters were called Cavaliers, and the nickname "The Cavalier State" was popularized after the American Civil War.[487] Virginia has also been called the "Mother of Presidents", as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.[488]
The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag.[1] While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.[489] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.[490] The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance.[491] In 1940, "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was named the state song, but it was retired in 1997 due to its references to slavery. In March 2015, Virginia's government named "Our Great Virginia", which uses the tune of "Oh Shenandoah", as the traditional state song and "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as the popular state song.[492]
- Beverages: Milk, Rye Whiskey
- Boat: Chesapeake Bay deadrise
- Bird: Cardinal
- Dance: Square dancing
- Dog: American Foxhound
- Fish: Brook trout, striped bass
- Flower/Tree: Dogwood
- Fossil: Chesapecten jeffersonius
- Insect: Tiger swallowtail
- Mammal: Virginia big-eared bat
- Motto: Sic Semper Tyrannis
- Nickname: The Old Dominion
- Pony: Chincoteague Pony
- Shell: Eastern oyster
- Slogan: Virginia is for Lovers
- Songs: "Our Great Virginia", "Sweet Virginia Breeze"
- Tartan: Virginia Quadricentennial
See also
Notes
- ^ Virginia is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
References
- ^ a b Hamilton 2016, pp. 6
- ^ a b Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. 277
- ^ a b c d e f g h "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau. October 11, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
- ^ a b Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (June 22, 2014). "Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality". Slate Magazine. from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
- ^ Egloff & Woodward 2006, pp. 2–14.
- ^ Egloff & Woodward 2006, pp. 5, 31–39.
- ^ a b Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 4–11
- ^ Stebbins, Sarah J. (August 20, 2020). "Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity". National Park Service. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox". National Institutes of Health. July 10, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ Beckley, Julia Ruth (May 2008). "How Cultural Factors Hastened the Population Decline of the Powhatan Indians". Virginia Commonwealth University Scholars Compass. doi:10.25772/VWYX-2J21. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ Basnight, Myra (June 7, 2022). "Virginia Treasures: Pocahontas—Her Real World Versus the Legend". AARP. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ Glanville, Jim (2009). "16th Century Spanish Invasions of Southwest Virginia" (PDF). Historical Society of Western Virginia Journal (Reprint). XVII (1): 34–42. (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
- ^ Wallenstein 2007, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Moran 2007, p. 8.
- ^ Stewart 2008, p. 22.
- ^ Hulette, Elisabeth (March 19, 2012). "What's in a name?". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ Vollmann 2002, pp. 695–696.
- ^ Conlin 2009, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Hoffer 2006, p. 132; Grizzard & Smith 2007, pp. 128–133
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 30.
- ^ Wallenstein 2007, p. 22.
- ^ Hashaw 2007, pp. 76–77, 239–240.
- ^ Eschner, Kat (March 8, 2017). "The Horrible Fate of John Casor, The First Black Man to be Declared Slave for Life in America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Hashaw 2007, pp. 211–215.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 76–77.
- ^ Gordon 2004, p. 17.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 32, 37.
- ^ Billings, Warren (2004). A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century. Richmond: Library of Virginia. pp. 30–35. ISBN 978-0-88490-202-7.
- ^ Tarter 2020, pp. 62.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 51–59.
- ^ Tarter 2020, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 57.
- ^ Shefveland 2016, pp. 59–62.
- ^ Anderson 2000, p. 23.
- ^ Anderson 2000, pp. 42–43.
- ^ "Signers of the Declaration (Richard Henry Lee)". National Park Service. April 13, 2006. from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
- ^ Gutzman 2007, pp. 24–29.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 125–133.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Stephan A. (May 2000). "George Mason: Forgotten Founder, He Conceived the Bill of Rights". Smithsonian. 31 (2): 142.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (November 15, 2010). "Articles of Confederation adopted, Nov. 15, 1777". Politico. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
- ^ Cooper 2007, p. 58.
- ^ Ketchum 2014, pp. 155.
- ^ Ketchum 2014, pp. 126–131, 137–139, 296.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Wallenstein 2007, p. 104.
- ^ a b Robertson 1993, pp. 8–12
- ^ Nesbit, Scott; Nelson, Robert K.; McInnis, Maurie (November 2010). "Visualizing the Richmond Slave Trade". San Antonio: American Studies Association. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ^ MacKay, Kathryn L. (May 14, 2006). "Statistics on Slavery". Weber State University. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
- ^ Morgan 1998, p. 490.
- ^ a b Fischer & Kelly 2000, pp. 202–208
- ^ Bryson 2011, pp. 466–467.
- ^ Jordan 1995, pp. 119–122.
- ^ Davis 2006, pp. 125, 208–210.
- ^ Finkelman, Paul (Spring 2011). "John Brown: America's First Terrorist?". Prologue Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 1. U.S. National Archives. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
- ^ Jaffa 2000, pp. 230–236, 357–358.
- ^ Carroll, Greg (June 22, 2011). "West (by secession!) Virginia: The Wheeling Conventions, legal vs. illegal separation". The Free Lance-Star. Associated Press. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
- ^ Goodwin 2012, pp. 4.
- ^ Smith, Samantha (May 5, 2021). "7 things you probably didn't know about the City of Seven Hills, a.k.a Lynchburg". WSLS NBC10. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
- ^ Robertson 1993, p. 170.
- ^ "Honoring Virginia's fallen warriors". The Free Lance-Star. May 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
- ^ a b Erickson, Mark St. John (July 29, 2017). "On this day in 1917, a giant WWI port of embarkation began to transform Hampton Roads". Virginia Daily Press. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 249–250.
- ^ Medford, Edna Greene (October 1992). "Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 1865–1880". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 100 (4): 567–582. JSTOR 4249314. Retrieved May 21, 2021 – via JStor.
- ^ Davis 2006, pp. 328–329.
- ^ Morgan 1992, pp. 160–166.
- ^ Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 90–96.
- ^ Tarter, Brent (2016). A Saga of the New South: Race, Law, and Public Debt in Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 14, 71. ISBN 978-0-8139-3876-9.
- ^ Dailey, Jane (1997). "Deference and Violence in the Postbellum Urban South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia". The Journal of Southern History. 63 (3): 553–590. doi:10.2307/2211650. JSTOR 2211650. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 99–103.
- ^ Wallenstein 2007, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Styron 2011, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Feuer 1999, pp. 50–52.
- ^ "Editorial: Remembering the Red Summer of 1919". The Roanoke Times. July 21, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ Johnson, Charles (July 1992). "V for Virginia: The Commonwealth Goes to War". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 100, no. 3. pp. 365–398. JSTOR 4249293.
- ^ Jones, Mark (February 2, 2013). "It Happened Here First: Arlington Students Integrate Virginia Schools". WETA. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- ^ Smith-Richardson, Susan; Burke, Lauren (November 27, 2021). "In the 1950s, rather than integrate its public schools, Virginia closed them". The Guardian. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- ^ Wallenstein 2007, pp. 340–341, 350–357.
- ^ Williams, Michael Paul (June 28, 2014). "Civil rights progress in Va., but barriers remain". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
- ^ a b Adams, Mason (June 30, 2021). "Virginia's latest constitution turns 50". Virginia Business. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 359–366.
- ^ "Voting Rights". Virginia Museum of History & Culture. 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ Accordino 2000, pp. 76–78.
- ^ "Three Things About the CIA's Langley Headquarters". Ghosts of D.C. October 2, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- ^ Caplan, David (March 31, 2017). "FBI re-releases 9/11 Pentagon photos". ABC News. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Friedenberger, Amy (April 10, 2020). "Northam signs history-making batch of gun control bills". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ Schneider, Gregory S.; Vozzella, Laura (July 7, 2020). "Gen. Robert E. Lee is the only Confederate icon still standing on a Richmond avenue forever changed". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ "United States Regions". National Geographic Society. January 3, 2012. from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
- ^ "2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 71. (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ "Supreme Court Rules for Virginia in Potomac Conflict". The Sea Grant Law Center. University of Mississippi. 2003. from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^ Hubbard 2009, p. 140.
- ^ Van Zandt 1976, pp. 92–95.
- ^ Smith 2015, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Mathews, Dalena; Sorrell, Robert (October 6, 2018). "Pieces of the Past: Supreme Court looked at controversy over Bristol border location". Bristol Herald Courier. from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Noll, David (October 29, 2007). "Great Falls National Park on the Potomac River". Earth Science Picture of the Day. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ^ "Geological Formation". National Park Service. August 8, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. 1.
- ^ Kormann, Carolyn (June 8, 2018). "Tangier, the Sinking Island in the Chesapeake". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ White, Amy Brecount (April 16, 2020). "Shifting sands: Virginia's barrier islands are constantly on the move". Roadtrippers. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ Pazzaglia 2006, pp. 135–138.
- ^ "Virginia's Agricultural Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "Physiographic Regions of Virginia". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. July 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Palmer 1998, pp. 49–51.
- ^ Frost, Peter (August 23, 2011). "Virginia earthquake largest recorded in commonwealth". The Daily Press. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q. (August 23, 2012). "2011 Virginia earthquake felt by third of U.S." CBS News. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ Mayell, Hillary (November 13, 2001). "Chesapeake Bay Crater Offers Clues to Ancient Cataclysm". National Geographic Society. from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
- ^ Harper, Scott (April 8, 2009). "Lake Drummond's Name and Origin Still a Mystery to Some". The Virginian-Pilot Daily Press. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ Leatherman, Dale (October 12, 2017). "6 Spectacular Caves You'll Want to Explore in the Shenandoah". Washingtonian Magazine. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Kelly, James C.; Rasmussen, William Meade Stith (2000). The Virginia Landscape: A Cultural History. Charlottesville: Howell Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-57427-110-2. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
- ^ "Coal" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. July 31, 2008. (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- ^ . Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. April 7, 2021. Archived from the original (XLS) on July 5, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
- ^ Vogelsong, Sarah (September 30, 2021). "Uranium mining ban upheld as Supreme Court of Va. declines to reopen lower court ruling". The Virginia Mercury. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ Hamilton 2016, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset (November 2022). "Climate at a Glance". NOAA National Centers for Environmental information. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. xvii–xxi, 64
- ^ Dresbach, Jim (April 11, 2019). "Severe weather awareness for spring, summer". Pentagram. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ "Annual tornado drill in Virginia will be held March 17". WSET-TV. Associated Press. February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ "Annual Severe Weather Report Summary". NOAA / National Weather Service. January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
- ^ Halverson, Jeff (August 19, 2019). "Virginia's deadliest natural disaster unfolded 50 years ago from Hurricane Camille". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Halverson, Jeff (February 7, 2018). "Your primer to understanding Mid-Atlantic cold air damming and 'the wedge'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Leayman, Emily (January 22, 2020). "Snowiest Day On Record: The Day Fairfax Co. Saw 25.5 Inches Fall". Patch. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ "Winter Snowfall Departure from Average". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. March 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ Sublette, Sean (March 1, 2023). "We give our Virginia winter forecast a B". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ Watts, Brent (July 6, 2016). "Virginia summers getting more hot and humid". WDBJ-TV. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Vogelsong, Sarah (January 15, 2020). "In Virginia and U.S., urban heat islands and past redlining practices may be linked, study finds". The Virginia Mercury. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ Plumer, Brad; Popovich, Nadja (August 24, 2020). "How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ "Report Card: Virginia". State of the Air: 2022. American Lung Association. April 18, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Myatt, Kevin (August 27, 2019). "Weather Journal: You really can see more clearly on hot summer days than you used to". The Roanoke Star. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Virginia" (PDF). America's Health Rankings. United Health Foundation. November 28, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
- ^ McGowan, Elizabeth (December 16, 2020). "Report: Dominion Energy must start planning now for coal plant transition". Energy News Network. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ "Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Virginia, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001–21". www.eia.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
- ^ O'Keefe, Jimmy (October 4, 2019). "Virginia to develop 4 new solar energy projects". Associated Press. from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ^ Gildart, Robert C.; Gildart, Jane (2016). Hiking Shenandoah National Park (5 ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4930-1685-3.
- ^ a b Farrell, Rob (2022). "State of the Forest Annual Report on Virginia's Forests – 2021". Virginia Department of Forestry. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
- ^ Ward, Justin (August 17, 2016). "Gyspy Moths on wide, destructive path in Southwest Virginia". WDBJ-TV. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
- ^ "Common Native Trees of Virginia" (PDF). Virginia Department of Forestry. April 30, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ "Wildflowers of Northern Virginia". Prince William Conservation Alliance. May 5, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ Clarkson, Tee (March 3, 2018). "Clarkson: Deer populations abound, but number of hunters continues to decline". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
- ^ a b c Pagels, John F. (2013). (PDF). Virginia Tech. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ^ "American Black Bear". Shenandoah National Park. August 21, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ "Wildlife Information". Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources. June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ University of Florida (December 17, 2009). "Ancient origins of modern opossum revealed". Science Daily. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
- ^ Barry, R. & Lazell, J. (2008). "Sylvilagus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T41301A10434606. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41301A10434606.en.
- ^ a b Karen Terwilliger, A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia (Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries/McDonald & Woodward: 1995), p. 158.
- ^ White, Mel (April 28, 2016). "Birding in Virginia". National Audubon Society. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ^ "Important Bird Areas: Virginia". National Audubon Society. 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ Funk, William H. (October 8, 2017). "Peregrine falcons slow to return to Appalachia". The Chesapeake Bay Journal. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
- ^ Paul E. Bugas, Jr.; Corbin D. Hilling; Val Kells; Michael J. Pinder; Derek A. Wheaton; Donald J. Orth (2019). Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Virginia. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 13–16. ISBN 9781421433073.
- ^ Tkacik, Christina; Dance, Scott (June 10, 2019). "As blue catfish multiply in Chesapeake Bay, watermen pursue new catch". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Williams, John Page (March 26, 2019). "Spring Feeding". Chesapeake Bay Magazine. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (May 25, 2022). "Blue crab population in Chesapeake Bay hits record low". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ Bzdyk, Emily (July 1, 2016). "Crayfish". Loudoun Wildlife. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ Jeffrey C. Beane, Alvin L. Braswell, William M. Palmer, Joseph C. Mitchell & Julian R. Harrison III, Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia (2d ed.: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), pp. 51, 102.
- ^ Springston, Rex (May 3, 2019). "Snakes in Virginia: Meet 6 you'll most likely see this season". Virginia Mercury. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
- ^ Quine, Katie (November 2, 2015). "Why Are the Blue Ridge Mountains Blue?". Our State. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ a b "Virginia's Protected Lands". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ "Virginia". National Park Service. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ Carroll & Miller 2002, p. 158.
- ^ "The George Washington and Jefferson National Forests". United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 152–153, 356.
- ^ "Fun Facts". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ "Virginia Natural Area Preserves". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. November 20, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ Randall Brown (January 12, 2018). "That's the Breaks: Documentary chronicles significant natural area on Virginia-Kentucky border". Knoxville News Sentinel.
- ^ "About the Virginia Department of Forestry". 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Perrotte, Ken (May 23, 2019). "Virginia's Newest Wildlife Management Areas are Shining Examples of How/Where to Buy". Outdoors Rambler. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ "Enactment of Historic Legislation is Major Victory for Chesapeake Bay". Chesapeake Bay Foundation (Press release). October 30, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ "Virginia Basic Information". United States Census Bureau. June 25, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
- ^ Library of Virginia 1994, pp. 183.
- ^ Niemeier, Bernie (September 28, 2009). . Virginia Business. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Austermuhle, Martin (July 14, 2017). "No Longer A County Boy: Arlington Official Says County Should Become A City". WAMU 88.5. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ Sullivan, Patricia (December 10, 2019). "Virginia Democrats poised to relax Dillon Rule". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2021". U.S. Census Bureau. March 1, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
- ^ More, Maggie (December 6, 2022). "All Hail the Northeast Megalopolis, the Census Bureau Region Home to Roughly 1 in 6 Americans". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
- ^ a b Olivo, Antonio (January 25, 2018). "Virginia's population growth is most robust in Washington suburbs". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Clabaugh, Jeff (August 9, 2017). "Booming Tysons, looming problems: Office vacancies, traffic headaches and more". WTOP. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Cooper, Kyle (December 31, 2019). "Loudoun County one of the fastest growing in the country". WTOP. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Battiata, Mary (November 27, 2005). "Silent Streams". The Washington Post. from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "American Community Survey: Age and Sex". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
- ^ . United States Navy. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- ^ "All About Suffolk". Suffolk. February 12, 2007. Retrieved