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Algonquian peoples

November 24, 2023

This article is about the numerous peoples speaking Algonquian languages. For the "Algonquin" of Quebec and Ontario, see Algonquin people.

The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups. They historically were prominent along the Atlantic Coast and in the interior regions along Saint Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes. This grouping consists of the peoples who speak Algonquian languages.[2]

The geographic location of Algonquian-speaking people in North America prior to European settlements
A 16th-century sketch of the Algonquian village of Pomeiock near the present-day Outer Banks in North Carolina[1]

Before Europeans came into contact, most Algonquian settlements lived by hunting and fishing, although many of them supplemented their diet by cultivating corn, beans and squash (the "Three Sisters"). The Ojibwe cultivated wild rice.[3]

Colonial period edit

Further information: Colonial history of the United States

At the time of the first European settlements in North America, Algonquian peoples resided in present-day Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, New England, New Jersey, southeastern New York, Delaware, and down the Atlantic Coast to the Upper South, and around the Great Lakes in present-day Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The precise homeland of the Algonquian peoples is not known. At the time of the European arrival, the hegemonic Iroquois Confederacy, based in present-day New York and Pennsylvania, was regularly at war with Algonquian neighbours.[4]

Tribal identity edit

The Algonquian peoples include and have included historical populations in:

New England area edit

Colonists in the Massachusetts Bay area first encountered the Wampanoag, Massachusett, Nipmuc, Pennacook, Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, and Quinnipiac. The Mohegan, Pequot, Pocumtuc, Podunk, Tunxis, and Narragansett were based in southern New England. The Abenaki were located in northern New England: present-day Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont in what became the United States and eastern Quebec in what became Canada. They traded with French colonists who settled along the Atlantic coast and the Saint Lawrence River. The Mahican were located in western New England in the upper Hudson River Valley (around present-day Albany, New York). These groups cultivated crops, hunted, and fished.[5]

The Algonquians of New England such as the Piscataway (who spoke Eastern Algonquian), practised a seasonal economy. The basic social unit was the village: a few hundred people related by a clan kinship structure. Villages were temporary and mobile. The people moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or gathering as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of intertribal mobility, especially in troubled times.[citation needed]

In warm weather, they constructed portable wigwams, a type of hut usually with buckskin doors. In the winter, they erected the more substantial longhouses, in which more than one clan could reside. They cached food supplies in more permanent, semi-subterranean structures.[citation needed]

In the spring, when the fish were spawning, they left the winter camps to build villages at coastal locations and waterfalls. In March, they caught smelt in nets and weirs, moving about in birch bark canoes. In April, they netted alewife, sturgeon and salmon. In May, they caught cod with hook and line in the ocean; and trout, smelt, striped bass and flounder in the estuaries and streams. Putting out to sea, they hunted whales, porpoises, walruses and seals. They gathered scallops, mussels, clams and crabs[6] and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round.[7]

From April through October, natives hunted migratory birds and their eggs: Canada geese, brant, mourning doves and others. In July and August they gathered strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and nuts. In September, they split into small groups and moved up the streams to the forest. There, they hunted beaver, caribou, moose and white-tailed deer.[8]

In December, when the snows began, the people created larger winter camps in sheltered locations, where they built or reconstructed longhouses. February and March were lean times. The tribes in southern New England and other northern latitudes had to rely on cached food. Northerners developed a practice of going hungry for several days at a time. Historians hypothesize that this practice kept the population down, with some invoking Liebig's law of the minimum.[citation needed]

The southern Algonquians of New England relied predominantly on slash and burn agriculture.[9][10][11][12][13][14] They cleared fields by burning for one or two years of cultivation, after which the village moved to another location. This is the reason the English found the region relatively cleared and ready for planting. By using various kinds of native corn (maize), beans and squash, southern New England natives were able to improve their diet to such a degree that their population increased and they reached a density of 287 people per 100 square miles as opposed to 41 in the north.[15]

Scholars estimate that, by the year 1600, the indigenous population of New England had reached 70,000–100,000.[15]

Midwest edit

The French encountered Algonquian peoples in this area through their trade and limited colonization of New France along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The historic peoples of the Illinois Country were the Shawnee, Illiniwek, Kickapoo, Menominee, Miami, Sauk and Meskwaki. The latter were also known as the Sac and Fox, and later known as the Meskwaki Indians, who lived throughout the present-day Midwest of the United States.[16]

During the nineteenth century, many Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River were displaced over great distances through the United States passage and enforcement of Indian removal legislation; they forced the people west of the Mississippi River to what they designated as Indian Territory. After the US extinguished Indian land claims, this area was admitted as the state of Oklahoma in the early 20th century.[16]

Upper west edit

Ojibwe/Chippewa, Odawa, Potawatomi, and a variety of Cree groups lived in Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Western Ontario, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Canadian Prairies. The Arapaho, Blackfoot and Cheyenne developed as indigenous to the Great Plains.[17]

List of historic Algonquian-speaking peoples edit

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "The towne of Pmeiock", Encyclopedia Virginia
  2. ^ Stoltz, Julie Ann (2006). "Book Review of "The Continuance—An Algonquian Peoples Seminar: Selected Research Papers 2000", edited by Shirley Dunn, 2004, New York State Education Department, Albany, New York, 144 pages, $19.95 (paper)". Northeast Historical Archaeology. 35 (1): 201–202. doi:10.22191/neha/vol35/iss1/30. ISSN 0048-0738.
  3. ^ Raster, Amanda; Hill, Christina Gish (2016-05-24). "The dispute over wild rice: an investigation of treaty agreements and Ojibwe food sovereignty". Agriculture and Human Values. 34 (2): 267–281. doi:10.1007/s10460-016-9703-6. ISSN 0889-048X. S2CID 55940408.
  4. ^ "Algonquian Peoples – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  5. ^ "Algonquin Indians". AAA Native Arts. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  6. ^ Mark Kurlansky, 2006[page needed]
  7. ^ Dreibelbis, 1978 , page 33
  8. ^ "Algonquian peoples". www.know.cf. Retrieved 2020-04-14.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Stevenson W. Fletcher, Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640-1840 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950), 2, 35-37, 63-65, 124.
  10. ^ Day, Gordon M. (1953). "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests". Ecology. 34 (2): 329–346. doi:10.2307/1930900. JSTOR 1930900.
  11. ^ New England and New York areas 1580-1800, 1953. Note: The Lenni Lenape (Delaware) in New Jersey and the Massachuset in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems
  12. ^ Russell, Emily W.B. Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis, Ph.D. dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
  13. ^ Russell, Emily W.B. (1983). "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States". Ecology. 64 (1): 78–88. doi:10.2307/1937331. JSTOR 1937331. Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape used fire.
  14. ^ Gowans, William. "A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherland with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There." New York, NY: 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
  15. ^ a b Cronon, William (1983). Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8090-0158-3.
  16. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  17. ^ "Ojibwe". www.tolatsga.org. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

Further reading edit

  • Melissa Otis, Rural Indigenousness: A History of Iroquoian and Algonquian Peoples of the Adirondacks. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2018.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Algonquian peoples at Wikimedia Commons

November 24, 2023
algonquian, peoples, this, article, about, numerous, peoples, speaking, algonquian, languages, algonquin, quebec, ontario, algonquin, people, algonquian, most, populous, widespread, north, american, native, language, groups, they, historically, were, prominent. This article is about the numerous peoples speaking Algonquian languages For the Algonquin of Quebec and Ontario see Algonquin people The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups They historically were prominent along the Atlantic Coast and in the interior regions along Saint Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes This grouping consists of the peoples who speak Algonquian languages 2 The geographic location of Algonquian speaking people in North America prior to European settlementsA 16th century sketch of the Algonquian village of Pomeiock near the present day Outer Banks in North Carolina 1 Before Europeans came into contact most Algonquian settlements lived by hunting and fishing although many of them supplemented their diet by cultivating corn beans and squash the Three Sisters The Ojibwe cultivated wild rice 3 Contents 1 Colonial period 2 Tribal identity 2 1 New England area 2 2 Midwest 2 3 Upper west 2 4 List of historic Algonquian speaking peoples 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 Further reading 6 External linksColonial period editFurther information Colonial history of the United States At the time of the first European settlements in North America Algonquian peoples resided in present day Canada east of the Rocky Mountains New England New Jersey southeastern New York Delaware and down the Atlantic Coast to the Upper South and around the Great Lakes in present day Illinois Indiana Iowa Michigan Minnesota and Wisconsin The precise homeland of the Algonquian peoples is not known At the time of the European arrival the hegemonic Iroquois Confederacy based in present day New York and Pennsylvania was regularly at war with Algonquian neighbours 4 Tribal identity editThe Algonquian peoples include and have included historical populations in Mohegan of Connecticut United States Chowanoke formerly of North Carolina Carolina Algonquian Roanoke formerly of North Carolina Croatan formerly of North Carolina Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia Pamunkey of Virginia United States Powhatan people of Virginia United States Wampanoag of Massachusetts Wabanaki of the Maritime provinces Atlantic provinces in Canada and New England in the United States Abenaki of Quebec Canada historically New Hampshire Maine and Vermont Penobscot of Maine Miꞌkmaq of Maine New Brunswick Nova Scotia Quebec and Newfoundland Passamaquoddy of Maine United States and New Brunswick Canada Maliseet of New Brunswick and Quebec Shawnee formerly of the Ohio River Valley now Oklahoma Central Algonquian peoples Kickapoo Kikapu Kiikaapoa Kiikaapoi originally from southeast Michigan and Wisconsin United States now in Kansas Oklahoma and Texas United States Coahuila Mexico Peoria Illiniwek formerly Illinois now Oklahoma Anishinaabe Great Lakes Subarctic Northern Plains Ojibwe including the Saulteaux and Oji Cree Minnesota North Dakota and Michigan United States as well as Ontario Canada Potawatomi of Michigan Indiana Kansas Oklahoma United States Ontario Canada Menominee of Wisconsin Upper Michigan United States and Ontario Canada Odawa of Michigan and now Oklahoma United States Ontario Canada Mississaugas of Ontario Canada Nipissing of Ontario Canada Algonquin of Ontario and Quebec Canada Cree of Alberta Manitoba Ontario Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories Canada as well as Montana United States New England area edit Colonists in the Massachusetts Bay area first encountered the Wampanoag Massachusett Nipmuc Pennacook Penobscot Passamaquoddy and Quinnipiac The Mohegan Pequot Pocumtuc Podunk Tunxis and Narragansett were based in southern New England The Abenaki were located in northern New England present day Maine New Hampshire and Vermont in what became the United States and eastern Quebec in what became Canada They traded with French colonists who settled along the Atlantic coast and the Saint Lawrence River The Mahican were located in western New England in the upper Hudson River Valley around present day Albany New York These groups cultivated crops hunted and fished 5 The Algonquians of New England such as the Piscataway who spoke Eastern Algonquian practised a seasonal economy The basic social unit was the village a few hundred people related by a clan kinship structure Villages were temporary and mobile The people moved to locations of greatest natural food supply often breaking into smaller units or gathering as the circumstances required This custom resulted in a certain degree of intertribal mobility especially in troubled times citation needed In warm weather they constructed portable wigwams a type of hut usually with buckskin doors In the winter they erected the more substantial longhouses in which more than one clan could reside They cached food supplies in more permanent semi subterranean structures citation needed In the spring when the fish were spawning they left the winter camps to build villages at coastal locations and waterfalls In March they caught smelt in nets and weirs moving about in birch bark canoes In April they netted alewife sturgeon and salmon In May they caught cod with hook and line in the ocean and trout smelt striped bass and flounder in the estuaries and streams Putting out to sea they hunted whales porpoises walruses and seals They gathered scallops mussels clams and crabs 6 and in southern New Jersey harvested clams year round 7 From April through October natives hunted migratory birds and their eggs Canada geese brant mourning doves and others In July and August they gathered strawberries raspberries blueberries and nuts In September they split into small groups and moved up the streams to the forest There they hunted beaver caribou moose and white tailed deer 8 In December when the snows began the people created larger winter camps in sheltered locations where they built or reconstructed longhouses February and March were lean times The tribes in southern New England and other northern latitudes had to rely on cached food Northerners developed a practice of going hungry for several days at a time Historians hypothesize that this practice kept the population down with some invoking Liebig s law of the minimum citation needed The southern Algonquians of New England relied predominantly on slash and burn agriculture 9 10 11 12 13 14 They cleared fields by burning for one or two years of cultivation after which the village moved to another location This is the reason the English found the region relatively cleared and ready for planting By using various kinds of native corn maize beans and squash southern New England natives were able to improve their diet to such a degree that their population increased and they reached a density of 287 people per 100 square miles as opposed to 41 in the north 15 Scholars estimate that by the year 1600 the indigenous population of New England had reached 70 000 100 000 15 Midwest edit The French encountered Algonquian peoples in this area through their trade and limited colonization of New France along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers The historic peoples of the Illinois Country were the Shawnee Illiniwek Kickapoo Menominee Miami Sauk and Meskwaki The latter were also known as the Sac and Fox and later known as the Meskwaki Indians who lived throughout the present day Midwest of the United States 16 During the nineteenth century many Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River were displaced over great distances through the United States passage and enforcement of Indian removal legislation they forced the people west of the Mississippi River to what they designated as Indian Territory After the US extinguished Indian land claims this area was admitted as the state of Oklahoma in the early 20th century 16 Upper west edit Ojibwe Chippewa Odawa Potawatomi and a variety of Cree groups lived in Upper Peninsula of Michigan Western Ontario Wisconsin Minnesota and the Canadian Prairies The Arapaho Blackfoot and Cheyenne developed as indigenous to the Great Plains 17 List of historic Algonquian speaking peoples edit Algonquin Abenaki Missiquoi Pennacook Arapaho Beothuk Blackfoot Cheyenne Chowanoke Cree Gros Ventre Illinois Kickapoo Lenape Munsee Wappinger Unami Meskwaki Menominee Mahican Maliseet Mascouten Massachusett Mattabesic Mattabessett Podunk Tunxis Paugussett Quinnipiac Unquachog Miami Mi kmaq Montaukett Mohegan Nanticoke Piscataway Nacotchtank Narragansett Nipissing Nipmuc Odawa Ojibwe Mississauga Passamaquoddy Penobscot Pequot Potawatomi Powhatan Sauk Shawnee Chalahgawtha Hathawekela Kispoko Mekoche Pekowi Secotan Roanoke people Croatan Wampanoag Weapemeoc Plains CreeSee also editDoctors Dean R Snow and William A Starna Archeologists and historians who have conducted ground breaking archeological research in the Mohawk Valley and other Algonquian and Iroquoian sites Footnotes edit The towne of Pmeiock Encyclopedia Virginia Stoltz Julie Ann 2006 Book Review of The Continuance An Algonquian Peoples Seminar Selected Research Papers 2000 edited by Shirley Dunn 2004 New York State Education Department Albany New York 144 pages 19 95 paper Northeast Historical Archaeology 35 1 201 202 doi 10 22191 neha vol35 iss1 30 ISSN 0048 0738 Raster Amanda Hill Christina Gish 2016 05 24 The dispute over wild rice an investigation of treaty agreements and Ojibwe food sovereignty Agriculture and Human Values 34 2 267 281 doi 10 1007 s10460 016 9703 6 ISSN 0889 048X S2CID 55940408 Algonquian Peoples Legends of America www legendsofamerica com Retrieved 2020 04 14 Algonquin Indians AAA Native Arts Retrieved 2020 04 14 Mark Kurlansky 2006 page needed Dreibelbis 1978 page 33 Algonquian peoples www know cf Retrieved 2020 04 14 permanent dead link Stevenson W Fletcher Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640 1840 Harrisburg Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 1950 2 35 37 63 65 124 Day Gordon M 1953 The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests Ecology 34 2 329 346 doi 10 2307 1930900 JSTOR 1930900 New England and New York areas 1580 1800 1953 Note The Lenni Lenape Delaware in New Jersey and the Massachuset in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems Russell Emily W B Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A D A Palynological Vegetational and Historical Synthesis Ph D dissertation New Brunswick PA Rutgers University Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires 1979 Russell Emily W B 1983 Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States Ecology 64 1 78 88 doi 10 2307 1937331 JSTOR 1937331 Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites Noted that the Lenna Lenape used fire Gowans William A Brief Description of New York Formerly Called New Netherland with the Places Thereunto Adjoining Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There New York NY 1670 Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society Columbia University Press New York Notes that the Lenni Lenape Delaware in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems a b Cronon William 1983 Changes in the Land Indians Colonists and the Ecology of New England New York Hill and Wang p 42 ISBN 978 0 8090 0158 3 a b History Meskwaki Nation Archived from the original on 2020 04 12 Retrieved 2020 04 14 Ojibwe www tolatsga org Retrieved 2020 04 14 Further reading editMelissa Otis Rural Indigenousness A History of Iroquoian and Algonquian Peoples of the Adirondacks Syracuse NY Syracuse University Press 2018 External links edit nbsp Media related to Algonquian peoples at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Algonquian peoples amp oldid 1181456658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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