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The Pentagon

The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. The building was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership.

The Pentagon
A 2018 aerial view of The Pentagon from above the Potomac River
General information
Architectural styleClassical Revival, Modern, and Stripped Classicism
LocationRichmond Hwy./VA 110 at I-395, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
Coordinates38°52′15″N 77°03′18″W / 38.87083°N 77.05500°W / 38.87083; -77.05500
Construction started11 September 1941 (1941-09-11)
Completed15 January 1943 (1943-01-15)
Cost$83 million (equivalent to $1.28 billion in 2022)[1]
OwnerUnited States Department of Defense
Height
Roof77 ft (23 m)[2]
Technical details
Floor count7 (2 underground)
Floor area6,636,360 sq ft (620,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)George Bergstrom
David J. Witmer
Main contractorJohn McShain, Inc.
Other information
Parking67 acres (27 ha)
Pentagon Office Building Complex
NRHP reference No.89000932[3]
VLR No.000-0072
Significant dates
Added to NRHP27 July 1988
Designated VLR18 April 1989[4]

The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project;[5] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised it.

The Pentagon is the world's second largest office building, with about 6.5 million square feet (600,000 m2) of floor space, of which 3.7 million square feet (340,000 m2) are used as offices.[6][7] It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi (28.2 km)[7] of corridors, with a central five-acre (2.0 ha) pentagonal plaza. About 23,000 military and civilian employees work in the Pentagon, as well as about 3,000 non-defense support personnel.[7]

In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks. Five al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 other people: 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon.[8] It was the first significant foreign attack on federal facilities in the capital area since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812.[citation needed] Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact. An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of 9/11 opened in 2008.

Layout and facilities edit

The Pentagon building spans 28.7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5.1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard.[9]

Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport.[citation needed] On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies. The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty ft (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington. A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon.[9] The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station.

There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall. The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard.

The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement). "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials. Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099. These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end. Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block). There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings.[citation needed]

Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine. The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance. Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5. Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number). Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3). One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15.[10]

It is possible to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes, though the optimal route may involve a brisk walk, routing through the open-air central courtyard, or both.[11][12][13] The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms.

Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington. Arlington National Cemetery is to the north. The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network.[14]

The Pentagon has six Washington, D.C., ZIP Codes despite its location in Arlington County, Virginia. The U.S. Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code.[15]

 
A view of The Pentagon from the south in September 2007

History edit

Background edit

 
The main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall. The Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building for several years before moving into the Pentagon.

Until the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U.S. Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem. It became the headquarters of the Department of State.[16]

When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites.[17][18]

Stimson told U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Department buildings. Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who represented the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem", rather than building yet more temporary buildings. Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan.[19]

Planning edit

 
A 1945 map of the Pentagon road network, including present-day State Route 27, part of Shirley Highway, and the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings near the Lincoln Memorial

Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs. The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site.[20]

The site first chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon.[21] Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D.C., from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt selected the Hoover Airport site instead.[22] The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly. Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified as a regular pentagon. It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age.[23]

On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof.[24] President Roosevelt officially approved the Hoover Airport site on 2 September.[25] While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc. and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia.[26] In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1.16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million (equivalent to $33.9 million in 2022[1]).[27] The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make way for the Pentagon.[28] Later, 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1.1 km2) for the Pentagon.[27]

Construction edit

 
The Pentagon (light blue) compared to large ships and buildings:
  The Pentagon, 1,414 feet, 431 m
  RMS Queen Mary 2, 1,132 feet, 345 m
  USS Enterprise, 1,123 feet, 342 m
  Hindenburg, 804 feet, 245 m
  Yamato, 863 feet, 263 m
  Empire State Building, 1,454 feet, 443 m
  Knock Nevis, ex-Seawise Giant, 1,503 feet, 458 m
  Apple Park, 1,522 feet, 464 m

Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $480 million in 2022[1]) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day.[29] Among the design requirements, Somervell required that the structural design accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), in case the building became a records storage facility after the end of the war.[25] A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply. Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River; a lagoon was also created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance.[30] To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators.[31][32] Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade.[33]

Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942. At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with materials used other than those specified in the plans. Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft (9.3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943.[34] David J. Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom’s resignation. Unrelated to the Pentagon project, he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects.[35] Construction was completed 15 January 1943.[36]

Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty ft (3 to 12 m) above sea level. Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions.[37] Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1.28 billion in 2022[1]). The building's approximate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 m) in length.[2]

The building was built wedge by wedge;[38] each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wedges.[39][40]

The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons. While the sets of lavatories were side by side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement.[41][42][12] When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas. When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's administration responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia land, was under Federal jurisdiction. In addition, its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies. As a result, the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (these laws were not overturned until 1965). The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied.[42]

Hall of Heroes edit

 
The Hall of Heroes on the Pentagon's main concourse

On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968[43] and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor,[note 1] the United States' highest military decoration.[46][47][48][49][50] The three versions of the Medal of Honor – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Space Force) – are on display along with the names of recipients.[49]

The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies.[51][52][53][54][55]

Renovation edit

From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency. Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed.[56]

As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring. These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling. Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units. With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions.[57]

Incidents edit

Protests edit

 
Military police keep back Vietnam War protesters during their sit-in at the Pentagon's National Mall entrance on 21 October 1967

During the late 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War. A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967.[58] In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested.[59] In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon"). They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers. During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels.[60] The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building.[61]

On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War.[62]

On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War[63] by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot.[64]

September 11, 2001, attacks edit

On September 11, 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon's groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks. The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse.[65] At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties. Due to the renovation work, only 800 people were there, as opposed to the usual 4,500.[66] Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade,[67] was the section best prepared for such an attack. The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed.[66][68]

It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts. The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety. The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windows—2 inches (5 cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire. It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out.[68]

Security video of Flight 77's collision with the Pentagon during the September 11 attacks
(impact at 1:25)[69]
 
Rescuers working at the Pentagon after the September 11 attacks
 
Smoke billowing out of the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, with the Washington Monument in the distance
 
The damage to the Pentagon from the September 11 attack

Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks. This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002.[70][71][72]

When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact. For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack. In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights. After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006. This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim. The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71. The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008.[73][74][75]

Gallery edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 5 August 1958 as Title 36, Chapter 33 of the U.S. Code.[44] The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.[45]

References edit

Citations edit

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  57. ^ . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  58. ^ White, Jean M. (16 February 1967). "2500 Women Storm Pentagon Over War". The Washington Post.
  59. ^ Auerbach, Stuart (13 May 1967). "Pentagon Protesters Jailed". The Washington Post.
  60. ^ Montgomery, David (18 March 2007). "Flowers, Guns and an Iconic Snapshot". The Washington Post. from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  61. ^ Alexander, David (2008). The Building: A Biography of the Pentagon. Voyageur Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780760320877.
  62. ^ Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way the Wind Blew. Verso. p. 142. ISBN 1-85984-167-8.
  63. ^ "8 Years After Start of War, Anger Reigns". The Washington Post. 17 March 2007. p. A1.
  64. ^ "Activists march to Pentagon on Iraq War's four-year anniversary". The GW Hatchet. 22 March 2007. from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
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  66. ^ a b Schrader, Esther (16 September 2001). "Pentagon, a Vulnerable Building, Was Hit in Least Vulnerable Spot". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
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  70. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
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Sources edit

  • Goldberg, Alfred (1992). The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years. Office of the Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-037979-2.
  • Vogel, Steve (2007). The Pentagon – A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7325-9.

External links edit

  • (archived version)
  • Popular Mechanics, March 1943, "Army's Giant Five-by-Five" one of earliest World War II articles on the Pentagon
  • Pentagon Force Protection Agency
  • How the Pentagon Got Its Shape – The Washington Post, 26 May 2007
  • U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: The Pentagon

pentagon, also, metonym, united, states, department, defense, other, uses, disambiguation, headquarters, building, united, states, department, defense, arlington, county, virginia, across, potomac, river, from, washington, building, constructed, accelerated, s. The Pentagon is also a metonym for the United States Department of Defense For other uses see The Pentagon disambiguation The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County Virginia across the Potomac River from Washington D C The building was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II As a symbol of the U S military the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership The PentagonA 2018 aerial view of The Pentagon from above the Potomac RiverGeneral informationArchitectural styleClassical Revival Modern and Stripped ClassicismLocationRichmond Hwy VA 110 at I 395 Arlington County Virginia U S Coordinates38 52 15 N 77 03 18 W 38 87083 N 77 05500 W 38 87083 77 05500Construction started11 September 1941 1941 09 11 Completed15 January 1943 1943 01 15 Cost 83 million equivalent to 1 28 billion in 2022 1 OwnerUnited States Department of DefenseHeightRoof77 ft 23 m 2 Technical detailsFloor count7 2 underground Floor area6 636 360 sq ft 620 000 m2 Design and constructionArchitect s George BergstromDavid J WitmerMain contractorJohn McShain Inc Other informationParking67 acres 27 ha Pentagon Office Building ComplexU S National Register of Historic PlacesVirginia Landmarks RegisterNRHP reference No 89000932 3 VLR No 000 0072Significant datesAdded to NRHP27 July 1988Designated VLR18 April 1989 4 The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain Ground was broken on 11 September 1941 and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943 General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project 5 Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U S Army Corps of Engineers which supervised it The Pentagon is the world s second largest office building with about 6 5 million square feet 600 000 m2 of floor space of which 3 7 million square feet 340 000 m2 are used as offices 6 7 It has five sides five floors above ground two basement levels and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17 5 mi 28 2 km 7 of corridors with a central five acre 2 0 ha pentagonal plaza About 23 000 military and civilian employees work in the Pentagon as well as about 3 000 non defense support personnel 7 In 2001 the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks Five al Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building killing themselves and 184 other people 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon 8 It was the first significant foreign attack on federal facilities in the capital area since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812 citation needed Following the attacks the western side of the building was repaired with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of 9 11 opened in 2008 Contents 1 Layout and facilities 2 History 2 1 Background 2 2 Planning 2 3 Construction 2 4 Hall of Heroes 2 5 Renovation 3 Incidents 3 1 Protests 3 2 September 11 2001 attacks 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksLayout and facilities editThe Pentagon building spans 28 7 acres 116 000 m2 and includes an additional 5 1 acres 21 000 m2 as a central courtyard 9 Starting with the north side and moving clockwise its five facade entrances are the Mall Terrace the River Terrace the Concourse or Metro Station the South Parking and the Heliport citation needed On the north side of the building the Mall Entrance which also features a portico leads out to a 600 ft long 180 m terrace that is used for ceremonies The River Entrance which features a portico projecting out twenty ft 6 m is on the northeast side overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon 9 The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building which contains a mini shopping mall The south parking lot adjoins the southwest facade and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard The concentric rings are designated from the center out as A through E with additional F and G rings in the basement E Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings and have two parts a nearest corridor number 1 to 10 followed by a bay number 00 to 99 so office numbers range from 100 to 1099 These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse s south end Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices for example corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block There are a number of historical displays in the building particularly in the A and E rings citation needed Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered B for Basement and M for Mezzanine The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance Above ground floors are numbered 1 to 5 Room numbers are given as the floor concentric ring and office number which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number Thus office 2B315 is on the second floor B ring and nearest to corridor 3 between corridors 2 and 3 One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor get to the A innermost ring go to and take corridor 3 and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15 10 It is possible to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes though the optimal route may involve a brisk walk routing through the open air central courtyard or both 11 12 13 The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City extensive shopping business and high density residential districts in Arlington Arlington National Cemetery is to the north The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network 14 The Pentagon has six Washington D C ZIP Codes despite its location in Arlington County Virginia The U S Secretary of Defense the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code 15 nbsp A view of The Pentagon from the south in September 2007History editBackground edit nbsp The main Navy Building foreground and the Munitions Building were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall The Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building for several years before moving into the Pentagon Until the Pentagon was built the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall The War Department which was a civilian agency created to administer the U S Army was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington D C Maryland and Virginia In the late 1930s during the Great Depression and federal construction program a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but upon completion the new building did not solve the department s space problem It became the headquarters of the Department of State 16 When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939 the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict Secretary of War Henry L Stimson found the situation unacceptable with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites 17 18 Stimson told U S President Franklin D Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space On 17 July 1941 a congressional hearing took place organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum D VA regarding proposals for new War Department buildings Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold who represented the War Department at the hearing for an overall solution to the department s space problem rather than building yet more temporary buildings Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days The War Department called upon its construction chief General Brehon Somervell to come up with a plan 19 Planning edit nbsp A 1945 map of the Pentagon road network including present day State Route 27 part of Shirley Highway and the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings near the Lincoln MemorialGovernment officials agreed that the War Department building officially designated Federal Office Building No 1 should be constructed in Arlington County Virginia across the Potomac River from Washington D C Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs The requirements meant that instead of rising vertically the building would be sprawling over a large area Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture s Arlington Experimental Farm adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery and the obsolete Hoover Field site 20 The site first chosen was Arlington Farms which had an asymmetric roughly pentagonal shape so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon 21 Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington D C from Arlington Cemetery President Roosevelt selected the Hoover Airport site instead 22 The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site the building was modified as a regular pentagon It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age 23 On 28 July Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington which would house the entire department under one roof 24 President Roosevelt officially approved the Hoover Airport site on 2 September 25 While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941 Somervell selected the contractors including John McShain Inc of Philadelphia which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington the Jefferson Memorial in Washington and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda Maryland along with Wise Contracting Company Inc and Doyle and Russell both from Virginia 26 In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government owned land construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres 1 16 km2 which were acquired at a cost of 2 2 million equivalent to 33 9 million in 2022 1 27 The Hell s Bottom neighborhood consisting of numerous pawnshops factories approximately 150 homes and other buildings around Columbia Pike was cleared to make way for the Pentagon 28 Later 300 acres 1 2 km2 of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer leaving 280 acres 1 1 km2 for the Pentagon 27 Construction edit nbsp The Pentagon light blue compared to large ships and buildings The Pentagon 1 414 feet 431 m RMS Queen Mary 2 1 132 feet 345 m USS Enterprise 1 123 feet 342 m Hindenburg 804 feet 245 m Yamato 863 feet 263 m Empire State Building 1 454 feet 443 m Knock Nevis ex Seawise Giant 1 503 feet 458 m Apple Park 1 522 feet 464 mContracts totaling 31 100 000 equivalent to 480 million in 2022 1 were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941 and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day 29 Among the design requirements Somervell required that the structural design accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi 1 000 kPa in case the building became a records storage facility after the end of the war 25 A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply Instead the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure using 680 000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River a lagoon was also created beneath the Pentagon s river entrance 30 To minimize steel usage concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators 31 32 Indiana limestone was used for the building s facade 33 Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction with initial drawings provided in early October 1941 and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942 At times the construction work got ahead of the design with materials used other than those specified in the plans Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft 9 3 ha of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943 34 David J Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom s resignation Unrelated to the Pentagon project he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects 35 Construction was completed 15 January 1943 36 Soil conditions of the site on the Potomac River floodplain presented challenges as did the varying elevations across the site which ranged from ten to forty ft 3 to 12 m above sea level Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations and cast in place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions 37 Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of 83 million equivalent to 1 28 billion in 2022 1 The building s approximate height is 77 ft 23 m and each of the five sides is 921 ft 281 m in length 2 The building was built wedge by wedge 38 each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed even as construction continued on the remaining wedges 39 40 The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons While the sets of lavatories were side by side the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement 41 42 12 When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication he ordered removal of the Whites Only signs in segregated areas When the Governor of Virginia protested Roosevelt s administration responded that the Pentagon although on Virginia land was under Federal jurisdiction In addition its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President s policies As a result the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced these laws were not overturned until 1965 The side by side sets of restrooms still exist but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied 42 Hall of Heroes edit nbsp The Hall of Heroes on the Pentagon s main concourseOn the building s main concourse is the Hall of Heroes opened 1968 43 and dedicated to the more than 3 460 recipients of the Medal of Honor note 1 the United States highest military decoration 46 47 48 49 50 The three versions of the Medal of Honor Army Sea Service for the Marine Corps Navy and Coast Guard and Air Force for the Air Force and Space Force are on display along with the names of recipients 49 The Hall is also used for promotions retirements and other ceremonies 51 52 53 54 55 Renovation edit Main article Pentagon Renovation Program From 1998 to 2011 the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed 56 As originally built most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring These offices used cross ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling Gradually bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units With renovations now complete the new space includes a return to open office bays and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions 57 Incidents editProtests edit nbsp Military police keep back Vietnam War protesters during their sit in at the Pentagon s National Mall entrance on 21 October 1967During the late 1960s the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War A group of 2 500 women organized by Women Strike for Peace demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S McNamara s office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967 58 In May 1967 a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff s office which lasted four days before they were arrested 59 In one of the better known incidents on 21 October 1967 some 35 000 anti war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department the March on the Pentagon They were confronted by some 2 500 armed soldiers During the protest a famous picture was taken where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers gun barrels 60 The march concluded with an attempt to exorcise the building 61 On 19 May 1972 the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth floor women s restroom in retaliation for the Nixon administration s bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War 62 On 17 March 2007 4 000 to 15 000 people estimates vary significantly protested the Iraq War 63 by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon s north parking lot 64 September 11 2001 attacks edit Main article American Airlines Flight 77 Further information September 11 attacks On September 11 2001 coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon s groundbreaking five al Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77 en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9 37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse 65 At the time of the attacks the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied resulting in fewer casualties Due to the renovation work only 800 people were there as opposed to the usual 4 500 66 Furthermore the area hit on the side of the Heliport facade 67 was the section best prepared for such an attack The renovation there improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing had nearly been completed 66 68 It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts The steel reinforcement bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon s five floors kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety The area struck by the plane also had blast resistant windows 2 inches 5 cm thick and 2 500 pounds 1 100 kg each that stayed intact during the crash and fire It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out 68 source source source Security video of Flight 77 s collision with the Pentagon during the September 11 attacks impact at 1 25 69 nbsp Rescuers working at the Pentagon after the September 11 attacks nbsp Smoke billowing out of the Pentagon on September 11 2001 with the Washington Monument in the distance nbsp The damage to the Pentagon from the September 11 attack Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks This additional project was named the Phoenix Project and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002 70 71 72 When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon one light for each victim of the attack In addition an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights After the attacks plans were developed for an outdoor memorial with construction underway in 2006 This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres 8 100 m2 of land containing 184 benches one dedicated to each victim The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims ages from 3 to 71 The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008 73 74 75 Gallery edit nbsp View of the Pentagon from the northwest during the building s construction in July 1942 nbsp A view of the Pentagon from the southwest with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in background in 1988 nbsp Aftermath at the Pentagon from the September 11 attacks nbsp A September 11 anniversary illumination at the Pentagon in 2007 nbsp The Pentagon 9 11 Memorial a tribute to the lives lost in the Flight 77 s collision with the Pentagon in the September 11 attacks which killed 125 people in the Pentagon and all 64 on board Flight 77 nbsp An aerial closeup of the Pentagon in May 2021See also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp United States portalList of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia List of United States military bases National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County Virginia Pentagon Force Protection Agency The Octagon headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative CapitalNotes edit The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by U S President Dwight D Eisenhower on 5 August 1958 as Title 36 Chapter 33 of the U S Code 44 The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36 Chapter 405 of the U S Code 45 References editCitations edit a b c d Johnston Louis Williamson Samuel H 2023 What Was the U S GDP Then MeasuringWorth Retrieved 30 November 2023 United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series a b Facts Navigating The Pentagon pentagontours osd mil Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 Retrieved 10 January 2018 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service 9 July 2010 Virginia Landmarks Register Virginia Department of Historic Resources Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 12 May 2013 Vogel 2007 p page needed Hancock Michaila 27 August 2015 Pentagon the world s largest office building in infographics The Architects Journal Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Retrieved 27 February 2021 a b c The Pentagon Facts amp Figures Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 Retrieved 23 August 2014 Stone Andrea 20 August 2002 Military s aid and comfort ease 9 11 survivors burden USA TODAY Archived from the original on 11 March 2015 Retrieved 12 September 2021 a b Goldberg 1992 p 57 How to Find a Room in the Pentagon Headquarters Dept of the Army Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 Retrieved 13 September 2007 9 Things You May Not Know About the Pentagon History com 24 September 2019 Archived from the original on 19 January 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2021 a b Roulo Claudette 3 January 2019 10 Things You Probably Didn t Know About the Pentagon Defense gov Archived from the original on 1 September 2021 Retrieved 17 May 2021 Man shoots 2 officers outside Pentagon CNN 5 March 2010 Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 Retrieved 25 May 2010 Mixing Bowl Interchange Complex roadstothefuture com Archived from the original on 31 August 2000 Retrieved 22 November 2006 Facts amp Figures Zip Codes Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 Goldberg 1992 pp 6 9 Intro Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army United States Army Center of Military History 1992 Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 Retrieved 18 October 2008 Main Navy amp Munitions Buildings Naval History amp Heritage Command Archived from the original on 5 October 2001 Retrieved 17 October 2008 Vogel 2007 pp 29 33 Vogel 2007 pp 35 37 F W Cron 25 October 1960 History of the Pentagon Network U S Department of Commerce Bureau of Public Roads Via Kozel Scott M 14 August 1997 Pentagon Road System Roads to the Future Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2006 General Information Archived from the original on 29 November 2005 Retrieved 4 December 2005 Vogel Steve 27 May 2007a How the Pentagon Got Its Shape The Washington Post p W16 Archived from the original on 5 November 2021 Retrieved 26 May 2007 Goldberg 1992 p 22 a b Goldberg 1992 p 33 Goldberg 1992 p 29 a b Goldberg 1992 p 34 Vogel 2007 p 131 Goldberg 1992 pp 35 44 Rare Unseen Building the Pentagon Life Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 McGrath Amanda 26 May 2007 How The Pentagon Got Its Shape Gallery The Washington Post Archived from the original on 5 November 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2017 Goldberg 1992 pp 52 53 Owens Jim February 2005 Replacing the stone and rebuilding the Pentagon Mining Engineering 57 2 21 26 Goldberg 1992 pp 39 42 Goldberg 1992 p 36 Construction to Completion The Pentagon Tours United States Department of Defense Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 Retrieved 20 July 2016 Goldberg 1992 pp 47 52 The Pentagon dcmilitary com 19 February 2016 Archived from the original on 1 October 2021 Retrieved 1 October 2021 Three shifts worked 24 hours a day every day building the Pentagon wedge by wedge Five By Five The Making of the Pentagon PDF PDH Center 2014 Archived PDF from the original on 1 October 2021 Retrieved 1 October 2021 One section was completed on April 30 1942 sic and the first tenants moved in Lange Katie 21 December 2019 Pentagon history Seven big things to know Aerotech News Archived from the original on 1 October 2021 Retrieved 1 October 2021 The first tenants moved into the building in April 1942 several months before the building was finished Weyeneth Robert R 2005 The Architecture of Racial Segregation The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past pp 28 30 a b Carroll James 2007 House of War The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power Mariner Books pp 4 5 ISBN 978 0 618 18780 5 Maffre John 15 May 1968 The President Looks to Peace For Which These Men Have Fought The Washington Post p 1 The Congressional Medal of Honor Society s History Official Site Congressional Medal of Honor Society Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 Retrieved 1 October 2006 Title 36 U S Code Chapter 405 Congressional Medal of Honor Society of The United States Of America Legal Information Institute Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 Department of the Army 1 July 2002 Section 578 4 Medal of Honor Code of Federal Regulations Government Printing Office Title 32 Volume 2 Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 Retrieved 14 March 2012 1348 33 P 31 8 c 1 a DoD Award Manual 23 November 2010 Tucker Spencer C Arnold James Wiener Roberta 2011 The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars 1607 1890 A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO p 879 ISBN 978 1 85109 697 8 Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 Retrieved 14 March 2012 a b Welcome to the Headquarters Department of Defense Self Guided Tour Brochure Pentagon Tours Program Archived from the original on 17 October 2019 Retrieved 2 December 2013 Baker Henderson Inside the Pentagon Post 9 11 Scholastic News Online Archived from the original on 23 March 2019 Retrieved 2 December 2013 Hirschfelder Paulette 2012 The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press p 220 Roth S 23 June 2000 Pentagon s Hall of Heroes Welcomes Asian American Veterans Gannett News Service ProQuest 450409792 Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2013 Pentagon s Gulf War Spokesman Retires St Petersburg Times 30 March 1991 ProQuest 262802874 Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2013 Omicinski J 1 December 1999 Comanche Code Talkers Honored for WWII Service Gannett News Service ProQuest 450284607 Archived from the original on 26 February 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2013 Readiness Award The Charleston Gazette 26 February 2004 ProQuest 331326463 Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 2 December 2013 Vogel Steve 22 June 2011 New Pentagon Is A Paragon The Washington Post p 1 Renovation of the Pentagon Archived from the original on 4 October 2006 Retrieved 9 October 2006 White Jean M 16 February 1967 2500 Women Storm Pentagon Over War The Washington Post Auerbach Stuart 13 May 1967 Pentagon Protesters Jailed The Washington Post Montgomery David 18 March 2007 Flowers Guns and an Iconic Snapshot The Washington Post Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 Retrieved 25 May 2010 Alexander David 2008 The Building A Biography of the Pentagon Voyageur Press p 192 ISBN 9780760320877 Jacobs Ron 1997 The Way the Wind Blew Verso p 142 ISBN 1 85984 167 8 8 Years After Start of War Anger Reigns The Washington Post 17 March 2007 p A1 Activists march to Pentagon on Iraq War s four year anniversary The GW Hatchet 22 March 2007 Archived from the original on 18 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Isikoff Michael Klaidman Daniel 10 June 2002 The Hijackers We Let Escape Newsweek Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 Retrieved 22 October 2009 a b Schrader Esther 16 September 2001 Pentagon a Vulnerable Building Was Hit in Least Vulnerable Spot Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 Retrieved 25 February 2010 The Pentagon PDF BuildingsOne October 2015 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 18 August 2022 Retrieved 5 August 2022 a b Where The Pentagon Was Hit LA Times Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 Retrieved 21 June 2015 Flight 77 Video 2 Judicial Watch Archived from the original on 16 November 2006 Pentagon Renovation Program Archived from the original on 8 May 2006 Retrieved 4 December 2005 Childs Nick 15 August 2002 Americas Pentagon staff reclaim destroyed offices BBC News Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 Retrieved 4 December 2005 Pentagon History September 11 2001 Pentagon osd mil Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 Retrieved 26 October 2008 Pentagon Memorial Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 Contractor Selected for the Pentagon Memorial Press release United States Department of Defense 6 August 2003 576 03 Archived from the original on 11 May 2006 Wilgoren Debbie Miroff Nick Shulman Robin 11 September 2008 Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on 7th Anniversary of Attacks The Washington Post Archived from the original on 3 October 2018 Retrieved 11 September 2008 Sources edit Goldberg Alfred 1992 The Pentagon The First Fifty Years Office of the Secretary of Defense Government Printing Office ISBN 0 16 037979 2 Vogel Steve 2007 The Pentagon A History The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later Random House ISBN 978 0 8129 7325 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Pentagon nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to The Pentagon The Pentagon website archived version Popular Mechanics March 1943 Army s Giant Five by Five one of earliest World War II articles on the Pentagon Pentagon Force Protection Agency How the Pentagon Got Its Shape The Washington Post 26 May 2007 U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System The Pentagon Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Pentagon amp oldid 1206948230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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