Meherrin
The Meherrin people are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who spoke an Iroquian language.[1] They lived between the Piedmont and coastal plains at the border of Virginia and North Carolina.[3]
Meherrin, Tuscarora, and Nottway territory prior to 1700 CE | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| North Carolina,[1] Virginia | |
| Languages | |
| English, formerly Meherrin language | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tuscarora, Nottaway Tribe[2] |
The Meherrin Indian Tribe is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina.[4]
Name edit
The meaning of Meherrin is unknown.[1] Their name was first written as Maharineck.[1] It was also spelled Maherin, Maherring, Meherries, Meherron, and Menchaerink.[5]
The Meherrin Indian Tribe says their autonym is Kauwets'a:ka, which translates to "People of the Water."[6][7]
Language edit
The Meherrin spoke the Meherrin language, which is most likely an Iroquian language.[1] This designation is based on their close relationships to the Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora and Nottoway.[3] Linguistic evidence indicates that these three groups share a common ancestry and likely all spoke the same Iroquoian language or similar dialects. Tuscarora oral history also indicates common origins.[2]
History edit
17th century edit
American anthropologist James Mooney estimated that the Mehirren population was 700 in 1600.[8] They lived in dispersed villages, where they farmed, hunted, and gathered wild foods.[9] British colonist Edward Bland encountered the Meherrin in 1650 and first wrote about them. Their village Cowinchahawkon was on an early British trade route.[10] A 1669 Virginia Indian census said they had two villages and 50 fighting men,[10] for an estimated total of 180 Meherrin.[11] By 1675, they had absorbed Susquehanna refugees fleeing Pennsylvania.[1] In 1681 they moved south to the banks of the Meherrin River.[9]
18th century edit
In 1705 the Virginia Colony established a reservation for the Meherrin at Maherrin Neck (later renamed Manley’s Neck), in an area claimed by both Virginia and Carolina. It was finally assigned to Carolina, and in 1706 Carolina ordered the Meherrin out of her territory, threatening violence to expel them. The Meherrin asked for more time, a year in order to harvest their crops, and asked for help from the Virginia colonists to make their case. Virginia took their side in the quarrel, but in August 1707 Carolinian official Thomas Pollock, leading a troop of 60 men, attacked Meherrin Town, destroying crops, homes, and all belongings; his forces seized 36 men, depriving them of water for two days. In September the Virginia militia met with the chiefs, promising Virginia’s protection to prevent them from retaliating against Carolina. Col. Edmond Jennings, Virginia Council President, wrote a harsh reprimand to leaders of Carolina.[citation needed]
From 1711 to 1712, the Meherrin allied with the Tuscarora against British colonists in the Carolinas and their Indian allies during the Tuscarora War. In 1713, they delivered two of their paramount chief’s sons as hostages to be kept by the colonists at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia to ensure that they would keep the peace. In 1720 they made a treaty of peace with the Susquehanna, another Iroquoian tribe.[citation needed]
In 1717 the Meherrin were given a reservation along the western shore of lower Chowanoc River, not far from its mouth in Albemarle Sound, near modern Colerain (Bertie County, N.C.). At the time, Governor Charles Eden thought that the reservation only contained 10,000 acres, but Surveyor Col. Edward Moseley later discovered that the reservation contained more than 40,000 acres.[citation needed]
In 1723, the Virginia Colony confirmed the Meherrin right to the reservation land and severely criticized North Carolina for illegally taking Meherrin land. Most of the Tuscarora were driven off after many were killed and taken captive in the above war. The North Carolina authorities reviewed petitions from both the Meherrin and British colonists squatting on their land.[12]
The Meherrin became tributaries of the Province of North Carolina in 1726. The British colonists established a reservation in what is now Hertford County, North Carolina. The 7-square-mile reservation was located between the Meherrin River and the Chowan River.[13] The Province of North Carolina confirmed in a treaty that the reservation land belonged to the Meherrin.[12]
In 1731, fewer than 20 surviving Meherrin families lived east of the Chowan River in North Carolina.[10] They moved to what is now Northampton County, North Carolina by 1755, when only 8 fighting men were recorded.[10]
By 1761, an estimated 20 Meherrin fighting men and their families lived along the Roanoke River, along with Saponi, Tuscarora, and Machapunga people.[11] By 1768 their reservation had been dissolved.[14] They likely migrated north with last bands of Tuscarora in 1802.[11][10]
State-recognized tribe edit
The State of North Carolina designated the Meherrin Indian Tribe as state-recognized tribe in 1986.[4]
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d e f John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 62.
- ^ a b Rudes, Blair A. "Cowinchahawkon/ Akawęč?á:ka:?: The Meherrin in the Nineteenth Century", Algonquin and Iroquoian Linguistics. 6 (3) p. 32-34. London, Ontario
- ^ a b Douglas W. Boyce, "Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia–North Carolina Coastal Plain," 282.
- ^ a b Washburn, Kevin K. (January 23, 2014). "Proposed Finding Against the Acknowledgment of the Meherrin Indian Tribe" (PDF). Federal Register. 79 (15): 3859–60.
- ^ Douglas W. Boyce, "Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia–North Carolina Coastal Plain," 289.
- ^ "Joelle Joyner". National Museum of the American Indian. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Shujaa, Kenya J.; Shujaa, Mwalimu J., eds. (2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. p. 498. ISBN 9781483346380.
- ^ John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 63.
- ^ a b Douglas W. Boyce, "Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia–North Carolina Coastal Plain," 283.
- ^ a b c d e Douglas W. Boyce, "Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia–North Carolina Coastal Plain," 286.
- ^ a b c John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 62–63.
- ^ a b Brenda Linton and Leslie S. Stewart, "Economic Development Assessment for the Meherrin Tribe", University of North Carolina, Jul 2003. Accessed: October 26, 2009.
- ^ La Vere, David (2013). The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781469610900.
- ^ La Vere, David (2013). The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 204. ISBN 9781469610900.
References edit
- Boyce, Douglas W. (1978). "Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia-North Carolina Coast Plain". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. pp. 282–89. ISBN 978-0-1600-4575-2.
- Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. pp. 102–03. ISBN 9780806317304.