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Thrash metal

August 20, 2023

This article is about a subgenre of heavy metal music. For the similar subgenre of heavy metal music, see Crossover thrash.

Thrash metal (or simply thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its overall aggression and often fast tempo.[4] The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, overlaid with shredding-style lead guitar work. The lyrical subject matter often includes criticism of The Establishment, opposition to armed conflicts, and at times shares a disdain for the Christian religion with that of black metal. The language is typically direct and denunciatory, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk.

Thrash metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly 1980s, United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Latin America
Derivative forms
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Other topics

The genre emerged in the early 1980s as musicians began fusing the double bass drumming and complex guitar stylings of the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM) with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk.[5] Philosophically, thrash metal developed as a backlash against both the conservatism of the Reagan Era[6] and the much more moderate, pop-influenced, and widely accessible heavy metal subgenre of glam metal which also developed concurrently in the 1980s.[7]

The early thrash metal movement revolved around independent record labels, including Megaforce, Metal Blade, Combat, Roadrunner, and Noise, and the underground tape trading industry in both Europe and North America. The genre was commercially successful during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, with the "Big Four" of thrash metal – Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax – being joined by Exodus, Overkill, Testament, and Sepultura, as well as the "Big Four" of German thrash metal: Kreator, Destruction, Sodom, and Tankard. Some of those bands are often credited for helping create, develop and popularize the genre.[5][8][9]

The thrash metal genre had declined in popularity by the mid-1990s, with the commercial success of numerous genres such as alternative rock, grunge, and later nu metal. During that period, some bands either disbanded or moved away from their thrash metal roots and more towards groove metal or alternative metal. During the 2000s and early 2010s, thrash metal experienced a resurgence in popularity, with the arrival of various modern acts such as Bonded by Blood, Evile, Hatchet, Havok, Municipal Waste, and Warbringer, who have all been credited for leading the so-called "thrash metal revival" scene.[10][11][12]

Characteristics

 
Kirk Hammett and James Hetfield of Metallica (pictured in 2008). Metallica's early work is regarded as essential to the development of the genre in the 1980s.

Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex guitar riffs, high-register guitar solos, and double bass drumming.[13] The rhythm guitar parts are played with heavy distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter and more precise sound.[14] Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from melodic singing to shouted or screamed vocals. Most guitar solos are played at high speed and technically demanding, as they are usually characterized by shredding, and use advanced techniques such as sweep picking, legato phrasing, alternate picking, tremolo picking, string skipping, and two-hand tapping.

David Ellefson, bassist for one of the biggest thrash bands, Megadeth, described thrash metal as "a combination of the attitude from punk rock but the riffs and complexities of traditional metal."[15]

 
New York band Anthrax was among the earliest and most successful thrash acts.

The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, instead of using conventional single-scale-based riffing. For example, the intro riff of Metallica's "Master of Puppets" (the title track of the namesake album) is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone.

Speed, pacing, and time changes also define thrash metal. Thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two bass drums, or a double-bass pedal to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo. Some common characteristics of the genre are fast guitar riffs with aggressive picking styles and fast guitar solos, and extensive use of two bass drums as opposed to the conventional use of only one, typical of most rock music.

To keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve Di Giorgio, Robert Trujillo, and Cliff Burton. Several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörhead's Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, and other maladies that afflict the individual and society. In addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands. Humor and irony can occasionally be found (Anthrax for example), but they are limited, and are an exception rather than a rule.[16][17]

History

Origins

 
Venom's early work is considered a major influence on thrash metal.

Among the earliest songs credited with influencing future thrash musicians was Queen's "Stone Cold Crazy", recorded and released in 1974. The song was described as being thrash metal "before the term had been invented".[18] Black Sabbath's "Symptom of the Universe", released in 1975, is often referred to as a compelling early influence on thrash, and was a direct inspiration for Diamond Head's pioneering song "Am I Evil?".[19] The NWOBHM (New Wave of British Heavy Metal) bands emerging from Britain in the late 1970s further influenced the development of early thrash. The early work of artists such as Diamond Head, Iron Maiden, Venom, Motörhead, Tygers of Pan Tang, Raven, and Angel Witch, among others, introduced the fast-paced and intricate musicianship that became core aspects of thrash. Phil Taylor's double-bass drumming featured in Motörhead's 1979 song "Overkill" has been acknowledged by many thrash drummers, most notably Lars Ulrich, as a primary influence on their playing. Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel played a key role in bringing the emerging genre to a larger audience, as he was responsible for discovering both Metallica and Slayer and producing their earliest studio recordings.

Void is hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore/heavy metal crossover, whose chaotic musical approach is often cited as particularly influential.[20] Their 1982 split LP with fellow Washington band The Faith showed both bands exhibiting quick, fiery, high-speed punk rock. It has been argued that those recordings laid the foundation for early thrash metal, at least in terms of selected tempos.[21]

In Latin America, this genre also gained a lot of strength, and its creation is also attributed to it, since it began to gain popularity due to the dictatorships that many countries faced at that time, with bands like V8 (1979) with their debut albums Demo 1982 or Luchando por el metal,[22] and Bloke (1980)[23] from Argentina, Transmetal (1987) from México, also the band Massakre (1985) in Chile.

 
Album cover Luchando por el Metal, by the Argentinian band V8, which was formed in 1979

In Europe, the earliest band of the emerging thrash movement was Venom from Newcastle upon Tyne, formed in 1979. Their 1982 album Black Metal has been cited as a major influence on many subsequent genres and bands in the extreme metal world, such as Bathory, Hellhammer, Slayer, and Mayhem. The European scene was almost exclusively influenced by the most aggressive music Germany and England were producing at the time. British bands such as Tank and Raven, along with German bands Accept (whose 1982 song "Fast as a Shark" is often credited as one of the first-ever thrash/speed metal songs)[24][25][26] and Living Death,[27] motivated musicians from central Europe to start bands of their own, eventually producing groups such as Sodom, Kreator, and Destruction from Germany, as well as Switzerland's Celtic Frost (formed by two-thirds of Hellhammer), Coroner and Carrion (who later became Poltergeist).

The crossover with hardcore punk has also been cited as important influence on thrash, especially the English hardcore punk band Discharge, formed in Stoke-on-Trent in 1977: "Discharge's influence on heavy metal is incalculable and metal superstars such as Metallica, Anthrax, Machine Head, Sepultura, Soulfly, Prong and Arch Enemy have covered Discharge's songs in tribute."[28]

Early 1980s

In 1981, Los Angeles band Leather Charm wrote a song entitled "Hit the Lights". Leather Charm soon disbanded and the band's primary songwriter, vocalist/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield, met drummer Lars Ulrich through a classified advertisement. Together, Hetfield and Ulrich formed Metallica, one of the "Big Four" thrash bands, with lead guitarist Dave Mustaine, who would later form Megadeth, another of the "Big Four" originators of thrash, and bassist Ron McGovney. McGovney would be replaced by Cliff Burton (formerly of Trauma), and Mustaine was later replaced by Kirk Hammett of the then-unsigned Bay Area thrash metal act Exodus, and at Burton's insistence, the band relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area. Before Metallica had even settled on a definitive lineup, Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel asked Hetfield and Ulrich (credited as "Mettallica") to record "Hit the Lights" for the first edition of his Metal Massacre compilation in 1982. An updated version of "Hit the Lights" would later open their first studio album, Kill 'Em All, released in mid-1983.[29]

The term "thrash metal" was first used in the music press by Kerrang! magazine's journalist Malcolm Dome[30] while referring to another of the "Big Four", Anthrax (who, like Metallica, formed in 1981), and their song "Metal Thrashing Mad".[31] Before this, Metallica frontman James Hetfield referred to his band's sound as speed metal or power metal.

Another "Big Four" thrash band formed in Los Angeles in 1981, when guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King met while auditioning for the same band and subsequently decided to form a band of their own. Hanneman and King recruited vocalist/bassist Tom Araya and drummer Dave Lombardo, and Slayer was formed. Slayer was discovered by Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel; the band's live performance of Iron Maiden's "Phantom of the Opera" so impressed him that he promptly signed them to his label. In December 1983, four months after the release of Metallica's debut Kill 'Em All, Slayer released their debut album, Show No Mercy.

To the north, Canada produced influential thrash and speed metal bands such as Annihilator, Anvil, Exciter, Razor, Sacrifice, and Voivod.

Mid-1980s

The popularity of thrash metal increased in 1984 with the release of Metallica's sophomore record Ride the Lightning, as well as Anthrax's debut Fistful of Metal. Slayer and Overkill released extended plays on independent labels during this era, Haunting the Chapel and Overkill respectively. This led to a heavier-sounding form of thrash, which was reflected in Exodus' Bonded by Blood and Slayer's Hell Awaits. In 1985, the German band Kreator released their debut album Endless Pain and the Brazilian band Sepultura released their EP Bestial Devastation. Overkill and Megadeth, the latter of which was formed by former Metallica guitarist Dave Mustaine, released their debut albums Feel the Fire and Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! respectively, and Anthrax released the critically acclaimed Spreading the Disease in 1985. Several other debut albums associated with the thrash metal genre were released that year, including Seven Churches by Possessed, To Mega Therion by Celtic Frost, and Energetic Disassembly by Watchtower; the first two are often credited for pioneering and popularizing the mid-1980s extreme metal scene (as well as the then-developing genres of death metal and black metal, respectively),[32][33] while the latter has been cited as the first progressive/technical thrash metal album.[34]

 
Slayer (pictured in 2007) released Reign in Blood in 1986, considered a landmark achievement in the genre's history.

From a creative standpoint, the year 1986 was perhaps the pinnacle of thrash metal,[citation needed] as a number of critically acclaimed and genre-defining albums were released. Metallica's major label debut Master of Puppets was released in March, becoming the first thrash album to be certified platinum, being certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); it would be the band's last album to feature bassist Cliff Burton, who was killed in a bus accident six months after its release. Kreator released Pleasure to Kill in April 1986, which would later be a major influence on the death metal scene.[35] Megadeth released Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? in September, an album which proved to be the band's commercial and critical breakthrough and which AllMusic later cited as "a classic of early thrash".[36] Slayer, regarded as one of the most sinister thrash metal bands of the early 1980s,[37][unreliable source?] released Reign in Blood in October, an album considered by some to have single-handedly inspired the death metal genre.[38] Also in October, Nuclear Assault released their debut album Game Over, followed a month later by Dark Angel's Darkness Descends, which marked the debut of renowned drummer Gene Hoglan. Flotsam and Jetsam's debut album Doomsday for the Deceiver (released on the Fourth of July in 1986) received some attention as well, due to the album being "the first of only a handful" to ever receive a 6K rating from Kerrang! magazine, and it is also notable for featuring a then-unknown Jason Newsted, who, not long after the album's release, joined Metallica as Burton's replacement.[39]

Also during the mid-to-late 1980s, bands such as Suicidal Tendencies, D.R.I., S.O.D. (who featured three-fifths of Anthrax), and Corrosion of Conformity paved the way to what became known as crossover thrash, a fusion genre that lies on a continuum between heavy metal and hardcore punk, and is arguably faster and more aggressive than thrash metal.[40]

Late 1980s

 
Testament was one of the most successful Bay Area thrash metal bands of the late 1980s.

In 1987, Anthrax released their third album Among the Living, which borrowed elements from their two previous releases, with fast guitar riffs and pounding drums. Death Angel took a similar approach with their 1987 debut, The Ultra-Violence. Suicidal Tendencies, who were originally a hardcore punk band and are often considered to be one of the "fathers of crossover thrash",[41] became more recognized as a thrash metal band in the late 1980s (thanks in large part to the presence of guitarists Rocky George and Mike Clark), and the band would reach new heights of success with their first two major-label albums, How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today (1988) and Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit... Déjà Vu (1989).[42] D.R.I., also a pioneering crossover thrash band, garnered considerable attention with the more thrash-oriented albums, Crossover (1987), 4 of a Kind (1988), and Thrash Zone (1989).[40]

Sepultura's third album, Beneath the Remains (1989), earned them some mainstream appeal as it was released by Roadrunner Records. Testament released three albums in the late 1980s, The Legacy, The New Order, and Practice What You Preach, all showing the band's musical growth and gaining Testament nearly the same level of popularity as the "Big Four",[43][44] while Exodus' third album Fabulous Disaster (1989) garnered the band their first music video and one of their most recognized songs, the mosh-pit anthem "The Toxic Waltz".[citation needed] Vio-lence, Forbidden, and Sadus, three relative latecomers to the Bay Area thrash metal scene, released their debut albums Eternal Nightmare, Forbidden Evil, and Illusions, respectively, in 1988; the latter album demonstrated a sound that was primarily driven by the fretless bass of Steve Di Giorgio.

Canadian thrashers Annihilator released their highly technical debut Alice in Hell in 1989, which was praised for its fast riffs and extended guitar solos. In Germany, Sodom released Agent Orange, and Kreator would release Extreme Aggression. Several highly acclaimed albums associated with the sub-genre of technical thrash metal were also released in 1989, including Coroner's No More Color, Dark Angel's Leave Scars, Toxik's Think This, and Watchtower's Control and Resistance, which has been recognized and acknowledged as one of the cornerstones of jazz-metal fusion and a major influence on the technical death metal genre,[45][46] while Forced Entry's debut album Uncertain Future helped pioneer the late 1980s Seattle music scene.[47][48]

From 1987 to 1989, Overkill released Taking Over, Under the Influence, and The Years of Decay, three albums considered their best. Each of the "Big Four" of thrash metal bands released albums in 1988: Slayer released South of Heaven, Megadeth released So Far, So Good... So What!, Anthrax released State of Euphoria while Metallica's ...And Justice for All spawned the band's first video and Top 40 hit, the World War I–themed song "One".

Many thrash metal bands benefited from the exposure they received on MTV's Headbangers Ball,[49][50] radio stations such as KNAC in Long Beach and Z Rock in Dallas,[51][52] and coverage on numerous publications, including Kerrang! and RIP Magazine. These outlets not only played a major role in the crossover success of thrash metal during the late 1980s, but helped push album sales of the genre's "Big Four" and similar bands, or moved them from playing clubs to arenas and stadiums. One of the most notable events in thrash metal's growing popularity during this period was the summer of 1988 Monsters of Rock tour in North America (co-headlined by Van Halen and Scorpions), at which Metallica was one of the supporting acts and drew the largest audiences of the two-month-long arena and stadium tour.[53][54] In the following year, Anthrax teamed up with Exodus and Helloween on a US arena tour sponsored by Headbangers Ball.[49][55]

1990s

A number of more typical but technically sophisticated albums were released in 1990, including Megadeth's Rust in Peace, Anthrax's Persistence of Time, Slayer's Seasons in the Abyss, Suicidal Tendencies' Lights...Camera...Revolution!, Testament's Souls of Black, Kreator's Coma of Souls, Destruction's Cracked Brain, Forbidden's Twisted into Form, Exodus' Impact Is Imminent, Sacred Reich's The American Way, Prong's Beg to Differ, Pantera's Cowboys from Hell and Exhorder's Slaughter in the Vatican; the latter three are often credited for being an integral part of the then-developing groove metal genre.[56][57] All of those albums were commercial high points for the aforementioned artists. During this period, Megadeth and Slayer co-headlined one of the most successful tours in thrash metal history called the Clash of the Titans; the first leg in Europe included support from Testament and Suicidal Tendencies, while the second leg in the US had Anthrax and then-emerging Seattle band Alice in Chains, who were the supporting act.[58][59]

Several albums, some of which had come to be known as technical thrash metal, were released in 1991, including Overkill's Horrorscope, Heathen's Victims of Deception, Dark Angel's Time Does Not Heal, Sepultura's Arise, Coroner's Mental Vortex, Prong's Prove You Wrong and Forced Entry's As Above, So Below.

In 1991, Metallica released their eponymous album, known as "The Black Album". The album marked a stylistic change in the band, eliminating much of the speed and longer song structures of the band's previous work, and instead focusing on more concise and heavier songs. The album was a change in Metallica's direction from the thrash metal style of the band's previous four studio albums towards a more contemporary heavy metal sound with original hard rock elements, but still had remnant characteristics of thrash metal.[60][61] It would go on to become the band's best-selling album and began a wave of thrash metal bands releasing more garage-oriented albums, or else more experimental ones.

The era of 1991–1992 marked the beginning of the end of thrash metal's commercial peak, due to the rising popularity of the alternative metal and grunge movements.[62] In response to this climate change, many thrash metal bands that had emerged from the previous decade had called it quits or went on hiatus during the 1990s, while half of the "Big Four" and other veteran bands began changing to more accessible, radio-friendly styles.[63] Metallica was a notable example of this shift, particularly with their mid–to–late 1990s albums Load, and ReLoad, which displayed minor blues and southern rock influences, and were seen as a major departure from the band's earlier sound.[64] Megadeth took a more accessible heavy metal route starting with their 1992 album Countdown to Extinction.[65] Testament, Exodus and Flotsam and Jetsam all took a melodic/progressive approach with the albums The Ritual,[66] Force of Habit,[67] and Cuatro,[68] respectively. One of the pioneers of crossover thrash, Corrosion of Conformity, began changing their sound into a slower and Black Sabbath-influenced heavy metal direction with their post-1980s output, adapting influences and textures of sludge, doom metal, blues, and southern rock on several of their albums, including Blind (1991), Deliverance (1994) and Wiseblood (1996).[69]

In the wake of the success of groove metal, instigated by Pantera (who went on to become one of the most successful heavy metal bands of the 1990s), several thrash metal established bands started to expand their sound by adding elements and influences from the groove metal genre.[70][71][72] Anthrax, who had recently replaced Joey Belladonna with John Bush as their singer, began stepping away from their previously established thrash metal formula to a more accessible alternative/groove metal approach for the remainder of their 1990s output, starting with and including Sound of White Noise (1993).[73][74][75] Sacred Reich, Overkill, Coroner, Prong, Testament, and Forbidden followed this trend with their respective albums Independent,[76] I Hear Black,[77] Grin,[78] Cleansing,[79] Low,[80] and Distortion.[81] Sepultura's 1993 album Chaos A.D. also marked the beginning of their transition away from death/thrash metal to groove metal which had influenced then-up-and-coming bands like Korn, who reciprocally became the inspiration behind the nu metal style of the band's next album Roots (1996).[82] Roots would influence a generation of bands from Linkin Park to Slipknot, which during the 1990s meant the replacement of death, thrash, and speed, by nu metal and metalcore as popular epicenters of the hardest metal scene.[83]

Staying away from this new commercial mainstream of groove metal, metalcore, and especially nu metal, the second wave of black metal emerged as an opposed underground music scene, initially in Norway. This crop of new bands differenced themselves from the "first wave" by totally distilling black metal from the combined origins with thrash metal, but they preserved from all these sub-genres the emphasis on atmosphere over rhythm.[84]

As further extreme metal genres came to prominence in the 1990s (industrial metal, death metal, and black metal each finding their own fanbase), the heavy metal "family tree" soon found itself blending aesthetics and styles.[85] For example, bands with all the musical traits of thrash metal began using death growls, a vocal style borrowed from death metal, while black metal bands often utilized the airy feel of synthesizers, popularized in industrial metal. Today the placing of bands within distinct sub-genres remains a source of contention for heavy metal fans, however, little debate resides over the fact that thrash metal is the sole proprietor of its respective spin-offs.

2000s and 2010s

Many 1980s-era thrash bands who split or were inactive during the 1990s – such as Dark Angel, Death Angel, Nuclear Assault, and Forbidden – reunited in the 2000s. Notable bands returned to their roots with releases such as Kreator's Violent Revolution (2001), Metallica's Death Magnetic (2008), Megadeth's Endgame (2009), Slayer's World Painted Blood (2009), Exodus' Exhibit B: The Human Condition (2010), Overkill's Ironbound (2010), Anthrax's Worship Music (2011), Testament's Dark Roots of Earth (2012), and Flotsam and Jetsam's Ugly Noise (2012). More recent bands of the genre, such as Havok and Legion of the Damned have turned their focus towards a more aggressive rendition of thrash metal, incorporating elements of melodic death metal.

2020s

Spin-off genres

Thrash metal is directly responsible for the development of underground metal genres, such as death metal, black metal,[86] and groove metal.[87] In addition to this, metalcore, grindcore, and deathcore employ similar riffs in their composition, the former with more focus on melody rather than chromaticism. The blending of punk ethos and metal's brutal nature led to even more extreme, underground styles after thrash metal began gaining mild commercial success in the late 1980s.[88] With gorier subject matter, heavier down tuning of guitars, more consistent use of blast beat drumming, and darker, atonal death growls, death metal was established in the mid-1980s. Black metal, also related to thrash metal, emerged at the same time, with many black metal bands taking influence from thrash metal bands such as Venom.[89] Black metal continued deviating from thrash metal, often providing more orchestral overtones, open tremolo picking, blast beat drumming, shrieked or raspy vocals and pagan or occult-based aesthetics to distinguish itself from thrash metal. Thrash metal would later combine with its spinoffs, thus giving rise to genres like blackened thrash metal and deathrash.[90][91][92][93]

Groove metal

Groove metal takes the intensity and sonic qualities of thrash metal and plays them at mid-tempo, with most bands making only occasional forays into fast tempo,[87] but since the early 1990s, it started to favor a more death metal–derived sound.[94] Thrash metal with stronger punk elements is called crossover thrash. Its overall sound is more punk-influenced than traditional thrash metal but has more heavy metal elements than hardcore punk and thrashcore.[95]

Regional scenes

Thrash metal emerged predominantly from a handful of regional scenes, each of which was generally distinguished by the unique characteristics of its bands.

See also

Notes

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Bibliography

August 20, 2023
thrash, metal, this, article, about, subgenre, heavy, metal, music, similar, subgenre, heavy, metal, music, crossover, thrash, simply, thrash, extreme, subgenre, heavy, metal, music, characterized, overall, aggression, often, fast, tempo, songs, usually, fast,. This article is about a subgenre of heavy metal music For the similar subgenre of heavy metal music see Crossover thrash Thrash metal or simply thrash is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its overall aggression and often fast tempo 4 The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low register guitar riffs overlaid with shredding style lead guitar work The lyrical subject matter often includes criticism of The Establishment opposition to armed conflicts and at times shares a disdain for the Christian religion with that of black metal The language is typically direct and denunciatory an approach borrowed from hardcore punk Thrash metalStylistic originsNWOBHMspeed metalhardcore punkCultural originsEarly 1980s United States Germany United Kingdom and Latin AmericaDerivative formsBlack metaldeath metalgroove metalheavy hardcore 1 nu metal 2 Fusion genresBlackened thrash metal crossover thrash deathrash funk metal 3 metalcoreRegional scenesAustralia San Francisco Bay Area Brazil Germany Poland United KingdomOther topicsExtreme metal NWOAHM power metal thrashcoreThe genre emerged in the early 1980s as musicians began fusing the double bass drumming and complex guitar stylings of the new wave of British heavy metal NWOBHM with the speed and aggression of hardcore punk 5 Philosophically thrash metal developed as a backlash against both the conservatism of the Reagan Era 6 and the much more moderate pop influenced and widely accessible heavy metal subgenre of glam metal which also developed concurrently in the 1980s 7 The early thrash metal movement revolved around independent record labels including Megaforce Metal Blade Combat Roadrunner and Noise and the underground tape trading industry in both Europe and North America The genre was commercially successful during the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s with the Big Four of thrash metal Metallica Slayer Megadeth and Anthrax being joined by Exodus Overkill Testament and Sepultura as well as the Big Four of German thrash metal Kreator Destruction Sodom and Tankard Some of those bands are often credited for helping create develop and popularize the genre 5 8 9 The thrash metal genre had declined in popularity by the mid 1990s with the commercial success of numerous genres such as alternative rock grunge and later nu metal During that period some bands either disbanded or moved away from their thrash metal roots and more towards groove metal or alternative metal During the 2000s and early 2010s thrash metal experienced a resurgence in popularity with the arrival of various modern acts such as Bonded by Blood Evile Hatchet Havok Municipal Waste and Warbringer who have all been credited for leading the so called thrash metal revival scene 10 11 12 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 2 Early 1980s 2 3 Mid 1980s 2 4 Late 1980s 2 5 1990s 2 6 2000s and 2010s 2 7 2020s 3 Spin off genres 3 1 Groove metal 4 Regional scenes 5 See also 6 Notes 7 BibliographyCharacteristics Edit Kirk Hammett and James Hetfield of Metallica pictured in 2008 Metallica s early work is regarded as essential to the development of the genre in the 1980s Thrash metal generally features fast tempos low register complex guitar riffs high register guitar solos and double bass drumming 13 The rhythm guitar parts are played with heavy distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter and more precise sound 14 Vocally thrash metal can employ anything from melodic singing to shouted or screamed vocals Most guitar solos are played at high speed and technically demanding as they are usually characterized by shredding and use advanced techniques such as sweep picking legato phrasing alternate picking tremolo picking string skipping and two hand tapping David Ellefson bassist for one of the biggest thrash bands Megadeth described thrash metal as a combination of the attitude from punk rock but the riffs and complexities of traditional metal 15 New York band Anthrax was among the earliest and most successful thrash acts The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals instead of using conventional single scale based riffing For example the intro riff of Metallica s Master of Puppets the title track of the namesake album is a chromatic descent followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone Speed pacing and time changes also define thrash metal Thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style For example drummers often use two bass drums or a double bass pedal to create a relentless driving beat Cymbal stops chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo Some common characteristics of the genre are fast guitar riffs with aggressive picking styles and fast guitar solos and extensive use of two bass drums as opposed to the conventional use of only one typical of most rock music To keep up with the other instruments many bassists use a plectrum However some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers such as Frank Bello Greg Christian Steve Di Giorgio Robert Trujillo and Cliff Burton Several bassists use a distorted bass tone an approach popularized by Burton and Motorhead s Lemmy Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare corruption injustice murder suicide isolation alienation addiction and other maladies that afflict the individual and society In addition politics particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics are common themes among thrash metal bands Humor and irony can occasionally be found Anthrax for example but they are limited and are an exception rather than a rule 16 17 History EditOrigins Edit Venom s early work is considered a major influence on thrash metal Among the earliest songs credited with influencing future thrash musicians was Queen s Stone Cold Crazy recorded and released in 1974 The song was described as being thrash metal before the term had been invented 18 Black Sabbath s Symptom of the Universe released in 1975 is often referred to as a compelling early influence on thrash and was a direct inspiration for Diamond Head s pioneering song Am I Evil 19 The NWOBHM New Wave of British Heavy Metal bands emerging from Britain in the late 1970s further influenced the development of early thrash The early work of artists such as Diamond Head Iron Maiden Venom Motorhead Tygers of Pan Tang Raven and Angel Witch among others introduced the fast paced and intricate musicianship that became core aspects of thrash Phil Taylor s double bass drumming featured in Motorhead s 1979 song Overkill has been acknowledged by many thrash drummers most notably Lars Ulrich as a primary influence on their playing Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel played a key role in bringing the emerging genre to a larger audience as he was responsible for discovering both Metallica and Slayer and producing their earliest studio recordings Void is hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore heavy metal crossover whose chaotic musical approach is often cited as particularly influential 20 Their 1982 split LP with fellow Washington band The Faith showed both bands exhibiting quick fiery high speed punk rock It has been argued that those recordings laid the foundation for early thrash metal at least in terms of selected tempos 21 In Latin America this genre also gained a lot of strength and its creation is also attributed to it since it began to gain popularity due to the dictatorships that many countries faced at that time with bands like V8 1979 with their debut albums Demo 1982 or Luchando por el metal 22 and Bloke 1980 23 from Argentina Transmetal 1987 from Mexico also the band Massakre 1985 in Chile Album cover Luchando por el Metal by the Argentinian band V8 which was formed in 1979In Europe the earliest band of the emerging thrash movement was Venom from Newcastle upon Tyne formed in 1979 Their 1982 album Black Metal has been cited as a major influence on many subsequent genres and bands in the extreme metal world such as Bathory Hellhammer Slayer and Mayhem The European scene was almost exclusively influenced by the most aggressive music Germany and England were producing at the time British bands such as Tank and Raven along with German bands Accept whose 1982 song Fast as a Shark is often credited as one of the first ever thrash speed metal songs 24 25 26 and Living Death 27 motivated musicians from central Europe to start bands of their own eventually producing groups such as Sodom Kreator and Destruction from Germany as well as Switzerland s Celtic Frost formed by two thirds of Hellhammer Coroner and Carrion who later became Poltergeist The crossover with hardcore punk has also been cited as important influence on thrash especially the English hardcore punk band Discharge formed in Stoke on Trent in 1977 Discharge s influence on heavy metal is incalculable and metal superstars such as Metallica Anthrax Machine Head Sepultura Soulfly Prong and Arch Enemy have covered Discharge s songs in tribute 28 Early 1980s Edit In 1981 Los Angeles band Leather Charm wrote a song entitled Hit the Lights Leather Charm soon disbanded and the band s primary songwriter vocalist rhythm guitarist James Hetfield met drummer Lars Ulrich through a classified advertisement Together Hetfield and Ulrich formed Metallica one of the Big Four thrash bands with lead guitarist Dave Mustaine who would later form Megadeth another of the Big Four originators of thrash and bassist Ron McGovney McGovney would be replaced by Cliff Burton formerly of Trauma and Mustaine was later replaced by Kirk Hammett of the then unsigned Bay Area thrash metal act Exodus and at Burton s insistence the band relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area Before Metallica had even settled on a definitive lineup Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel asked Hetfield and Ulrich credited as Mettallica to record Hit the Lights for the first edition of his Metal Massacre compilation in 1982 An updated version of Hit the Lights would later open their first studio album Kill Em All released in mid 1983 29 The term thrash metal was first used in the music press by Kerrang magazine s journalist Malcolm Dome 30 while referring to another of the Big Four Anthrax who like Metallica formed in 1981 and their song Metal Thrashing Mad 31 Before this Metallica frontman James Hetfield referred to his band s sound as speed metal or power metal Another Big Four thrash band formed in Los Angeles in 1981 when guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King met while auditioning for the same band and subsequently decided to form a band of their own Hanneman and King recruited vocalist bassist Tom Araya and drummer Dave Lombardo and Slayer was formed Slayer was discovered by Metal Blade Records executive Brian Slagel the band s live performance of Iron Maiden s Phantom of the Opera so impressed him that he promptly signed them to his label In December 1983 four months after the release of Metallica s debut Kill Em All Slayer released their debut album Show No Mercy To the north Canada produced influential thrash and speed metal bands such as Annihilator Anvil Exciter Razor Sacrifice and Voivod Mid 1980s Edit The popularity of thrash metal increased in 1984 with the release of Metallica s sophomore record Ride the Lightning as well as Anthrax s debut Fistful of Metal Slayer and Overkill released extended plays on independent labels during this era Haunting the Chapel and Overkill respectively This led to a heavier sounding form of thrash which was reflected in Exodus Bonded by Blood and Slayer s Hell Awaits In 1985 the German band Kreator released their debut album Endless Pain and the Brazilian band Sepultura released their EP Bestial Devastation Overkill and Megadeth the latter of which was formed by former Metallica guitarist Dave Mustaine released their debut albums Feel the Fire and Killing Is My Business and Business Is Good respectively and Anthrax released the critically acclaimed Spreading the Disease in 1985 Several other debut albums associated with the thrash metal genre were released that year including Seven Churches by Possessed To Mega Therion by Celtic Frost and Energetic Disassembly by Watchtower the first two are often credited for pioneering and popularizing the mid 1980s extreme metal scene as well as the then developing genres of death metal and black metal respectively 32 33 while the latter has been cited as the first progressive technical thrash metal album 34 Slayer pictured in 2007 released Reign in Blood in 1986 considered a landmark achievement in the genre s history From a creative standpoint the year 1986 was perhaps the pinnacle of thrash metal citation needed as a number of critically acclaimed and genre defining albums were released Metallica s major label debut Master of Puppets was released in March becoming the first thrash album to be certified platinum being certified 6 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America RIAA it would be the band s last album to feature bassist Cliff Burton who was killed in a bus accident six months after its release Kreator released Pleasure to Kill in April 1986 which would later be a major influence on the death metal scene 35 Megadeth released Peace Sells but Who s Buying in September an album which proved to be the band s commercial and critical breakthrough and which AllMusic later cited as a classic of early thrash 36 Slayer regarded as one of the most sinister thrash metal bands of the early 1980s 37 unreliable source released Reign in Blood in October an album considered by some to have single handedly inspired the death metal genre 38 Also in October Nuclear Assault released their debut album Game Over followed a month later by Dark Angel s Darkness Descends which marked the debut of renowned drummer Gene Hoglan Flotsam and Jetsam s debut album Doomsday for the Deceiver released on the Fourth of July in 1986 received some attention as well due to the album being the first of only a handful to ever receive a 6K rating from Kerrang magazine and it is also notable for featuring a then unknown Jason Newsted who not long after the album s release joined Metallica as Burton s replacement 39 Also during the mid to late 1980s bands such as Suicidal Tendencies D R I S O D who featured three fifths of Anthrax and Corrosion of Conformity paved the way to what became known as crossover thrash a fusion genre that lies on a continuum between heavy metal and hardcore punk and is arguably faster and more aggressive than thrash metal 40 Late 1980s Edit Testament was one of the most successful Bay Area thrash metal bands of the late 1980s In 1987 Anthrax released their third album Among the Living which borrowed elements from their two previous releases with fast guitar riffs and pounding drums Death Angel took a similar approach with their 1987 debut The Ultra Violence Suicidal Tendencies who were originally a hardcore punk band and are often considered to be one of the fathers of crossover thrash 41 became more recognized as a thrash metal band in the late 1980s thanks in large part to the presence of guitarists Rocky George and Mike Clark and the band would reach new heights of success with their first two major label albums How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can t Even Smile Today 1988 and Controlled by Hatred Feel Like Shit Deja Vu 1989 42 D R I also a pioneering crossover thrash band garnered considerable attention with the more thrash oriented albums Crossover 1987 4 of a Kind 1988 and Thrash Zone 1989 40 Sepultura s third album Beneath the Remains 1989 earned them some mainstream appeal as it was released by Roadrunner Records Testament released three albums in the late 1980s The Legacy The New Order and Practice What You Preach all showing the band s musical growth and gaining Testament nearly the same level of popularity as the Big Four 43 44 while Exodus third album Fabulous Disaster 1989 garnered the band their first music video and one of their most recognized songs the mosh pit anthem The Toxic Waltz citation needed Vio lence Forbidden and Sadus three relative latecomers to the Bay Area thrash metal scene released their debut albums Eternal Nightmare Forbidden Evil and Illusions respectively in 1988 the latter album demonstrated a sound that was primarily driven by the fretless bass of Steve Di Giorgio Canadian thrashers Annihilator released their highly technical debut Alice in Hell in 1989 which was praised for its fast riffs and extended guitar solos In Germany Sodom released Agent Orange and Kreator would release Extreme Aggression Several highly acclaimed albums associated with the sub genre of technical thrash metal were also released in 1989 including Coroner s No More Color Dark Angel s Leave Scars Toxik s Think This and Watchtower s Control and Resistance which has been recognized and acknowledged as one of the cornerstones of jazz metal fusion and a major influence on the technical death metal genre 45 46 while Forced Entry s debut album Uncertain Future helped pioneer the late 1980s Seattle music scene 47 48 From 1987 to 1989 Overkill released Taking Over Under the Influence and The Years of Decay three albums considered their best Each of the Big Four of thrash metal bands released albums in 1988 Slayer released South of Heaven Megadeth released So Far So Good So What Anthrax released State of Euphoria while Metallica s And Justice for All spawned the band s first video and Top 40 hit the World War I themed song One Many thrash metal bands benefited from the exposure they received on MTV s Headbangers Ball 49 50 radio stations such as KNAC in Long Beach and Z Rock in Dallas 51 52 and coverage on numerous publications including Kerrang and RIP Magazine These outlets not only played a major role in the crossover success of thrash metal during the late 1980s but helped push album sales of the genre s Big Four and similar bands or moved them from playing clubs to arenas and stadiums One of the most notable events in thrash metal s growing popularity during this period was the summer of 1988 Monsters of Rock tour in North America co headlined by Van Halen and Scorpions at which Metallica was one of the supporting acts and drew the largest audiences of the two month long arena and stadium tour 53 54 In the following year Anthrax teamed up with Exodus and Helloween on a US arena tour sponsored by Headbangers Ball 49 55 1990s Edit A number of more typical but technically sophisticated albums were released in 1990 including Megadeth s Rust in Peace Anthrax s Persistence of Time Slayer s Seasons in the Abyss Suicidal Tendencies Lights Camera Revolution Testament s Souls of Black Kreator s Coma of Souls Destruction s Cracked Brain Forbidden s Twisted into Form Exodus Impact Is Imminent Sacred Reich s The American Way Prong s Beg to Differ Pantera s Cowboys from Hell and Exhorder s Slaughter in the Vatican the latter three are often credited for being an integral part of the then developing groove metal genre 56 57 All of those albums were commercial high points for the aforementioned artists During this period Megadeth and Slayer co headlined one of the most successful tours in thrash metal history called the Clash of the Titans the first leg in Europe included support from Testament and Suicidal Tendencies while the second leg in the US had Anthrax and then emerging Seattle band Alice in Chains who were the supporting act 58 59 Several albums some of which had come to be known as technical thrash metal were released in 1991 including Overkill s Horrorscope Heathen s Victims of Deception Dark Angel s Time Does Not Heal Sepultura s Arise Coroner s Mental Vortex Prong s Prove You Wrong and Forced Entry s As Above So Below In 1991 Metallica released their eponymous album known as The Black Album The album marked a stylistic change in the band eliminating much of the speed and longer song structures of the band s previous work and instead focusing on more concise and heavier songs The album was a change in Metallica s direction from the thrash metal style of the band s previous four studio albums towards a more contemporary heavy metal sound with original hard rock elements but still had remnant characteristics of thrash metal 60 61 It would go on to become the band s best selling album and began a wave of thrash metal bands releasing more garage oriented albums or else more experimental ones The era of 1991 1992 marked the beginning of the end of thrash metal s commercial peak due to the rising popularity of the alternative metal and grunge movements 62 In response to this climate change many thrash metal bands that had emerged from the previous decade had called it quits or went on hiatus during the 1990s while half of the Big Four and other veteran bands began changing to more accessible radio friendly styles 63 Metallica was a notable example of this shift particularly with their mid to late 1990s albums Load and ReLoad which displayed minor blues and southern rock influences and were seen as a major departure from the band s earlier sound 64 Megadeth took a more accessible heavy metal route starting with their 1992 album Countdown to Extinction 65 Testament Exodus and Flotsam and Jetsam all took a melodic progressive approach with the albums The Ritual 66 Force of Habit 67 and Cuatro 68 respectively One of the pioneers of crossover thrash Corrosion of Conformity began changing their sound into a slower and Black Sabbath influenced heavy metal direction with their post 1980s output adapting influences and textures of sludge doom metal blues and southern rock on several of their albums including Blind 1991 Deliverance 1994 and Wiseblood 1996 69 In the wake of the success of groove metal instigated by Pantera who went on to become one of the most successful heavy metal bands of the 1990s several thrash metal established bands started to expand their sound by adding elements and influences from the groove metal genre 70 71 72 Anthrax who had recently replaced Joey Belladonna with John Bush as their singer began stepping away from their previously established thrash metal formula to a more accessible alternative groove metal approach for the remainder of their 1990s output starting with and including Sound of White Noise 1993 73 74 75 Sacred Reich Overkill Coroner Prong Testament and Forbidden followed this trend with their respective albums Independent 76 I Hear Black 77 Grin 78 Cleansing 79 Low 80 and Distortion 81 Sepultura s 1993 album Chaos A D also marked the beginning of their transition away from death thrash metal to groove metal which had influenced then up and coming bands like Korn who reciprocally became the inspiration behind the nu metal style of the band s next album Roots 1996 82 Roots would influence a generation of bands from Linkin Park to Slipknot which during the 1990s meant the replacement of death thrash and speed by nu metal and metalcore as popular epicenters of the hardest metal scene 83 Staying away from this new commercial mainstream of groove metal metalcore and especially nu metal the second wave of black metal emerged as an opposed underground music scene initially in Norway This crop of new bands differenced themselves from the first wave by totally distilling black metal from the combined origins with thrash metal but they preserved from all these sub genres the emphasis on atmosphere over rhythm 84 As further extreme metal genres came to prominence in the 1990s industrial metal death metal and black metal each finding their own fanbase the heavy metal family tree soon found itself blending aesthetics and styles 85 For example bands with all the musical traits of thrash metal began using death growls a vocal style borrowed from death metal while black metal bands often utilized the airy feel of synthesizers popularized in industrial metal Today the placing of bands within distinct sub genres remains a source of contention for heavy metal fans however little debate resides over the fact that thrash metal is the sole proprietor of its respective spin offs 2000s and 2010s Edit Many 1980s era thrash bands who split or were inactive during the 1990s such as Dark Angel Death Angel Nuclear Assault and Forbidden reunited in the 2000s Notable bands returned to their roots with releases such as Kreator s Violent Revolution 2001 Metallica s Death Magnetic 2008 Megadeth s Endgame 2009 Slayer s World Painted Blood 2009 Exodus Exhibit B The Human Condition 2010 Overkill s Ironbound 2010 Anthrax s Worship Music 2011 Testament s Dark Roots of Earth 2012 and Flotsam and Jetsam s Ugly Noise 2012 More recent bands of the genre such as Havok and Legion of the Damned have turned their focus towards a more aggressive rendition of thrash metal incorporating elements of melodic death metal 2020s EditSpin off genres EditThrash metal is directly responsible for the development of underground metal genres such as death metal black metal 86 and groove metal 87 In addition to this metalcore grindcore and deathcore employ similar riffs in their composition the former with more focus on melody rather than chromaticism The blending of punk ethos and metal s brutal nature led to even more extreme underground styles after thrash metal began gaining mild commercial success in the late 1980s 88 With gorier subject matter heavier down tuning of guitars more consistent use of blast beat drumming and darker atonal death growls death metal was established in the mid 1980s Black metal also related to thrash metal emerged at the same time with many black metal bands taking influence from thrash metal bands such as Venom 89 Black metal continued deviating from thrash metal often providing more orchestral overtones open tremolo picking blast beat drumming shrieked or raspy vocals and pagan or occult based aesthetics to distinguish itself from thrash metal Thrash metal would later combine with its spinoffs thus giving rise to genres like blackened thrash metal and deathrash 90 91 92 93 Groove metal Edit Groove metal takes the intensity and sonic qualities of thrash metal and plays them at mid tempo with most bands making only occasional forays into fast tempo 87 but since the early 1990s it started to favor a more death metal derived sound 94 Thrash metal with stronger punk elements is called crossover thrash Its overall sound is more punk influenced than traditional thrash metal but has more heavy metal elements than hardcore punk and thrashcore 95 Regional scenes EditThis article may contain indiscriminate excessive or irrelevant examples Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for further suggestions December 2022 Thrash metal emerged predominantly from a handful of regional scenes each of which was generally distinguished by the unique characteristics of its bands Bay Area thrash metal also known as West Coast thrash metal In addition to being the most commercially successful the West Coast s thrash metal as well as the Northwest and Southwest regions including California Washington and Arizona tended to be the most progressive and technical of the major regional thrash scenes being strongly NWOBHM influenced Metallica Megadeth Slayer Testament Exodus Metal Church Dark Angel Sacred Reich Suicidal Tendencies Possessed Deliverance Death Angel Attitude Adjustment Lȧȧz Rockit Vio lence Forbidden Flotsam and Jetsam Defiance Sadus and Hirax are prominent examples of bands to emerge from this region Although half of the aforementioned bands specifically including Metallica Megadeth Slayer Dark Angel and Suicidal Tendencies were technically not from the Bay Area they are often credited for popularizing and contributing to the thrash metal scene in Northern California during the 1980s by frequently playing shows there especially early in their careers and or before they received their first record deal 96 97 98 99 100 East Coast thrash metal Centered in New York City the East Coast s thrash metal tended to display a sound that incorporated a strong hardcore punk influence An emphasis was placed on aggression and speed rather than technicality Anthrax Overkill Carnivore Nuclear Assault Meanstreak Warzone Prong Toxik Whiplash and Wrathchild America exemplified the style to emerge from this regional scene Gulf Coast thrash metal While not as popular as the West Coast and East Coast regions the Gulf Coast spawned at least three thrash metal scenes including Texas Louisiana and Florida during the late 1980s and early 1990s which saw a number of bands develop a style that was influenced by punk rock and or the early to mid 1980s heavy metal scene The most notable bands from the Gulf Coast are Atheist Solstice Juggernaut Opprobrium formerly called Incubus Watchtower Rigor Mortis D R I Absu Nasty Savage Verbal Abuse Angkor Wat Dead Horse Pantera and Exhorder the latter of the two along with New York s Prong are often credited for developing and popularizing the groove metal genre in the early 1990s 101 102 British thrash metal It all started when NWOBHM bands like Raven Jaguar Warfare and Dragonslayer who were originally called Slayer started playing accelerated heavy metal This led to British thrash metal bands leaning towards a more traditional heavy metal approach often heavier though less aggressive than their American counterparts Also crust punk is an integral part of the British thrash metal scene The most notable bands from this scene are Onslaught Cancer Amebix Sabbat Detritus Xentrix Sacrilege Nightlord Atomkraft Hellbastard Cerebral Fix Seventh Angel Acid Reign and Lawnmower Deth Brazilian thrash metal The Brazilian thrash scene is notable for producing a handful of bands that would become principal parts of thrash metal s prevalence in the early 1990s There were three scenes where Brazilian thrash metal originated Belo Horizonte the most prominent Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro The most notable bands from this scene are Sepultura Dorsal Atlantica Executer Mutilator Chakal Korzus Holocausto Claustrofobia Torture Squad Ratos de Porao Sagrado Inferno Vulcano and Sarcofago Teutonic thrash metal The German and Swiss regions have spawned dozens of bands since the mid 1980s that developed their own style Their style was more aggressive than American and Canadian thrash The most prominent bands from this scene are Kreator Destruction Sodom Tankard Celtic Frost Holy Moses Desaster Coroner Exumer Despair Paradox Messiah Assassin Poltergeist Living Death and Sieges Even who were originally called Sodom Canadian thrash metal The Canadian region has seen numerous thrash metal bands create a unique blend of speed metal progressive and hardcore punk into their music influenced by a variety of acts such as Rush Iron Maiden Judas Priest Motorhead and D R I as well as fellow American thrash metal bands like Metallica and Slayer Anvil and Exciter are considered to be the pioneers of this scene while Voivod Sacrifice Razor and Annihilator are often referred to as the country s Big Four 103 Other notable Canadian thrash metal bands include Infernal Majesty Anonymus Eudoxis Piledriver Slaughter DBC and Obliveon 104 Australian thrash metal While not considered a major part of the worldwide thrash metal scene due to distance from the major Bay Area and Teutonic scenes Australian thrash metal has had a fairly substantial following in overseas markets while local audiences have always been difficult to gather The most notable Australian thrash metal bands from the 1980s are Mortal Sin Nothing Sacred and Hobbs Angel of Death See also EditList of thrash metal bandsNotes Edit Janosik MaryAnn 2006 The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History The video generation 1981 1990 Greenwood Press p 231 Heavy hardcore was considered hardcore based more in metal adding heavier thrash metal riff stylings Packard Michael T 9 November 2001 Heavy Metal The Harvard Crimson Prato Greg 16 September 2014 Primus Over the Electric Grapevine Insight into Primus and the World of Les Claypool Akashic Books ISBN 978 1 61775 322 0 Kahn Harris Keith Extreme Metal Music and Culture on the Edge pp 2 3 9 Oxford Berg 2007 ISBN 1 84520 399 2 a b McIver Joel 29 April 2010 A History of Thrash Metal Total Guitar MusicRadar Retrieved 17 June 2014 Farrar Justin 26 December 2017 The 30 Greatest Thrash Bands of All Time Spin Magazine Retrieved 28 February 2020 Weinstein 2000 p 48 Sodom Kreator Destruction and Tankard the untold story of German thrash s Big Four loudersound com 5 April 2017 Retrieved 16 February 2022 The 20 Albums That Invented Thrash Goldminemag com 4 May 2022 Retrieved 6 December 2022 Hatchet Fear Beyond Lunacy Album Review by Jason Z skullsnbones com 28 October 2015 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Havok Unnatural Selection thisisnotascene com Retrieved 4 January 2022 New Extremes Deafheaven Play Sold Out LA Show with Health Skeletal Remains metalassault com 16 January 2017 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Bowar Chad What Is Thrash Metal About com Retrieved 28 January 2014 Pillsbury 2006 p 20 The Scorpion 8 January 2012 SCORPION Q A Megadeth com Retrieved 9 December 2022 Hello Adam I went to David Ellefson with your questions Here is what he had to say about it Thrash is a combination of the attitude from punk rock but the riffs and complexities of traditional metal Anthony David 1 August 2014 Anthrax s ode to Judge Dredd became thrash metal s missing link The A V Club Retrieved 26 August 2014 Weinstein 2000 p 50 51 This Months Q s 50 Stone Cold Crazy Q February 2011 Erlewine Stephen Thomas Black Sabbath Symptom of the Universe AllMusic Retrieved 27 August 2014 Burton Brent 30 August 2011 Two classic D C hardcore bands empty their vaults Washington City Paper Retrieved 11 August 2012 Raggett Ned The Faith Void Split LP AllMusic Retrieved 11 August 2012 Chaves Sebastian 1 July 2020 Los 40 anos de metal argentino la historia detras de la genesis de V8 y la fundacion del heavy metal en el pais La Nacion Retrieved 16 June 2021 Bloke La genesis del Metal Argentino no solo fue V8 Infobae 4 December 2013 Retrieved 16 June 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link ACCEPT s WOLF HOFFMANN We Wrote The First Speed Metal Song Ever Blabbermouth net 10 January 2015 Retrieved 22 July 2021 ACCEPT s WOLF HOFFMANN How We Wrote Fast As A Shark Blabbermouth net 17 December 2018 Retrieved 22 July 2021 10 Pioneering Speed Metal Songs Released Before Thrash s Birth Loudwire 25 April 2018 Retrieved 22 July 2021 Living Death Biography Songs amp Albums AllMusic Retrieved 3 August 2022 One of Germany s indeed the world s pioneering thrash metal bands Knowles Christopher The Secret History of Rock n Roll Cleis Press 2010 Heller Jason 28 March 2013 An introduction to the snarling belligerent rebelliousness of thrash The A V Club Retrieved 13 July 2013 Music journalist Malcolm Dome dead at 66 Louder Sound November 2021 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Dome Malcolm 23 February 1984 Anthrax Fistful Of Metal Kerrang London UK Spotlight Publications Ltd 62 8 30 Years Of Possessed s Seven Churches loudersound com 16 October 2015 Retrieved 6 August 2022 Celtic Frost To Mega Therion decibelmagazine com 6 April 2015 Retrieved 6 August 2022 Watchtower Energetic Disassembly 1985 The Metal Files 5 October 2009 Retrieved 25 June 2021 Lee Cosmo 2006 Interview with Cannibal Corpse Invisible Oranges Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 Retrieved 29 August 2014 Huey Steve Megadeth Peace Sells But Who s Buying AllMusic Retrieved 26 August 2014 Slayer band page Rockdetector com Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 10 August 2010 Huey Steve Slayer Reign in Blood AllMusic Retrieved 10 August 2010 Doomsday For The Deceiver Studio Album Flotsam and Jetsam flotstildeath com Retrieved 31 March 2022 a b D R I Biography Dirt Rotten Imbeciles DRI Crossover Thrash Kurt Brecht Spike Cassidy Fullinbloommusic com Retrieved 6 June 2021 Crossover Thrash Gaining Momentum Once Again Ultimate Guitar 29 April 2018 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Sunday Old School Suicidal Tendencies metalunderground com 20 September 2015 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Lee Cosmo 7 May 2007 Get Thrashed The Story of Thrash Metal Stylus Magazine Retrieved 28 January 2014 Ferris D X 8 August 2007 Talkin Thrash Cleveland Scene Archived from the original on 10 November 2007 Retrieved 3 September 2014 Agoraphobic News Top 45 metal albums of 1989 Agoraphobic News 26 June 2019 Retrieved 17 March 2021 Control was just the natural progression for us metalindex hu 15 November 2019 Retrieved 17 March 2021 The Seattle Metal Scene KNAC com 7 March 2002 Retrieved 16 March 2021 20 Of The Greatest Technical Thrash Albums Of The 1980 s Worship Metal 29 March 2020 Retrieved 16 March 2021 a b 30 Years Ago MTV s Headbangers Ball Premieres With Motorhead Mirth ultimateclassicrock com 2 May 2017 Retrieved 26 September 2021 Headbangers Ball The Unofficial Tribute Site Episode Database headbangersballunofficialtributesite com Retrieved 26 September 2021 The Last KNAC Article knactribute com Archived from the original on 17 May 2006 Retrieved 26 September 2021 Z Rock Top 1001 Songs of All Time 1990 rocklists com Retrieved 26 September 2021 Metal Memories 80s Concerts VAN HALEN METALLICA SCORPIONS RAINBOW Bravewords com Retrieved 26 September 2021 Monsters Of Rock US 1988 The Making Of Metallica Loudersound com 13 November 2019 Retrieved 26 September 2021 Maximum Metal Columns Tales from the Jugular maximummetal com Retrieved 26 September 2021 Dick Chris 16 August 2017 Prong Beg to Differ Decibel Magazine Decibel Retrieved 10 December 2021 Exhorder Slaughter in the Vatican album review Sputnikmusic 26 March 2012 Retrieved 2 December 2022 Wiederhorn Jon 13 April 2010 Clash of the Titans Tour Iron Giants Guitar World Retrieved 16 March 2021 Gilmore Mikal 11 July 1991 Heavy Metal Thunder Slayer Megadeth and Anthrax Rolling Stone Retrieved 16 March 2021 Adam Dubin Metallica James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Jason Newsted Bob Rock Spinal Tap A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Part 1 VHS Elektra Entertainment 1992 Hodgson Peter 2 August 2011 Metallica Producer Black Album Wasn t Fun Gibson Guitar Company Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 Retrieved 2 August 2011 Mclver Joel 2009 The Bloody Reign of Slayer Omnibus Press Speed Thrash Metal AllMusic Retrieved 30 January 2014 Sharpe Young 2007 p 256 Sharpe Young 2007 p 241 Syme Anthony Interview with Chuck Billy MetalUpdate com Retrieved 1 September 2014 Review Exodus Force of Habit remaster seaoftranquility org Retrieved 31 March 2022 Cuatro Studio Album Flotsam and Jetsam flotstildeath com Retrieved 31 March 2022 Reed Mullin Corrosion of Conformity Drummer Dead at 53 Rolling Stone 28 January 2020 Retrieved 6 June 2021 Rediscovering The 90s Post Thrash Groove Metal Scene VH1 com 12 August 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Every Prong Album Ranked From Worst To Best By Tommy Victor Kerrang 9 August 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Top 7 Iconic Groove Metal Albums That Helped Metal Survive Ultimate Guitar com 9 August 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Weingarten Christopher R 14 September 2011 Anthrax and Joey Belladonna Keep It In the Family The Village Voice Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Kielty Martin 25 May 2018 How Anthrax s Sound of White Noise Kicked Off the John Bush Era Ultimate Classic Rock Retrieved 27 April 2021 Wiederhorn Jon July 1993 Anthrax Sound of White Noise review 9 4 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bergman Keith CD Reviews Independent Reissue Sacred Reich Blabbermouth net Retrieved 27 April 2021 Jennings Chris 9 March 2016 I Hear Black Is It Overkill s Most Underrated Album Worship Music Retrieved 27 April 2021 Wolfers Jeremy 18 December 2012 Coroner Grin album review 2 Sputnikmusic Retrieved 27 April 2021 Roche Jason 8 July 2013 The Top 20 New York Hardcore and Metal Albums of All Time The Village Voice Retrieved 10 December 2021 Geadom 14 September 2017 Testament Low album review Sputnikmusic Retrieved 27 April 2021 Forbidden Distortion Review Metal Nerd Blog 7 October 2011 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Iggor Cavalera Korn did influence Sepultura on Roots album but so did others Loudwire 2016 Why Sepultura s Chaos A D Is More Relevant Now Than Ever We Are The Pit 2 September 2020 10 of the Most Important Cultural Shifts in Metal Kerrang 2 February 2020 Dunn Sam 2005 Metal A Headbanger s Journey IMDB Weinstein 2000 p 288 a b Best Pantera Albums About com Retrieved 18 May 2012 Sharpe Young 2007 p 162 Sharpe Young 2007 p 208 The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres Loudwire 21 November 2022 Top Ten Black Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson Daeva Decibel Magazine 6 December 2017 FORD LEYLA 3 January 2012 ALBUM OF THE DAY DEATHCHAIN S DEATHRASH ASSAULT Metal Sucks Retrieved 30 August 2018 Ekeroth Daniel 2008 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books ISBN 9780979616310 Retrieved 30 August 2018 Christe 2003 Sound of the Beast p 264 As close to death metal as any other gold selling record before it Chaos A D stripped down Sepultura s sound into a coarse metallic loop The CD sold half a million copies and alongside Pantera the band forged a streetwise death derived groove metal that inspired an upcoming generation of mavens in the 1990s Claes Sean Superjoint Ritual Feature Interview Blistering Archived from the original on 20 August 2004 Retrieved 10 August 2010 Dark Angel Currently Discussing Reunion Plans Loudwire 16 August 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2022 Rizk Anwar 29 August 2022 Local supports announced for upcoming Dark Angel Australian tour metalobsession net Retrieved 26 November 2022 Ex MEGADETH Bassist DAVID ELLEFSON Says EXODUS Would Have To Be Included In Expanded Big Four Blabbermouth net 5 August 2022 Retrieved 26 November 2022 McIntyre Ken 20 September 2022 Bonded by blood the birth of the Bay Area Thrash scene Loudersound com Retrieved 26 November 2022 SLAYER EXODUS SUICIDAL TENDENCIES Remembering Day In The Dirt The Woodstock Of Thrash Metal Bravewords com Retrieved 6 December 2022 Prong Beg to Differ Metal Digest The Normless Magazine metal digest com Retrieved 3 December 2022 Cowboys From Hell 25 Facts About the Pantera Classic VH1 Retrieved 3 December 2022 13 Canadian Metal Albums Everyone Should Own Kerrang 2 May 2018 Retrieved 7 April 2021 Canadian Thrash The 10 Greatest Old School Albums Worship Metal 1 December 2020 Retrieved 7 April 2021 Bibliography EditEkeroth Daniel 2008 Swedish Death Metal Bazillion Points Books ISBN 978 0 9796163 1 0 Pillsbury Glenn 2006 Damage Incorporated Metallica and the Production of Musical Identity Routledge ISBN 1 136 09122 X Sharpe Young Garry 2007 Thrash Metal Zonda Books Limited ISBN 978 0 9582684 3 1 Weinstein Deena 2000 Heavy Metal The Music and Its Culture Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 80970 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thrash metal amp oldid 1171266056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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