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Wikipedia

College basketball

January 09, 2023

This article is about the top-tier level of college basketball. For other uses, see College club basketball and Intramural basketball. For the current Division I NCAA basketball seasons, see 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season and 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.

In United States colleges, top-tier basketball is governed by collegiate athletic bodies including National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA). Each of these various organizations is subdivided into one to three divisions, based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes.

College basketball
Governing body
First played1937 (NAIA)
Clubs700 (NCAA)
230 (NAIA)
Club competitions
Audience records
Single match35,642 (Syracuse v Duke at Carrier Dome, 23 Feb 2019 (NCAA) [1]

Each organization has different conferences to divide up the teams into groups. Teams are selected into these conferences depending on the location of the schools. These conferences are put in due to the regional play of the teams and to have a structural schedule for each team to play for the upcoming year. During conference play the teams are ranked not only through the entire NCAA,[2] but the conference as well in which they have tournament play leading into the NCAA tournament.[3]

History

The history of basketball can be traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891.[2][4][3] Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893.[5]

Collegiate firsts

The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on February 7, 1893, where Vanderbilt won 9–6.[5] The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College's game against New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0.[5]

The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on November 22, 1894, when the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now known as Drexel University) faced Temple College (now known as Temple University).[6] Drexel won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, among many other variations from modern basketball, 26–1. The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, on January 18, 1896.[5][7] The Chicago team won the game 15-12, under the coaching of Amos Alonzo Stagg, who had learned the game from James Naismith at Springfield YMCA.[8][7] However, some sources state the first "true" five-on-five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn, because although the Iowa team that played Chicago in 1896 was composed of University of Iowa students, it reportedly did not officially represent the university, rather it was organized through a YMCA.[8] By 1900, the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country.

Tournaments

The Amateur Athletic Union's annual U.S. national championship tournament (first played in 1898) often featured collegiate teams playing against non-college teams. Four colleges won the AAU tournament championship: Utah (1916), NYU (1920), Butler (1924) and Washburn (1925). College teams were also runners-up in 1915, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1932 and 1934.

The first known tournament featuring exclusively college teams was the 1904 Summer Olympics, where basketball was a demonstration sport, and a collegiate championship tournament was held.[9] The Olympic title was won by Hiram College.[9] In March 1908, a two-game "championship series" was organized between the University of Chicago and Penn, with games played in Philadelphia and Bartlett, Illinois. Chicago swept both games to win the series.[10][11]

In March 1922, the 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament was held in Indianapolis – the first stand-alone post-season tournament exclusively for college teams. The champions of six major conferences participated: Pacific Coast Conference, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Western Pennsylvania League, Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate.[12] Wabash College won the 1922 tournament.

The first organization to tout a regularly occurring national collegiate championship was the NAIA in 1937, although it was quickly surpassed in prestige by the National Invitation Tournament, or NIT, which brought six teams to New York's Madison Square Garden in the spring of 1938.[8] Temple defeated Colorado in the first NIT tournament championship game, 60–36.[8]

NCAA tournament

In 1939, another national tournament was implemented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The location of the NCAA tournament varied from year to year, and it soon used multiple locations each year, so more fans could see games without traveling to New York. Although the NIT was created earlier and was more prestigious than the NCAA for many years, it ultimately lost popularity and status to the NCAA Tournament. In 1950, following a double win by the 1949–50 CCNY Beavers men's basketball team (when the NIT comprised 12 and the NCAA 8 teams), the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments, and effectively indicated that a team eligible for the NCAA tournament should play in it.[13] Not long afterward, assisted by the 1951 scandals based in New York City, the NCAA tournament had become more prestigious than before, with conference champions and the majority of top-ranked teams competing there.[14] The NCAA tournament eventually overtook the NIT by 1960. Through the 1960s and 1970s, with UCLA leading the way as winner of ten NCAA Tournament championships, a shift in power to teams from the west amplified the shift of attention away from the New York City-based NIT. When the NCAA tournament expanded its field of teams from 25 to 32 in 1975, to 48 in 1980, to 64 in 1985, and to 68 teams in 2011, interest in the NCAA tournament increased again and again, as it comprised more and more teams, soon including all of the strongest ones. (Expansion also improved the distribution of playing locations, which number roughly one-third the number of teams in the field.)

In 2011, the NCAA field expanded to 68 teams and the last 8 teams playing for four spots making the field into 64, which is called the first round and so on. The former first round is called the second round, the second round is called the third round, and the Sweet Sixteen is the same, but it is technically the fourth round in the current format, etc.[15]

In 2016, the field did not expand, but the round numbers changed again. The first four games containing the last 8 teams is now referred to as the first four. Consequently, the first round does not start until the first four games are out of the way and the field is narrowed to 64 teams. So after the first four games the first round starts instead of that being the second round. The Second is now when there are 32 teams left, the sweet sixteen is the third round, and so on.[16]

In 2020, for the first time in the NCAA's history, the tournament had to be canceled due to fears of the COVID-19 pandemic. This move was done largely out of fear of the virus spreading to players and watchers, with prior attempts to limit the spread without canceling by first choosing to limit attendees, and then canceling the tournament in its entirety.[17]

The cancellation of the tournament, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, led to a lot of uncertainty for the coaches, players, and NCAA as a whole. Many people were very disappointed and had wished it was just delayed, rather than completely being cancelled. Unfortunately, this pandemic really effected the seniors on the teams, considering their last season just got abruptly taken from them. The NCAA did consider granting waivers to the student athletes who participated in winter sports (including basketball) so that they could regain eligibility for the 2021 season. However, many of the seniors were projected to be picked in the NBA draft, so this led to the difficult decision of playing one more year with their college teammates or moving on to the big stage.

In 2021, the tournament was able to take place, and the teams were so ready to be back. Baylor was the Men's 2021 NCAA Champions. In 2022, Kansas won the tournament, defeating North Carolina in the championship. For the women's league, the 2021 champions were Stanford, who defeated Arizona in a very close game.[18] In 2022, the women's NCAA champions was South Carolina, defeating UConn in the championship.[19]

National Invitation Tournament (NIT)

Main article: National Invitation Tournament

Racial integration

Racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda in the 1950s and 1960s. These issues included inequality, racism, and the alumni demand for the top players needed to win high-profile games. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) took the lead. "College basketball data allow for direct comparisons of the racial differences in the marginal revenues generated by players" (Brown and Jewell 1995). First they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. The wake-up call came in 1966 when Don Haskins's Texas Western College team with five black starters defeated the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA national basketball championship.[20] This happened at a time when there weren't any black varsity basketball players in either the Southeastern Conference or the Southwest Conference. Finally ACC schools—typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups—integrated their teams.[21][22] With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC flagship schools were successful in their endeavor—as Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win:

The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype—black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs...[minority star players demonstrated] the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.[23]

Original rules

The original rules for basketball were very different from today's modern rules of the sport, including the use of eight players per side. James Naismith established 13 original rules:

  1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
  2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.
  3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, with allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed.
  4. The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.
  5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.
  6. A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist, or when violations of rules 3 and 4 and such as described in rule 5 have been made.
  7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents ("consecutive" means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).
  8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.
  9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
  10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5.
  11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.
  12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.
  13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner.

History of NCAA basketball rule changes

The following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect.[24][25]

Season Rule Change
1891–92 The first set of rules is created.
1900–01 A dribbler may not shoot for a field goal and may dribble only once, and then with two hands.
1908–09 A dribbler is permitted to shoot. The dribble is defined as the "continuous passage of the ball," making the double dribble illegal.
Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (women).
1910–11 Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (men).
No coaching is allowed during the progress of the game by anybody connected with either team. A warning is given for the first violation and a free throw is awarded after that.
1917–18 Players are disqualified upon committing their fifth personal foul (women only).
1920–21 The basket is moved to two feet from the baseline. Previously the players could climb the padded wall to get closer to the basket (with the new rule the wall is out of bounds).
A player can re-enter a game once. Before this rule, if a player left the game, he could not re-enter for the rest of the game.
1921–22 Running with the ball was changed from a foul to a violation.
1923–24 The player fouled must shoot his own free throws. Before this rule, one person usually shot all the free throws for a team.
1928–29 The charging foul by the dribbler is introduced.
1930–31 A held ball may be called when a closely guarded player is withholding the ball from play for 5 seconds.
1932–33 The 10-second (mid-court) line is introduced to reduce stalling (men only).
No player with the ball may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1933–34 A player may re-enter a game twice.
1935–36 No offensive player (with or without the ball) may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1937–38 The center jump after every made basket is eliminated.
1938–39 The ball will be thrown in from out of bounds at mid-court by the team shooting a free throw after a technical foul. Previously, the ball was put into play by a center jump after the technical free throw.
1939–40 Teams have the option of taking a free throw or taking the ball at midcourt.
1942–43 Any player who has yet to foul out, will be allowed to receive a fifth foul in overtime.
1944–45 Defensive goaltending is banned.
Five personal fouls disqualifies a player; no extra foul is permitted in overtime (men).
Unlimited substitution is allowed.
Offensive players cannot stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1948–49 Coaches are allowed to speak to players during a timeout.
1951–52 Games are to be played in four 10-minute quarters. Previously it was two 20-minute halves.
1952–53 Teams can no longer waive free throws and take the ball at midcourt.
1954–55 The one-and-one free throw is introduced allowing a player to take a second free throw if the first one is made.
Games return to two 20-minute halves.
1955–56 The two-shot penalty in existence for the last 3 minutes of each half is eliminated; the one-and-one free throw exists for the whole game.
1956–57 The free-throw lane is increased from 6 feet to 12 feet in width.
On the lineup for a free throw, the two spaces adjacent to the end line must be occupied by opponents of the shooter. In the past, one space was marked 'H' for the home team, and one 'V' for the visitors.
Grasping the rim is ruled unsportsmanlike conduct.
1957–58 Offensive goaltending is now banned.
One free throw for each common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half, and the one-and-one is used thereafter.
1967–68 The dunk is made illegal during the game and during warmups.
1969–70 Women's basketball introduces the five-player full-court game on an experimental basis.
1971–72 The five-player full-court game becomes mandatory for women's basketball.
The 30-second shot clock is introduced (women only).
1972–73 The free throw on the common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half is eliminated.
An official can charge a technical foul on a player for unsportsmanlike conduct if the official deems the player 'flopped' to get a charging call.
Freshmen are now eligible to play varsity basketball.
1973–74 Officials can now penalize players away from the ball for fouls for acts such as holding, grabbing and illegal screens.
1976–77 The dunk is made legal again.
1981–82 The jump ball is eliminated except for the start of the game and overtime if necessary. An alternating arrow will indicate possession of the ball in jump-ball situations in a game (men only).
1982–83 When a closely guarded player is guarded for 5 seconds, a jump ball is no longer required. Instead a turnover is created and the ball goes to the other team.
1983–84 Two free throws are issued if a foul occurs in the last two minutes of a half or in overtime (men only). This rule was rescinded a month into the season, before the start of conference play.
1984–85 A new, smaller ball ("size 6"; 28.5 inches circumference, 18 ounces) is introduced for women's play.
1985–86 The 45-second shot clock is introduced for men's play.
If a shooter is intentionally fouled and the basket is missed, the shooter will get two free throws and the team will get possession of the ball.
1986–87 A three-point shot was introduced, with the line a uniform 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m) from the center of the basket. Mandatory for men's basketball; experimental for women's.
The men's alternating possession rule is extended to the women's game.
1987–88 The men's three-point line was made mandatory for women's basketball.
Each intentional personal foul gives the non-fouling team two free throws and possession of the ball (men only).
The NCAA adopts a single rule book for men's and women's basketball for the first time, although some rules differ between the sexes to this day.
1988–89 The men's rule regarding intentional fouls is extended to the women's game.
1990–91 Beginning with a team's 10th foul in a half, two free throws (the so-called "double bonus") are to be awarded for each non-shooting personal foul on the defense, and each loose-ball foul (men only).
Three free throws are awarded when a shooter is fouled from three-point range and misses the shot (both men and women).
1993–94 The men's shot clock is reduced from 45 seconds to 35 seconds.
The game clock will be stopped with successful baskets in the last minute of each half and in the last minute of overtime, with no substitution permitted.The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is eliminated.
1994–95 Scoring is restricted to a tap-in when 0.3 seconds or less remains on the game clock (men and women).
1997–98 The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is reinstated.
Timeouts can be made by players on the court or the head coach.
The "double bonus" introduced to the men's game in 1990 is extended to the women's game.
1998–99 In a held ball situation initiated by the defense, the defense shall gain possession of the ball regardless of the possession arrow.
1999–2000 The held ball rule from 1998 to 1999 was rescinded.
Maximum of five players occupying lane spaces during free throws in women's play (two from the shooting team, three from the defending team).
2000–01 In women's play only, if the defending team commits a foul during a throw-in after a made basket or free throw, the team putting the ball in play retains the right to run the end line during the subsequent throw-in.
2001–02 In women's play, six players now allowed in lane spaces (four defenders, two offensive players). Additionally, the defensive players nearest the basket are now required to line up in the second space from the basket.
2005–06 Kicked balls will no longer reset the shot clock. If the violation occurs with less than 15 seconds, the clock will be reset to 15 seconds.
2006–07 A timeout called by an airborne player falling out of bounds will not be recognized.
2007–08 The women's rule regarding lane alignment during free throws (maximum of four defenders and two offensive players, with the nearest defenders on the second space from the basket) is extended to the men's game.
2008–09 Three-point arc extended to 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) from the center of the basket for men's play only.
Referees may use instant replay to determine if a flagrant foul has been committed and who started the incident.
When the entire ball is over the level of the basket during a shot and touches the backboard, it is a goaltending violation if the ball is subsequently touched, even if still moving upward.
2011–12 Women's three-point arc extended to match men's arc.
Restricted area arc created 3 feet from the center of the basket (men and women). When an offensive player makes contact with a defender who establishes position within this area, the resulting foul is blocking on the defender.
2013–14 10-second backcourt rule introduced (women only).
Any timeout called within the 30 seconds preceding a scheduled media timeout break replaces the media timeout (women only).
2015–16 The men's shot clock changed to 30 seconds, making it identical to the women's shot clock.
Coaches prohibited from calling timeouts from the bench in live-ball situations; players remain free to do so.
Restricted area arc extended from 3 feet to 4 feet from the center of the basket (men only).
Dunks are permitted during warm-ups.
Number of timeouts for each team reduced from 5 to 4.
Women's basketball changed from 20-minute halves to 10-minute quarters.
In women's basketball, bonus free throws come into effect on the fifth team foul in a quarter; all bonus free throw situations result in two free throws.
The women's rule regarding timeouts within 30 seconds of a scheduled media timeout was extended to the men's game.
2016–17 Coaches allowed to call timeouts from the bench during inbounds plays before the pass is released.
2017–18 Men only: The shot clock will be reset to 20 seconds, or the amount remaining on the shot clock if greater, when the ball is inbounded in the frontcourt after (1) a defensive foul or (2) a deliberate kick or fisting of the ball by the defense.
Men only: If an injured player is unable to shoot free throws as the result of a flagrant foul, or if the player is bleeding, only his substitute can shoot the ensuing free throws.
Men only: When the ball is legally touched inbounds and an official immediately signals a clock stoppage, a minimum of 0.3 seconds must elapse on the game clock.
Men only: A player dunking the ball may hold onto the rim to prevent injury to himself or another player, even if it would result in another violation.
Women only: No new 10-second backcourt count awarded if the team in possession is granted and charged a timeout.
Women's basketball adopted the men's 4-foot restricted area arc.
Women only: Abandoned the "flagrant-1" and "flagrant-2" foul designations in favor of the FIBA standard of "unsportsmanlike" and "disqualifying" fouls. The new "unsportsmanlike" designation now includes contact dead-ball technicals.
2019–20 Men and women:[26][27]
  • For men's basketball, the three-point arc was extended to the FIBA distance of 6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in) from the center of the basket and 6.6 meters (21 ft 8 in) in the corners. This change took immediate effect in Division I, and will take effect in Divisions II and III in 2020–21. In women's basketball, the FIBA arc was planned be used as an experimental rule in postseason events apart from the NCAA championships (such as the WNIT and WBI), but none of these events were held in 2020.
  • After an offensive rebound in the frontcourt, the shot clock resets to 20 seconds, regardless of the amount of time remaining on the shot clock.

Men only:

  • Coaches are once again able to call live-ball timeouts from the bench, but only in the last 2 minutes of regulation time or the last 2 minutes of any overtime.
  • The list of calls reviewable by instant replay expanded to include basket interference and goaltending, but only in the last 2 minutes of regulation time or the last 2 minutes of any overtime.
  • Technical fouls will be assessed for derogatory comments on an opponent's race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, gender, gender expression, gender identify, sexual orientation or disability.

Women only:

  • The shot clock reset rule on defensive fouls and certain defensive violations adopted in the men's game in 2017–18 was extended to the women's game.
  • After any technical foul, the non-fouling team is awarded the ball at midcourt.
  • A player who receives one technical and one unsportsmanlike foul in the same game is automatically ejected.
  • If referees are at the replay monitor to review an unsportsmanlike or contact disqualifying foul, they can address any other acts of misconduct during the sequence being reviewed.

For the 2022 season, there are some new rules that will be implemented. The goal of adding these rules is to make the game, overall, more offensively entertaining and to avoid some foolish behavior that is sometimes present on the court. The first change is moving the men's college basketball three-point line from twenty feet and nine inches to 22 feet 1.75 inches.[28] The women's line stayed the same distance, meaning there will now be two different lines on the collegiate floors.

Another rule that will be implemented is the clock will change to only 20 seconds on an offensive rebound. The point of this rule change is to increase the tempo of the game and to add more possessions. However, if the ball gets back to the midcourt line, the clock will reset back to 30 seconds. Another interesting rule change is getting rid of flopping.[1] Teams will get one warning, and then the second flop will be a technical foul. This rule change will help to minimize the number of delays during games, due to players faking injuries or foul play. Also, in the 2022 season, more rules are to be implemented on the number of flagrant fouls to eventually lead to an overall cleaner game.[2]

One-and-done rule

The One-and-done rule has been a part of college basketball since 2006, the first NBA draft it affected. The rule was created by NBA Commissioner, David Stern, which changed the draft age from 18 years old to 19 years old. This change meant players could not be drafted into the NBA straight out of high school. Instead, however, they usually went to a college to play only one season before entering the following NBA draft when they are eligible, hence the name One-and-Done.[citation needed] The first player to be drafted during this "one-and-done era" was Tyrus Thomas, a forward out of Louisiana State, who was drafted fourth overall in 2006.[citation needed]

Conferences

NCAA Division I

See also: NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament and NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
See also: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions

In 2021–2022, a total of 358 schools played men's basketball in 32 Division I basketball conferences. All of these schools also sponsor women's basketball except The Citadel and VMI, two military colleges that were all-male until the 1990s and remain overwhelmingly male today.

The conferences for 2021–22 are

 
A map of all NCAA Division I basketball teams

In the early decades of college basketball, and well into the 1970s, many schools played as independents, with no conference membership. However, the rise of televised college sports in the 1980s led to the formation of many new conferences and the expansion of previously existing conferences. The last Division I school to play as an independent in basketball was NJIT, which was forced to go independent in 2013 after the collapse of its former all-sports league, the Great West Conference. NJIT joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2015, leaving no Division I basketball independents.

NCAA Division II

See also: NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament and NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament

As of the upcoming 2020–21 college basketball season, there are 23 Division II basketball conferences:

 
A map of all NCAA Division II basketball teams

There are expected to be five independent Division II schools without conference affiliations for the 2020–21 season.

The most recent change in the list of Division II conferences is the demise of the Heartland Conference, which disbanded at the end of the 2018–19 school year. In 2017, eight of its nine members announced a mass exodus to the Lone Star Conference (LSC) effective in 2019. The remaining member would soon announce that it would become a de facto member of the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA), and one of the original eight schools to announce a move to the LSC later changed course and chose to become a de facto MIAA member as well. The two schools that moved to the MIAA are technically associate members because they do not sponsor football, a mandatory sport for full conference members.

NCAA Division III

See also: NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament and NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament

Since its introduction in 1973, Division III has always had the lowest share of Black coaches. As of 2015, less than 10% of the coaches in Division III were black (compared to around 20% in Division II and 25% in Division I).[29]

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Conference sponsors football.
  2. ^ The Commonwealth Coast Conference does not directly sponsor football, but operates Commonwealth Coast Football, a football-only league that remains a separate legal entity from the all-sports CCC.
  3. ^ a b This is one of the three leagues operated by the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC). It does not sponsor football, but several of its members play football in the MAC's Middle Atlantic Conference.

The most recent change to the roster of D-III conferences came in 2020, when the American Collegiate Athletic Association merged into the Capital Athletic Conference.

NAIA

See also: NAIA Men's Basketball Championships and NAIA Women's Basketball Championships

From 1992 to 2020, the NAIA operated separate Division I and Division II men's and women's basketball championships; the distinction between the two divisions was that D-I schools awarded basketball scholarships while D-II schools chose not to. Basketball divisions were abolished after the 2019–20 season, and from 2020 to 2021 single men's and women's championships will be held.

 
Map of NAIA Division I
 
Map of NAIA Division II

National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Divisions I and II

See also: National Christian College Athletic Association
  • Central Region
  • East Region
  • Mid-East Region
  • Mid-West Region
  • North Central Region
  • South Region
  • Southwest Region
  • West Region

National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Divisions I, II, and III

See also: National Junior College Athletic Association, NJCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, NJCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship, NJCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship, and NJCAA Women's Basketball Championship

California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA)

See also: California Community College Athletic Association

United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)

See also: United States Collegiate Athletic Association

Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC)

See also: Northwest Athletic Conference
  • Northern Region
  • Southern Region
  • Eastern Region
  • Western Region

Association of Christian College Athletics (ACCA)

See also: Association of Christian College Athletics

Independent conferences

Relationship to professional basketball

In past decades, the NBA held to tradition and drafted players who had graduated from college. This was a mutually beneficial relationship for the NBA and colleges—the colleges held onto players who would otherwise go professional, and the NBA did not have to fund a minor league. As the college game became commercialized, though, it became increasingly difficult for "student athletes" to be students. A growing number of poor and under-educated, but highly talented, teenage basketball players found the system exploitative—they brought in funds to schools where they learned little and played without income.

The American Basketball Association began to employ players who had not yet graduated from college. After a season of junior college, a season at the University of Detroit, and an Olympic gold medal, Spencer Haywood played the 1969–70 season with the ABA's Denver Rockets. He signed with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics in 1970, before his college class graduation, defying NBA rules. Haywood pleaded that, as his family's sole wage earner, he should be allowed to earn a living in the NBA or else his family would face destitution. The ensuing legal battle went to the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled in 1971 that the NBA does not have the same antitrust exemption enjoyed by Major League Baseball. Thereafter, collegiate players demonstrating economic hardship were allowed early entry into the NBA draft. The hardship requirement was eliminated in 1976.

In 1974, Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (which became part of the NBA after the ABA–NBA merger in 1976) straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career. The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game. The best international players routinely skip college entirely, many American stars skip college (Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, and LeBron James) or only play one year (Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, Kevin Durant, and John Wall), and only a dozen or so college graduates are now among the 60 players selected in the annual NBA draft. Fewer high schoolers have progressed directly to the NBA without at least one year of college basketball beginning in 2006; citing maturity concerns after several incidents involving young players, the labor agreement between players and owners now specifies that players must turn 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft to be eligible. Additionally, U.S. players must be at least one year removed from their high school graduation.[30]

The pervasiveness of college basketball throughout the nation, the large population of graduates from "major conference" universities, and the NCAA's marketing of "March Madness" (officially the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship), have kept the college game alive and well. Some commentators have argued that the higher turnover of players has increased the importance of good coaches. Many teams have been highly successful, for instance, by emphasizing personality in their recruiting efforts, with the goal of creating a cohesive group that, while lacking stars, plays together for all 4 years and thus develops a higher level of sophistication than less stable teams could achieve.

College basketball remains more popular than the NBA in some regions of the United States, such as in North Carolina and the Midwest (where traditionally strong programs at Louisville, Kentucky, and Indiana are found).

Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play

The NCAA Men's Basketball Rules Committee, consisting of coaches from all three divisions of the NCAA, sets the rules for college men's basketball play. A parallel committee sets rules for college women's play. Although many of the NBA and WNBA rules apply in NCAA play, there are differences that make NCAA play unique.[31]

As of the 2021–22 season, NCAA men's games are divided into two halves, each 20 minutes long; NBA games are played in four quarters of 12 minutes each; and WNBA and NCAA women's games are played in 10-minute quarters. The NCAA shot clock gives teams of both sexes 30 seconds to shoot, while the shot clock used in both the NBA and WNBA gives teams 24 seconds. Also, NCAA teams are allowed 10 seconds to move the ball past the halfcourt line (with this rule only having been added to the women's college game in the 2013–14 season), while NBA and WNBA rules allow only 8 seconds. However, like the NBA and WNBA (and high school basketball), during the last minute of each period, the game clock keeps time remaining in the period measured in tenths of a second, rather than full seconds.

Prior to the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's basketball used a 35-second shot clock, while NCAA women's basketball was played with the same 20-minute halves as the men's game.

Though the height of the basket, the foul line's distance from the backboard, and the court dimensions are the same, the distance between the three-point line and the backboard is different. The NBA three-point line measures 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) at the top of the circle, or 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners or baseline.[32] On the NCAA court, the three-point line had been a constant 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m), but the NCAA Rules Committee voted in May 2007 to extend it a foot more to 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m), which became effective beginning the 2008–09 season for men[33] and the 2011–12 season for women. Effective in 2019–20, the NCAA adopted the current FIBA three-point arc of 6.75 m (22 ft 1+1⁄2 in) at the top of the circle and 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) at the corners and baseline for Division I men's play, with Divisions II and III following in 2020–21.[26] The previous college men's arc will remain in use for women's play for the time being, but the FIBA arc was to be used on an experimental basis in the 2020 Women's National Invitation Tournament and Women's Basketball Invitational (which ultimately were not held).[27] The WNBA's three-point line was 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), which FIBA used before it extended its three-point arc to 6.75 m (22 ft 1+1⁄2 in) at the top of the circle and 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) at the corners and baseline. The NCAA lane measures 12 feet (3.7 m) in width, while the NBA and WNBA lane is 16 feet (4.9 m); the FIBA lane is marginally wider than the NBA/WNBA lane at exactly 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in).

NCAA players are allowed five personal fouls before fouling out, as opposed to their NBA counterparts, who are allowed six. This maintains the same ratio of minutes of play per foul allowed, eight. However, the WNBA allows players six personal fouls despite playing the same number of minutes as the NCAA. The number of team fouls allotted is also different. In all three competitions, team fouls can be categorized as shooting or non-shooting. A shooting foul occurs when a player gets fouled in the act of shooting (while airborne), giving him the chance to shoot free throws. A common foul (non-shooting foul) consists of all other fouls, including making contact with the opposing player while "reaching in" to steal the ball.

A team may make a certain number of non-shooting fouls per period before the opposing team is awarded free throws. In the NBA, WNBA, and (since 2015–16) NCAA women's basketball, the fifth team foul in a quarter places the team in penalty. For every foul starting with the fifth, whether shooting or non-shooting, the opposing team receives two free throws. In addition, if an NBA or WNBA team has not entered the penalty in the last two minutes of a period, its team foul count is reset; the second team foul in the last two minutes triggers the penalty. In the NCAA men's game, the penalty begins with the seventh team foul in a half. However, the fouled player must make the first free throw in order to get the second. This is called a "one-and-one" or "one and the bonus" situation. On the tenth team foul, the "double bonus" situation comes into play, meaning that every subsequent team foul results in two free throws for the opposing team. No free throws are shot at either level for a player control foul, which is an offensive foul (usually a charge). Unlike NBA/WNBA rules, the team foul count does not reset in the last two minutes of a half (men's) or quarter (women's). Overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half under NCAA men's rules and the fourth quarter under NCAA women's rules, but not under NBA/WNBA rules; in those leagues, the fourth team foul in any overtime period, or the second in the last two minutes, triggers the penalty.

When a dispute over ball possession arises, the jump ball is used in the NBA and WNBA. In the NCAA, once the first possession has been established from the opening tip, no further jump balls occur except to begin an overtime period. Since 1981, a possession arrow on the scorer's table has dictated which team should possess the ball, with the arrow switching directions after each use.

NCAA teams can call a timeout after they made a basket (Indiana scores a 3-point field goal and calls a timeout); in the NBA and WNBA, only the opposing team can call a timeout after a basket is made. From the 2015–16 season through 2018–19, NCAA men's coaches were banned from calling timeouts from the bench while the ball is live at any time in the game; from 2019 to 2020, they are again allowed to call such timeouts, but only during the last 2 minutes of any period (half or overtime). Players have not been subject to this restriction.

In addition, the NBA limits what types of defense a team can play, primarily in an effort to prevent coaches from slowing down the pace of the game by using zone defenses. Zone defense is permitted in the NBA and WNBA; however, players cannot stand in the lane for more than three seconds if they are not guarding anyone. In NCAA basketball, no such restriction exists, and coaches are free to design a variety of defensive techniques.

In college basketball, it is required by rule that the home team wears their white or light-colored jerseys while the visiting team wears their darker jersey color. The NBA, like most other professional sports leagues, lets the home team decide which uniform to wear, but with a few exceptions the home team has continued the tradition of the college game and wears white (or in the case of the Los Angeles Lakers for non-Sunday home games, gold) at home. Since the 2017–18 season, the NBA only requires that road teams wear colors that contrast sufficiently with the home team's choice, meaning that "color on color" games are now possible. This is for regular season play only; home teams always wear white during the playoffs. The WNBA, however, follows the college rule for all games.

The NBA introduced a new dress code rule in 2005. Now players are required to wear business casual attire whenever they are engaged in team or league business. This includes a long or short-sleeved dress shirt (collared or turtleneck), and/or a sweater; dress slacks, khaki pants, or dress jeans, and appropriate shoes and socks, including dress shoes, dress boots, or other presentable shoes, but not including sneakers, sandals, flip-flops, or work boots. The WNBA has a similar dress code, adjusted for standard women's attire. NCAA rules have no set dress code rule, leaving it up to individual teams or conferences.

The organizations also have different rules for jersey numbers. While the NBA and WNBA allow players to wear any number from 0 to 99, including 00, so long as it is available, the NCAA disallows any jersey number with a 6, 7, 8, or 9 in it. This is done to allow the referee to report fouls using hand signals with one hand, as each hand has only five fingers. High school basketball, whose rules are set by the National Federation of State High School Associations, also follows the NCAA's convention on jersey numbering.

Other divisions

While less commercialized than Division I, Division II and Division III are both highly successful college basketball organizations. Women's Division I is often televised, but to smaller audiences than Men's Division I. Generally, small colleges join Division II, while colleges of all sizes that choose not to offer athletic scholarships join Division III. Games other than NCAA D-I are rarely televised by national media, although CBS televises the Championship Final of NCAA Division II, while CBS College Sports Network televises the semifinals as well as the Division III Final.

 
A map of all NAIA Division I basketball teams.

The NAIA also sponsors men and women's college-level basketball. The NAIA Men's Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 (with the exception of 1944 and 2020), when it was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities. Unlike the NCAA Tournament, the NAIA Tournament features only 32 teams, and the entire tournament is contested in one week instead of three weekends. Since 2002 the NAIA National Tournament has been played in Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. (in 1994–2001 it was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and 1937–1999 it was held at Municipal then Kemper Arena in Kansas City). Media coverage has sporadically been provided by CBS, the Victory Sports Network, and various lesser-known media.

 
Map of NAIA Division II basketball teams.

From 1992 to 2020, the NAIA sponsored a Division II championship, similar to the NCAA Division I and II. There is also an NAIA Women's Basketball Championship, which was also split into Divisions I and II through the 2019–20 season. From 2020 to 2021, the NAIA will adopt a single-division format for basketball, with the men's and women's tournaments featuring 64 teams each. In both tournaments, the first two rounds will be held at 16 regional sites, with only the winner at each site advancing to the final tournament site.[34]

The only school to have won national titles in both the NAIA and NCAA Division I is Louisville; the Cardinals have also won the NIT title. Southern Illinois has won NAIA and NIT titles. Central Missouri and Fort Hays State have won NAIA and NCAA Division II national titles. Indiana State has won an NAIA title and finished as the National Runner-Up in the NAIA (twice), in NCAA Division II (once) and NCAA Division I (once).

Awards

Records and lists

Men's

Women's

See also

References

  1. ^ Syracuse vs. Duke Breaks NCAA On-Campus Attendance Record With Crowd of 35,642 by Tristan Jung at Sports Illustrated – 23 Feb 2019
  2. ^ a b McCuaig, Donald. . YMCA. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  3. ^ a b . Naismith Museusm. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  4. ^ Griffiths, Sian (September 20, 2010), The Canadian who invented basketball, BBC, retrieved June 9, 2014
  5. ^ a b c d Traughber, Bill (March 12, 2008). "VU first college to play basketball". vucommodores.com. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  6. ^ "Basket Ball League". newspapers.com. Philadelphia, PA: The Philadelphia Inquirer. 26 November 1894. p. 4. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  7. ^ a b Pruter, Robert. "Basketball". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia. ESPN. 2009. pp. 528–529. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.
  9. ^ a b "1904 Olympic Gold Medal". Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  10. ^ Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 1908-9. September 1908. pp. 27, 45. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  11. ^ "Athletics". The Chicago Alumni Magazine. Vol. 2. April 1908. pp. 45, 89, 94–95. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  12. ^ "Tourney for Colleges". New York Times. January 24, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  13. ^ McPhee, John (1999). A Sense of Where You Are: Bill Bradley at Princeton. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0374526893.
  14. ^ Fraley, Oscar (March 5, 1951). "Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  15. ^ December 7, 2012, http://www.livestrong.com/article/378124-the-history-of-college-basketball/
  16. ^ . WTAE. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.
  17. ^ "2020 NCAA Tournament canceled due to growing threat of coronavirus pandemic". CBSSports.com.
  18. ^ NCAA.com. "Stanford wins first women's NCAA championship since 1992 | NCAA.com". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
  19. ^ Torchinsky, Rina (2022-04-03). "South Carolina beats UConn to win 2022 NCAA women's championship". NPR. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
  20. ^ Don Haskins and Dan Wetzel, My Story of the 1966 NCAA Basketball Championship and How One Team Triumphed Against the Odds and Changed America Forever (2006).
  21. ^ Charles H. Martin, "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference." North Carolina Historical Review 76.3 (1999): 253-284. online
  22. ^ Richard Pennington, Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football (McFarland , 1987).
  23. ^ Pamela Grundy, Learning to win: Sports, education, and social change in twentieth-century North Carolina (U of North Carolina Press, 2003) p 297 online.
  24. ^ "NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  25. ^ "NCAA Women's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Men's basketball 3-point line extended to international distance" (Press release). NCAA. June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  27. ^ a b "Shot clock rule altered in women's basketball" (Press release). NCAA. June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  28. ^ "The men's college basketball rule changes to know about this season | NCAA.com". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  29. ^ Nesseler, Cornel; Carlos, Gomez-Gonzalez; Dietl, Helmut; del Corral, Julio (2020). "Race and employment: The historical case of head coaches in college basketball". Frontiers in Sociology. 5: 69. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.00069. PMC 8022560. PMID 33869475.
  30. ^ "The one-and-done conundrum". ESPN.com. June 16, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  31. ^ Zegers, Charlie. "NBA vs. NCAA". About.com. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  32. ^ "Wildcats off the mark from behind the arc". Archived from the original on May 16, 2016.
  33. ^ (PDF) (Press release). NCAA. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  34. ^ "New Basketball Postseason Format Approved" (Press release). NAIA. July 2, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to College basketball in the United States.
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January 09, 2023
college, basketball, this, article, about, tier, level, college, basketball, other, uses, college, club, basketball, intramural, basketball, current, division, ncaa, basketball, seasons, 2022, ncaa, division, basketball, season, 2022, ncaa, division, women, ba. This article is about the top tier level of college basketball For other uses see College club basketball and Intramural basketball For the current Division I NCAA basketball seasons see 2022 23 NCAA Division I men s basketball season and 2022 23 NCAA Division I women s basketball season In United States colleges top tier basketball is governed by collegiate athletic bodies including National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA the United States Collegiate Athletic Association USCAA the National Junior College Athletic Association NJCAA and the National Christian College Athletic Association NCCAA Each of these various organizations is subdivided into one to three divisions based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes College basketballVirginia Cavaliers v Duke Blue Devils in 2012Governing bodyNCAA NAIA USCAA NJCAA NCCAAFirst played1937 NAIA Clubs700 NCAA 230 NAIA Club competitionsMen s Division I Division II Division III NCAA None ofChampionship NAIA Division I Division II Division III NJCAA Women s Division I Division II Division III NCAA Championship NAIA Division I NJCAA Audience recordsSingle match35 642 Syracuse v Duke at Carrier Dome 23 Feb 2019 NCAA 1 Each organization has different conferences to divide up the teams into groups Teams are selected into these conferences depending on the location of the schools These conferences are put in due to the regional play of the teams and to have a structural schedule for each team to play for the upcoming year During conference play the teams are ranked not only through the entire NCAA 2 but the conference as well in which they have tournament play leading into the NCAA tournament 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Collegiate firsts 1 2 Tournaments 1 2 1 NCAA tournament 1 2 2 National Invitation Tournament NIT 1 3 Racial integration 1 4 Original rules 1 5 History of NCAA basketball rule changes 1 6 One and done rule 2 Conferences 2 1 NCAA Division I 2 2 NCAA Division II 2 3 NCAA Division III 2 4 NAIA 2 5 National Christian College Athletic Association NCCAA Divisions I and II 2 6 National Junior College Athletic Association NJCAA Divisions I II and III 2 7 California Community College Athletic Association CCCAA 2 8 United States Collegiate Athletic Association USCAA 2 9 Northwest Athletic Conference NWAC 2 10 Association of Christian College Athletics ACCA 2 11 Independent conferences 3 Relationship to professional basketball 4 Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play 5 Other divisions 6 Awards 7 Records and lists 7 1 Men s 7 2 Women s 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditThe history of basketball can be traced back to a YMCA International Training School known today as Springfield College located in Springfield Massachusetts The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith s rules is generally given as December 21 1891 2 4 3 Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893 5 Collegiate firsts Edit The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University which played against the local YMCA in Nashville Tennessee on February 7 1893 where Vanderbilt won 9 6 5 The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College s game against New Brighton YMCA on April 8 1893 in Beaver Falls Pennsylvania which Geneva won 3 0 5 The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on November 22 1894 when the Drexel Institute of Art Science and Industry now known as Drexel University faced Temple College now known as Temple University 6 Drexel won the game which was played under rules allowing nine players per side among many other variations from modern basketball 26 1 The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa in Iowa City Iowa on January 18 1896 5 7 The Chicago team won the game 15 12 under the coaching of Amos Alonzo Stagg who had learned the game from James Naismith at Springfield YMCA 8 7 However some sources state the first true five on five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn because although the Iowa team that played Chicago in 1896 was composed of University of Iowa students it reportedly did not officially represent the university rather it was organized through a YMCA 8 By 1900 the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country Tournaments Edit The Amateur Athletic Union s annual U S national championship tournament first played in 1898 often featured collegiate teams playing against non college teams Four colleges won the AAU tournament championship Utah 1916 NYU 1920 Butler 1924 and Washburn 1925 College teams were also runners up in 1915 1917 1920 1921 1932 and 1934 The first known tournament featuring exclusively college teams was the 1904 Summer Olympics where basketball was a demonstration sport and a collegiate championship tournament was held 9 The Olympic title was won by Hiram College 9 In March 1908 a two game championship series was organized between the University of Chicago and Penn with games played in Philadelphia and Bartlett Illinois Chicago swept both games to win the series 10 11 In March 1922 the 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament was held in Indianapolis the first stand alone post season tournament exclusively for college teams The champions of six major conferences participated Pacific Coast Conference Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Western Pennsylvania League Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate 12 Wabash College won the 1922 tournament The first organization to tout a regularly occurring national collegiate championship was the NAIA in 1937 although it was quickly surpassed in prestige by the National Invitation Tournament or NIT which brought six teams to New York s Madison Square Garden in the spring of 1938 8 Temple defeated Colorado in the first NIT tournament championship game 60 36 8 NCAA tournament Edit In 1939 another national tournament was implemented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA The location of the NCAA tournament varied from year to year and it soon used multiple locations each year so more fans could see games without traveling to New York Although the NIT was created earlier and was more prestigious than the NCAA for many years it ultimately lost popularity and status to the NCAA Tournament In 1950 following a double win by the 1949 50 CCNY Beavers men s basketball team when the NIT comprised 12 and the NCAA 8 teams the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments and effectively indicated that a team eligible for the NCAA tournament should play in it 13 Not long afterward assisted by the 1951 scandals based in New York City the NCAA tournament had become more prestigious than before with conference champions and the majority of top ranked teams competing there 14 The NCAA tournament eventually overtook the NIT by 1960 Through the 1960s and 1970s with UCLA leading the way as winner of ten NCAA Tournament championships a shift in power to teams from the west amplified the shift of attention away from the New York City based NIT When the NCAA tournament expanded its field of teams from 25 to 32 in 1975 to 48 in 1980 to 64 in 1985 and to 68 teams in 2011 interest in the NCAA tournament increased again and again as it comprised more and more teams soon including all of the strongest ones Expansion also improved the distribution of playing locations which number roughly one third the number of teams in the field In 2011 the NCAA field expanded to 68 teams and the last 8 teams playing for four spots making the field into 64 which is called the first round and so on The former first round is called the second round the second round is called the third round and the Sweet Sixteen is the same but it is technically the fourth round in the current format etc 15 In 2016 the field did not expand but the round numbers changed again The first four games containing the last 8 teams is now referred to as the first four Consequently the first round does not start until the first four games are out of the way and the field is narrowed to 64 teams So after the first four games the first round starts instead of that being the second round The Second is now when there are 32 teams left the sweet sixteen is the third round and so on 16 In 2020 for the first time in the NCAA s history the tournament had to be canceled due to fears of the COVID 19 pandemic This move was done largely out of fear of the virus spreading to players and watchers with prior attempts to limit the spread without canceling by first choosing to limit attendees and then canceling the tournament in its entirety 17 The cancellation of the tournament due to the COVID 19 pandemic led to a lot of uncertainty for the coaches players and NCAA as a whole Many people were very disappointed and had wished it was just delayed rather than completely being cancelled Unfortunately this pandemic really effected the seniors on the teams considering their last season just got abruptly taken from them The NCAA did consider granting waivers to the student athletes who participated in winter sports including basketball so that they could regain eligibility for the 2021 season However many of the seniors were projected to be picked in the NBA draft so this led to the difficult decision of playing one more year with their college teammates or moving on to the big stage In 2021 the tournament was able to take place and the teams were so ready to be back Baylor was the Men s 2021 NCAA Champions In 2022 Kansas won the tournament defeating North Carolina in the championship For the women s league the 2021 champions were Stanford who defeated Arizona in a very close game 18 In 2022 the women s NCAA champions was South Carolina defeating UConn in the championship 19 National Invitation Tournament NIT Edit Main article National Invitation Tournament Racial integration Edit Racial integration of all white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda in the 1950s and 1960s These issues included inequality racism and the alumni demand for the top players needed to win high profile games The Atlantic Coast Conference ACC took the lead College basketball data allow for direct comparisons of the racial differences in the marginal revenues generated by players Brown and Jewell 1995 First they started to schedule integrated teams from the North The wake up call came in 1966 when Don Haskins s Texas Western College team with five black starters defeated the all white University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA national basketball championship 20 This happened at a time when there weren t any black varsity basketball players in either the Southeastern Conference or the Southwest Conference Finally ACC schools typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups integrated their teams 21 22 With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics society and business the ACC flagship schools were successful in their endeavor as Pamela Grundy argues they had learned how to win The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full participation in U S society While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs minority star players demonstrated the discipline intelligence and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life 23 Original rules Edit The original rules for basketball were very different from today s modern rules of the sport including the use of eight players per side James Naismith established 13 original rules The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands but never with the fist A player cannot run with the ball The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it with allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed The ball must be held by the hands The arms or body must not be used for holding it No shouldering holding pushing striking or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or if there was evident intent to injure the person for the whole of the game No substitution shall be allowed A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist or when violations of rules 3 and 4 and such as described in rule 5 have been made If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal If the ball rests on the edges and the opponent moves the basket it shall count as a goal When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field The thrower in is allowed five seconds If he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent If any side persists in delaying the game the umpire shall call a foul on them The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made He shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5 The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play in bounds to which side it belongs and shall keep the time He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee The time shall be two fifteen minute halves with five minutes rest between The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner History of NCAA basketball rule changes Edit The following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect 24 25 Season Rule Change1891 92 The first set of rules is created 1900 01 A dribbler may not shoot for a field goal and may dribble only once and then with two hands 1908 09 A dribbler is permitted to shoot The dribble is defined as the continuous passage of the ball making the double dribble illegal Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul women 1910 11 Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul men No coaching is allowed during the progress of the game by anybody connected with either team A warning is given for the first violation and a free throw is awarded after that 1917 18 Players are disqualified upon committing their fifth personal foul women only 1920 21 The basket is moved to two feet from the baseline Previously the players could climb the padded wall to get closer to the basket with the new rule the wall is out of bounds A player can re enter a game once Before this rule if a player left the game he could not re enter for the rest of the game 1921 22 Running with the ball was changed from a foul to a violation 1923 24 The player fouled must shoot his own free throws Before this rule one person usually shot all the free throws for a team 1928 29 The charging foul by the dribbler is introduced 1930 31 A held ball may be called when a closely guarded player is withholding the ball from play for 5 seconds 1932 33 The 10 second mid court line is introduced to reduce stalling men only No player with the ball may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds 1933 34 A player may re enter a game twice 1935 36 No offensive player with or without the ball may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds 1937 38 The center jump after every made basket is eliminated 1938 39 The ball will be thrown in from out of bounds at mid court by the team shooting a free throw after a technical foul Previously the ball was put into play by a center jump after the technical free throw 1939 40 Teams have the option of taking a free throw or taking the ball at midcourt 1942 43 Any player who has yet to foul out will be allowed to receive a fifth foul in overtime 1944 45 Defensive goaltending is banned Five personal fouls disqualifies a player no extra foul is permitted in overtime men Unlimited substitution is allowed Offensive players cannot stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds 1948 49 Coaches are allowed to speak to players during a timeout 1951 52 Games are to be played in four 10 minute quarters Previously it was two 20 minute halves 1952 53 Teams can no longer waive free throws and take the ball at midcourt 1954 55 The one and one free throw is introduced allowing a player to take a second free throw if the first one is made Games return to two 20 minute halves 1955 56 The two shot penalty in existence for the last 3 minutes of each half is eliminated the one and one free throw exists for the whole game 1956 57 The free throw lane is increased from 6 feet to 12 feet in width On the lineup for a free throw the two spaces adjacent to the end line must be occupied by opponents of the shooter In the past one space was marked H for the home team and one V for the visitors Grasping the rim is ruled unsportsmanlike conduct 1957 58 Offensive goaltending is now banned One free throw for each common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half and the one and one is used thereafter 1967 68 The dunk is made illegal during the game and during warmups 1969 70 Women s basketball introduces the five player full court game on an experimental basis 1971 72 The five player full court game becomes mandatory for women s basketball The 30 second shot clock is introduced women only 1972 73 The free throw on the common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half is eliminated An official can charge a technical foul on a player for unsportsmanlike conduct if the official deems the player flopped to get a charging call Freshmen are now eligible to play varsity basketball 1973 74 Officials can now penalize players away from the ball for fouls for acts such as holding grabbing and illegal screens 1976 77 The dunk is made legal again 1981 82 The jump ball is eliminated except for the start of the game and overtime if necessary An alternating arrow will indicate possession of the ball in jump ball situations in a game men only 1982 83 When a closely guarded player is guarded for 5 seconds a jump ball is no longer required Instead a turnover is created and the ball goes to the other team 1983 84 Two free throws are issued if a foul occurs in the last two minutes of a half or in overtime men only This rule was rescinded a month into the season before the start of conference play 1984 85 A new smaller ball size 6 28 5 inches circumference 18 ounces is introduced for women s play 1985 86 The 45 second shot clock is introduced for men s play If a shooter is intentionally fouled and the basket is missed the shooter will get two free throws and the team will get possession of the ball 1986 87 A three point shot was introduced with the line a uniform 19 feet 9 inches 6 02 m from the center of the basket Mandatory for men s basketball experimental for women s The men s alternating possession rule is extended to the women s game 1987 88 The men s three point line was made mandatory for women s basketball Each intentional personal foul gives the non fouling team two free throws and possession of the ball men only The NCAA adopts a single rule book for men s and women s basketball for the first time although some rules differ between the sexes to this day 1988 89 The men s rule regarding intentional fouls is extended to the women s game 1990 91 Beginning with a team s 10th foul in a half two free throws the so called double bonus are to be awarded for each non shooting personal foul on the defense and each loose ball foul men only Three free throws are awarded when a shooter is fouled from three point range and misses the shot both men and women 1993 94 The men s shot clock is reduced from 45 seconds to 35 seconds The game clock will be stopped with successful baskets in the last minute of each half and in the last minute of overtime with no substitution permitted The 5 second rule regarding closely guarded players is eliminated 1994 95 Scoring is restricted to a tap in when 0 3 seconds or less remains on the game clock men and women 1997 98 The 5 second rule regarding closely guarded players is reinstated Timeouts can be made by players on the court or the head coach The double bonus introduced to the men s game in 1990 is extended to the women s game 1998 99 In a held ball situation initiated by the defense the defense shall gain possession of the ball regardless of the possession arrow 1999 2000 The held ball rule from 1998 to 1999 was rescinded Maximum of five players occupying lane spaces during free throws in women s play two from the shooting team three from the defending team 2000 01 In women s play only if the defending team commits a foul during a throw in after a made basket or free throw the team putting the ball in play retains the right to run the end line during the subsequent throw in 2001 02 In women s play six players now allowed in lane spaces four defenders two offensive players Additionally the defensive players nearest the basket are now required to line up in the second space from the basket 2005 06 Kicked balls will no longer reset the shot clock If the violation occurs with less than 15 seconds the clock will be reset to 15 seconds 2006 07 A timeout called by an airborne player falling out of bounds will not be recognized 2007 08 The women s rule regarding lane alignment during free throws maximum of four defenders and two offensive players with the nearest defenders on the second space from the basket is extended to the men s game 2008 09 Three point arc extended to 20 feet 9 inches 6 32 m from the center of the basket for men s play only Referees may use instant replay to determine if a flagrant foul has been committed and who started the incident When the entire ball is over the level of the basket during a shot and touches the backboard it is a goaltending violation if the ball is subsequently touched even if still moving upward 2011 12 Women s three point arc extended to match men s arc Restricted area arc created 3 feet from the center of the basket men and women When an offensive player makes contact with a defender who establishes position within this area the resulting foul is blocking on the defender 2013 14 10 second backcourt rule introduced women only Any timeout called within the 30 seconds preceding a scheduled media timeout break replaces the media timeout women only 2015 16 The men s shot clock changed to 30 seconds making it identical to the women s shot clock Coaches prohibited from calling timeouts from the bench in live ball situations players remain free to do so Restricted area arc extended from 3 feet to 4 feet from the center of the basket men only Dunks are permitted during warm ups Number of timeouts for each team reduced from 5 to 4 Women s basketball changed from 20 minute halves to 10 minute quarters In women s basketball bonus free throws come into effect on the fifth team foul in a quarter all bonus free throw situations result in two free throws The women s rule regarding timeouts within 30 seconds of a scheduled media timeout was extended to the men s game 2016 17 Coaches allowed to call timeouts from the bench during inbounds plays before the pass is released 2017 18 Men only The shot clock will be reset to 20 seconds or the amount remaining on the shot clock if greater when the ball is inbounded in the frontcourt after 1 a defensive foul or 2 a deliberate kick or fisting of the ball by the defense Men only If an injured player is unable to shoot free throws as the result of a flagrant foul or if the player is bleeding only his substitute can shoot the ensuing free throws Men only When the ball is legally touched inbounds and an official immediately signals a clock stoppage a minimum of 0 3 seconds must elapse on the game clock Men only A player dunking the ball may hold onto the rim to prevent injury to himself or another player even if it would result in another violation Women only No new 10 second backcourt count awarded if the team in possession is granted and charged a timeout Women s basketball adopted the men s 4 foot restricted area arc Women only Abandoned the flagrant 1 and flagrant 2 foul designations in favor of the FIBA standard of unsportsmanlike and disqualifying fouls The new unsportsmanlike designation now includes contact dead ball technicals 2019 20 Men and women 26 27 For men s basketball the three point arc was extended to the FIBA distance of 6 75 meters 22 ft 2 in from the center of the basket and 6 6 meters 21 ft 8 in in the corners This change took immediate effect in Division I and will take effect in Divisions II and III in 2020 21 In women s basketball the FIBA arc was planned be used as an experimental rule in postseason events apart from the NCAA championships such as the WNIT and WBI but none of these events were held in 2020 After an offensive rebound in the frontcourt the shot clock resets to 20 seconds regardless of the amount of time remaining on the shot clock Men only Coaches are once again able to call live ball timeouts from the bench but only in the last 2 minutes of regulation time or the last 2 minutes of any overtime The list of calls reviewable by instant replay expanded to include basket interference and goaltending but only in the last 2 minutes of regulation time or the last 2 minutes of any overtime Technical fouls will be assessed for derogatory comments on an opponent s race ethnicity national origin religion gender gender expression gender identify sexual orientation or disability Women only The shot clock reset rule on defensive fouls and certain defensive violations adopted in the men s game in 2017 18 was extended to the women s game After any technical foul the non fouling team is awarded the ball at midcourt A player who receives one technical and one unsportsmanlike foul in the same game is automatically ejected If referees are at the replay monitor to review an unsportsmanlike or contact disqualifying foul they can address any other acts of misconduct during the sequence being reviewed For the 2022 season there are some new rules that will be implemented The goal of adding these rules is to make the game overall more offensively entertaining and to avoid some foolish behavior that is sometimes present on the court The first change is moving the men s college basketball three point line from twenty feet and nine inches to 22 feet 1 75 inches 28 The women s line stayed the same distance meaning there will now be two different lines on the collegiate floors Another rule that will be implemented is the clock will change to only 20 seconds on an offensive rebound The point of this rule change is to increase the tempo of the game and to add more possessions However if the ball gets back to the midcourt line the clock will reset back to 30 seconds Another interesting rule change is getting rid of flopping 1 Teams will get one warning and then the second flop will be a technical foul This rule change will help to minimize the number of delays during games due to players faking injuries or foul play Also in the 2022 season more rules are to be implemented on the number of flagrant fouls to eventually lead to an overall cleaner game 2 One and done rule Edit The One and done rule has been a part of college basketball since 2006 the first NBA draft it affected The rule was created by NBA Commissioner David Stern which changed the draft age from 18 years old to 19 years old This change meant players could not be drafted into the NBA straight out of high school Instead however they usually went to a college to play only one season before entering the following NBA draft when they are eligible hence the name One and Done citation needed The first player to be drafted during this one and done era was Tyrus Thomas a forward out of Louisiana State who was drafted fourth overall in 2006 citation needed Conferences EditNCAA Division I Edit See also NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament and NCAA Division I women s basketball tournament See also List of NCAA Division I men s basketball champions In 2021 2022 a total of 358 schools played men s basketball in 32 Division I basketball conferences All of these schools also sponsor women s basketball except The Citadel and VMI two military colleges that were all male until the 1990s and remain overwhelmingly male today The conferences for 2021 22 are A map of all NCAA Division I basketball teams America East ConferenceAmerican Athletic ConferenceAtlantic 10 ConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceASUN ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceBig East ConferenceBig Sky ConferenceBig South ConferenceBig Ten ConferenceBig West ConferenceColonial Athletic AssociationConference USAHorizon LeagueIvy LeagueMetro Atlantic Athletic ConferenceMid American ConferenceMid Eastern Athletic ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceMountain West ConferenceNortheast ConferenceOhio Valley ConferencePac 12 ConferencePatriot LeagueSoutheastern ConferenceSouthern ConferenceSouthland ConferenceSouthwestern Athletic ConferenceSun Belt ConferenceSummit LeagueWest Coast ConferenceWestern Athletic Conference In the early decades of college basketball and well into the 1970s many schools played as independents with no conference membership However the rise of televised college sports in the 1980s led to the formation of many new conferences and the expansion of previously existing conferences The last Division I school to play as an independent in basketball was NJIT which was forced to go independent in 2013 after the collapse of its former all sports league the Great West Conference NJIT joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2015 leaving no Division I basketball independents NCAA Division II Edit See also NCAA Division II men s basketball tournament and NCAA Division II women s basketball tournament As of the upcoming 2020 21 college basketball season there are 23 Division II basketball conferences A map of all NCAA Division II basketball teams California Collegiate Athletic AssociationCentral Atlantic Collegiate ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate Athletic AssociationConference CarolinasEast Coast ConferenceGreat American ConferenceGreat Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceGreat Lakes Valley ConferenceGreat Midwest Athletic ConferenceGreat Northwest Athletic ConferenceGulf South ConferenceLone Star ConferenceMid America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationMountain East ConferenceNortheast 10 ConferenceNorthern Sun Intercollegiate ConferencePacific West ConferencePeach Belt ConferencePennsylvania State Athletic ConferenceRocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceSouth Atlantic ConferenceSouthern Intercollegiate Athletic ConferenceSunshine State Conference There are expected to be five independent Division II schools without conference affiliations for the 2020 21 season The most recent change in the list of Division II conferences is the demise of the Heartland Conference which disbanded at the end of the 2018 19 school year In 2017 eight of its nine members announced a mass exodus to the Lone Star Conference LSC effective in 2019 The remaining member would soon announce that it would become a de facto member of the Mid America Intercollegiate Athletics Association MIAA and one of the original eight schools to announce a move to the LSC later changed course and chose to become a de facto MIAA member as well The two schools that moved to the MIAA are technically associate members because they do not sponsor football a mandatory sport for full conference members NCAA Division III Edit See also NCAA Division III men s basketball tournament and NCAA Division III women s basketball tournament Allegheny Mountain Collegiate ConferenceAmerican Rivers Conference a American Southwest Conference a Atlantic East ConferenceCapital Athletic ConferenceCentennial Conference a City University of New York Athletic ConferenceCollege Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin a Colonial States Athletic ConferenceCommonwealth Coast Conference b Empire 8 Conference a Great Northeast Athletic ConferenceGreat South Athletic ConferenceHeartland Collegiate Athletic Conference a Landmark ConferenceLiberty League a Little East ConferenceMAC Commonwealth c MAC Freedom c Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference a Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association a Midwest Conference a Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference a New England Collegiate ConferenceNew England Small College Athletic Conference a New England Women s and Men s Athletic Conference a New Jersey Athletic Conference a North Atlantic ConferenceNorth Coast Athletic Conference a North Eastern Athletic ConferenceNorthern Athletics Collegiate Conference a Northwest Conference a Ohio Athletic Conference a Old Dominion Athletic Conference a Presidents Athletic Conference a St Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference a Skyline ConferenceSouthern Athletic Association a Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference a Southern Collegiate Athletic ConferenceState University of New York Athletic ConferenceUniversity Athletic Association a Upper Midwest Athletic Conference a USA South Athletic Conference a Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference a Since its introduction in 1973 Division III has always had the lowest share of Black coaches As of 2015 less than 10 of the coaches in Division III were black compared to around 20 in Division II and 25 in Division I 29 Notes a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Conference sponsors football The Commonwealth Coast Conference does not directly sponsor football but operates Commonwealth Coast Football a football only league that remains a separate legal entity from the all sports CCC a b This is one of the three leagues operated by the Middle Atlantic Conferences MAC It does not sponsor football but several of its members play football in the MAC s Middle Atlantic Conference The most recent change to the roster of D III conferences came in 2020 when the American Collegiate Athletic Association merged into the Capital Athletic Conference NAIA Edit See also NAIA Men s Basketball Championships and NAIA Women s Basketball Championships From 1992 to 2020 the NAIA operated separate Division I and Division II men s and women s basketball championships the distinction between the two divisions was that D I schools awarded basketball scholarships while D II schools chose not to Basketball divisions were abolished after the 2019 20 season and from 2020 to 2021 single men s and women s championships will be held Map of NAIA Division I Map of NAIA Division II American Midwest Conference AMC Association of Independent Institutions AII Appalachian Athletic Conference AAC California Pacific Conference CAL PAC Cascade Collegiate Conference Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference CCAC Crossroads League CL Frontier Conference Golden State Athletic Conference GSAC Great Plains Athletic Conference GPAC Gulf Coast Athletic Conference GCAC Heart of America Athletic Conference HAAC Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference KCAC Mid South Conference MSC North Star Athletic Association NSAA Red River Athletic Conference RRAC River States Conference RSC Sooner Athletic Conference SAC Southern States Athletic Conference SSAC The Sun Conference TSC Wolverine Hoosier Athletic Conference WHAC National Christian College Athletic Association NCCAA Divisions I and II Edit See also National Christian College Athletic Association Central Region East Region Mid East Region Mid West Region North Central Region South Region Southwest Region West Region National Junior College Athletic Association NJCAA Divisions I II and III Edit See also National Junior College Athletic Association NJCAA Men s Division I Basketball Championship NJCAA Men s Division II Basketball Championship NJCAA Men s Division III Basketball Championship and NJCAA Women s Basketball Championship Alabama Community College Conference Arizona Community College Athletic Conference Arrowhead Conference Bi State Conference Carolinas Junior College Conference Colorado Community College Athletic Conference Eastern Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference Garden State Athletic Conference Georgia Junior College Athletic Association Great Rivers Athletic Conference Illinois Skyway Conference Iowa Community College Athletic Conference Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference Massachusetts Community College Athletic Association Metro Athletic Conference Michigan Community College Athletic Association Mid Florida Conference Mid Hudson Conference Mid State Athletic Conference Mid West Athletic Conference Minnesota College Athletic Conference Mississippi Association of Community amp Junior Colleges MISS LOU Junior College Conference Missouri Community College Athletic Conference Mon Dak Conference Mountain Valley Conference NJCAA Region 9 North Central Community College Conference North Texas Junior College Athletic Conference Northeast JC Football Conference Ohio Community College Athletic Conference Panhandle Conference Pennsylvania Collegiate Athletic Association Scenic West Athletic Conference Southern Conference Southwest Junior College Conference Southwest Junior College Football Conference Suncoast Conference Tennessee Junior and Community College Athletic Association Western Junior College Athletic Conference Western New York Athletic Conference Western Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference Western States Football League Wyoming Community College Athletic Conference California Community College Athletic Association CCCAA Edit See also California Community College Athletic Association Bay Valley Conference Big 8 Conference California Central Valley Conference Coast Conference Foothill Athletic Conference Golden Valley Conference Orange Empire Conference Pacific Coast Athletic Conference CCCAA South Coast Conference Western State Conference United States Collegiate Athletic Association USCAA Edit See also United States Collegiate Athletic Association Eastern Metro Athletic Conference Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Northeastern Intercollegiate Athletics Conference Penn State University Athletic Conference Yankee Small College ConferenceNorthwest Athletic Conference NWAC Edit See also Northwest Athletic Conference Northern Region Southern Region Eastern Region Western Region Association of Christian College Athletics ACCA Edit See also Association of Christian College Athletics Midwest Christian College ConferenceIndependent conferences Edit Liga Atletica Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico Manitoba Colleges Athletic Conference Northern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Pacific Christian Athletic Conference Wisconsin Collegiate ConferenceRelationship to professional basketball EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message In past decades the NBA held to tradition and drafted players who had graduated from college This was a mutually beneficial relationship for the NBA and colleges the colleges held onto players who would otherwise go professional and the NBA did not have to fund a minor league As the college game became commercialized though it became increasingly difficult for student athletes to be students A growing number of poor and under educated but highly talented teenage basketball players found the system exploitative they brought in funds to schools where they learned little and played without income The American Basketball Association began to employ players who had not yet graduated from college After a season of junior college a season at the University of Detroit and an Olympic gold medal Spencer Haywood played the 1969 70 season with the ABA s Denver Rockets He signed with the NBA s Seattle SuperSonics in 1970 before his college class graduation defying NBA rules Haywood pleaded that as his family s sole wage earner he should be allowed to earn a living in the NBA or else his family would face destitution The ensuing legal battle went to the U S Supreme Court which ruled in 1971 that the NBA does not have the same antitrust exemption enjoyed by Major League Baseball Thereafter collegiate players demonstrating economic hardship were allowed early entry into the NBA draft The hardship requirement was eliminated in 1976 In 1974 Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association which became part of the NBA after the ABA NBA merger in 1976 straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game The best international players routinely skip college entirely many American stars skip college Kevin Garnett Kobe Bryant Tracy McGrady Dwight Howard Amar e Stoudemire and LeBron James or only play one year Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Kevin Durant and John Wall and only a dozen or so college graduates are now among the 60 players selected in the annual NBA draft Fewer high schoolers have progressed directly to the NBA without at least one year of college basketball beginning in 2006 citing maturity concerns after several incidents involving young players the labor agreement between players and owners now specifies that players must turn 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft to be eligible Additionally U S players must be at least one year removed from their high school graduation 30 The pervasiveness of college basketball throughout the nation the large population of graduates from major conference universities and the NCAA s marketing of March Madness officially the NCAA Division I Men s Basketball Championship have kept the college game alive and well Some commentators have argued that the higher turnover of players has increased the importance of good coaches Many teams have been highly successful for instance by emphasizing personality in their recruiting efforts with the goal of creating a cohesive group that while lacking stars plays together for all 4 years and thus develops a higher level of sophistication than less stable teams could achieve College basketball remains more popular than the NBA in some regions of the United States such as in North Carolina and the Midwest where traditionally strong programs at Louisville Kentucky and Indiana are found Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play EditThe NCAA Men s Basketball Rules Committee consisting of coaches from all three divisions of the NCAA sets the rules for college men s basketball play A parallel committee sets rules for college women s play Although many of the NBA and WNBA rules apply in NCAA play there are differences that make NCAA play unique 31 As of the 2021 22 season NCAA men s games are divided into two halves each 20 minutes long NBA games are played in four quarters of 12 minutes each and WNBA and NCAA women s games are played in 10 minute quarters The NCAA shot clock gives teams of both sexes 30 seconds to shoot while the shot clock used in both the NBA and WNBA gives teams 24 seconds Also NCAA teams are allowed 10 seconds to move the ball past the halfcourt line with this rule only having been added to the women s college game in the 2013 14 season while NBA and WNBA rules allow only 8 seconds However like the NBA and WNBA and high school basketball during the last minute of each period the game clock keeps time remaining in the period measured in tenths of a second rather than full seconds Prior to the 2015 16 season NCAA men s basketball used a 35 second shot clock while NCAA women s basketball was played with the same 20 minute halves as the men s game Though the height of the basket the foul line s distance from the backboard and the court dimensions are the same the distance between the three point line and the backboard is different The NBA three point line measures 23 feet 9 inches 7 24 m at the top of the circle or 22 feet 6 7 m in the corners or baseline 32 On the NCAA court the three point line had been a constant 19 feet 9 inches 6 02 m but the NCAA Rules Committee voted in May 2007 to extend it a foot more to 20 feet 9 inches 6 32 m which became effective beginning the 2008 09 season for men 33 and the 2011 12 season for women Effective in 2019 20 the NCAA adopted the current FIBA three point arc of 6 75 m 22 ft 1 1 2 in at the top of the circle and 6 6 m 21 ft 8 in at the corners and baseline for Division I men s play with Divisions II and III following in 2020 21 26 The previous college men s arc will remain in use for women s play for the time being but the FIBA arc was to be used on an experimental basis in the 2020 Women s National Invitation Tournament and Women s Basketball Invitational which ultimately were not held 27 The WNBA s three point line was 6 25 m 20 ft 6 in which FIBA used before it extended its three point arc to 6 75 m 22 ft 1 1 2 in at the top of the circle and 6 6 m 21 ft 8 in at the corners and baseline The NCAA lane measures 12 feet 3 7 m in width while the NBA and WNBA lane is 16 feet 4 9 m the FIBA lane is marginally wider than the NBA WNBA lane at exactly 4 9 m 16 ft 1 in NCAA players are allowed five personal fouls before fouling out as opposed to their NBA counterparts who are allowed six This maintains the same ratio of minutes of play per foul allowed eight However the WNBA allows players six personal fouls despite playing the same number of minutes as the NCAA The number of team fouls allotted is also different In all three competitions team fouls can be categorized as shooting or non shooting A shooting foul occurs when a player gets fouled in the act of shooting while airborne giving him the chance to shoot free throws A common foul non shooting foul consists of all other fouls including making contact with the opposing player while reaching in to steal the ball A team may make a certain number of non shooting fouls per period before the opposing team is awarded free throws In the NBA WNBA and since 2015 16 NCAA women s basketball the fifth team foul in a quarter places the team in penalty For every foul starting with the fifth whether shooting or non shooting the opposing team receives two free throws In addition if an NBA or WNBA team has not entered the penalty in the last two minutes of a period its team foul count is reset the second team foul in the last two minutes triggers the penalty In the NCAA men s game the penalty begins with the seventh team foul in a half However the fouled player must make the first free throw in order to get the second This is called a one and one or one and the bonus situation On the tenth team foul the double bonus situation comes into play meaning that every subsequent team foul results in two free throws for the opposing team No free throws are shot at either level for a player control foul which is an offensive foul usually a charge Unlike NBA WNBA rules the team foul count does not reset in the last two minutes of a half men s or quarter women s Overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half under NCAA men s rules and the fourth quarter under NCAA women s rules but not under NBA WNBA rules in those leagues the fourth team foul in any overtime period or the second in the last two minutes triggers the penalty When a dispute over ball possession arises the jump ball is used in the NBA and WNBA In the NCAA once the first possession has been established from the opening tip no further jump balls occur except to begin an overtime period Since 1981 a possession arrow on the scorer s table has dictated which team should possess the ball with the arrow switching directions after each use NCAA teams can call a timeout after they made a basket Indiana scores a 3 point field goal and calls a timeout in the NBA and WNBA only the opposing team can call a timeout after a basket is made From the 2015 16 season through 2018 19 NCAA men s coaches were banned from calling timeouts from the bench while the ball is live at any time in the game from 2019 to 2020 they are again allowed to call such timeouts but only during the last 2 minutes of any period half or overtime Players have not been subject to this restriction In addition the NBA limits what types of defense a team can play primarily in an effort to prevent coaches from slowing down the pace of the game by using zone defenses Zone defense is permitted in the NBA and WNBA however players cannot stand in the lane for more than three seconds if they are not guarding anyone In NCAA basketball no such restriction exists and coaches are free to design a variety of defensive techniques In college basketball it is required by rule that the home team wears their white or light colored jerseys while the visiting team wears their darker jersey color The NBA like most other professional sports leagues lets the home team decide which uniform to wear but with a few exceptions the home team has continued the tradition of the college game and wears white or in the case of the Los Angeles Lakers for non Sunday home games gold at home Since the 2017 18 season the NBA only requires that road teams wear colors that contrast sufficiently with the home team s choice meaning that color on color games are now possible This is for regular season play only home teams always wear white during the playoffs The WNBA however follows the college rule for all games The NBA introduced a new dress code rule in 2005 Now players are required to wear business casual attire whenever they are engaged in team or league business This includes a long or short sleeved dress shirt collared or turtleneck and or a sweater dress slacks khaki pants or dress jeans and appropriate shoes and socks including dress shoes dress boots or other presentable shoes but not including sneakers sandals flip flops or work boots The WNBA has a similar dress code adjusted for standard women s attire NCAA rules have no set dress code rule leaving it up to individual teams or conferences The organizations also have different rules for jersey numbers While the NBA and WNBA allow players to wear any number from 0 to 99 including 00 so long as it is available the NCAA disallows any jersey number with a 6 7 8 or 9 in it This is done to allow the referee to report fouls using hand signals with one hand as each hand has only five fingers High school basketball whose rules are set by the National Federation of State High School Associations also follows the NCAA s convention on jersey numbering Other divisions EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message While less commercialized than Division I Division II and Division III are both highly successful college basketball organizations Women s Division I is often televised but to smaller audiences than Men s Division I Generally small colleges join Division II while colleges of all sizes that choose not to offer athletic scholarships join Division III Games other than NCAA D I are rarely televised by national media although CBS televises the Championship Final of NCAA Division II while CBS College Sports Network televises the semifinals as well as the Division III Final A map of all NAIA Division I basketball teams The NAIA also sponsors men and women s college level basketball The NAIA Men s Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 with the exception of 1944 and 2020 when it was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities Unlike the NCAA Tournament the NAIA Tournament features only 32 teams and the entire tournament is contested in one week instead of three weekends Since 2002 the NAIA National Tournament has been played in Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City Missouri in 1994 2001 it was held in Tulsa Oklahoma and 1937 1999 it was held at Municipal then Kemper Arena in Kansas City Media coverage has sporadically been provided by CBS the Victory Sports Network and various lesser known media Map of NAIA Division II basketball teams From 1992 to 2020 the NAIA sponsored a Division II championship similar to the NCAA Division I and II There is also an NAIA Women s Basketball Championship which was also split into Divisions I and II through the 2019 20 season From 2020 to 2021 the NAIA will adopt a single division format for basketball with the men s and women s tournaments featuring 64 teams each In both tournaments the first two rounds will be held at 16 regional sites with only the winner at each site advancing to the final tournament site 34 The only school to have won national titles in both the NAIA and NCAA Division I is Louisville the Cardinals have also won the NIT title Southern Illinois has won NAIA and NIT titles Central Missouri and Fort Hays State have won NAIA and NCAA Division II national titles Indiana State has won an NAIA title and finished as the National Runner Up in the NAIA twice in NCAA Division II once and NCAA Division I once Awards EditMen s college basketball awards Women s college basketball awards National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame Sporting News College Basketball Athlete of the Decade 2000 09 Records and lists EditMen s Edit List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men s college basketball List of college men s basketball coaches with 600 wins NCAA Division I Men s Final Four appearances by school List of NCAA Division I Men s Final Four appearances by coach NCAA Division I Men s Final Four appearances by school NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament all time team records NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament bids by school NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament bids by school and conference NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament records NAIA Men s Basketball Championships NIT all time team records NIT bids by school and conference NIT championships and semifinal appearances NCAA Division I Men s basketball statistical leaders List of current NCAA Division I men s basketball coachesWomen s Edit NCAA Division I Women s Tournament bids by school NAIA Women s Basketball Championships AIAW Women s Basketball Champions List of NCAA Division I women s basketball career scoring leadersSee also EditNCAA Division I men s basketball alignment history Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women AIAW AIAW women s basketball tournament National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA NAIA Men s Basketball Championships NAIA Women s Basketball Championships Black participation in college basketball Women s basketball University College rivalries U Sports Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association CCAA College basketball in the PhilippinesReferences Edit Syracuse vs Duke Breaks NCAA On Campus Attendance Record With Crowd of 35 642 by Tristan Jung at Sports Illustrated 23 Feb 2019 a b McCuaig Donald Basketball A YMCA Invention YMCA Archived from the original on March 14 2016 Retrieved June 9 2014 a b James Naismith Naismith Museusm Archived from the original on September 14 2013 Retrieved June 9 2014 Griffiths Sian September 20 2010 The Canadian who invented basketball BBC retrieved June 9 2014 a b c d Traughber Bill March 12 2008 VU first college to play basketball vucommodores com Retrieved October 26 2019 Basket Ball League newspapers com Philadelphia PA The Philadelphia Inquirer 26 November 1894 p 4 Retrieved 5 October 2018 a b Pruter Robert Basketball Encyclopedia of Chicago Retrieved June 6 2014 a b c d ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia ESPN 2009 pp 528 529 ISBN 978 0 345 51392 2 a b 1904 Olympic Gold Medal Retrieved March 14 2013 Spalding s Official Basket Ball Guide 1908 9 September 1908 pp 27 45 Retrieved April 12 2010 Athletics The Chicago Alumni Magazine Vol 2 April 1908 pp 45 89 94 95 Retrieved April 12 2010 Tourney for Colleges New York Times January 24 1922 p 12 Retrieved April 12 2010 McPhee John 1999 A Sense of Where You Are Bill Bradley at Princeton Farrar Straus and Giroux New York pp 114 115 ISBN 0374526893 Fraley Oscar March 5 1951 Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA The Times News Hendersonville North Carolina Retrieved March 21 2013 December 7 2012 http www livestrong com article 378124 the history of college basketball NCAA Round of 64 is again first round WTAE February 11 2016 Archived from the original on 2016 03 07 2020 NCAA Tournament canceled due to growing threat of coronavirus pandemic CBSSports com NCAA com Stanford wins first women s NCAA championship since 1992 NCAA com www ncaa com Retrieved 2022 11 14 Torchinsky Rina 2022 04 03 South Carolina beats UConn to win 2022 NCAA women s championship NPR Retrieved 2022 11 14 Don Haskins and Dan Wetzel My Story of the 1966 NCAA Basketball Championship and How One Team Triumphed Against the Odds and Changed America Forever 2006 Charles H Martin The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference North Carolina Historical Review 76 3 1999 253 284 online Richard Pennington Breaking the Ice The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football McFarland 1987 Pamela Grundy Learning to win Sports education and social change in twentieth century North Carolina U of North Carolina Press 2003 p 297 online NCAA Men s Basketball Record Book PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved February 2 2018 NCAA Women s Basketball Record Book PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2018 Retrieved February 2 2018 a b Men s basketball 3 point line extended to international distance Press release NCAA June 5 2019 Retrieved June 9 2019 a b Shot clock rule altered in women s basketball Press release NCAA June 5 2019 Retrieved June 9 2019 The men s college basketball rule changes to know about this season NCAA com www ncaa com Retrieved 2022 10 06 Nesseler Cornel Carlos Gomez Gonzalez Dietl Helmut del Corral Julio 2020 Race and employment The historical case of head coaches in college basketball Frontiers in Sociology 5 69 doi 10 3389 fsoc 2020 00069 PMC 8022560 PMID 33869475 The one and done conundrum ESPN com June 16 2016 Retrieved February 8 2017 Zegers Charlie NBA vs NCAA About com Retrieved March 29 2008 Wildcats off the mark from behind the arc Archived from the original on May 16 2016 2008 NCAA MEN S AND WOMEN S BASKETBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS PDF Press release NCAA p 10 Archived from the original PDF on April 8 2008 Retrieved March 29 2008 New Basketball Postseason Format Approved Press release NAIA July 2 2018 Retrieved January 16 2020 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to College basketball in the United States NCAA men s and women s NAIA men s and women s USCAA men s and women s NJCAA men s and women s NCCAA men s and women s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title College basketball amp oldid 1123616751, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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