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Virginia Tech shooting


The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred on Monday, April 16, 2007, comprising two attacks on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, an undergraduate student at the university, killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols. Six others were injured jumping out of windows to escape Cho.

Virginia Tech shooting
A candlelight vigil following the shooting on the Virginia Tech campus on April 17, 2007
LocationBlacksburg, Virginia, U.S.
Coordinates37°13′23″N 80°25′16″W / 37.2231°N 80.4211°W / 37.2231; -80.4211 (Ambler Johnston Hall)[1]
37°13′46″N 80°25′23″W / 37.2294°N 80.4231°W / 37.2294; -80.4231 (Norris Hall)[2]
DateApril 16, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-04-16)
c. 7:15 – 9:51 a.m.[3]: 25  (EDT)
TargetStudents, staff and faculty at Virginia Tech
Attack type
Mass shooting, school shooting, mass murder, murder–suicide, spree shooting
Weapons
Deaths33 (including the perpetrator)[5]: 127 
Injured23 (17 from gunfire, 6 from jumping out of windows)[6]: 92 [7]
PerpetratorSeung-Hui Cho
Defenders
MotiveAmbler Johnston shooting: Possible romantic dispute, witness elimination Norris Hall shooting: Inconclusive (possibly misanthropy or retaliation for bullying)

The first shooting occurred at West Ambler Johnston Hall, a dormitory, where two people were killed; the main attack was a school shooting at Norris Hall, a classroom building, where Cho chained the main entrance doors shut and fired into four classrooms and in a stairwell, killing thirty more people. As police stormed Norris Hall, Cho fatally shot himself in the head. It was the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history and remained so for nine years until the Orlando nightclub shooting. It remained the deadliest school shooting in U.S. history and the deadliest mass shooting in Virginia history.

The attacks received international media coverage and provoked widespread criticism of U.S. gun culture.[9] It sparked debate about gun violence, gun laws, gaps in the U.S. system for treating mental health issues, Cho's state of mind, the responsibility of college administrations,[10] privacy laws, journalism ethics, and other issues. News organizations that aired portions of Cho's multimedia manifesto were criticized by victims' families, Virginia law enforcement officials, and the American Psychiatric Association.[11][12]

Cho had previously been diagnosed with selective mutism and severe depression. During much of his middle school and high school years, he received therapy and special education support. After graduating from high school, Cho enrolled at Virginia Tech. Because of federal privacy laws, the university was unaware of Cho's previous diagnoses or the accommodations he had been granted at school. In 2005, Cho was accused of stalking two female students.[13] After an investigation, a Virginia special justice declared Cho mentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment. Because he was not institutionalized, he was allowed to purchase guns.[14] The shooting prompted the state of Virginia to close legal loopholes that had allowed individuals adjudicated as mentally unsound to purchase handguns without detection by the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). It also led to the passage of the first major federal gun control measure in the U.S. since 1994. The law strengthening the NICS was signed by President George W. Bush on January 5, 2008.[15]

Administrators at Virginia Tech were criticized by the Virginia Tech Review Panel, a state-appointed panel tasked with investigating the incident, for failing to take action that might have decreased the number of casualties.[16] The panel's report also reviewed gun laws and pointed out gaps in mental health care as well as privacy laws that left Cho's deteriorating condition untreated when he was a student at Virginia Tech.[17]: 78 [18]: 2 37°13′37″N 80°25′19″W / 37.227°N 80.422°W / 37.227; -80.422

Attacks edit

 
Aerial photo showing location of Harper Hall (Cho's dorm), Norris Hall, West Ambler Johnston Hall, and the Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S. Post Office

The shootings occurred in two separate incidents. The first incident was in West Ambler Johnston Hall, a residence hall where Seung-Hui Cho killed two students. The second incident was in Norris Hall, an academic building on the opposite side of the campus where the other thirty-one deaths occurred, including that of Cho himself, and all the nonlethal injuries occurred. Cho used two semi-automatic pistols during the attacks: a .22-caliber Walther P22 and a 9 mm Glock 19.[4]

West Ambler Johnston shootings edit

Cho was seen near the entrance to West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 895 students,[1] at about 6:47 a.m. EDT.[3]: 25 [4] Normally, the hall is accessible only to its residents via magnetic key cards before 10:00 a.m.; Cho's student mailbox was in the lobby of the building, so he had a pass card allowing access after 7:30 a.m., but it is unclear how he gained earlier entrance to the building.[17]: 77 [19]: 13 

At around 7:15 a.m., Cho entered the room that freshman Emily J. Hilscher shared with another student, and shot Hilscher, a 19-year-old from Woodville, Virginia. After hearing the gunshots, a resident assistant, 22-year-old senior Ryan C. Clark of Martinez, Georgia, attempted to aid Hilscher. Cho shot and killed Clark.[20][21] Hilscher remained alive for three hours after being shot, but no one from the school, law enforcement, or hospital notified her family until after she had died.[22][23]

Cho left the scene and returned to his room in Harper Hall, a dormitory west of West Ambler Johnston Hall. While police and emergency medical services units were responding to the shootings in the dorm next door, Cho changed out of his bloodstained clothes, logged on to his computer to delete his e-mails and his student university account, and then removed the hard drive. About an hour after the attack, Cho is believed to have been seen near the campus duck pond. Although authorities suspected Cho had thrown his hard drive and mobile phone into the water, a search by divers was unsuccessful.[24][25]

Almost two hours after the first killings, Cho appeared at a nearby post office and mailed a package of writings and video recordings to NBC News; these materials proved to be of little investigative value to authorities. The package was postmarked at 9:01 a.m.[26]

Norris Hall shootings edit

 
Elementary French class students take cover in Holden Hall room 212.

Around 9:40 a.m., Cho entered Norris Hall, which housed the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others. In a backpack, he carried heavy duty chains and locks, a hammer, a knife, two purchased handguns with nineteen 10- and 15-round magazines, and nearly 400 rounds of ammunition.[6]: 88  With the locks and chains, he chained the three main entrance doors shut and placed a note on one, saying that attempting to open the door would cause a bomb to explode. Shortly before the shooting began, a faculty member found the note and took it to the third floor to notify the school's administration. At about the same time, Cho had begun to shoot students and faculty on the second floor. The bomb threat was never called in.[6]: 89 [27] The first call to 9-1-1 was received at 9:42 a.m.[28][29]

Cho geared up in empty room 200 before the shooting began. According to several students, he looked into several classrooms, likely to see how many people were in each room. Erin Sheehan, an eyewitness and survivor who had been in room 207, told reporters that the shooter "peeked in twice" earlier in the lesson and that "it was strange that someone at this point in the semester would be lost, looking for a class".[30] At 9:40 a.m., Cho began shooting.[31] His first attack after entering Norris occurred in an advanced hydrology engineering class taught by G. V. Loganathan in room 206. Thirteen registered students were inside. Cho shot and killed the professor, then continued firing, killing nine of the thirteen students in the room and injuring two others.[6]: 90 

After exiting the classroom, Cho fired down the hall at two students who were fleeing from Room 204 next door. The fleeing students managed to escape down the stairwell across the hall. He also fired at another student and substitute professor from Room 205 who were peering out from the door, but they survived. He went into room 207, where instructor Jamie Bishop was teaching Introductory German. Cho shot Bishop and some students near the door, then walked down the aisle shooting more victims. Bishop and four students were killed; six other students were shot and wounded.[6]: 91  Cho then moved on to Norris 211 and 204,[28] where he was initially prevented from entering due to barricades erected by instructors and students.

Hearing the commotion from below, Kevin Granata guided twenty students from a classroom on the third floor into his office where the door could be locked and went downstairs to investigate along with another professor, Wally Grant, where they were both shot by Cho in the hallway. Grant, who quickly fled into a bathroom, was wounded and survived, but Granata died of his injuries. None of the students locked in Granata's office were hurt or killed.[32]

In room 211 of Intermediate French, Jocelyne Couture-Nowak saw Cho heading towards the doorway. She and student Henry Lee barricaded the door with a few desks while she yelled at students to get down on the floor and under their desks and call 9-1-1.[33] Cho pushed through the barricade and entered the room, killing Nowak and Lee who fell behind the door. A student named Matthew La Porte, who was a trained Air Force ROTC member of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets, charged towards Cho and attempted to tackle him, but died after being shot seven times during his attempt to save his class.[a] Of the 22 students enrolled in the class,[35][36] 18 were present at the time of the shooting. In addition to the professor, a total of eleven students were killed and another six were injured.[6]: 91  The sole uninjured survivor, Clay Violand, played dead and was (alongside a wounded female student) one of only two people to walk out of the room as soon as police arrived.[37] As in room 207, Cho fired into room 211 from the doorway, and then walked up and down the aisles methodically targeting potential survivors as they tried to hide. He did not say a single word throughout the shooting and occasionally reloaded his weapon in the hallways, before re-entering classrooms to resume shooting.[6]: 91 [28]

Retracing his path, Cho returned to room 206. According to a student eyewitness, the movements of a student named Waleed Shaalan, who was already wounded, distracted the aggressor from a nearby student after he had returned to the room. Shaalan was shot a second time and died.[70] Also in the same room, another wounded student named Guillermo Colman was shielded from more serious injury by having the body of student Partahi Lumbantoruan placed on top of him, but Colman's various accounts make it unclear whether he pulled Lumbantoruan's body over himself or Lumbantoruan initially landed on Colman after being shot the first time. Two other students who were also in the room made it out alive. (Cho had entered Room 206 three times.)[71][72][73]

After his first entry to room 207, several students had barricaded the door and had begun tending to the wounded. When Cho returned minutes later, Katelyn Carney and spokesperson Derek O'Dell were injured while holding the door closed, but the remaining students survived.[74][75][76] In room 205, students had already barricaded the door with a large table after graduate assistant Haiyan Cheng (Chinese: 程海燕; pinyin: Chéng Hǎiyàn[77]), who was substituting for the professor, and a student saw Cho heading toward them. Cho shot through the door about seven times, but failed to force his way in. No one in the classroom was wounded or killed.[78][79][80]

Across the hall in room 204, Liviu Librescu, a Holocaust survivor from Romania, forcibly prevented the gunman from entering the room by holding the door closed with his body until most of his students escaped through the windows. After kicking open the window screens, the students successfully escaped. Some suffered leg injuries while landing on the ground two floors below, others survived after landing on the shrubbery just below the window and then ran either to some ambulances pulling up or to the nearest bus stop. Through the door, Librescu was shot four times, including through his wrist watch. Two others who were lying in a corner near the windows were injured, but survived and described that, after most of their classmates escaped through the windows and after the armed aggressor shot four times through the door, he finally forced his way in. Upon seeing the open windows and hardly any students in the room, Cho confronted Professor Librescu and student Minal Panchal who was lying on the ground next to the door and fatally shot both in the temple. He then turned to two other students who were taking cover and critically injured them before leaving and re-entering room 206 the third time.[81]

At 9:50 am, 10 minutes after the second shooting began, a SWAT team started to enter the building.[31] They were not able to shoot their way through the chain locked entrances, but managed entry via a separate entrance. They went up to the third floor, but heard from student Emily Haas, who was wounded and survived in room 211 (Nowak's French class), saying that the gunman was in her classroom as she stayed on the line. As police started to descend the stairwell, Cho had already begun to hear the footsteps. He looked out into the hallway briefly, before walking back into the centre of room 211 towards the windows and, just as police reached the second floor, shot himself in the temple with the Glock 19 and died instantly. When police arrived at room 211, they saw Cho lying on the ground with his guns beside him, and some students, who were either injured or playing dead, heard the officer's first words: "Gunman down!". During the investigation, State Police Superintendent William Flaherty told a state panel that police found 203 remaining rounds of ammunition in Norris Hall on Cho and later testified that the armed aggressor was well prepared to continue on.[82]

During the two attacks, Cho killed five faculty members and twenty-seven students (two students in West Ambler Johnston and thirty people – five professors and twenty-five other students – at Norris Hall) before he committed suicide.[83] The Virginia Tech Review Panel reported that Cho's gunshots wounded seventeen others; six more were injured when they jumped from second-story windows to escape from Librescu's classroom.[6]: 92  Sydney J. Vail, the director of the trauma center at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital, said that Cho's choice of 9 mm hollow-point ammunition increased the severity of the injuries.[84] Twenty-eight of the victims were shot in the head.[85]

Perpetrator edit

The shooter was identified as 23-year-old Seung-Hui Cho, a senior at Virginia Tech. He was a South Korean citizen with U.S. permanent resident status who was majoring in English.

The Virginia Tech Review Panel's August 2007 report (Massengill Report) devoted more than twenty pages to Cho's troubled history.[3]: 21 [86]: 31–53  At three years of age, he was described as shy, frail, and wary of physical contact.[87] In eighth grade, Cho was diagnosed with severe depression as well as selective mutism, an anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking in certain situations and/or to specific people.[88][89] While early media reports carried reports by South Korean relatives that Cho had autism,[90][91] the Massengill Report said the relationship between selective mutism and autism was "unclear".[86]: 34–35  Cho's family sought therapy for him, and he received help periodically throughout middle school and high school.[86]: 34–39  Early reports indicated Cho was bullied for speech difficulties in middle school, but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this, or other reports that he was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class-, height-, and race-related reasons in high school, causing some anti-bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority-absolving whitewash.[92][93] Supposedly, high school officials had worked with Cho's parents and mental health counselors to support him throughout his sophomore and junior years. Cho eventually chose to discontinue therapy. When he applied and was admitted to Virginia Tech, school officials did not report his speech and anxiety-related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit such disclosure unless a student requests special accommodation.[89]

The Massengill Report detailed numerous incidents of aberrant behavior, beginning during Cho's junior year, that illustrated his deteriorating mental condition. Several of Cho's former professors reported that his writing as well as his classroom behavior was disturbing, and he was encouraged to seek counseling.[94][95] He was also investigated by the university for stalking and harassing two female students.[13] In 2005, Cho had been declared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seek outpatient treatment.[96] Cho's underlying psychological diagnosis at the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation.

The Massengill Report cited misinterpretations of federal privacy laws when it faulted Virginia Tech officials for failing to share information that would have shed light on the seriousness of Cho's problems.[97][98] The report pointed to failures by the university's counseling center, flaws in Virginia's mental health laws, and inadequate state mental health services, but concluded that "Cho himself was the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health" in college.[86]: 53  The report also said the classification detail that Cho was to seek "outpatient" rather than "inpatient" treatment would generally have been legally interpreted at the time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia's Central Criminal Records Exchange (CCRE) and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing or possessing a firearm.[86]: 60 

Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher, one of his first two victims. Hilscher's friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and there is no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders.[99] In the ensuing investigation, police found a suicide note in Cho's dorm room that included comments about "rich kids", "debauchery", and "deceitful charlatans". On April 18, 2007, NBC News received the package Cho had shipped between the first and second shooting episodes, which contained an 1,800-word manifesto, photos, and 27 digitally-recorded videos in which he likened himself to Jesus Christ and expressed his hatred of the wealthy, while also referring to Columbine High School massacre perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as "martyrs".[26] Cho said, among other things: "You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option. ... You just loved to crucify me. You loved inducing cancer in my head, terror in my heart and ripping my soul all this time".[100]

Media organizations, including Newsweek, MSNBC, Reuters, and the Associated Press, raised questions about and speculated on the similarity between a stance in one of Cho's videos that showed him holding and raising a hammer, and a pose from promotional posters for the South Korean film Oldboy.[101][102][103] Investigators found no evidence that Cho had ever watched Oldboy, and the professor who made the initial connection has since discounted his theory that Cho was influenced by the movie.[104] The Virginia Tech Review Panel concluded that because of Cho's inability to handle stress and the "frightening prospect" of being "turned out into the world of work, finances, responsibilities, and a family," he chose to engage in a fantasy in which "he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed, the downtrodden, the poor, and the rejected."[105]: N-4–N-5  The panel went further, stating that, "His thought processes were so distorted that he began arguing to himself that his evil plan was actually doing good. His destructive fantasy was now becoming an obsession."[105]: N-5 

Responses to the incidents edit

Emergency services response edit

Police arrived within three minutes after receiving the emergency call from Norris Hall, but officers took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell.[4] As police reached the second floor, they heard Cho fire his final shot;[4][83] Cho's body was discovered in room 211, which was Professor Nowak's classroom.[106]

In the aftermath, high winds related to the April 2007 nor'easter prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for evacuation of the injured.[107] Victims injured in the shooting were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford, Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, Lewis-Gale Medical Center in Salem, and Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport, Tennessee.[108]

University response edit

 
The Hokies released 32 balloons before their 2007 football opener as part of a ceremony in the victims' memory.

Virginia Tech first informed students of the situation via e-mail at 9:26 a.m. This was about two hours after the first shooting, which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature.[109] After the full extent of the shooting became evident, the university canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil the following evening, on April 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester.[110] The university offered counseling for students and faculty,[111] and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students.[112] University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade.[113]

The day following the shooting, a memorial event was held at Cassell Coliseum. The event included a speech by then-President George W. Bush. The space reached capacity and overflow seating was accommodated at nearby Lane Stadium.

Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose supporters call themselves "Hokies"[114] – a nickname coined in a school cheer dating to 1896 – formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund was used to cover expenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials, communications expenses, and comfort expenses.[115][116] Early in June 2007, the Virginia Tech Foundation announced that $3.2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separately-named endowment funds, each created in honor of a victim killed in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity. The naming and determination of how each fund would be directed was being developed with the victims' families. By early June 2007, donations to the HSMF had reached approximately $7 million.[117] In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg, who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, was named to administer the fund's distributions.[118] In October 2007, the families and surviving victims received payments from the fund ranging from $11,500 to $208,000.[119]

Early in June 2007, Virginia Tech announced that it would begin to reoccupy Norris Hall within a matter of weeks. The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primary occupants before the shootings. Plans were to completely renovate the building and for it to no longer contain classrooms.[120] The southwest wing of Norris Hall, where the shootings took place, was closed in 2008 and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009. The building now houses the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, the Biomechanics Cluster Research Center, and the Global Technology Center, as well as other programs.[2]

Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated.[1] The east wing now houses the Honors Residential College,[121] which opened in fall 2011; in fall 2012, the west wing reopened as the Residential College at West Ambler Johnston.[122]

After the release of the Massengill Report, some of the victims' families called for then-Governor Tim Kaine to relieve Virginia Tech's president, Charles W. Steger, and campus police chief, Wendell Flinchum, of their positions. Kaine refused, reasoning the school officials had "suffered enough".[123]

 
The Virginia Tech community mourns the victims at a candlelight vigil.

Campus response edit

In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on the campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall. Later, members of Hokies United, an alliance of student organizations on campus created to respond to shooting,[124] placed thirty-two pieces of Hokie Stone, each labeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand.[125] What was originally termed an "intermediate memorial" was modeled after the makeshift memorial. Thirty-two upright blocks of Hokie Stone were engraved with the names of the victims and placed in a semicircle at the base of the reviewing stand. The original pieces of Hokie Stone placed by Hokies United were offered to the families of the victims. The engraved markers are embedded in a semicircle of crushed gravel with a brick walkway for viewing.[125] There is ground lighting for nighttime illumination[126] and two benches, one on either side of the memorial, in honor of the survivors.[127]

 
Permanent memorial on Virginia Tech's Drillfield

Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would be targeted for retribution.[128][129] While no official claims of harassment were made, anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean students were affected.[130]

The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despite this timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5,000 students for the class of 2011.[131]

Global support and outreach edit

In the days following the shooting, the campus community received several thousand pieces of artifacts and messages of condolence, arriving from over eighty countries and every state within the U.S.[132] These included artwork, cards, poetry, and original music. These items were later gathered and photographed by the University Library and are available online.[133]

Government response edit

President Bush and his wife, First Lady Laura Bush, attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings.[134] The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six-month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings.[135] Governor Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Japan[109] and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings.[136]

 
President George W. Bush comforts Virginia Tech Student Government Association President James Tyger after giving his speech at the school's convocation. Laura Bush looks on.

Governor Kaine later created an eight-member panel, including former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, to review all aspects of the incident, from Cho's medical history to Virginia Tech's delay in warning students after the initial shooting.[137] In August 2007, the panel concluded, among more than twenty major findings, that the Virginia Tech Police Department "did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if the initial lead proved erroneous".[18]: 2  The panel made more than seventy preventive recommendations, directed to colleges, universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials, emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere. While the panel did find errors in judgment and procedure, the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself was responsible for his own actions, and to imply that anyone else was accountable "would be wrong". The Review Panel validated public criticisms that Virginia Tech police erred in "prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the double homicide was a good one" and in delaying a campus-wide notification for almost two hours.[18]: 2  The report analyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an action was not feasible. The report concluded that the toll could have been reduced if the university had made an immediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger, clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman.[17]: 82, 84 

The incident caused Virginia state lawmakers to re-examine gaps between federal and state gun purchase laws. Within two weeks, Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to close those gaps (see Effects on gun politics below). Prompted by the incident, the federal government passed the first gun control law in more than a decade.[138] The bill, H.R. 2640, mandates improvements in state reporting to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) in order to halt gun purchases by criminals, those declared mentally ill, and other people prohibited from possessing firearms, and authorizes up to $1.3 billion in federal grants for such improvements.[139] Both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association (NRA) supported the legislation.[140] The measure passed the House of Representatives on a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007. President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008.[139] On March 24, 2008, the Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech shooting and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety.[141]

South Korean response edit

When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame,[142] while the government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications.[143] A candlelight vigil was held outside the U.S. embassy in Seoul. South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed condolences, saying that he hoped that the U.S. would recover quickly from the incident.[144] Although Cho came to the U.S. as a third-grader and was a permanent resident, many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by "blood". One South Korean commentator opined that fears of xenophobic reprisals from Americans against them were from a South Korean-centric perspective not applicable to U.S. culture.[145] South Korea's ambassador to the U.S. and several Korean-American religious leaders called on Korean-Americans to participate in a thirty-two day fast, one day for each victim, for repentance.[146][147] Foreign Minister Song Minsoon announced that safety measures had been established for South Korean citizens living in the U.S., in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks.[148] A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice or confrontation".[128]

Some South Koreans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho primarily focused the blame on his psychological problems rather than his race or ethnicity.[142] The Korea Tourism Organization pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television advertisements, saying it would be inappropriate to air the ads featuring images of South Korea's culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage.[149]

Academic/industry response edit

 
Penn State fans pay tribute to the fallen Hokies at the Nittany Lions spring football game.

Hundreds of colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and by other gestures of support.[150] Virginia Tech's traditional sports rival, the University of Virginia (UVA), held a candlelight vigil the night of April 17, at which UVA president John T. Casteen III urged the crowd of students, which overflowed the campus's McIntire Amphitheatre, to continue to move forward to change the world.[151] Some schools also offered or provided cash donations, housing for officers, and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech.[152][153][154] Both inside the U.S. and abroad, the incident caused many universities to re-examine their own campus safety and security procedures as well as their mental health support services.[155][156]

Other responses edit

The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators convened a Special Review Task Force, which issued its report on April 18, 2008, titled, "The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses". The report was "a synthesis of the reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and related recommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators". The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations, representing "the Association's priorities for the betterment of campus safety" and reinforcing "key goals and objectives in mitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning."[157] The report states, "IACLEA does not support the carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus, with the exception of sworn police officers in the conduct of their professional duties". The subsequent Position Statement goes into greater detail. Additionally, the report includes an acknowledgement of the "professionalism and well coordinated response" of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders, and ends its conclusion with "Securing the safety of our campuses is an iterative process that requires an institutional and personal commitment from every member of our educational communities. Let these recommendations strengthen that resolve."[157]

EQUITAS, a Canada-based think tank specializing in international law, published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech shooting which includes a review of measures for counterterrorism and campus security adopted between 1993 and April 27, 2003.[158] The report criticizes Virginia Tech's institutional decision-making process and summarizes the lethal effects of failing to "implement and administer valid procedural and substantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism and mass casualties".[158] The report does not comment on gun control or mental health issues.

Some of Cho's family members expressed sympathy for the victims' families and described his history of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternal grandfather was quoted in the Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person who deserved to die with the victims.[91] On April 20, Cho's family issued a statement of grief and apology, written by his sister, Sun-Kyung Cho, a 2004 graduate of Princeton University who was employed as a contractor for a State Department office. In it, she stated:

He has made the world weep. We are living a nightmare. Our family is so very sorry for my brother's unspeakable actions. It is a terrible tragedy for all of us. We pray for their families and loved ones who are experiencing so much excruciating grief. And we pray for those who were injured and for those whose lives are changed forever because of what they witnessed and experienced. Each of these people had so much love, talent and gifts to offer, and their lives were cut short by a horrible and senseless act.[159]

Many heads of state and international figures offered condolences and sympathy, including Pope Benedict XVI,[160] the presidents of South Korea, Chile, France, Mexico, and Peru, the president-elect of Mauritania, the prime ministers of Greece and Japan, and the king of Morocco. Statements of condolence were issued by officials and diplomats from Canada, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Suriname, Thailand, and Venezuela. A State Department spokesman said, "We haven't seen this kind of sympathy and support since Hurricane Katrina and 9/11."[161] South Korean UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the killings.[162]

On May 3, 2007, Queen Elizabeth II addressed the Virginia General Assembly and extended her sympathy on behalf of the United Kingdom. She then met privately with some faculty and survivors, including three who were wounded. One of the survivors of the shooting, Katelyn Carney, who was shot in the hand, presented the Queen with a bracelet of thirty-two jewels in the Virginia Tech colors—maroon and orange. The Queen subsequently visited Jamestown, Virginia, to mark the 400th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in North America, which was the primary purpose of her trip.[163][164]

Sporting teams and leagues at both the college[165] and professional[166] levels, as well as sports figures from football,[167] baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer,[168] and NASCAR racing, paid their respects and joined fundraising efforts to honor the victims, most notably the Washington Nationals, who wore Virginia Tech hats during a game,[169] and D.C. United, who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during a game;[170] NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks.[171] East Carolina University made a $100,000 donation, raised at the behest of its Athletics Director, Terry Holland.[172] East Carolina was the opponent for Virginia Tech's opening home football game at Lane Stadium on September 1, 2007, with more than 60,000 in attendance. Prior to the kickoff, thirty-two orange balloons were released in memory of the victims.[173][174]

It came to light that Seung-Hui Cho used eBay to purchase two 10-round magazines for one of the guns used in the shootings. On July 30, 2007, the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines, firearms parts, and ammunition on its site.[175][176]

In May 2010, the American band Exodus released an album titled, Exhibit B: The Human Condition, which included the track "Class Dismissed (A Hate Primer)". Band member Gary Holt stated, "The song was primarily inspired by the massacre at Virginia Tech, as well as Columbine and the many other instances of unhinged individuals who decided to take out their wrath on their classmates, going all the way back to Charles J. Whitman."[177]

Controversial responses edit

Two students at Pennsylvania State University dressed as Virginia Tech shooting victims for Halloween in 2007, posting their photos on Facebook, which generated outrage at both Penn State and Virginia Tech.[178] Penn State sent a statement to Virginia Tech, stating, "We're appalled that these individuals would display this level of insensitivity and lack of common decency by dressing up in this manner. The fact that one of the individuals is actually from Virginia makes it even more difficult to understand."[179]

An amateur computer video game that re-creates the shooting, V-Tech Rampage, also sparked outrage.[180] The creator, Ryan Lambourn, a resident of Sydney, Australia, who grew up in the U.S.,[180] posted a message on his website stating that he would remove the game in exchange for payment, but later posted that the statement was a joke.[181] New York State Senator Andrew Lanza called for a boycott of the game, stating, "There are certain things in life you don't make light of and should not be turning into a game. It's not a game, it's a tremendous loss of life."[182] The Australian Minister of Communications, Senator Helen Coonan, said that she would launch an official investigation, stating, "The individual responsible for the game is using a terrible tragedy to draw attention to himself and his work. It is in very poor taste and the person concerned may want to consider getting some professional help."[182] Lambourn also created a video game based on the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, which drew criticism and sparked outrage.[183]

Continuing response edit

 
Bench in honor of the survivors of the shooting. It is slightly south of the main memorial.

A northern Virginia chapter of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, founded in November 2008 by Aaron Adler and Ethan Blonder, took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA, in honor of the Holocaust survivor who used his body to barricade Cho from entering his room.[184]

On September 4, 2009, the Marching Virginians, one of Virginia Tech's marching bands, took a 140-mile (230 km) side trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The 350-member band, twenty cheerleaders, and members of the Corps of Cadets color guard performed at Lakeside High School, alma mater of Ryan C. Clark, along with the Lakeside Marching Band and visiting Evans High's band. The event was organized by the Central Savannah River Area Virginia Tech alumni chapter to honor Clark's memory and as a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name.[185]

Following the shootings, Virginia Tech began employing an alert system on their website and text messages to warn students of danger. The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an exploded cartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near a campus dormitory. It was again activated on August 4, 2011, when children attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun; police were unable to find anyone matching the children's description.[186] Later in 2011, on December 8, the system was activated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus. This turned out to be a random act by a part-time Radford University student who had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in the day in nearby Radford and had parked it in the general area of a Virginia Tech parking lot, where the officer was conducting a routine traffic stop on a third party. The shooter turned the gun on himself a half-hour later.[187]

Anniversary activities edit

Beginning with the first anniversary of the attack and continuing since, the Queens' Guard of The College of William & Mary, another public university in Virginia, has memorialized the victims with an honor guard at the head of the College's Sunken Garden. The honor guard is modeled after the honor guard posted at the Tomb of the Unknowns by soldiers of the United States Army's Old Guard.[188][189][190]

Several organizations have hosted annual blood drives on or near the anniversary date of the shooting as a tribute to the victims. The Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Region Chapter (the "DC Hokies") has held a yearly blood drive in remembrance of the victims of the shooting,[191][192] as well as sponsoring a local 3.2-mile (5.1 km) "3.2 for 32" run on or near the anniversary.[193] The Shenandoah Chapter of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association also hosts an annual blood drive.[194][195][196] Other blood drives are held by the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets[197] and other chapters of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association, under the name "Virginia Tech for life".[198][199][200][201]

Virginia Tech holds a yearly Day of Remembrance for the attack, with events such as a candle lighting ceremony, a wreath laying, a moment of silence at 9:43 a.m., and a Cadet Guard at the Memorial for thirty-two minutes.[202]

Criticism of university response edit

University of Waterloo sociology professor Kenneth Westhues criticized both the university's response to the shootings and the Massengill Report.[93][203][204][205] Westhues identified the cause of the shootings as a mobbing Cho had experienced in the Virginia Tech English department and suggested that the explanation for Cho's actions should go beyond what he calls the "defective character" explanation:

A more truthful (and therefore more useful) explanation of the Virginia Tech murders focuses not on Cho's character but on the interaction between it and the situations he was in, not on his personal identity but on the interplay between who he was and how other people treated him.[93]

Westhues cited the experiences of another Virginia Tech student in the same department as being very similar to Cho's. He criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fuller explanation of the causes of the shootings, which he suggested should be one of "character-situation interplay".[93]

Novelist Lucinda Roy, the former chair of Virginia Tech's English department, was also critical of the way the university treated Cho as a student. In her book No Right to Remain Silent: The Tragedy of Virginia Tech, Roy recounts how she worked with Cho one-on-one in a poetry tutorial and felt he didn't get the help that he needed.[206]

[W]hen Roy approached campus counseling as well as others in the university about Cho, she was repeatedly told that they could not intervene unless a student sought counseling voluntarily. Eventually, Roy's efforts to persuade Cho to seek help worked. Unbelievably, on the three occasions he contacted the counseling center staff, he did not receive a comprehensive evaluation by them—a startling discovery Roy learned about after Cho's death. ... After responding to questions from the media and handing over information to law enforcement as instructed by Virginia Tech, Roy was shunned by the administration. Papers documenting Cho's interactions with campus counseling were lost. The university was suddenly on the defensive.[206]: Dust jacket 

Effects on gun politics edit

 
Walther P22, one of the two semi-automatic weapons Cho used in the shooting.

The mass shooting reignited the gun politics debate in the U.S., with proponents of gun control legislation arguing that guns are too accessible, citing that Cho, a mentally unsound individual, was able to purchase two handguns despite state laws that should have prevented such a purchase.[207] Opponents of gun control argued that Virginia Tech's gun-free "safe zone" policy ensured that none of the other students or faculty would be armed and that as a result they were unable to stop Cho.[208]

Virginia context edit

Law enforcement officials found a purchase receipt for one of the guns used in the assault among Cho's belongings.[209] The shooter waited one month after buying a Walther P22 pistol before he bought a second pistol, a Glock 19.[3]: 24  Cho used a 15-round magazine in the Glock and a 10-round magazine in the Walther. The serial numbers on the weapons were filed off, but the ATF National Laboratory was able to reveal them and performed a firearms trace.[210]

The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass a background check;[211] legal permanent resident aliens may purchase firearms.[212] At the time of the shooting, Virginia law also limited purchases of handguns to one every thirty days.[211] That limit was repealed on April 3, 2013, until it was brought back into law on July 1, 2020.[213] At the federal level, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires a criminal background check for all firearm purchases from licensed dealers, while the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those "adjudicated as a mental defective" from buying guns. Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS. This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginia court declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment.[14][214]: 71  Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws, the state did not report Cho's legal status to the NICS.[14] Governor Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[215] In August 2007, the Massengill Report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background check requirements.[214]: 76  The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide.[139]

Campus firearms ban edit

The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech's firearms ban. The university has a general ban on possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees, students, and volunteers, or any visitor or other third parties, even if they are concealed handgun permit holders.[216] In April 2005, a student permitted by the state to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of a concealed firearm while in class. While no criminal charges were filed, a university spokesman said Virginia Tech had "the right to adhere to and enforce that policy as a common-sense protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors".[217]

In January 2006, prior to the shootings, legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the Virginia House of Delegates, HB 1572, which was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventing students from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus.[218] Virginia Tech opposed the bill, which quickly died in subcommittee. University spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill, stating, "I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus."[219]

Impact on state and local law edit

In August 2007, the Massengill Report recommended that the General Assembly adopt legislation "establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms on campus if it so desires" and went on to recommend campus gun bans, "unless mandated by law." The report also recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the shooting, such as requiring background checks for all private firearms sales, including those at gun shows.[214]: 76  Governor Kaine made it a priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 General Assembly, but the bill was defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee.[220] Opponents of gun control viewed this larger move as an unwarranted expansion and as a possible prelude waypoint akin to full gun registration for all gun sales.[221]

The shooting and its aftermath energized student activist efforts seeking to overturn bans that prevent gun holders (both "open carry" and "concealed carry permit" holders) from carrying their weapons on college campuses. Thirty-eight states throughout the U.S. ban weapons at schools; sixteen of those specifically ban guns on college campuses.[222] A new group, Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, formed after the shooting; as of March 2008, it claimed to have 16,000 members at 500 campuses nationwide.[223][224] Several states considered legislation to allow gun permit holders to carry concealed firearms on university campuses.[225] They cited cases of actual successful neutralization of active campus shooters by armed students to advance their cause. Another attempt by Delegate Gilbert to pass a law to allow concealed weapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008. This law was for the sake of students and faculty members only since the state attorney general ruled that it did not apply to non-students and non-faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus. This law would have largely affected students aged 21 years or older, since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns.[226]

Response edit

 
Woman with sign honoring her slain nephew – March for our Lives Washington, DC, 2018

The response to how gun laws affected the shooting was divided. According to a White House statement, "The president believes that there is a right for people to bear arms, but that all laws must be followed".[227] The Brady Campaign said that it was too easy for an individual to get powerful weapons and called for increased gun control measures.[228] NRA board member Ted Nugent, commenting on CNN, called for an end to gun-free zones and contrasted the Virginia Tech shooting with other incidents in which mass shootings have been ended by law-abiding gun owners.[229] Texas Governor Rick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners be allowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas.[230]

Some government officials in other countries joined in the criticism of U.S. gun laws and policies.[9] For example, then-Australian Prime Minister John Howard said that stringent legislation introduced after the 1996 Port Arthur massacre had prevented a problematic gun culture in Australia.[231]

Governor Kaine condemned the gun politics debate following the shooting, saying, "To those who want to make this into some sort of crusade, I say take this elsewhere."[232] Advocates opposed to gun control argued that they were merely responding to the crusade by some to use this tragedy as a basis for an expansion of gun control for issues beyond the shootings as perceived to be presented by the Virginia Tech Review Panel. The Review Panel members were:[233]: vii–viii 

  • Col. Gerald Massengill, Panel Chair, a retired Virginia State Police superintendent
  • Dr. Marcus L. Martin, Panel Vice Chair, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Assistant Dean of the School of Medicine, and Associate Vice President for Diversity and Equity at the University of Virginia
  • Gordon Davies, former Director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia and President of the Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education
  • Dr. Roger L. Depue, an FBI veteran and the founder, past president, and CEO of The Academy Group, Inc., a forensic behavioral sciences services company
  • Carroll Ann Ellis, MS, Director of the Fairfax County Police Department's Victim Services Division, a faculty member at the National Victim Academy, and a member of the American Society of Victimology
  • Tom Ridge, former governor of Pennsylvania, former Member of the House of Representatives, and the first Secretary of Homeland Security
  • Dr. Aradhana A. "Bela" Sood, Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Chair of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Medical Director of the Virginia Treatment Center for Children at VCU Medical Center
  • Diane Strickland, former judge of the 23rd Judicial Circuit Court in Roanoke County and co-chair of the Boyd-Graves Conference on issues surrounding involuntary mental commitment

Legal aftermath edit

On June 17, 2008, Judge Theodore J. Markow approved an $11 million settlement in a suit against the state of Virginia by twenty-four of the thirty-two victims' families. Of the other eight victims, two families chose not to file claims, while two remain unresolved. The settlement also covered eighteen people who were injured; their lifelong health care needs were included in the settlement.[119][234]

On March 29, 2011, the Department of Education levied a fine of $55,000 against Virginia Tech for waiting too long to notify students of the initial shootings, in violation of the Clery Act. The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levy.[235] In announcing the fine, the director of a department panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying, "While Virginia Tech's violations warrant a fine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute, the department's fine authority is limited". As of March 30, 2011, the university had announced its intention to appeal the decision.[236] On March 30, 2012, a federal judge overturned the fine, finding that the university did not violate the Clery Act. Ernest Canellos, administrative law judge for the Department of Education, found that Virginia Tech's initial conclusion was reasonable that the initial shootings were a domestic incident and didn't represent an ongoing threat, even though that was later proven wrong.[237] Canellos wrote, "This was not an unreasonable amount of time in which to issue a warning. If the later shootings at Norris Hall had not occurred, it is doubtful that the timing of the e-mail would have been perceived as too late."[238]

On September 1, 2012, Education Secretary Arne Duncan reinstated half the fine–$27,500–reversing the decision by Canellos. In the statement released when the fine was reinstated, Duncan wrote, "Although the police department hypothesized that the crime was 'domestic in nature', the record is clear that the respondent had not located the suspect, had not found the weapon, and was confronted with the distinct possibility that the gunman was armed and still at large." Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker issued a statement, saying, "Once again, the higher education community has been put on notice that timeliness is situational and will be determined by department officials after the fact."[239][240] Duncan agreed to an additional $5,000 fine on January 3, 2014; the Federal Office of Student Aid had sought an additional $27,500. An administrative law judge reduced the amount and Duncan agreed to the reduction. At the time, Virginia Tech announced that it was considering appeals on both fines.[241] Ultimately, Virginia Tech paid a total of $32,500 in February 2014, saying it was closing "this chapter on the tragedy of April 16, 2007," without admitting wrongdoing. The announcement that the fines had been paid was made on April 16, 2014, the seventh anniversary of the shooting. A statement by Larry Hincker said, "While we believe that the department's actions against Virginia Tech are inconsistent with their earlier guidance and policy, further litigation was not prudent in light of the various costs—emotional impact on the community, time lost, as well as financial."[242]

On March 14, 2012, a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campus warning.[243] The parents of two slain students, Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde, had filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued that lives could have been spared if university officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the initial shooting. On October 31, 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the verdict, citing the trial judge's instruction to the jury that there was a "special relationship" between Virginia Tech and the two students, since they were "business invitees" of the university. In rejecting the decision, the Virginia Supreme Court said that "even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth (meaning the state of Virginia, and its affiliated agencies, such as Virginia Tech) and students of Virginia Tech ... there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties." The state has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting. The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families.[244]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ LaPorte was posthumously awarded the Airman's Medal for his actions in 2015, which was accepted by his family at his gravesite in Blacksburg.[34]

References edit

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Further reading edit

External links edit

  • Massengill Report: (PDF). Commonwealth of Virginia. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014. (Additional archive.)
  • (PDF). Commonwealth of Virginia. December 2009 [first published November 2009]. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2013.
  • "After Action Review: An Evaluation and Assessment of the Law Enforcement Tactical Response to the Virginia Tech University Shootings of Monday, 16 April 2007" (PDF). Archangel Group, Ltd. September 5, 2008. (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  • . VT 04.16.07. EQUITAS. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. (Chronological analysis of legislative and executive events that unfolded before and after April 16, 2007)[dead link]
    The archive link fails when trying to reach the actual report, which can be found here: (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  • . VT 04.16.07. EQUITAS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. (Comparative study timelines of Campus Security policies and legislative counterparts)[dead link]
    Not all the links on the archived page work; some do.
  • "Raw Video: NBC Releases Gunman Video Manifesto" (Video). The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 18, 2007. from the original on September 21, 2017.
  • . hokiesports.com. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original (Video) on October 5, 2012.
  • "The April 16 Archive". Browse Items. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. from the original on November 6, 2013. (Digital Archive project based at Virginia Tech)
  • . Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17, 2007)
  • . Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 18, 2007)
  • . Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 19, 2007)
  • . Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 16, 2008)
  • . Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17, 2008)
  • Christman, Roger (April 16, 2012). "We Remember: Virginia Tech Five Years Later". The UnCommonWealth. Library of Virginia. from the original on January 31, 2014. (Blog post containing email messages sent and received on April 16, 2007, by senior staff members from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine's administration.)
  • "The Virginia Tech Online Memorial". April 2007. from the original on January 8, 2014.
  • Helber, Steve (Photographer) (April 15–16, 2009). "Virginia Tech Remembers". Pictures. CBS Interactive Inc. Associated Press (photos); Richmond Times-Dispatch (photos). from the original on May 4, 2014.
  • Virginia Tech April 16 Condolence Archives

virginia, tech, shooting, this, article, about, april, 2007, shootings, 2006, incident, william, morva, spree, shooting, that, occurred, monday, april, 2007, comprising, attacks, campus, virginia, polytechnic, institute, state, university, virginia, tech, blac. This article is about the April 16 2007 shootings For the 2006 incident see William Morva The Virginia Tech shooting was a spree shooting that occurred on Monday April 16 2007 comprising two attacks on the campus of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia Tech in Blacksburg Virginia United States Seung Hui Cho an undergraduate student at the university killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi automatic pistols Six others were injured jumping out of windows to escape Cho Virginia Tech shootingA candlelight vigil following the shooting on the Virginia Tech campus on April 17 2007 150m160yds 1 LocationBlacksburg Virginia U S Coordinates37 13 23 N 80 25 16 W 37 2231 N 80 4211 W 37 2231 80 4211 Ambler Johnston Hall 1 37 13 46 N 80 25 23 W 37 2294 N 80 4231 W 37 2294 80 4231 Norris Hall 2 DateApril 16 2007 17 years ago 2007 04 16 c 7 15 9 51 a m 3 25 EDT TargetStudents staff and faculty at Virginia TechAttack typeMass shooting school shooting mass murder murder suicide spree shootingWeaponsGlock 19 pistol Walther P22 pistol 4 Deaths33 including the perpetrator 5 127 Injured23 17 from gunfire 6 from jumping out of windows 6 92 7 PerpetratorSeung Hui ChoDefendersLiviu Librescu Kevin Granata G V Loganathan Derek O Dell Katelyn Carney Henry Lee Zach Petkewicz Matthew La Porte 8 MotiveAmbler Johnston shooting Possible romantic dispute witness elimination Norris Hall shooting Inconclusive possibly misanthropy or retaliation for bullying The first shooting occurred at West Ambler Johnston Hall a dormitory where two people were killed the main attack was a school shooting at Norris Hall a classroom building where Cho chained the main entrance doors shut and fired into four classrooms and in a stairwell killing thirty more people As police stormed Norris Hall Cho fatally shot himself in the head It was the deadliest mass shooting in modern U S history and remained so for nine years until the Orlando nightclub shooting It remained the deadliest school shooting in U S history and the deadliest mass shooting in Virginia history The attacks received international media coverage and provoked widespread criticism of U S gun culture 9 It sparked debate about gun violence gun laws gaps in the U S system for treating mental health issues Cho s state of mind the responsibility of college administrations 10 privacy laws journalism ethics and other issues News organizations that aired portions of Cho s multimedia manifesto were criticized by victims families Virginia law enforcement officials and the American Psychiatric Association 11 12 Cho had previously been diagnosed with selective mutism and severe depression During much of his middle school and high school years he received therapy and special education support After graduating from high school Cho enrolled at Virginia Tech Because of federal privacy laws the university was unaware of Cho s previous diagnoses or the accommodations he had been granted at school In 2005 Cho was accused of stalking two female students 13 After an investigation a Virginia special justice declared Cho mentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment Because he was not institutionalized he was allowed to purchase guns 14 The shooting prompted the state of Virginia to close legal loopholes that had allowed individuals adjudicated as mentally unsound to purchase handguns without detection by the National Instant Criminal Background Check System NICS It also led to the passage of the first major federal gun control measure in the U S since 1994 The law strengthening the NICS was signed by President George W Bush on January 5 2008 15 Administrators at Virginia Tech were criticized by the Virginia Tech Review Panel a state appointed panel tasked with investigating the incident for failing to take action that might have decreased the number of casualties 16 The panel s report also reviewed gun laws and pointed out gaps in mental health care as well as privacy laws that left Cho s deteriorating condition untreated when he was a student at Virginia Tech 17 78 18 2 37 13 37 N 80 25 19 W 37 227 N 80 422 W 37 227 80 422 Contents 1 Attacks 1 1 West Ambler Johnston shootings 1 2 Norris Hall shootings 2 Perpetrator 3 Responses to the incidents 3 1 Emergency services response 3 2 University response 3 3 Campus response 3 4 Global support and outreach 3 5 Government response 3 6 South Korean response 3 7 Academic industry response 3 8 Other responses 3 9 Controversial responses 3 10 Continuing response 3 10 1 Anniversary activities 4 Criticism of university response 5 Effects on gun politics 5 1 Virginia context 5 2 Campus firearms ban 5 3 Impact on state and local law 5 4 Response 6 Legal aftermath 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksAttacks edit nbsp Aerial photo showing location of Harper Hall Cho s dorm Norris Hall West Ambler Johnston Hall and the Blacksburg Virginia U S Post Office See also Timeline of the Virginia Tech shooting Day of the shooting The shootings occurred in two separate incidents The first incident was in West Ambler Johnston Hall a residence hall where Seung Hui Cho killed two students The second incident was in Norris Hall an academic building on the opposite side of the campus where the other thirty one deaths occurred including that of Cho himself and all the nonlethal injuries occurred Cho used two semi automatic pistols during the attacks a 22 caliber Walther P22 and a 9 mm Glock 19 4 West Ambler Johnston shootings edit Cho was seen near the entrance to West Ambler Johnston Hall a co ed residence hall that houses 895 students 1 at about 6 47 a m EDT 3 25 4 Normally the hall is accessible only to its residents via magnetic key cards before 10 00 a m Cho s student mailbox was in the lobby of the building so he had a pass card allowing access after 7 30 a m but it is unclear how he gained earlier entrance to the building 17 77 19 13 At around 7 15 a m Cho entered the room that freshman Emily J Hilscher shared with another student and shot Hilscher a 19 year old from Woodville Virginia After hearing the gunshots a resident assistant 22 year old senior Ryan C Clark of Martinez Georgia attempted to aid Hilscher Cho shot and killed Clark 20 21 Hilscher remained alive for three hours after being shot but no one from the school law enforcement or hospital notified her family until after she had died 22 23 Cho left the scene and returned to his room in Harper Hall a dormitory west of West Ambler Johnston Hall While police and emergency medical services units were responding to the shootings in the dorm next door Cho changed out of his bloodstained clothes logged on to his computer to delete his e mails and his student university account and then removed the hard drive About an hour after the attack Cho is believed to have been seen near the campus duck pond Although authorities suspected Cho had thrown his hard drive and mobile phone into the water a search by divers was unsuccessful 24 25 Almost two hours after the first killings Cho appeared at a nearby post office and mailed a package of writings and video recordings to NBC News these materials proved to be of little investigative value to authorities The package was postmarked at 9 01 a m 26 Norris Hall shootings edit nbsp Elementary French class students take cover in Holden Hall room 212 Around 9 40 a m Cho entered Norris Hall which housed the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others In a backpack he carried heavy duty chains and locks a hammer a knife two purchased handguns with nineteen 10 and 15 round magazines and nearly 400 rounds of ammunition 6 88 With the locks and chains he chained the three main entrance doors shut and placed a note on one saying that attempting to open the door would cause a bomb to explode Shortly before the shooting began a faculty member found the note and took it to the third floor to notify the school s administration At about the same time Cho had begun to shoot students and faculty on the second floor The bomb threat was never called in 6 89 27 The first call to 9 1 1 was received at 9 42 a m 28 29 Cho geared up in empty room 200 before the shooting began According to several students he looked into several classrooms likely to see how many people were in each room Erin Sheehan an eyewitness and survivor who had been in room 207 told reporters that the shooter peeked in twice earlier in the lesson and that it was strange that someone at this point in the semester would be lost looking for a class 30 At 9 40 a m Cho began shooting 31 His first attack after entering Norris occurred in an advanced hydrology engineering class taught by G V Loganathan in room 206 Thirteen registered students were inside Cho shot and killed the professor then continued firing killing nine of the thirteen students in the room and injuring two others 6 90 After exiting the classroom Cho fired down the hall at two students who were fleeing from Room 204 next door The fleeing students managed to escape down the stairwell across the hall He also fired at another student and substitute professor from Room 205 who were peering out from the door but they survived He went into room 207 where instructor Jamie Bishop was teaching Introductory German Cho shot Bishop and some students near the door then walked down the aisle shooting more victims Bishop and four students were killed six other students were shot and wounded 6 91 Cho then moved on to Norris 211 and 204 28 where he was initially prevented from entering due to barricades erected by instructors and students Hearing the commotion from below Kevin Granata guided twenty students from a classroom on the third floor into his office where the door could be locked and went downstairs to investigate along with another professor Wally Grant where they were both shot by Cho in the hallway Grant who quickly fled into a bathroom was wounded and survived but Granata died of his injuries None of the students locked in Granata s office were hurt or killed 32 In room 211 of Intermediate French Jocelyne Couture Nowak saw Cho heading towards the doorway She and student Henry Lee barricaded the door with a few desks while she yelled at students to get down on the floor and under their desks and call 9 1 1 33 Cho pushed through the barricade and entered the room killing Nowak and Lee who fell behind the door A student named Matthew La Porte who was a trained Air Force ROTC member of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets charged towards Cho and attempted to tackle him but died after being shot seven times during his attempt to save his class a Of the 22 students enrolled in the class 35 36 18 were present at the time of the shooting In addition to the professor a total of eleven students were killed and another six were injured 6 91 The sole uninjured survivor Clay Violand played dead and was alongside a wounded female student one of only two people to walk out of the room as soon as police arrived 37 As in room 207 Cho fired into room 211 from the doorway and then walked up and down the aisles methodically targeting potential survivors as they tried to hide He did not say a single word throughout the shooting and occasionally reloaded his weapon in the hallways before re entering classrooms to resume shooting 6 91 28 Retracing his path Cho returned to room 206 According to a student eyewitness the movements of a student named Waleed Shaalan who was already wounded distracted the aggressor from a nearby student after he had returned to the room Shaalan was shot a second time and died 70 Also in the same room another wounded student named Guillermo Colman was shielded from more serious injury by having the body of student Partahi Lumbantoruan placed on top of him but Colman s various accounts make it unclear whether he pulled Lumbantoruan s body over himself or Lumbantoruan initially landed on Colman after being shot the first time Two other students who were also in the room made it out alive Cho had entered Room 206 three times 71 72 73 After his first entry to room 207 several students had barricaded the door and had begun tending to the wounded When Cho returned minutes later Katelyn Carney and spokesperson Derek O Dell were injured while holding the door closed but the remaining students survived 74 75 76 In room 205 students had already barricaded the door with a large table after graduate assistant Haiyan Cheng Chinese 程海燕 pinyin Cheng Hǎiyan 77 who was substituting for the professor and a student saw Cho heading toward them Cho shot through the door about seven times but failed to force his way in No one in the classroom was wounded or killed 78 79 80 Across the hall in room 204 Liviu Librescu a Holocaust survivor from Romania forcibly prevented the gunman from entering the room by holding the door closed with his body until most of his students escaped through the windows After kicking open the window screens the students successfully escaped Some suffered leg injuries while landing on the ground two floors below others survived after landing on the shrubbery just below the window and then ran either to some ambulances pulling up or to the nearest bus stop Through the door Librescu was shot four times including through his wrist watch Two others who were lying in a corner near the windows were injured but survived and described that after most of their classmates escaped through the windows and after the armed aggressor shot four times through the door he finally forced his way in Upon seeing the open windows and hardly any students in the room Cho confronted Professor Librescu and student Minal Panchal who was lying on the ground next to the door and fatally shot both in the temple He then turned to two other students who were taking cover and critically injured them before leaving and re entering room 206 the third time 81 At 9 50 am 10 minutes after the second shooting began a SWAT team started to enter the building 31 They were not able to shoot their way through the chain locked entrances but managed entry via a separate entrance They went up to the third floor but heard from student Emily Haas who was wounded and survived in room 211 Nowak s French class saying that the gunman was in her classroom as she stayed on the line As police started to descend the stairwell Cho had already begun to hear the footsteps He looked out into the hallway briefly before walking back into the centre of room 211 towards the windows and just as police reached the second floor shot himself in the temple with the Glock 19 and died instantly When police arrived at room 211 they saw Cho lying on the ground with his guns beside him and some students who were either injured or playing dead heard the officer s first words Gunman down During the investigation State Police Superintendent William Flaherty told a state panel that police found 203 remaining rounds of ammunition in Norris Hall on Cho and later testified that the armed aggressor was well prepared to continue on 82 During the two attacks Cho killed five faculty members and twenty seven students two students in West Ambler Johnston and thirty people five professors and twenty five other students at Norris Hall before he committed suicide 83 The Virginia Tech Review Panel reported that Cho s gunshots wounded seventeen others six more were injured when they jumped from second story windows to escape from Librescu s classroom 6 92 Sydney J Vail the director of the trauma center at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital said that Cho s choice of 9 mm hollow point ammunition increased the severity of the injuries 84 Twenty eight of the victims were shot in the head 85 Perpetrator editMain article Seung Hui Cho The shooter was identified as 23 year old Seung Hui Cho a senior at Virginia Tech He was a South Korean citizen with U S permanent resident status who was majoring in English The Virginia Tech Review Panel s August 2007 report Massengill Report devoted more than twenty pages to Cho s troubled history 3 21 86 31 53 At three years of age he was described as shy frail and wary of physical contact 87 In eighth grade Cho was diagnosed with severe depression as well as selective mutism an anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking in certain situations and or to specific people 88 89 While early media reports carried reports by South Korean relatives that Cho had autism 90 91 the Massengill Report said the relationship between selective mutism and autism was unclear 86 34 35 Cho s family sought therapy for him and he received help periodically throughout middle school and high school 86 34 39 Early reports indicated Cho was bullied for speech difficulties in middle school but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this or other reports that he was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class height and race related reasons in high school causing some anti bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority absolving whitewash 92 93 Supposedly high school officials had worked with Cho s parents and mental health counselors to support him throughout his sophomore and junior years Cho eventually chose to discontinue therapy When he applied and was admitted to Virginia Tech school officials did not report his speech and anxiety related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit such disclosure unless a student requests special accommodation 89 The Massengill Report detailed numerous incidents of aberrant behavior beginning during Cho s junior year that illustrated his deteriorating mental condition Several of Cho s former professors reported that his writing as well as his classroom behavior was disturbing and he was encouraged to seek counseling 94 95 He was also investigated by the university for stalking and harassing two female students 13 In 2005 Cho had been declared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seek outpatient treatment 96 Cho s underlying psychological diagnosis at the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation The Massengill Report cited misinterpretations of federal privacy laws when it faulted Virginia Tech officials for failing to share information that would have shed light on the seriousness of Cho s problems 97 98 The report pointed to failures by the university s counseling center flaws in Virginia s mental health laws and inadequate state mental health services but concluded that Cho himself was the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health in college 86 53 The report also said the classification detail that Cho was to seek outpatient rather than inpatient treatment would generally have been legally interpreted at the time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia s Central Criminal Records Exchange CCRE and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing or possessing a firearm 86 60 Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher one of his first two victims Hilscher s friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and there is no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders 99 In the ensuing investigation police found a suicide note in Cho s dorm room that included comments about rich kids debauchery and deceitful charlatans On April 18 2007 NBC News received the package Cho had shipped between the first and second shooting episodes which contained an 1 800 word manifesto photos and 27 digitally recorded videos in which he likened himself to Jesus Christ and expressed his hatred of the wealthy while also referring to Columbine High School massacre perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as martyrs 26 Cho said among other things You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option You just loved to crucify me You loved inducing cancer in my head terror in my heart and ripping my soul all this time 100 Media organizations including Newsweek MSNBC Reuters and the Associated Press raised questions about and speculated on the similarity between a stance in one of Cho s videos that showed him holding and raising a hammer and a pose from promotional posters for the South Korean film Oldboy 101 102 103 Investigators found no evidence that Cho had ever watched Oldboy and the professor who made the initial connection has since discounted his theory that Cho was influenced by the movie 104 The Virginia Tech Review Panel concluded that because of Cho s inability to handle stress and the frightening prospect of being turned out into the world of work finances responsibilities and a family he chose to engage in a fantasy in which he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed the downtrodden the poor and the rejected 105 N 4 N 5 The panel went further stating that His thought processes were so distorted that he began arguing to himself that his evil plan was actually doing good His destructive fantasy was now becoming an obsession 105 N 5 Responses to the incidents editSee also Media coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting Emergency services response edit Police arrived within three minutes after receiving the emergency call from Norris Hall but officers took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building When they could not break the chains an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory they then moved to a nearby stairwell 4 As police reached the second floor they heard Cho fire his final shot 4 83 Cho s body was discovered in room 211 which was Professor Nowak s classroom 106 In the aftermath high winds related to the April 2007 nor easter prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for evacuation of the injured 107 Victims injured in the shooting were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke Lewis Gale Medical Center in Salem and Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport Tennessee 108 University response edit nbsp The Hokies released 32 balloons before their 2007 football opener as part of a ceremony in the victims memory Virginia Tech first informed students of the situation via e mail at 9 26 a m This was about two hours after the first shooting which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature 109 After the full extent of the shooting became evident the university canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil the following evening on April 17 Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester 110 The university offered counseling for students and faculty 111 and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students 112 University officials also allowed students if they chose to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade 113 The day following the shooting a memorial event was held at Cassell Coliseum The event included a speech by then President George W Bush The space reached capacity and overflow seating was accommodated at nearby Lane Stadium Within a day after the shootings Virginia Tech whose supporters call themselves Hokies 114 a nickname coined in a school cheer dating to 1896 formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund HSMF to help remember and honor the victims The fund was used to cover expenses including but not limited to assistance to victims and their families grief counseling memorials communications expenses and comfort expenses 115 116 Early in June 2007 the Virginia Tech Foundation announced that 3 2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separately named endowment funds each created in honor of a victim killed in the shooting This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment allowing them to operate in perpetuity The naming and determination of how each fund would be directed was being developed with the victims families By early June 2007 donations to the HSMF had reached approximately 7 million 117 In July 2007 Kenneth R Feinberg who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 was named to administer the fund s distributions 118 In October 2007 the families and surviving victims received payments from the fund ranging from 11 500 to 208 000 119 Early in June 2007 Virginia Tech announced that it would begin to reoccupy Norris Hall within a matter of weeks The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments its primary occupants before the shootings Plans were to completely renovate the building and for it to no longer contain classrooms 120 The southwest wing of Norris Hall where the shootings took place was closed in 2008 and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009 The building now houses the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention the Biomechanics Cluster Research Center and the Global Technology Center as well as other programs 2 Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated 1 The east wing now houses the Honors Residential College 121 which opened in fall 2011 in fall 2012 the west wing reopened as the Residential College at West Ambler Johnston 122 After the release of the Massengill Report some of the victims families called for then Governor Tim Kaine to relieve Virginia Tech s president Charles W Steger and campus police chief Wendell Flinchum of their positions Kaine refused reasoning the school officials had suffered enough 123 nbsp The Virginia Tech community mourns the victims at a candlelight vigil Campus response edit In the hours and days following the shooting makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on the campus Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall Later members of Hokies United an alliance of student organizations on campus created to respond to shooting 124 placed thirty two pieces of Hokie Stone each labeled with the name of a victim in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand 125 What was originally termed an intermediate memorial was modeled after the makeshift memorial Thirty two upright blocks of Hokie Stone were engraved with the names of the victims and placed in a semicircle at the base of the reviewing stand The original pieces of Hokie Stone placed by Hokies United were offered to the families of the victims The engraved markers are embedded in a semicircle of crushed gravel with a brick walkway for viewing 125 There is ground lighting for nighttime illumination 126 and two benches one on either side of the memorial in honor of the survivors 127 nbsp Permanent memorial on Virginia Tech s Drillfield Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would be targeted for retribution 128 129 While no official claims of harassment were made anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean students were affected 130 The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities Despite this timing Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5 000 students for the class of 2011 131 Global support and outreach edit In the days following the shooting the campus community received several thousand pieces of artifacts and messages of condolence arriving from over eighty countries and every state within the U S 132 These included artwork cards poetry and original music These items were later gathered and photographed by the University Library and are available online 133 Government response edit President Bush and his wife First Lady Laura Bush attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings 134 The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings 135 Governor Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Japan 109 and declared a state of emergency in Virginia enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel equipment and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings 136 nbsp President George W Bush comforts Virginia Tech Student Government Association President James Tyger after giving his speech at the school s convocation Laura Bush looks on Governor Kaine later created an eight member panel including former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge to review all aspects of the incident from Cho s medical history to Virginia Tech s delay in warning students after the initial shooting 137 In August 2007 the panel concluded among more than twenty major findings that the Virginia Tech Police Department did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if the initial lead proved erroneous 18 2 The panel made more than seventy preventive recommendations directed to colleges universities mental health providers law enforcement officials emergency service providers law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere While the panel did find errors in judgment and procedure the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself was responsible for his own actions and to imply that anyone else was accountable would be wrong The Review Panel validated public criticisms that Virginia Tech police erred in prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the double homicide was a good one and in delaying a campus wide notification for almost two hours 18 2 The report analyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an action was not feasible The report concluded that the toll could have been reduced if the university had made an immediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman 17 82 84 The incident caused Virginia state lawmakers to re examine gaps between federal and state gun purchase laws Within two weeks Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to close those gaps see Effects on gun politics below Prompted by the incident the federal government passed the first gun control law in more than a decade 138 The bill H R 2640 mandates improvements in state reporting to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System NICS in order to halt gun purchases by criminals those declared mentally ill and other people prohibited from possessing firearms and authorizes up to 1 3 billion in federal grants for such improvements 139 Both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association NRA supported the legislation 140 The measure passed the House of Representatives on a voice vote on June 13 2007 The Senate passed the measure on December 19 2007 President Bush signed the measure on January 5 2008 139 On March 24 2008 the Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act FERPA Certain changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech shooting and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety 141 South Korean response edit When the citizenship of the shooter became known South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame 142 while the government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications 143 A candlelight vigil was held outside the U S embassy in Seoul South Korean President Roh Moo hyun expressed condolences saying that he hoped that the U S would recover quickly from the incident 144 Although Cho came to the U S as a third grader and was a permanent resident many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by blood One South Korean commentator opined that fears of xenophobic reprisals from Americans against them were from a South Korean centric perspective not applicable to U S culture 145 South Korea s ambassador to the U S and several Korean American religious leaders called on Korean Americans to participate in a thirty two day fast one day for each victim for repentance 146 147 Foreign Minister Song Minsoon announced that safety measures had been established for South Korean citizens living in the U S in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks 148 A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not stir up racial prejudice or confrontation 128 Some South Koreans criticized the fasting proposal saying that it directed undue attention on Cho s ethnicity and not other reasons behind the shooting News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho primarily focused the blame on his psychological problems rather than his race or ethnicity 142 The Korea Tourism Organization pulled its Sparkling Korea television advertisements saying it would be inappropriate to air the ads featuring images of South Korea s culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage 149 Academic industry response edit nbsp Penn State fans pay tribute to the fallen Hokies at the Nittany Lions spring football game Hundreds of colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils memorial services and by other gestures of support 150 Virginia Tech s traditional sports rival the University of Virginia UVA held a candlelight vigil the night of April 17 at which UVA president John T Casteen III urged the crowd of students which overflowed the campus s McIntire Amphitheatre to continue to move forward to change the world 151 Some schools also offered or provided cash donations housing for officers and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech 152 153 154 Both inside the U S and abroad the incident caused many universities to re examine their own campus safety and security procedures as well as their mental health support services 155 156 Other responses edit The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators convened a Special Review Task Force which issued its report on April 18 2008 titled The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses The report was a synthesis of the reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and related recommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations representing the Association s priorities for the betterment of campus safety and reinforcing key goals and objectives in mitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning 157 The report states IACLEA does not support the carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus with the exception of sworn police officers in the conduct of their professional duties The subsequent Position Statement goes into greater detail Additionally the report includes an acknowledgement of the professionalism and well coordinated response of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders and ends its conclusion with Securing the safety of our campuses is an iterative process that requires an institutional and personal commitment from every member of our educational communities Let these recommendations strengthen that resolve 157 EQUITAS a Canada based think tank specializing in international law published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech shooting which includes a review of measures for counterterrorism and campus security adopted between 1993 and April 27 2003 158 The report criticizes Virginia Tech s institutional decision making process and summarizes the lethal effects of failing to implement and administer valid procedural and substantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism and mass casualties 158 The report does not comment on gun control or mental health issues Some of Cho s family members expressed sympathy for the victims families and described his history of mental and behavioral problems Cho s maternal grandfather was quoted in the Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person who deserved to die with the victims 91 On April 20 Cho s family issued a statement of grief and apology written by his sister Sun Kyung Cho a 2004 graduate of Princeton University who was employed as a contractor for a State Department office In it she stated He has made the world weep We are living a nightmare Our family is so very sorry for my brother s unspeakable actions It is a terrible tragedy for all of us We pray for their families and loved ones who are experiencing so much excruciating grief And we pray for those who were injured and for those whose lives are changed forever because of what they witnessed and experienced Each of these people had so much love talent and gifts to offer and their lives were cut short by a horrible and senseless act 159 Many heads of state and international figures offered condolences and sympathy including Pope Benedict XVI 160 the presidents of South Korea Chile France Mexico and Peru the president elect of Mauritania the prime ministers of Greece and Japan and the king of Morocco Statements of condolence were issued by officials and diplomats from Canada Georgia Hungary Iran Nicaragua Russia Suriname Thailand and Venezuela A State Department spokesman said We haven t seen this kind of sympathy and support since Hurricane Katrina and 9 11 161 South Korean UN Secretary General Ban Ki moon condemned the killings 162 On May 3 2007 Queen Elizabeth II addressed the Virginia General Assembly and extended her sympathy on behalf of the United Kingdom She then met privately with some faculty and survivors including three who were wounded One of the survivors of the shooting Katelyn Carney who was shot in the hand presented the Queen with a bracelet of thirty two jewels in the Virginia Tech colors maroon and orange The Queen subsequently visited Jamestown Virginia to mark the 400th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in North America which was the primary purpose of her trip 163 164 Sporting teams and leagues at both the college 165 and professional 166 levels as well as sports figures from football 167 baseball basketball hockey soccer 168 and NASCAR racing paid their respects and joined fundraising efforts to honor the victims most notably the Washington Nationals who wore Virginia Tech hats during a game 169 and D C United who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during a game 170 NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks 171 East Carolina University made a 100 000 donation raised at the behest of its Athletics Director Terry Holland 172 East Carolina was the opponent for Virginia Tech s opening home football game at Lane Stadium on September 1 2007 with more than 60 000 in attendance Prior to the kickoff thirty two orange balloons were released in memory of the victims 173 174 It came to light that Seung Hui Cho used eBay to purchase two 10 round magazines for one of the guns used in the shootings On July 30 2007 the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines firearms parts and ammunition on its site 175 176 In May 2010 the American band Exodus released an album titled Exhibit B The Human Condition which included the track Class Dismissed A Hate Primer Band member Gary Holt stated The song was primarily inspired by the massacre at Virginia Tech as well as Columbine and the many other instances of unhinged individuals who decided to take out their wrath on their classmates going all the way back to Charles J Whitman 177 Controversial responses edit Two students at Pennsylvania State University dressed as Virginia Tech shooting victims for Halloween in 2007 posting their photos on Facebook which generated outrage at both Penn State and Virginia Tech 178 Penn State sent a statement to Virginia Tech stating We re appalled that these individuals would display this level of insensitivity and lack of common decency by dressing up in this manner The fact that one of the individuals is actually from Virginia makes it even more difficult to understand 179 An amateur computer video game that re creates the shooting V Tech Rampage also sparked outrage 180 The creator Ryan Lambourn a resident of Sydney Australia who grew up in the U S 180 posted a message on his website stating that he would remove the game in exchange for payment but later posted that the statement was a joke 181 New York State Senator Andrew Lanza called for a boycott of the game stating There are certain things in life you don t make light of and should not be turning into a game It s not a game it s a tremendous loss of life 182 The Australian Minister of Communications Senator Helen Coonan said that she would launch an official investigation stating The individual responsible for the game is using a terrible tragedy to draw attention to himself and his work It is in very poor taste and the person concerned may want to consider getting some professional help 182 Lambourn also created a video game based on the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting which drew criticism and sparked outrage 183 Continuing response edit nbsp Bench in honor of the survivors of the shooting It is slightly south of the main memorial A northern Virginia chapter of the B nai B rith Youth Organization founded in November 2008 by Aaron Adler and Ethan Blonder took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA in honor of the Holocaust survivor who used his body to barricade Cho from entering his room 184 On September 4 2009 the Marching Virginians one of Virginia Tech s marching bands took a 140 mile 230 km side trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta The 350 member band twenty cheerleaders and members of the Corps of Cadets color guard performed at Lakeside High School alma mater of Ryan C Clark along with the Lakeside Marching Band and visiting Evans High s band The event was organized by the Central Savannah River Area Virginia Tech alumni chapter to honor Clark s memory and as a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name 185 Following the shootings Virginia Tech began employing an alert system on their website and text messages to warn students of danger The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an exploded cartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near a campus dormitory It was again activated on August 4 2011 when children attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun police were unable to find anyone matching the children s description 186 Later in 2011 on December 8 the system was activated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus This turned out to be a random act by a part time Radford University student who had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in the day in nearby Radford and had parked it in the general area of a Virginia Tech parking lot where the officer was conducting a routine traffic stop on a third party The shooter turned the gun on himself a half hour later 187 Anniversary activities edit Beginning with the first anniversary of the attack and continuing since the Queens Guard of The College of William amp Mary another public university in Virginia has memorialized the victims with an honor guard at the head of the College s Sunken Garden The honor guard is modeled after the honor guard posted at the Tomb of the Unknowns by soldiers of the United States Army s Old Guard 188 189 190 Several organizations have hosted annual blood drives on or near the anniversary date of the shooting as a tribute to the victims The Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Region Chapter the DC Hokies has held a yearly blood drive in remembrance of the victims of the shooting 191 192 as well as sponsoring a local 3 2 mile 5 1 km 3 2 for 32 run on or near the anniversary 193 The Shenandoah Chapter of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association also hosts an annual blood drive 194 195 196 Other blood drives are held by the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets 197 and other chapters of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association under the name Virginia Tech for life 198 199 200 201 Virginia Tech holds a yearly Day of Remembrance for the attack with events such as a candle lighting ceremony a wreath laying a moment of silence at 9 43 a m and a Cadet Guard at the Memorial for thirty two minutes 202 Criticism of university response editUniversity of Waterloo sociology professor Kenneth Westhues criticized both the university s response to the shootings and the Massengill Report 93 203 204 205 Westhues identified the cause of the shootings as a mobbing Cho had experienced in the Virginia Tech English department and suggested that the explanation for Cho s actions should go beyond what he calls the defective character explanation A more truthful and therefore more useful explanation of the Virginia Tech murders focuses not on Cho s character but on the interaction between it and the situations he was in not on his personal identity but on the interplay between who he was and how other people treated him 93 Westhues cited the experiences of another Virginia Tech student in the same department as being very similar to Cho s He criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fuller explanation of the causes of the shootings which he suggested should be one of character situation interplay 93 Novelist Lucinda Roy the former chair of Virginia Tech s English department was also critical of the way the university treated Cho as a student In her book No Right to Remain Silent The Tragedy of Virginia Tech Roy recounts how she worked with Cho one on one in a poetry tutorial and felt he didn t get the help that he needed 206 W hen Roy approached campus counseling as well as others in the university about Cho she was repeatedly told that they could not intervene unless a student sought counseling voluntarily Eventually Roy s efforts to persuade Cho to seek help worked Unbelievably on the three occasions he contacted the counseling center staff he did not receive a comprehensive evaluation by them a startling discovery Roy learned about after Cho s death After responding to questions from the media and handing over information to law enforcement as instructed by Virginia Tech Roy was shunned by the administration Papers documenting Cho s interactions with campus counseling were lost The university was suddenly on the defensive 206 Dust jacket Effects on gun politics editSee also Gun politics in the United States nbsp Walther P22 one of the two semi automatic weapons Cho used in the shooting The mass shooting reignited the gun politics debate in the U S with proponents of gun control legislation arguing that guns are too accessible citing that Cho a mentally unsound individual was able to purchase two handguns despite state laws that should have prevented such a purchase 207 Opponents of gun control argued that Virginia Tech s gun free safe zone policy ensured that none of the other students or faculty would be armed and that as a result they were unable to stop Cho 208 Virginia context edit Law enforcement officials found a purchase receipt for one of the guns used in the assault among Cho s belongings 209 The shooter waited one month after buying a Walther P22 pistol before he bought a second pistol a Glock 19 3 24 Cho used a 15 round magazine in the Glock and a 10 round magazine in the Walther The serial numbers on the weapons were filed off but the ATF National Laboratory was able to reveal them and performed a firearms trace 210 The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass a background check 211 legal permanent resident aliens may purchase firearms 212 At the time of the shooting Virginia law also limited purchases of handguns to one every thirty days 211 That limit was repealed on April 3 2013 until it was brought back into law on July 1 2020 213 At the federal level the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires a criminal background check for all firearm purchases from licensed dealers while the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those adjudicated as a mental defective from buying guns Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginia court declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment 14 214 71 Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws the state did not report Cho s legal status to the NICS 14 Governor Kaine addressed this problem on April 30 2007 by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps 215 In August 2007 the Massengill Report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state s background check requirements 214 76 The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide 139 Campus firearms ban edit The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech s firearms ban The university has a general ban on possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees students and volunteers or any visitor or other third parties even if they are concealed handgun permit holders 216 In April 2005 a student permitted by the state to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of a concealed firearm while in class While no criminal charges were filed a university spokesman said Virginia Tech had the right to adhere to and enforce that policy as a common sense protection of students staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors 217 In January 2006 prior to the shootings legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the Virginia House of Delegates HB 1572 which was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventing students from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus 218 Virginia Tech opposed the bill which quickly died in subcommittee University spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill stating I m sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly s actions because this will help parents students faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus 219 Impact on state and local law edit In August 2007 the Massengill Report recommended that the General Assembly adopt legislation establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms on campus if it so desires and went on to recommend campus gun bans unless mandated by law The report also recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the shooting such as requiring background checks for all private firearms sales including those at gun shows 214 76 Governor Kaine made it a priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 General Assembly but the bill was defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee 220 Opponents of gun control viewed this larger move as an unwarranted expansion and as a possible prelude waypoint akin to full gun registration for all gun sales 221 The shooting and its aftermath energized student activist efforts seeking to overturn bans that prevent gun holders both open carry and concealed carry permit holders from carrying their weapons on college campuses Thirty eight states throughout the U S ban weapons at schools sixteen of those specifically ban guns on college campuses 222 A new group Students for Concealed Carry on Campus formed after the shooting as of March 2008 update it claimed to have 16 000 members at 500 campuses nationwide 223 224 Several states considered legislation to allow gun permit holders to carry concealed firearms on university campuses 225 They cited cases of actual successful neutralization of active campus shooters by armed students to advance their cause Another attempt by Delegate Gilbert to pass a law to allow concealed weapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008 This law was for the sake of students and faculty members only since the state attorney general ruled that it did not apply to non students and non faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus This law would have largely affected students aged 21 years or older since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns 226 Response edit nbsp Woman with sign honoring her slain nephew March for our Lives Washington DC 2018 The response to how gun laws affected the shooting was divided According to a White House statement The president believes that there is a right for people to bear arms but that all laws must be followed 227 The Brady Campaign said that it was too easy for an individual to get powerful weapons and called for increased gun control measures 228 NRA board member Ted Nugent commenting on CNN called for an end to gun free zones and contrasted the Virginia Tech shooting with other incidents in which mass shootings have been ended by law abiding gun owners 229 Texas Governor Rick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners be allowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas 230 Some government officials in other countries joined in the criticism of U S gun laws and policies 9 For example then Australian Prime Minister John Howard said that stringent legislation introduced after the 1996 Port Arthur massacre had prevented a problematic gun culture in Australia 231 Governor Kaine condemned the gun politics debate following the shooting saying To those who want to make this into some sort of crusade I say take this elsewhere 232 Advocates opposed to gun control argued that they were merely responding to the crusade by some to use this tragedy as a basis for an expansion of gun control for issues beyond the shootings as perceived to be presented by the Virginia Tech Review Panel The Review Panel members were 233 vii viii Col Gerald Massengill Panel Chair a retired Virginia State Police superintendent Dr Marcus L Martin Panel Vice Chair Professor of Emergency Medicine Assistant Dean of the School of Medicine and Associate Vice President for Diversity and Equity at the University of Virginia Gordon Davies former Director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia and President of the Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education Dr Roger L Depue an FBI veteran and the founder past president and CEO of The Academy Group Inc a forensic behavioral sciences services company Carroll Ann Ellis MS Director of the Fairfax County Police Department s Victim Services Division a faculty member at the National Victim Academy and a member of the American Society of Victimology Tom Ridge former governor of Pennsylvania former Member of the House of Representatives and the first Secretary of Homeland Security Dr Aradhana A Bela Sood Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics Chair of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director of the Virginia Treatment Center for Children at VCU Medical Center Diane Strickland former judge of the 23rd Judicial Circuit Court in Roanoke County and co chair of the Boyd Graves Conference on issues surrounding involuntary mental commitmentLegal aftermath editOn June 17 2008 Judge Theodore J Markow approved an 11 million settlement in a suit against the state of Virginia by twenty four of the thirty two victims families Of the other eight victims two families chose not to file claims while two remain unresolved The settlement also covered eighteen people who were injured their lifelong health care needs were included in the settlement 119 234 On March 29 2011 the Department of Education levied a fine of 55 000 against Virginia Tech for waiting too long to notify students of the initial shootings in violation of the Clery Act The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levy 235 In announcing the fine the director of a department panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying While Virginia Tech s violations warrant a fine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute the department s fine authority is limited As of March 30 2011 the university had announced its intention to appeal the decision 236 On March 30 2012 a federal judge overturned the fine finding that the university did not violate the Clery Act Ernest Canellos administrative law judge for the Department of Education found that Virginia Tech s initial conclusion was reasonable that the initial shootings were a domestic incident and didn t represent an ongoing threat even though that was later proven wrong 237 Canellos wrote This was not an unreasonable amount of time in which to issue a warning If the later shootings at Norris Hall had not occurred it is doubtful that the timing of the e mail would have been perceived as too late 238 On September 1 2012 Education Secretary Arne Duncan reinstated half the fine 27 500 reversing the decision by Canellos In the statement released when the fine was reinstated Duncan wrote Although the police department hypothesized that the crime was domestic in nature the record is clear that the respondent had not located the suspect had not found the weapon and was confronted with the distinct possibility that the gunman was armed and still at large Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker issued a statement saying Once again the higher education community has been put on notice that timeliness is situational and will be determined by department officials after the fact 239 240 Duncan agreed to an additional 5 000 fine on January 3 2014 the Federal Office of Student Aid had sought an additional 27 500 An administrative law judge reduced the amount and Duncan agreed to the reduction At the time Virginia Tech announced that it was considering appeals on both fines 241 Ultimately Virginia Tech paid a total of 32 500 in February 2014 saying it was closing this chapter on the tragedy of April 16 2007 without admitting wrongdoing The announcement that the fines had been paid was made on April 16 2014 the seventh anniversary of the shooting A statement by Larry Hincker said While we believe that the department s actions against Virginia Tech are inconsistent with their earlier guidance and policy further litigation was not prudent in light of the various costs emotional impact on the community time lost as well as financial 242 On March 14 2012 a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campus warning 243 The parents of two slain students Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde had filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued that lives could have been spared if university officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the initial shooting On October 31 2013 the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the verdict citing the trial judge s instruction to the jury that there was a special relationship between Virginia Tech and the two students since they were business invitees of the university In rejecting the decision the Virginia Supreme Court said that even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth meaning the state of Virginia and its affiliated agencies such as Virginia Tech and students of Virginia Tech there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties The state has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families 244 See also edit nbsp Virginia portal nbsp Law portal See also the categories Mass murder in the United States Murder in Virginia and Mass murderers List of rampage killers school massacres List of school related attacks List of school shootings in the United States Mass shootings in the United States Northern Illinois University shooting Columbine effectNotes edit LaPorte was posthumously awarded the Airman s Medal for his actions in 2015 which was accepted by his family at his gravesite in Blacksburg 34 References edit a b c Ambler Johnston Hall Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University May 12 2008 Archived from the original on May 12 2008 Retrieved June 5 2017 a b Norris Hall Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on January 22 2014 Retrieved May 3 2014 a b c d Massengill Report Chapter III Timeline of Events a b c d e Williams Reed Morrison Shawna April 26 2007 Police No motive found The Roanoke Times Archived from the original on February 7 2012 Massengill Report Chapter X Office of the Chief Medical Examiner a b c d e f g h Massengill Report Chapter VIII Mass Murder at Norris Hall The Warning Signs that Could Have Prevented the Virginia Tech Shootings School Violence Weapons Crime amp Bullying nscc1 org Archived from the 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2013 Retrieved September 16 2008 a b Schulte Brigid Craig Tim Horwitz Sari August 27 2007 Unknown to Va Tech Cho Had a Disorder The Washington Post Jean Louis Magda Smith Meg researchers Archived from the original on December 18 2007 Retrieved August 27 2007 A Family s Shame in Korea Time April 22 2007 Archived from the original on August 24 2013 Retrieved September 16 2008 a b Son of a Bitch Exclusive Granddad s anger at uni murderer Daily Mirror April 20 2007 Archived from the original on April 27 2007 Retrieved May 21 2014 Apuzzo Matt Cohen Sharon April 20 2007 Va Tech Shooter a Textbook Killer The Washington Post Associated Press Archived from the original on September 16 2014 Retrieved September 24 2008 a b c d Westhues Kenneth November 2007 Mobbing and the Virginia Tech Massacre Ontario Canada University of Waterloo Archived from the original on April 14 2014 Retrieved April 26 2014 Johnson Alex April 17 2007 College gunman disturbed teachers classmates Massacre at Virginia Tech 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Post Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved September 24 2008 Rondeaux Candace Spinner Jackie Wilgoren Debbi April 17 2007 Rampage Strains Area Hospitals The Washington Post Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved September 24 2008 a b McCaleb Ian April 16 2007 Virginia Tech Campus Reels From Shooting That Leaves at Least 33 Dead Fox News Channel Associated Press Archived from the original on January 10 2012 Retrieved April 16 2007 We Will Prevail Virginia Tech Magazine Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University May 2007 Archived from the original Photographs on July 30 2013 Support Available for Faculty and Staff through Weekend Archived News and Notices Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University April 19 2007 Archived from the original on February 15 2009 Retrieved February 19 2008 American Red Cross Aids University Community Following Virginia Tech Shooting In the News Press release American Red Cross April 17 2007 Archived from the 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original on June 8 2010 Retrieved September 24 2008 Hincker Larry July 5 2007 Administrator of 9 11 Victim Compensation Fund to Administer Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund Distributions Virginia Tech News Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on June 8 2010 Retrieved September 24 2008 a b O Dell Larry Potter Dena June 17 2008 Judge OKs 11M settlement in Va Tech shootings The Boston Globe Associated Press Archived from the original on February 15 2009 Hincker Larry June 5 2007 Norris Hall to Begin Phased Reoccupation Virginia Tech News Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on June 8 2010 Retrieved September 24 2008 Honors Residential College at East Ambler Johnston Hall Division of Student Affairs Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on May 16 2014 Retrieved May 16 2014 Residential College at West Ambler Johnston Hall Division of Student Affairs Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on May 16 2014 Retrieved May 16 2014 Kurz Hank Smith Vicki August 31 2007 Va Tech President Defends Himself Associated Press Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Owczarski Mark August 25 2006 Hokies United honors Those Who Protect and Serve Virginia Tech News Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on May 14 2013 Retrieved June 8 2014 a b Hincker Larry June 7 2007 University announces plans for intermediate and permanent memorial to honor victims of April 16 tragedy Virginia Tech News Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on June 8 2010 Retrieved September 24 2008 We Remember Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on February 9 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 Memorial Benches honor survivors of April 16 2007 We Remember Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on October 30 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 a b Korea Fears Prejudice with Shooting Link Associated Press April 17 2007 Archived from the original on December 5 2017 Retrieved April 10 2017 Kang Chan Ho April 18 2007 Korean Student Named Gunman in U S Massacre Korea JoongAng Daily Joins com Inc Archived from the original on May 26 2008 Boudreau Abbie April 15 2008 Dad Virginia Tech treated suicidal son like joke Cable News Network Archived from the original on October 22 2009 Retrieved September 23 2009 Owczarski Mark May 17 2007 Virginia Tech Prepares to Welcome Class of 2011 University Exceeds Enrollment Goal Virginia Tech News Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on June 11 2010 Retrieved September 16 2008 Korth Robby April 11 2017 In Newman Library 90 000 memories of loss and condolence Roanoke Times Archived from the original on April 11 2019 Retrieved April 11 2019 April 16 2007 Condolence Archives vtechworks lib vt edu Retrieved August 21 2023 Convocation remarks Virginia Tech Magazine Memorial Issue May 2007 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on July 30 2013 Sluss Michael Williams Reed Hammack Laurence Turner Jared Key Lindsay Cramer John Morrison Shawna Thornton Tim Rabotea Albert Berrier Jr Ralph April 17 30 2007 Governor closes gun purchase loophole The Roanoke Times Associated Press Archived from the original on September 11 2013 Retrieved April 26 2014 Declaration of a State of Emergency for the Commonwealth of Virginia Due to Shootings at Virginia Tech PDF Executive Order 49 2007 Commonwealth of Virginia Office of the Governor April 16 2007 Archived from the original PDF on July 14 2008 Turque Bill Horwitz Sari April 19 2007 Kaine Gives Panel Latitude to Probe Campus Killings The Washington Post Virginia Tech Shootings Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved September 24 2008 Ferraro Thomas December 19 2007 Senate passes gun bill in response to rampage Reuters Archived from the original on January 10 2009 Retrieved September 24 2008 a b c Simon Richard January 8 2008 Bush signs bill geared to toughen screening of gun buyers Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 23 2014 Retrieved April 15 2008 Abrams Jim June 13 2007 House Tempers Background Checks for Guns Comcast News Associated Press Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 34 CFR Part 99 Federal Register U S Dept of Education March 24 2008 Archived from the original on February 18 2013 Retrieved April 14 2008 a b South Koreans balance sympathy and shame in delicate response to US rampage International Herald Tribune Associated Press April 20 2007 Archived from the original on June 21 2008 Veale Jennifer April 18 2007 South Korea s Collective Guilt Time Archived from the original on August 12 2016 Retrieved August 6 2016 President Says His Heart Goes to Victims Families Cheong Wa Dae Office of the President Republic of Korea April 18 2007 Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Sae jung Kim April 19 2007 South Korea s Reaction to the Virginia Tech Massacre OhmyNews Archived from the original on June 18 2012 Retrieved May 2 2014 South Koreans told to fast over massacre The Daily Telegraph April 20 2007 Archived from the original on February 21 2008 More Korean Reactions to Shooting Rampage Berkeley Daily Planet April 24 2007 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Retrieved September 24 2008 Seoul expresses shock as gunman identified as Korean Daily News and Analysis Diligent Media Corporation Agence France Presse April 17 2007 Archived from the original on May 8 2014 Retrieved May 8 2014 Kim Tong hyung April 19 2007 More Koreans Rethink Study in US The Korea Times Archived from the original on September 29 2012 The higher education community lends its support We Remember Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on April 16 2010 Retrieved February 19 2008 University of Virginia Holds Candlelight Vigil to Honor Virginia Tech Victims Reaching Out to Virginia Tech University of Virginia April 18 2007 Archived from the original on April 19 2007 Retrieved May 21 2014 Manese Lee Angela April 18 2007 Hoos and Hokies unite in spirit in dark days The Roanoke Times Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Kaster Carolyn contributing photographer April 21 2007 Paterno Penn St pay tribute to Va Tech victims News Wire ESPN Internet Ventures Associated Press Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Holbrook Responds to Virginia Tech Tragedy OSU Today The Ohio State University April 17 2007 Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved September 16 2008 Hattersley Gray Robin May June 2007 Virginia Tech Tragedy Prompts Scrutiny of University Campus Security News Watch Special Report Virginia Tech Aftermath Campus Safety Magazine Archived from the original on February 4 2008 The Ripple Effect of Virginia Tech Assessing the Nationwide Impact on Campus Safety and Security Policy and Practice PDF Midwestern Higher Education Compact May 2008 Archived from the original PDF on March 18 2012 a b Thrower Raymond H Healy Steven J Margolis Gary J Lynch Michael Stafford Dolores Taylor William April 18 2008 The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses PDF Overview of the Virginia Tech Tragedy and Implications for Campus Safety International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators Archived PDF from the original on May 7 2008 Retrieved May 17 2014 a b EQUITAS Virginia Tech 04 16 07 Legal Report PDF EQUITAS April 16 2010 Archived from the original PDF on March 6 2016 Retrieved April 18 2010 Breed Allen G Beard Aaron April 20 2007 Cho s Family Feels Hopeless Lost The New York Sun TWO SL LLC Associated Press Archived from the original on April 27 2014 Retrieved April 26 2014 Virginia Tech massacre senseless tragedy Pope Thomson Reuters April 17 2007 Archived from the original on January 11 2009 Retrieved September 24 2008 The World Sends Condolences to Virginia Tech News ABC Inc Associated Press April 18 2007 Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved April 18 2007 Saddened by Virginia Tech shootings Ban Ki moon voices hope for healing Associated Press of Pakistan April 18 2007 Archived from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved May 17 2014 Queen comforts victims of dreadful Virginia Tech massacre CBCnews World Canada CBC ca Associated Press May 3 2007 Archived from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved May 17 2014 Queen Elizabeth cites change on Virginia visit Britain s Royal Family on NBCNews com NBCNews com Associated Press May 3 2007 Archived from the original on May 16 2014 Retrieved May 17 2014 Athletes tied to Virginia Tech seek funds for 33 scholarships Daily Press April 26 2007 Archived from the original on May 3 2014 Sports world reaches out helps Virginia Tech cope Turner Sports Interactive April 20 2007 Archived from the original on October 12 2012 Vick Gives 10 000 for Va Tech Families SFGate gt Home of the San Francisco Chronicle Hearst Communications Inc Associated Press April 18 2007 Archived from the original on October 6 2008 Houston Dynamo to hold tribute and fundraiser for Virginia Tech University Houston Dynamo gt Press Release MLS April 18 2007 Archived from the original on February 21 2009 Carig Marc April 18 2007 Nats Show Their Support The Washington Post Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved May 27 2010 D C United to pay tribute to Va Tech with special jerseys CBS Sports gt Soccer CBS Interactive Inc April 23 2007 Archived from the original on February 4 2008 NASCAR to honor victims of Virginia Tech tragedy Turner Sports Interactive April 18 2007 Archived from the original on October 20 2012 ECU AD Initiates The Hokie Fund Asks All To Support Orange amp Maroon Effect Day East Carolina Athletics gt From the Desk of Terry Holland CBS Interactive April 19 2007 Archived from the original on February 28 2008 Retrieved September 16 2008 Cheers Tears at Virginia Tech ECU Game Local News Capitol Broadcasting Company September 1 2007 Archived from the original on September 5 2007 Retrieved May 17 2014 Himmelsbach Adam September 2 2007 At Virginia Tech a Step Toward Normalcy The New York Times Archived from the original on February 24 2015 Retrieved May 17 2014 Geller Adam Kahn Chris April 22 2007 Internet Key in Probe of Va Tech Gunman ABC News Associated Press Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Halprin Matt July 30 2007 Message from Matt Halprin New Listing Restrictions on Gun Parts General Announcements eBay Inc Archived from the original on August 24 2007 Retrieved September 16 2008 Wiederhorn Jon April 23 2010 Exodus Class Dismissed A Hate Primer New Song Noisecreep Diffuser Network Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved June 1 2015 Brouwer Christine December 10 2007 Virginia Tech Halloween Costume Sparks Outrage ABC News Internet Ventures Archived from the original on July 23 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 Students Rebuked Over Virginia Tech Shooting Victim Halloween Costumes Fox News Network LLC Associated Press December 8 2007 Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 a b Hutcheon Stephen May 16 2007 Outrage over Virginia Tech game The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on October 22 2012 Retrieved May 2 2014 V Tech Rampage Creator Demands Payment to Remove Game GamePolitics com Entertainment Consumers Association May 15 2007 Archived from the original on October 30 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 a b Chalk Andy May 18 2007 Backlash Continues Against V Tech Rampage the escapist Alloy Digital LLC Archived from the original on May 3 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 Wilson Jenny November 20 2013 Sandy Hook shooting game sparks outrage wdbj7 com Schurz Communications Inc Archived from the original on May 3 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 Chapters Northern Region East Northern Virginia Council BBYO Inc Archived from the original on May 2 2014 McFarling Aaron September 4 2009 Stack not forgotten by Marching Virginians The Roanoke Times Archived from the original on September 11 2009 Virginia Tech lifts campus alert after gun scare News CBS Interactive Inc Associated Press Archived from the original on December 9 2011 Ng Christina Portnoy Steven December 9 2011 Alleged Va Tech Shooter Identified Good Morning America ABC News Archived from the original Video with transcript on September 26 2013 Retrieved May 21 2014 Seurattan Suzanne April 18 2008 Virginia Tech In honor and memoriam Press Releases The College of William and Mary Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Zagursky Erin Photographer April 16 2013 In honor of Virginia Tech and Boston Photograph William and Mary News Facebook Retrieved May 6 2013 Members of the Queens Guard are posted near a memorial wreath in the Sunken Garden on Wednesday The wreath is on display in honor of those affected by the Boston Marathon and Virginia Tech tragedies Photograph William and Mary News Facebook April 16 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 NCR alumni chapter sponsors blood drive to mark 2012 Day of Remembrance National Capital Region Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University April 19 2012 Archived from the original on January 8 2013 Retrieved May 6 2014 April 16th Blood Drive 2014 Virginia Tech for life Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Regional Chapter Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 VT Remembrance Race 2014 Virginia Tech for life Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Regional Chapter Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 The 6th Annual Virginia Tech For Life Blood Drive was held Tuesday April 16th 12pm 6pm at Winchester s Youth Development Center Shenandoah Chapter Virginia Tech Alumni Association Archived from the original on November 3 2013 Retrieved May 6 2014 The Original website reflects the most recent year s blood drive information the archive has the information for 2013 The 7th Annual Virginia Tech For Life Blood Drive honoring those lost and injured on April 16 2007 was held on Wednesday April 16 2014 Shenandoah Chapter Virginia Tech Alumni Association Archived from the original on May 12 2014 Retrieved May 21 2014 The Original website reflects the most recent year s blood drive information the archive has the information for 2014 4 16 7th annual VA Tech Memorial Blood Drive MIX 95 7 Clear Channel Media and Entertainment April 16 2014 Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Blood Drive Event Calendar Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University April 16 2014 Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Inscore Amanda April 13 2009 2nd Annual Virginia TechForLife Blood Drive On Thursday wjhl com Media General Communications Holdings Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Robinson Allie April 15 2013 Blood drive set to honor Virginia Tech shooting victims tricities com Abingdon Virginia Bristol Herald Courier Archived from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved May 6 2014 Virginia Tech for life Alumni Association Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Virginia Tech blood drive honors victims WCYB COM Bristol Virginia April 16 2014 Archived from the original on May 6 2014 Retrieved May 6 2014 Korth Robby Virginia Tech observes Day of Remembrance Roanoke Times Archived from the original on April 17 2018 Retrieved April 17 2018 Westhues Kenneth August 24 2007 Panel Must Explore in Depth Killer s Experiences at School Richmond Times Dispatch Retrieved May 2 2014 Westhues Kenneth November 2007 Panel Must Explore in Depth Killer s Experiences at School Op ed in the Richmond Times Dispatch Richmond VA August 24 2007 Corrections to August publication Ontario Canada University of Waterloo Archived from the original on July 9 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 Shots in the dark writing revelation and responsibility PDF The Creativity and Uncertainty Papers the refereed proceedings of the 13th conference of the Australian Association of Writing Programs 2008 Archived PDF from the original on June 23 2015 Retrieved June 23 2015 a b Roy Lucinda March 10 2010 No Right to Remain Silent What We ve Learned from the Tragedy at Virginia Tech Paperback Reprint ed Broadway Books ISBN 978 0 307 58770 1 As the Shock of Virginia Tech Fades The New York Times October 17 2007 Archived from the original on April 9 2013 Retrieved September 24 2008 Schontzler Gail December 16 2007 MSU sticks to guns on firearms policy News Bozeman Daily Chronicle Archived from the original on September 20 2017 Retrieved May 2 2014 Bender Bryan April 18 2007 Stricken campus asks why The Boston Globe Archived from the original on March 4 2014 Retrieved September 24 2008 Schulte Brigid Horwitz Sari April 18 2007 Weapons Purchases Aroused No Suspicion The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 12 2012 Retrieved May 21 2014 a b Criminal history record information check required for the transfer of certain firearms Code of Virginia Commonwealth of Virginia Archived from the original on March 4 2007 Retrieved May 2 2014 Note that the linked title reflects current law the Archive links to what was in effect in April 2007 Goldman Russell Shooter Cho Was a Loner Official Says ABC News Archived from the original on July 18 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 An Act to amend and reenact 18 2 308 2 1 and 18 2 308 2 2 of the Code of Virginia relating to the sale or transport for sale of firearms on behalf of or to certain persons penalty Criminal history record information check required for the transfer of certain firearms Commonwealth of Virginia April 3 2013 Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 a b c Massengill Report Chapter VI Gun Purchase and Campus Policies Governor Kaine Issues Executive Order Expanding Background Checks for Gun Purchases Press release Commonwealth of Virginia Office of Attorney General April 30 2007 Archived from the original on May 1 2011 Campus and Workplace Violence Prevention Policy 5616 section 2 2 Prohibition of Weapons PDF Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University August 23 2005 p 2 Archived from the original PDF on July 2 2007 Retrieved September 24 2008 Note that the linked title reflects current policy the Archive shows what was in effect in April 2007 Miller Kevin April 13 2005 Virginia Tech s ban on guns may draw legal fire The Roanoke Times Archived from the original on September 8 2012 Gilbert C Todd January 20 2006 HB 1572 Concealed handgun permits board of visitors establish university rules and regulations thereof Commonwealth of Virginia Archived from the original on April 29 2011 Retrieved September 24 2008 Esposito Greg January 31 2006 Gun bill gets shot down by panel The Roanoke Times Archived from the original on July 13 2007 Somashekhar Sandhya January 24 2008 Senate Panel Defeats Bill on Gun Show Sales The Washington Post p B01 Archived from the original on May 4 2011 Retrieved March 6 2008 Innocents Betrayed Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership JPFO June 22 2006 Archived from the original on May 17 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 The website referenced at the video http www innocentsbetrayed com Archived December 17 2014 at the Wayback Machine is no longer online an archive of the site was not available as of September 22 2017 The full video from which this clip was taken is available at Innocents Betrayed The History of Gun Control FULL LENGTH Video YouTube Uploader PatriotsUnitedNow October 3 2011 Archived from the original on March 9 2017 Retrieved September 22 2017 Virginia Tech killings underscore guns on campus campaign Diverse Issues In Higher Education Cox Matthews and Associates Inc Associated Press August 13 2007 Archived from the original on May 3 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 Boccella Kathy March 1 2008 Student group pushes for right to carry concealed weapons on campus The Philadelphia Inquirer Archived from the original on August 19 2011 Retrieved March 6 2008 Smalley Suzanne February 15 2008 More Guns on Campus Newsweek Archived from the original on November 22 2013 Retrieved March 6 2008 Archibold Randal C March 5 2008 Arizona Weighs Bill to Allow Guns on Campuses The New York Times Archived from the original on April 9 2013 Retrieved March 6 2008 Since the Virginia Tech killings last April other states have weighed similar legislation Davis Chelyen March 4 2008 Bills to allow concealed weapons on college campuses is sic defeated Fredericksburg VA The Free Lance Star Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved March 6 2008 Press Briefing by Dana Perino Press Secretary Briefings The White House April 16 2007 Archived from the original on May 6 2013 Retrieved May 2 2014 Helmke Paul April 16 2007 Nation Again Grieves Over A Tragedy Of Monumental Proportions Media gt News Release Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence Archived from the original on February 15 2009 Retrieved May 2 2014 It is well known how easy it is for an individual to get powerful weapons in our country It is long overdue for us to take some common sense actions to prevent tragedies like this from continuing to occur Nugent Ted April 20 2007 Gun free zones are recipe for disaster Cable News Network Archived from the original on April 1 2014 Retrieved April 28 2007 Robison Clay April 30 2007 Perry would allow carrying guns anywhere Austin Bureau MySanAntonio com Archived from the original on August 1 2009 Dodds Paisley April 18 2007 U S Gun Laws Draw Heat After Massacre Associated Press Archived from the original on May 8 2007 Altamirano Natasha McLaughlin Seth Haberkorn Jen April 18 2007 Fairfax man identified as Tech shooter The Washington Times Editor s Picks Unfiled The Washington Times LLC Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved May 2 2014 Massengill Report Forward from Governor Kaine Virginia Tech families win 11 million settlement from state Cable News Network June 17 2008 Archived from the original on October 12 2012 Retrieved June 18 2008 Potter Dena March 29 2011 Virginia Tech fined 55K for response to shootings The Huffington Post Associated Press Archived from the original on April 1 2011 Retrieved May 2 2014 Bell Craig March 30 2011 Virginia Tech fined 55 000 in 2007 shooting rampage Cable News Network Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Retrieved March 30 2011 Judge Overturns 55 000 Fine Given To Va Tech For 2007 Massacre Warnings CBS DC CBS Local Media Associated Press March 30 2012 Archived from the original on May 23 2013 Retrieved June 10 2014 Layton Lyndsey March 30 2012 55K fine against Va Tech overturned timing of warning during rampage was questioned The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Simon Richard September 1 2012 Virginia Tech shooting Failure to warn fine is reinstated Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 8 2012 Retrieved June 10 2014 Duncan Reinstates Fine Against Va Tech Campus Safety Magazine September 3 2012 Archived from the original on June 10 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Va Tech Fined 5K for 2007 Massacre NBC Washington NBCUniversal Media January 4 2014 Archived from the original on January 4 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Kapsidelis Karin April 17 2014 Va Tech pays U S fines related to 07 killings The Daily Progress Charlottesville Virginia Archived from the original on December 10 2019 Retrieved June 10 2014 Szkotak Steve March 16 2012 Jury finds Va Tech negligent in 07 shootings Houston Chronicle Associated Press Archived from the original on March 17 2012 Burgos Evan October 31 2013 Va Tech cleared in wrongful death lawsuit over 2007 massacre News Other NBC News Reuters Archived from the original on January 20 2016 Retrieved April 26 2014 Further reading editAgger Ben Aronowitz Stanley Ayers William Brabazon Tara Dunbar Ortiz Roxanne Kellner Douglas Kimmel Michael King Neal Lemert Charles Luke Timothy W et al March 27 2008 Agger Ben Luke Timothy W eds There is a gunman on campus tragedy and terror at Virginia Tech Hardcover Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 6129 8 Bernstein Robin 2012 Utopian Movements Nikki Giovanni and the Convocation Following the Virginia Tech Massacre PDF African American Review 45 3 431 353 Retrieved June 5 2017 An analysis of the poem Nikki Giovanni performed at the convocation following the massacre Cupp Kevin Higgs Suzanne Maglalang Omar Massey Laura Sangalang Tricia Thomas Courtney Turnage Neal August 28 2007 Lazenby Roland ed April 16th Virginia Tech Remembers Paperback United States Plume ISBN 978 0 452 28934 5 A collection of writings by Virginia Tech journalism students penned as the events of April 16 2007 were unfolding Edited by their Virginia Tech journalism professor Garner Joe Cronkite Walter Foreword Williams Brian Afterword Kurtis Bill Narrator October 1 2008 We interrupt this broadcast the events that stopped our lives from the Hindenburg explosion to the Virginia Tech shooting Hardcover 10th anniversary ed Naperville IL Sourcebooks MediaFusion ISBN 978 1 4022 1319 9 The book includes three CDs of historical broadcasts and other narration Giduck John P Bail Joseph M Jr Thor Brad Foreword 2011 Shooter down the dramatic untold story of the police response to the Virginia Tech massacre Hardcover 1st ed Archangel Group ISBN 978 0 9767753 4 8 Kellner Douglas January 31 2008 Guys and guns amok domestic terrorism and school shootings from the Oklahoma City bombing to the Virginia Tech massacre Paperback Boulder CO Paradigm Publishers ISBN 978 1 59451 493 7 An account of social theory exploring cultural and other influences that produce violent perpetrators Pugh Charles R March 24 2010 The Virginia Tech Tragedy and My Personal Tragedy Lessons To Learn from an Insider and from Scripture Paperback Xulon Press ISBN 978 1 61579 906 0 Worth Richard March 2008 Massacre at Virginia Tech disaster amp survival Library Binding Berkeley Heights NJ Enslow Publishers ISBN 978 0 7660 3274 3 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Virginia Tech shooting nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia Tech massacre nbsp Wikinews has related news 33 dead 15 injured in Virginia Tech shootingsVirginia Tech shooter identified witness reports emergeVirginia Tech gunman sent package to NBC Massengill Report Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech April 16 2007 Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel PDF Commonwealth of Virginia August 2007 Archived from the original PDF on October 15 2013 Retrieved April 26 2014 Additional archive Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel revised PDF Commonwealth of Virginia December 2009 first published November 2009 Archived from the original PDF on October 15 2013 After Action Review An Evaluation and Assessment of the Law Enforcement Tactical Response to the Virginia Tech University Shootings of Monday 16 April 2007 PDF Archangel Group Ltd September 5 2008 Archived PDF from the original on January 28 2023 Retrieved April 7 2023 Legal Section VT 04 16 07 EQUITAS Archived from the original on April 19 2008 Chronological analysis of legislative and executive events that unfolded before and after April 16 2007 dead link The archive link fails when trying to reach the actual report which can be found here Virginia Tech 04 16 07 Legal Report PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 6 2016 Retrieved April 27 2014 Comparative Section VT 04 16 07 EQUITAS Archived from the original on April 13 2008 Comparative study timelines of Campus Security policies and legislative counterparts dead link Not all the links on the archived page work some do Raw Video NBC Releases Gunman Video Manifesto Video The Washington Post Associated Press April 18 2007 Archived from the original on September 21 2017 Virginia Tech Convocation 2 PM Tuesday April 17 2007 Cassell Coliseum Blacksburg VA Video Archive hokiesports com April 17 2007 Archived from the original Video on October 5 2012 The April 16 Archive Browse Items Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Digital Archive project based at Virginia Tech Tuesday April 17 2007 572 front pages from 54 countries Today s Front Pages Newseum April 17 2007 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17 2007 Wednesday April 18 2007 597 front pages from 57 countries Today s Front Pages Newseum April 18 2007 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 18 2007 Thursday April 19 2007 577 front pages from 55 countries Today s Front Pages Newseum April 19 2007 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 19 2007 Wednesday April 16 2008 629 front pages from 57 countries Today s Front Pages Newseum April 16 2008 Archived from the original on March 9 2014 Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 16 2008 Thursday April 17 2008 649 front pages from 61 countries Today s Front Pages Newseum April 17 2008 Archived from the original on October 28 2008 Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17 2008 Christman Roger April 16 2012 We Remember Virginia Tech Five Years Later The UnCommonWealth Library of Virginia Archived from the original on January 31 2014 Blog post containing email messages sent and received on April 16 2007 by senior staff members from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine s administration The Virginia Tech Online Memorial April 2007 Archived from the original on January 8 2014 Helber Steve Photographer April 15 16 2009 Virginia Tech Remembers Pictures CBS Interactive Inc Associated Press photos Richmond Times Dispatch photos Archived from the original on May 4 2014 Virginia Tech April 16 Condolence Archives Retrieved from 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