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Southwestern United States

January 09, 2023

The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that generally includes Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah. The largest cities by metropolitan area are Los Angeles, Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson.[2] Prior to 1848, in the historical region of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as well as parts of Alta California and Coahuila y Tejas, settlement was almost non-existent outside of Nuevo México's Pueblos and Spanish or Mexican municipalities. Much of the area had been a part of New Spain and Mexico until the United States acquired the area through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the smaller Gadsden Purchase in 1854.

Southwestern United States
Region
American Southwest, the Southwest
Though regional definitions vary from source to source, Arizona and New Mexico (in dark red) are almost always considered the core, modern-day Southwest. The brighter red and striped states may or may not be considered part of this region. The brighter red states (California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah) are also classified as part of the West by the U.S. Census Bureau, though the striped states are not; Oklahoma and Texas are often classified as part of the South.[1]
Coordinates: 37°N 111°W / 37°N 111°W / 37; -111Coordinates: 37°N 111°W / 37°N 111°W / 37; -111
CountryUnited States
StatesCore:
Arizona
New Mexico
Others, depending on boundaries used:
California
Colorado
Nevada
Utah
Oklahoma
Texas

While the region's boundaries are not officially defined, there have been attempts to do so.[3] One such definition is from the Mojave Desert in California in the west (117° west longitude) to Carlsbad, New Mexico in the east (104° west longitude); another says that it extends from the Mexico–United States border in the south to the southern areas of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada in the north (39° north latitude).[4] In another definition, the core Southwestern U.S. includes only the states of Arizona and New Mexico; others focus on the land within the old Spanish and Mexican borders of the Nuevo México Province or the later American New Mexico Territory.[5][6][7]

Distinct elements of the Western lifestyle thrive in the region, such as Western wear and Southwestern cuisines, including Native American, New Mexican, and Tex-Mex, or various genres of Western music like Indigenous, New Mexico, and Tejano music styles.[8][9][10][11] Likewise with the sought-after Southwestern architectural styles in the region inspired by blending Pueblo and Territorial styles, with Mediterranean Revival, Spanish Colonial architecture, Mission Revival architecture, Pueblo Deco, and Ranch-style houses in the form of the amalgamated Pueblo Revival and Territorial Revival architectures.[12][13][14][15] This is due to the region's influence by the Native American (especially Apache, Pueblo, and Navajo), Hispano, vaquero, and later American frontier cowboy history.[16][17][18]

Regional geography

 
Panoramic view of the southwestern United States

The geography of the region is mainly made up of four features: the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts, and the Colorado Plateau; although there are other geographical features as well, such as a portion of the Great Basin Desert. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, while the plateau (which is largely made up of high desert) is the main feature north of the Mogollon Rim.[19] The two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the east, north to south.

 
The Chihuahuan desert terrain mainly consists of basins broken by numerous small mountain ranges.

Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a relatively dry desert,[20] although it is slightly wetter than the Sonoran Desert to the west.[19] The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the southeastern portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico, and the portion of western Texas included in the Southwest.[20] While it is the second largest desert in the United States,[19] only a third of the desert is within the United States, with the rest in Mexico.[21] El Paso and Albuquerque are the major US cities in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico and Willcox in Arizona.[19]

The elevation in the Chihuahuan varies from about 1,750 to 6,000 feet (500 to 1,800 meters), as there are several larger mountain ranges, such as the Organ Mountains, the Guadalupe Mountains, and the Chiracahua Mountains, plus many smaller mountain ranges contained in the area, namely the Animas, San Andres, and Doña Ana Mountains in New Mexico; and the Franklin, Hueco, and Davis Mountains in Texas. It also reaches up into the foothills of the higher ranges such as the Black Range and Oscura Mountains in New Mexico. High above the desert, these forest-covered and sometimes snow-capped mountains form sky islands, with radically different flora and fauna than the surrounding desert below. The sky islands also supply the surrounding desert foothills with flowing water during the spring runoff and after the summer storms of the New Mexican monsoon season. The Chihuahuan is a "rain shadow" desert, formed between two mountain ranges (the Sierra Madre Occidental on the west and the Sierra Madre Oriental on the east) which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area.[20] The Chihuahuan Desert is considered the "most biologically diverse desert in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most diverse in the world", and includes more species of cacti than any other desert in the world.[21] The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes,[19] in addition to the ubiquitous presence of various cacti species.

 
Saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert.

When people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind.[19] The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest; most of the desert lies in Mexico, but its United States component lies on the southeastern border of California, and the western 2/3 of southern Arizona. Rainfall averages between 4 and 12 in (100 and 300 mm) per year, and the desert's most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus, which is unique to the desert.[22][23] It is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert.[24] Aside from the trademark saguaro, the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world,[22] and includes many other species of cacti, including the organ-pipe, senita, prickly pear, barrel, fishhook, hedgehog, cholla, silver dollar, and jojoba.[22][23] The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders: Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, and Scottsdale, all in Arizona. Also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona.[19]

The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert. Bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, the southwestern corner of Utah and the northwestern corner of Arizona.[23] In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, which lies just to its north.[19] Within the region, Las Vegas is the most populous city; other significant population centers include Laughlin and Pahrump in Nevada, St. George and Hurricane in Utah, and Lake Havasu City, Kingman, and Bullhead City in Arizona. The Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States.[23] The Mojave gets less than 6 in (150 mm) of rain annually, and its elevation ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 feet (900 to 1,800 meters) above sea level.[25] The most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 ft (12 m), and are thought to live almost 1000 years.[23] Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, both only found in the Mojave, as well as the creosote bush.[26]

 
The Delicate Arch at Arches National Park

The Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east.[27] Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert. Within the Southwest U.S. region, the Colorado is bordered to the south by the Mogollon Rim and the Sonoran Desert, to the west by the Mojave Desert, and to the east by the Rocky Mountains, the Rio Grande Rift valley, and the Llano Estacado.[23] The Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons.[23] The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon.[28] But that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, "painted" deserts, sand dunes, and badlands.[29] One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, having come into existence at least 500 million years ago.[30] The Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region. Beginning with the Navajo section forming the northern boundary of the Southwestern United States, which has shallower canyons than those in the Canyonlands section just to its north; the Navajo section is bordered to the south by the Grand Canyon section, which of course is dominated by the Grand Canyon; and the southeasternmost portion of the Plateau is the Datil section, consisting of valleys, mesas, and volcanic formations.[31] Albuquerque is the most populous city often considered at the edge of this portion contained in the Southwest region, but Santa Fe, New Mexico and Flagstaff, Arizona, are also significant population centers.

Phoenix, Tucson, and Las Vegas dominate the westernmost metropolitan areas in the Southwest, while Albuquerque, and El Paso dominate the easternmost metropolitan areas.[32]

History

Main articles: History of New Mexico, History of Arizona, History of Utah, History of Nevada, History of Colorado, History of Texas, Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico, and Oasisamerica

Pre-European contact

See also: Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest

Human history in the Southwest begins with the arrival of the Clovis culture, a Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer culture which arrived sometime around 9000 BC.[33] This culture remained in the area for several millennia. At some point they were replaced by three great Pre-Columbian Indian cultures: the Ancestral Pueblo people, the Hohokam, and the Mogollon, all of which existed among other surrounding cultures including the FremontPatayan.[34] Maize began to be cultivated in the region sometime during the early first millennium BC, but it took several hundred years for the native cultures to be dependent on it as a food source.[35] As their dependence on maize grew, Pre-Columbian Indians began developing irrigation systems around 1500.[36]

 
Map of Paleo-Indians in the American Southwest and Mexico

According to archeological finds, the Ancestral Pueblo people, also known as the Anasazi (although that term is becoming more and more disused), began settling in the area in approximately 1500 BC.[37] Eventually, they would spread throughout the entire northern section of the Southwest.[38] This culture would go through several different eras lasting from approximately 1500 BC through the middle of the 15th century AD: the Basketmaker I, II, and III phases followed by the Pueblo I, II, III, and IV. As the Puebloans transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to one based on agriculture, their first domiciles were pithouses.[37] The Mogollon culture developed later than the Puebloan, arising in the eastern area of the region at around 300 BC.[39] Their range would eventually extend deep into what would become Mexico, and dominate the southeastern portion of the Southwest.[40] Their settlements would evolve over time from pit-dwellings through pueblos and finally also incorporating cliff-dwellings. The Hohokam were the last of these ancestral cultures to develop, somewhere around AD 1, but they would grow to be the most populous of the three by AD 1300, despite being the smallest of the three in terms of area, covering most of the southwest portion.[41] Beginning in approximately AD 600, the Hohokam began to develop an extensive series of irrigation canals;[42] of the three major cultures in the Southwest, only the Hohokam developed irrigation as a means of watering their agriculture.[41]

Not long after the Hohokam reached the height of their culture, all three major cultures in the Southwest began to decline for unknown reasons, although severe drought and encroachment from other peoples have been postulated. By the end of the 15th century, all three cultures had disappeared. The modern Indian tribes of the Isleta, Hopi, Zuni, Sandia, Cochiti, Santa Ana, Taos, Acoma, and Laguna trace their ancestry back to the ancestral Puebloans,[43] while the Akimel O'odham and Tohono O'odham claim descent from Hohokam.[44] The area previously occupied by the Mogollon was taken over by an unrelated tribe, the Apache.[45] While it is unclear whether any of the modern Indian tribes are descended from the Mogollon, some archeologists and historians believe that they mixed with Ancestral Puebloans and became part of the Hopi and Zuni.[46]

 
Oraibi pueblo

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Southwestern United States was inhabited by a very large population of American Indian tribes. The area once occupied by the ancestral Puebloans became inhabited by several American Indian tribes, the most populous of which were the Navajo, Ute, Southern Paiute, and Hopi. The Navajo, along with the Hopi, were the earliest of the modern Indian tribes to develop in the Southwest. Around AD 1100 their culture began to develop in the Four Corners area of the region.[47] The Navahos migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside.[48] The Ute were found over most of modern-day Utah and Colorado, as well as northern New Mexico and Arizona.[49] The Paiutes roamed an area which covered over 45,000 square miles of southern Nevada and California, south-central Utah, and northern Arizona.[50] The Hopi settled the lands of the central and western portions of northern Arizona. Their village of Oraibi, settled in approximately AD 1100, is, along with Acoma Sky City in New Mexico, one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements in the United States.[51] The Mogollon area became occupied by the Apaches and the Zuni. The Apache migrated into the American Southwest from the northern areas of North America at some point between 1200 and 1500.[52] They settled throughout New Mexico, eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, parts of western Texas, and southern Colorado.[53] The Zuni count their direct ancestry through the ancestral Puebloans. The modern-day Zuni established a culture along the Zuni River in far-eastern Arizona and western New Mexico.[54] Both major tribes of the O'odham tribe settled in the southern and central Arizona, in the lands once controlled by their ancestors, the Hohokam.[55]

Arrival of Europeans

 
Narváez expedition (1528–36)

The first European intrusion into the region came from the south. In 1539, a Jesuit Franciscan named Marcos de Niza led an expedition from Mexico City which passed through eastern Arizona.[56] The following year Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, based on reports from survivors of the Narváez expedition (1528–36) who had crossed eastern Texas on their way to Mexico City, led an expedition to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola.[57] The 1582–3 expedition of Antonio de Espejo explored New Mexico and eastern Arizona;[58] and this led to Juan de Oñate's establishment of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in 1598, with a capital founded near Ohkay Oweenge Pueblo, which he called San Juan de los Caballeros.[59][60] Oñate's party also attempted to establish a settlement in Arizona in 1599, but were turned back by inclement weather.[58] In 1610, Santa Fe was founded, making it the oldest capital in United States.[61]

In 1664 Juan Archuleta led an expedition into what is now Colorado, becoming the first European to enter. A second Spanish expedition was led into Colorado by Juan Ulibarrí in 1706,[62] during which he claimed the Colorado territory for Spain.[63]

From 1687 to 1691 the Jesuit priest, Eusebio Kino established several missions in the Santa Cruz River valley;[64][65] and Kino further explored southern and central Arizona in 1694, during which he discovered the ruins of Casa Grande.[57] Beginning in 1732, Spanish settlers began to enter the region, and the Spanish started bestowing land grants in Mexico and the Southwest US.[66] In 1751, the O'odham rebelled against the Spanish incursions, but the revolt was unsuccessful. In fact, it had the exact opposite effect, for the result of the rebellion was the establishment of the presidio at Tubac, the first permanent European settlement in Arizona.[67]

In 1768, the Spanish created the Provincia de las Californias, which included California and the Southwest US. Over approximately the next 50 years, the Spanish continued to explore the Southwest, and in 1776 the City of Tucson was founded when the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson was created, relocating the presidio from Tubac.[68][69]

In 1776, two Franciscan priests, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, led an expedition from Santa Fe heading to California. After passing through Colorado, they became the first Europeans to travel into what is now Utah. Their journey was halted by bad weather in October, and they turned back, heading south into Arizona before turning east back to Santa Fe.[70]

 
1846 map: Mexican Alta California (Upper California) in pink.

In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias, creating the province Alta California, which consisted primarily of what would become California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after, in 1824, developed its constitution, which established the Alta California territory, which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province.

In 1825, Arizona was visited by its first non-Spanish Europeans, English trappers.[71] In 1836, the Republic of Texas, which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States, won its independence from Mexico. In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and immediately became a state, bypassing the usual territory phase. The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states.[72] In 1846, the Southwest became embroiled in the Mexican–American War, partly as a result of the United States' annexation of Texas. On August 18, 1846, an American force captured Santa Fe, New Mexico.[73] On December 16 of the same year, American forces captured Tucson, Arizona, marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States.[74] When the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, the United States gained control of all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah, as well as the majority of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico and Colorado (the rest of present-day Colorado, and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas).[75] The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.[68]

In 1851, San Luis became the first European settlement in what is now Colorado.[76]

Becoming states

 
United States 1849–1850
 
United States 1850–1853

Of the states of which at least a portion make up the Southwest, Texas was the first to achieve statehood. On December 29, 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed, bypassing the status of becoming a territory, and immediately became a state.[77] Initially, its borders included parts of what would become several other states: almost half of New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.[78] Texas current borders were set in the Compromise of 1850, where Texas ceded land to the federal government in exchange for $10 million, which would go to paying off the debt Texas had accumulated in its war with Mexico.[79]

Following the Mexican Cession, the lands of what had been the Mexican territory of Alta California were in flux: portions of what is now New Mexico were claimed, but never controlled, by Texas. With the Compromise of 1850, the states of Texas and California were created (Texas as a slave state, and California as a free state), as well as the Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory.[80] The New Mexico Territory consisted of most of Arizona and New Mexico (excluding a strip along their southern borders), a small section of southern Colorado, and the very southern tip of Nevada;[81] while the Utah Territory consisted of Utah, most of Nevada, and portions of Wyoming and Colorado.[82] The New Mexico Territory was expanded along its southern extent, to its current border, with the signing of the Gadsden Purchase Treaty on December 30, 1853,[68][83] which was ratified by the U.S. Congress, with some slight alterations, in April 1854.[84]

 
1860 Colorado Territory map
 
Utah Territory evolution 1850–1868

The Colorado Territory was organized on February 28, 1861, created out of lands then currently in the Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico territories.[85] The Nevada Territory was also organized in 1861, on March 2, with land taken from the existing Utah Territory. Initially, only the western 2/3 of what is currently the State of Nevada was included in the territory, with its boundary to the east being the 39th meridian west from Washington, and to the south the 37th parallel.[86] In 1862 Nevada's eastern border shifted to the 38th meridian west from Washington, and finally to its current position at the 37th meridian west from Washington in 1866. The boundary modification in 1866 also included adding the southern triangular tip of the present-day state, taken from the Arizona Territory.[87][88]

From July 24–27, 1861 a Confederate force under the command of Lt. Colonel John Robert Baylor forced the surrender of the small Union garrison stationed at Fort Fillmore, near Mesilla, New Mexico. On August 1, 1861, Baylor declared the creation of the Arizona Territory, and claimed it for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as its capital.[89] The territory, which had been formed by the portion of the existing New Mexico Territory below the 34th parallel, became official on February 14, 1862.[90][91]

 
Confederate Arizona (outlined in blue)
 
Split of Arizona and New Mexico territories, in 1866, after small portion ceded to Nevada

Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864, becoming the 36th state.[92] This was followed by the admittance to the Union of Colorado, which became the 38th state on August 1, 1876.[93] Confederate Arizona was short-lived, however. By May 1862, Confederate forces had been driven out of the region by union troops. That same month a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress, and on February 24, 1863 Abraham Lincoln signed the Arizona Organic Act, which officially created the U.S. Territory of Arizona, splitting the New Mexico Territory at the 107th meridian.[94][95][96]

Utah, as shown above, evolved out of the Utah Territory, as pieces of the original territory created in 1850 were carved out: parts were ceded to Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado in 1861; another section to Nevada in 1862; and the final section to Nevada in 1866.[97] In 1890, the LDS church issued the 1890 Manifesto, which officially banned polygamy for members of the church.[98] It was the last roadblock for Utah entering the Union, and on January 4, 1896, Utah was officially granted statehood, becoming the 45th state.[99]

In 1869, John Wesley Powell led a 3-month expedition which explored the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River.[100] In 1875, he would publish a book describing his explorations, Report of the Exploration of the Columbia River of the West and Its Tributaries, which was later republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons.

In 1877 silver was discovered in southeastern Arizona. The notorious mining town of Tombstone, Arizona was born to service the miners.[101] The town would become immortalized as the scene of what is considered the greatest gunfight in the history of the Old West, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.[102]

Copper was also discovered in 1877, near Bisbee and Jerome in Arizona, which became an important component of the economy of the Southwest. Production began in 1880 and was made more profitable by the expansion of the railroad throughout the territory during the 1880s.[103]

 
The second transcontinental railroad: the "Santa Fe Route" – 1891.

The early 1880s also saw the completion of the second transcontinental railroad, which ran through the heart of the Southwest, called the "Santa Fe Route". It ran from Chicago, down through Topeka, then further south to Albuquerque, before heading almost due west through northern Arizona to Los Angeles.[104]

The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to the decline of the silver mining industry in the region.[105]

In 1901, the Santa Fe Railroad reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, opening the way for a tourism boom,[106] a trend led by restaurant and hotel entrepreneur Fred Harvey.[107]

The last two territories within the Southwest to achieve statehood were New Mexico and Arizona. By 1863, with the splitting off of the Arizona Territory, New Mexico reached its modern borders. They became states within forty days of one another. On January 6, 1912, New Mexico became the 47th state in the Union.[108] Arizona would shortly follow, becoming the last of the 48 contiguous United States on February 14, 1912.[109]

Since statehood

 
Sandia Peak Ski Area, New Mexico

The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in the Southwest. Resorts were established in Colorado in areas such as Estes Park, Gunnison, and on Loveland Pass.[110] New Mexico's oldest ski area is Sandia Peak Ski Area at the eastern edge of Albuquerque, which opened to skiers in 1936.[111][112] At the end of the decade, in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah's skiing began to be developed.[113]

Due to the ski conditions in the state, during WWII, the 10th Mountain Division established Camp Hale in Colorado to train elite ski troops.[114]

Origins of the term and historical/cultural variations

While this article deals with the core definition for the American Southwest, there are many others. The various definitions can be broken down into four main categories: Historical/Archeological; Geological/Topographical; Ecological; and Cultural. In the 1930s and 1940s, many definitions of the Southwest included all or part of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Utah. As time has gone on, the definition of the Southwest has become more solidified and more compact. For example, in 1948 the National Geographic Society defined the American Southwest as all of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, and the southernmost sections of Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, as well as parts of southwest Nebraska, western Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. By 1977, the Society's definition had narrowed to only the four states of Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; and by 1982 the portion of the Southwest in the United States, as defined by the Society, had shrunk to Arizona and New Mexico, with the southernmost strip of Utah and Colorado, as well as the Mojave and Colorado deserts in California.[3] Other individuals who focus on Southwest studies who favored a more limited extent of the area to center on Arizona and New Mexico, with small parts of surrounding areas, include Erna Fergusson, Charles Lummis (who claimed to have coined the term, the Southwest), and cultural geographer Raymond Gastil, and ethnologist Miguel León-Portilla.[3]

Geographer D. W. Meinig defines the Southwest in a very similar fashion to Reed: the portion of New Mexico west of the Llano Estacado and the portion of Arizona east of the Mojave-Sonoran Desert and south of the "canyon lands" and also including the El Paso district of western Texas and the southernmost part of Colorado.[115] Meinig breaks the Southwest down into four distinct subregions. He calls the first subregion "Northern New Mexico", and describes it as focused on Albuquerque and Santa Fe. It extends from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado to south of Socorro and including the Manzano Mountains, with an east–west breadth in the north stretching from the upper Canadian River to the upper San Juan River. The area around Albuquerque is sometimes called Central New Mexico.

"Central Arizona" is a vast metropolitan area spread across one contiguous sprawling oasis, essentially equivalent to the Phoenix metropolitan area. The city of Phoenix is the largest urban center, and located in the approximate center of the area that includes Tempe, Mesa, and many others.[116]

Meinig calls the third subregion "El Paso, Tucson, and the Southern Borderlands". While El Paso and Tucson are distinctly different cities, they serve as anchor points to the hinterland between them. Tucson occupies a large oasis at the western end of the El Paso-Tucson corridor. The region between the two cities is a major transportation trunk with settlements servicing both highway and railway needs. There are also large mining operations, ranches, and agricultural oases. Both El Paso and Tucson have large military installations nearby; Fort Bliss and White Sands Missile Range north of El Paso in New Mexico, and, near Tucson, the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. About 70 miles (110 km) to the southeast are the research facilities at Fort Huachuca. These military installations form a kind of hinterland around the El Paso-Tucson region, and are served by scientific and residential communities such as Sierra Vista, Las Cruces, and Alamogordo. El Paso's influence extends north into the Mesilla Valley, and southeast along the Rio Grande into the Trans-Pecos region of Texas.[117]

The fourth subregion Meinig calls the "Northern Corridor and Navajolands", a major highway and railway trunk which connects Albuquerque and Flagstaff. Just north of the transportation trunk are large blocks of American Indian land.[118]

Historical/archeological

See also: Oasisamerica

As the US expanded westward, the country's western border also shifted westward, and consequently, so did the location of the Southwestern and Northwestern United States. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains were detached from North Carolina and given the name Southwest Territory. During the decades that followed, the region known as "the Southwestern United States" covered much of the Deep South east of the Mississippi River.

However, as territories and eventual states to the west were added after the Mexican–American War, the geographical "Southwest" expanded, and the relationship of these new acquisitions to the South itself became "increasingly unclear."[119]

However, archeologist, Erik Reed, gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest, which runs from Durango, Colorado in the north, to Durango, Mexico, in the south, and from Las Vegas, Nevada in the west to Las Vegas, New Mexico in the East. Reed's definition is roughly equivalent to the western half of the Learning Center of the American Southwest's definition, leaving out any portion of Kansas and Oklahoma, and much of Texas, as well as the eastern half of New Mexico. Since this article is about the Southwestern United States, the areas of Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico will be excluded. The portion left includes Arizona and western New Mexico, the very southernmost part of Utah, southwestern Colorado, the very tip of west Texas, and triangle formed by the southern tip of Nevada. This will be the defined scope that is used in this article unless otherwise specified in a particular area.[120]

Geological/topographical

 
Map of the Southwestern United States as defined by the Learning Center of the American Southwest[120]

Parts of the other states make up the various areas that can be included in the Southwest, depending on the source. The Learning Center of the American Southwest (LCAS)[a] does not rely on current state boundaries, and defines the American Southwest as parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.[120] From this perspective, almost all of the region's physiographical traits, geological formations, and weather are contained within a box between 26° and 38° northern latitude, and 98° 30' and 124° western longitude.[121]

Ecological

When looking at the fauna of the region, there is a broader definition of the American Southwest. The Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research defines the Southwest as being only the states of Arizona, New Mexico, with parts of California, Nevada, Texas, and Utah; although they include all of those six states in their map of the region, solely for ease of defining the border.[122]

Cultural

 
The Wigwam. A dwelling used by various Native American tribes among the Southwestern US.
 
Fanciful drawing by Marguerite Martyn in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of October 21, 1906, headed "Passing of the Country Store in the Southwest"

Lawrence Clark Powell, a major bibliographer whose emphasis is on the Southwest, defined the American Southwest in a 1958 Arizona Highways article as, "the lands lying west of the Pecos, north of the [Mexican] Border, south of the Mesa Verde and the Grand Canyon, and east of the mountains which wall off Southern California and make it a land in itself."[3]

Texas has long been the focal point of this dichotomy, and is often considered, as such, the core area of "the South's Southwest."[119] While the Trans-Pecos area is generally acknowledged as part of the desert Southwest,[123] most of Texas and large parts of Oklahoma are often placed into a sub-region of the South, which some consider southwestern in the general framework of the original application, meaning the "Western South". This is an area containing the basic elements of Southern history, culture, politics, religion, and linguistic and settlement patterns, yet blended with traits of the frontier West. While this particular Southwest is notably different in many ways from the classic "Old South" or Southeast, these features are strong enough to give it a separate southwestern identity quite different in nature from that of the interior southwestern states to the west.

One of these distinguishing characteristics in Texas—in addition to having been a Confederate state during the Civil War—is that Indigenous and Spanish American culture never played a central role in the development of this area in relative comparison to the others, as the vast majority of settlers were Anglo and blacks from the South.[124] Although the present-day state of Oklahoma was Indian Territory until the early 20th century, many of these American Indians were from the southeastern United States and became culturally assimilated early on. The majority of members of these tribes also allied themselves with the Confederacy during the Civil War. Combined with that, once the territory was open for settlement, southeastern pioneers made up a disproportionate number of these newcomers. All this contributed to the new state having a character that differed from other parts of the Southwest with large American Indian populations.[124]

The fact that a majority of residents of Texas and Oklahoma—unlike those in other "southwestern" states—self-identify as living in the South and consider themselves southerners rather than the West and westerners—also lends to treating these two states as a somewhat distinct and separate entity in terms of regional classification.[125]

 
A Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia)

Vegetation and terrain

Vegetation of the southwest generally includes various types of yucca, along with saguaro cactus, barrel cactus, prickly pear cactus, desert spoon, creosote bush, sagebrush, and greasewood. Although cacti are thought[by whom?] to only grow in Arizona and New Mexico, many native cacti grow throughout Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and west Texas. Steppe is also located all over the high plains areas in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The mountains of the southwestern states have large tracts of alpine trees.

 
The High Plains in Eastern New Mexico, but also located in Eastern Colorado and West Texas

Landscape features of the core southwestern areas include mountains, canyons, mesas, buttes, high broad basins, plateaus, desert lands, and some plains, characteristic of the Basin and Range Province. The entire southwestern region features semi-arid to arid terrain. The far eastern part of southwestern Texas, for example, the Texas Hill Country, consists of dry, tall, and rugged rocky hills of limestone and granite. South Texas and the Rio Grande Valley is mostly flat with many places consisting of scrub and bare topsoil, much like the deserts further west.

Wildlife

The region has an extremely diverse bird population, with hundreds of species being found in the American Southwest. In the Chiricahua Mountains alone, in southeastern Arizona, there can be found more than 400 species. Species include Canadian (Branta canadensis) and snow geese, sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis),[126] and the roadrunner, the state bird of New Mexico and most famous bird in the region, is found in all states of the Southwest.[127] Birds of prey include the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus),[128] American kestrel (Falco sparverius), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus),[129] the gray hawk (Buteo plagiatus),[130] the barn owl (Tyto alba), the western screech owl (Megascops kennicottii), the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), the elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi), and the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia)[131]

Other bird species include the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), the black vulture (Coragyps atratus),[132] the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), the blue grosbeak (Passerina caerulea),[133] the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), the lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria),[134] the broad-billed hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), the black-chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), Costa's hummingbird (Calypte costae),[135] Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii),[136] the common raven (Corvus corax),[137] the Gila woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis), the gilded flicker (Colaptes chrysoides),[138] the cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), and the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus).[139] Four types of doves call the Southwest home: the white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica), the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), the common ground dove (Columbina passerina), and the Inca dove (Columbina inca).[140]

Mammal species include the bobcat, coyote, black bear, black-tailed jackrabbit, desert cottontail, desert bighorn sheep, mule deer, white-tailed deer, gray fox, mountain lion, river otter, long-tailed weasel, western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccary—or javelina—in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico.[141] The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998.[142] A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona at the end of 2014.[143]

There is a large contingent of snakes native to the region. Among them include the rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata); several sub-species of the glossy snake (Arizona elegans); the Trans-Pecos ratsnake (Bogertophis subocularis); several sub-species of shovel-nosed snakes; several sub-species of kingsnake, including the desert kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula splendida) and the Arizona mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis pyromelana); the Arizona coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus); the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox); the Trans-Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster); the Sonoran sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes cercobombus); the Arizona black rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus cerberus); the western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis); the Grand Canyon rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus abyssus), found only in Arizona; several sub-species of the ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi), the most recent rattlesnake species to be discovered in the United States, including the New Mexico ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus), and the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake, the state reptile of Arizona; and the desert massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii).[144]

Other reptiles in the region include lizards and turtles. Lizards are highly represented in the region, the most distinctive denizen being the Gila monster, native only to the American Southwest and the state of Sonora in Mexico. The New Mexico whiptail is the state reptile of New Mexico. Other lizards include: Sonoran collared lizard (Crotaphytus nebrius); several types of geckos, including western banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus), the common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), the last two species being non-native to the region but have been introduced; the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis); the chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater); the greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus scitulus); several sub-species of horned lizards (Phrynosoma); numerous species of spiny lizards (Sceloporus); Gilbert's skink (Plestiodon gilberti); the western skink (Plestiodon skiltonianus); Trans-Pecos striped whiptail (Aspidoscelis inornata heptagrammus); and the Arizona night lizard (Xantusia arizonae).[145] Turtles are less numerous than their other reptilian counterparts, but several are found in the region, including: the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii); the Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi); the desert box turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola); the Big Bend slider (Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae); the Sonora mud turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense); and the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).[146]

Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs in the American Southwest. Toads which can be found in the region include the Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); the green toad (Anaxyrus debilis); the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); the New Mexico spadefoot (Spea multiplicata stagnalis); and the Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius), also known as the Sonoran Desert toad. Frog representation includes: western barking frog (Craugastor augusti); the canyon tree frog (Hyla arenicolor); the Arizona treefrog (Hyla wrightorum); the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata); Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis); and the relict leopard frog (Lithobates onca). There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region, including: the Arizona tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum) and the painted ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii picta).[147]

Despite the Southwest being mostly arid, various fishes are found where water is available, including various species unique to the region. Apache trout and Gila trout are two salmonids endemic to the area, with the former found only in Arizona and the latter only in Arizona and New Mexico.[148][149] Desert pupfishes are several closely related species of fish in the genus Cyprinodon, many of which are found in isolated spring-fed ponds hundreds of miles from each other, ranging from far West Texas to Death Valley in California. These pupfishes often thrive in water considerably higher in temperature and dissolved solids than most fish can tolerate.[150][151] Many of these desert fish species are endangered due to their limited and tenuous habitat, as well as loss of habitat due to human consumption of groundwater and diversion of surface water, as well as the introduction of species such as sportfish for recreation (see: Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation).

Climate

 
Sonoran Desert terrain near Tucson

The southwestern United States features a semi-arid to arid climate, depending on the location.[152] Much of the Southwest is an arid desert climate, but higher elevations in the mountains in each state, with the exception of West Texas, feature alpine climates with very large amounts of snow. The metropolitan areas of Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, and El Paso hardly ever receive any snow at all, as they are strictly desert lands with mountains.[152] Albuquerque receives less snow than other cities, but still receives significant snowfalls occasionally in the winter. Although it snows in this region, the snow in this part of the United States melts rapidly, often before nightfall. This is due mainly to the higher altitude and abundant sunshine in these states.

Nevada and Arizona are both generally arid with desert lands and mountains, and receive large amounts of snow in the higher elevations in and near the mountains. New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado are generally arid, with desert lands and mountains as well. They all receive decent amounts of snow and large amounts of snow in the high elevations in the mountains, although some areas in far southwestern and southern New Mexico do not receive much snow at all at lower elevations. West Texas is generally arid as well but does not receive the same amount of snow that the other southwestern states receive at their high elevations. The terrain of western Texas in the Southwest is the flat, rolling land of the plains, which eventually turns into a desert with some hills. There are significant mountains as well in west Texas upon reaching the Trans-Pecos area.

 
Chihuahuan Desert terrain near Carlsbad

The term "High Desert" is also synonymous with this region. The High Desert is generally defined as the Mojave Desert and the Colorado Plateau,[153] which extends from inland southern California into southern Nevada, east to the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico. The High Desert also extends into parts of the Northwest, such as the Red Desert in southwestern Wyoming. The High Desert is very different from the lower desert lands found in Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert. This area of the desert land generally sits at a very high elevation, much higher than the normal desert land, and can receive very cold temperatures at night in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah), sometimes near zero degrees on very cold nights. The High Desert also receives a decent amount of snowfall in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah) but melts very quickly. Rain falls in this region mainly in the summer, during the North American Monsoon season.

 
Monument Canyon, some of the high desert lands found in Colorado

The desert lands found in Eastern Utah, Northern Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico are usually referred to as the high desert. Colorado has scattered desert lands found in southern, southwestern, western, and northwestern parts of the state. These scattered desert lands are located in and around areas such as, the Roan Plateau, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado National Monument, Royal Gorge, Cortez, Dove Creek, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Four Corners Monument, Montrose, Blue Mesa Reservoir, Pueblo, San Luis Valley, Great Sand Dunes and Joshua Tree National Park. Besides the Chihuahuan Desert, lands in southwestern and southern New Mexico, they also have scattered desert lands in the northwestern and northern portions of their state, which is referred to as the high desert.

During El Niño, winters and springs are generally colder and wetter across southern portions of the region, while the northern portion stays warmer and drier due to a southern jet stream. Under La Niña, the opposite happens, meaning the cool and wet weather tends to stay farther north.[152] The Southwest also experiences multi-year and multi-decade episodes of severe drought, including the ongoing southwestern North American megadrought which emerged starting year 2000.[154][155]

National parks, monuments and forests

 
Grand Canyon from the South Rim

The southwestern United States contains many well-known national parks including Grand Canyon in Arizona, Death Valley in California, Great Sand Dunes in Colorado, Arches in Utah, Big Bend in Texas, Great Basin in Nevada, and White Sands in New Mexico.

Arizona parks and monuments include Grand Canyon, Monument Valley (a Navajo Nation park), Petrified Forest, and Saguaro national parks; the national monuments of Agua Fria, Canyon de Chelly, Casa Grande Ruins, Chiricahua, Ironwood Forest, Montezuma Castle, Navajo, Organ Pipe Cactus, Pipe Spring, Sonoran Desert, Sunset Crater, Tonto, Tuzigoot, Vermilion Cliffs, Walnut Canyon, and Wupatki. Other federal areas include the Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests and Tumacacori National Historical Park.

Southern California parks and monuments include Death Valley and Joshua Tree national parks; the national monuments of Castle Mountains, Mojave Trails, Sand to Snow, and San Gabriel Mountains; and Mojave National Preserve.

Colorado parks and monuments include Great Sand Dunes, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, and Mesa Verde national parks; the national monuments of Browns Canyon, Canyons of the Ancients, Colorado, Hovenweep, and Yucca House. Other federal areas include Curecanti National Recreation Area and Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site; as well as the national forests of San Isabel, San Juan, and Uncompahgre.

Nevada has one national park at Great Basin, and the national monuments of Basin and Range, Gold Butte, and Tule Springs Fossil Beds. Other federal areas include Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area.

New Mexico has two national parks, at Carlsbad Caverns and White Sands. National monuments include Aztec Ruins, Bandelier, El Malpais, El Morro, Gila Cliff Dwellings, Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks, Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks, Petroglyph, Rio Grande del Norte, and Salinas Pueblo Missions. Other federal park areas include Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Pecos National Historical Park, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, and the national forests of Apache, Carson, Gila, Lincoln, and Santa Fe.

West Texas has two national parks, at Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains. Other federal park areas include Chamizal National Memorial and Fort Davis National Historic Site.

Utah national parks include Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion. National monuments include Bears Ears, Cedar Breaks, Grand Staircase–Escalante, Hovenweep (also in Colorado), Natural Bridges, and Rainbow Bridge. Other federal areas include Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Dixie National Forest, and Manti–La Sal National Forest.

Ethnicity

The Southwest is ethnically varied, with significant Anglo American and Hispanic American populations in addition to more regional African American, Asian American, and American Indian populations.

Hispanic Americans (mostly Mexican Americans, with large populations of Spanish Americans) can be found in large numbers in every major city in the Southwest such as El Paso (80%), San Antonio (63%), Los Angeles (48%), Albuquerque (47%), Phoenix (43%), Tucson (41%), Las Vegas (32%), and Mesa (27%).

Very large Hispanic American populations can also be found in the smaller cities such as Eagle Pass (96%), Las Cruces (56%), Yuma (55%), Blythe (53%), Pueblo (48%), Santa Fe (48%), and Glendale (36%). Many small towns throughout the southwestern states also have significantly large Latino populations.

The largest African American populations in the Southwest can be found in Las Vegas (10%), San Antonio (7%), and Phoenix (5%).

The largest Asian American populations in the southwest can be found in California and Texas,[156] with some significant Asian population in Phoenix. The most significant American Indian populations can be found in New Mexico and Arizona.

Cities and urban areas

The area also contains many of the nation's largest cities and metropolitan areas, despite relatively low population density in rural areas. Phoenix is the fifth most populous city in the country, and Albuquerque and Las Vegas were some of the fastest-growing cities in the United States.[157][158] Also, the region as a whole has witnessed some of the highest population growth in the United States, and according to the US Census Bureau, in 2008–2009, Utah was the fastest-growing state in America. As of the 2010 Census, Nevada was the fastest-growing state in the United States, with an increase of 35.1% in the last ten years. Additionally, Arizona (24.6%), Utah (23.8%), Texas (20.6%), and Colorado (16.9%) were all in the top ten fastest-growing states as well.[159]

The largest metropolitan areas are centered around Phoenix (with an estimated population of more than 5 million as of 2020), Las Vegas (more than 2.2 million), Tucson (more than 1 million), Albuquerque (more than 900,000), and El Paso (more than 840,000).[2] Those five metropolitan areas have an estimated total population of more than 9.6 million as of 2017, with nearly 60 percent of them living in the two Arizona cities—Phoenix and Tucson.

The five largest cities of the American Southwest (2020 census)

Largest cities and metropolitan areas (2020 census)

Rank City State Population[160] Metro Population[160]
1 Phoenix Arizona 1,608,139 4,845,832
2 El Paso Texas 678,815 868,859
3 Las Vegas Nevada 641,903 2,265,461
4 Albuquerque New Mexico 564,559 916,528
5 Tucson Arizona 542,629 1,043,433
6 Mesa Arizona 504,258 4,845,832
7 Henderson Nevada 317,610 2,265,461
8 Chandler Arizona 275,987 4,845,832
9 Gilbert Arizona 267,918 4,845,832
10 North Las Vegas Nevada 262,527 2,265,461

Sports

Professional

 
Runningback Josh Jacobs of the Las Vegas Raiders NFL team
 
T. J. McFarland pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks professional baseball team.

Of the four major professional sports, Phoenix and Las Vegas are the only metropolitan areas in the Southwest that have representatives. While Las Vegas is home to the Las Vegas Raiders NFL football team and the Vegas Golden Knights NHL hockey team, Phoenix is one of only 13 U.S. cities to have representatives in all four: Arizona Diamondbacks in Major League Baseball, Arizona Cardinals in the National Football League, the Phoenix Suns in the National Basketball Association, and the Arizona Coyotes in the National Hockey League. The Greater Phoenix area is home to the Cactus League, one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball; fifteen of MLB's thirty teams are now included in the Cactus League.[161] The region has also been the scene of several NFL super bowls. Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe held Super Bowl XXX in 1996, when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers.[162] State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, in which the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots,[163] as well as Super Bowl XLIX, which resulted in the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks 28–24. The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the 1995 and the 2009 NBA All-Star Games.[164]

In 1997, the Phoenix Mercury were one of the original eight teams to launch the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).[165] Indoor American football is represented by the Arizona Rattlers located in Phoenix.[166] The region is also host to several major professional golf events: the LPGA's Founder's Cup;[167] the Phoenix Open and the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open (in Las Vegas) of the PGA;[168][169] and the Tucson Conquistadores Classic (in Tucson), and the Charles Schwab Cup Championship (in Scottsdale) on the Champions Tour of the PGA.[170][171]

NASCAR has two venues within the region: The Phoenix International Raceway, was built in 1964 with a one-mile oval, with a one-of-a-kind design, as well as a 2.5-mile road course,[172] and the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, a 1,200-acre (490 ha) complex of multiple tracks for motorsports racing.[173] There are several nationally recognized running events in the region, including The Phoenix Marathon, a qualifier for the Boston Marathon,[174] and the Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series in both Phoenix and Las Vegas.[175][176] Las Vegas is also the end point for the annual Baker to Vegas Challenge Cup Relay, a 120-mile-long foot race by law enforcement teams from around the world,[177] which is the largest law enforcement athletic event in the world.[178] Las Vegas is the premier boxing venue in the country,[179] and is also known for mixed martial arts events.

The Southwest is also home to some of the most prominent rodeos in North America. The Professional Bull Riders association has its headquarters in Pueblo, Colorado. The PBR World Finals are held annually in Las Vegas,[180] which also hosts the National Finals Rodeo, which is the nation's premier rodeo event.[181] Other major rodeo events include the week-long Fiesta de los Vaqueros in Tucson,[182] the World's Oldest Rodeo in Prescott, Arizona,[183] the Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo in El Paso, Texas,[184] and the Rodeo de Santa Fe, one of the nation's premier rodeos.[185]

Since the 1950s, Las Vegas has been host to many of professional boxing's largest events, beginning with the Heavyweight non-title bout in 1955 between world light heavyweight champion Archie Moore and perennial contender Niño Valdés.[186] Muhammad Ali fought his last world title bout in Las Vegas against Larry Holmes in 1980, and Floyd Mayweather fought many of his major fights there.

College

The Southwest is home to a rich tradition of college sports. The Pac-12 Conference has two teams in the region, the Arizona State Sun Devils and the University of Arizona Wildcats. The Mountain West Conference also has two teams, the UNLV Rebels and the University of New Mexico Lobos. Conference USA is represented by the University of Texas at El Paso Miners. The Big Sky Conference has two teams: the Lumberjacks of Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Southern Utah University Thunderbirds in Cedar City, Utah. The Western Athletic Conference also has two representatives, the New Mexico State University Aggies in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and the Grand Canyon University Antelopes in Phoenix.

Las Vegas is becoming the nexus for NCAA league basketball tournaments. The Mountain West Conference, the Western Athletic Conference, the West Coast Conference, and the Pac-12 Conference all hold their conference basketball tournaments in Las Vegas.[187]

The Southwest is the site of six college football bowl games: the TicketCity Cactus Bowl, formerly known as the Insight Bowl, in Tempe;[188] the Arizona Bowl in Tucson; the Fiesta Bowl, played at the University of Phoenix Stadium;[189] the Las Vegas Bowl;[190] the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque;[191] and the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas.[192]

The erstwhile [20th century] Southwest Conference might seem to have been named after this region, but it had no teams from Arizona nor New Mexico. All but one of its teams were from schools in Texas.[193]

Politics

Presidential electoral votes in Southwestern states since 1952
Year Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Utah
1952 Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower
1956 Εisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower
1960 Nixon Nixon Nixon Kennedy Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon
1964 Goldwater Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson
1968 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Humphrey Nixon
1972 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon
1976 Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Carter Ford
1980 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan
1984 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan
1988 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush
1992 Bush Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Bush
1996 Clinton Clinton Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Dole Dole
2000 Bush Gore Bush Bush Gore Bush Bush Bush
2004 Bush Kerry Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush
2008 McCain Obama Obama Obama Obama McCain McCain McCain
2012 Romney Obama Obama Obama Obama Romney Romney Romney
2016 Trump Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Trump Trump Trump
2020 Biden Biden Biden Biden Biden Trump Trump Trump

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Quote:"The Learning Center of the American Southwest is a collaboration among 48 national park units in four NPS Inventory and Monitoring Networks, three Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units (CESUs), and several nonprofit partners. This partnership is dedicated to understanding and preserving the unique resources of the American Southwest through science and education."

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Further reading

  • Bozanic, Andrew D. A., "Preserving Pictures of the Past: The Packaging and Selling of the American Southwest with an Emphasis on the Historic Preservation," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 53 (Fall–Winter 2010), 196–214.
  • Burke, Flannery. A Land Apart: The Southwest and the Nation in the Twentieth Century (U of Arizona Press, 2017), x, 413 pp.
  • Busby, Mark (2004). The Southwest: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures.
  • Chávez, John R. (1984). The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest. Albuquerque.
  • De León, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History (2nd ed. 1999)
  • Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography," Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521–528 in Project MUSE
  • Griffin-Pierce, Trudy. Native Peoples of the Southwest (2000)
  • Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (Yale U.P., 1998)
  • Meinig, Donald W. Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600–1970, (1971), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-501288-7
  • Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro," Firenze University Press Firenze University Press (2013)
  • Sheridan, Thomas E. (2012). Arizona. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
  • Skibo, James M.; Graves, Michael W.; Stark, Miriam T. (2007). Archaeological Anthropology: Perspectives on Method and Theory. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2517-1.
  • Weber, David J. The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico (1982)
  • Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56. JSTOR, online.

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Southwestern United States.
  • American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
  • Water-use Trends in the Desert Southwest, 1950–2000, United States Geological Survey

January 09, 2023
southwestern, united, states, also, known, american, southwest, simply, southwest, geographic, cultural, region, united, states, that, generally, includes, arizona, mexico, adjacent, portions, california, colorado, nevada, oklahoma, texas, utah, largest, citie. The Southwestern United States also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that generally includes Arizona New Mexico and adjacent portions of California Colorado Nevada Oklahoma Texas and Utah The largest cities by metropolitan area are Los Angeles Phoenix Las Vegas El Paso Albuquerque and Tucson 2 Prior to 1848 in the historical region of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico as well as parts of Alta California and Coahuila y Tejas settlement was almost non existent outside of Nuevo Mexico s Pueblos and Spanish or Mexican municipalities Much of the area had been a part of New Spain and Mexico until the United States acquired the area through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the smaller Gadsden Purchase in 1854 Southwestern United StatesRegionAmerican Southwest the SouthwestLeft right from top Downtown Phoenix Arizona Monument Valley Cathedral Rock Sedona AZ Albuquerque New Mexico Rio Grande Bosque near Bernalillo NM Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe NM Arches National Park Hoover Dam Mojave Desert willow Cosmopolitan Bellagio and Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas Strip Nevada Though regional definitions vary from source to source Arizona and New Mexico in dark red are almost always considered the core modern day Southwest The brighter red and striped states may or may not be considered part of this region The brighter red states California Colorado Nevada and Utah are also classified as part of the West by the U S Census Bureau though the striped states are not Oklahoma and Texas are often classified as part of the South 1 Coordinates 37 N 111 W 37 N 111 W 37 111 Coordinates 37 N 111 W 37 N 111 W 37 111CountryUnited StatesStatesCore ArizonaNew MexicoOthers depending on boundaries used CaliforniaColoradoNevadaUtahOklahomaTexasWhile the region s boundaries are not officially defined there have been attempts to do so 3 One such definition is from the Mojave Desert in California in the west 117 west longitude to Carlsbad New Mexico in the east 104 west longitude another says that it extends from the Mexico United States border in the south to the southern areas of Colorado Utah and Nevada in the north 39 north latitude 4 In another definition the core Southwestern U S includes only the states of Arizona and New Mexico others focus on the land within the old Spanish and Mexican borders of the Nuevo Mexico Province or the later American New Mexico Territory 5 6 7 Distinct elements of the Western lifestyle thrive in the region such as Western wear and Southwestern cuisines including Native American New Mexican and Tex Mex or various genres of Western music like Indigenous New Mexico and Tejano music styles 8 9 10 11 Likewise with the sought after Southwestern architectural styles in the region inspired by blending Pueblo and Territorial styles with Mediterranean Revival Spanish Colonial architecture Mission Revival architecture Pueblo Deco and Ranch style houses in the form of the amalgamated Pueblo Revival and Territorial Revival architectures 12 13 14 15 This is due to the region s influence by the Native American especially Apache Pueblo and Navajo Hispano vaquero and later American frontier cowboy history 16 17 18 Contents 1 Regional geography 2 History 2 1 Pre European contact 2 2 Arrival of Europeans 2 3 Becoming states 2 4 Since statehood 3 Origins of the term and historical cultural variations 3 1 Historical archeological 3 2 Geological topographical 3 3 Ecological 3 4 Cultural 4 Vegetation and terrain 5 Wildlife 6 Climate 7 National parks monuments and forests 8 Ethnicity 9 Cities and urban areas 9 1 Largest cities and metropolitan areas 2020 census 10 Sports 10 1 Professional 10 2 College 11 Politics 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksRegional geography Edit Panoramic view of the southwestern United States The geography of the region is mainly made up of four features the Mojave Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts and the Colorado Plateau although there are other geographical features as well such as a portion of the Great Basin Desert The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area while the plateau which is largely made up of high desert is the main feature north of the Mogollon Rim 19 The two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River running in the northern and western areas and the Rio Grande running in the east north to south The Chihuahuan desert terrain mainly consists of basins broken by numerous small mountain ranges Formed approximately 8000 years ago the Chihuahuan Desert is a relatively dry desert 20 although it is slightly wetter than the Sonoran Desert to the west 19 The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the southeastern portion of the region covering from southeastern Arizona across southern New Mexico and the portion of western Texas included in the Southwest 20 While it is the second largest desert in the United States 19 only a third of the desert is within the United States with the rest in Mexico 21 El Paso and Albuquerque are the major US cities in this desert with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico and Willcox in Arizona 19 The elevation in the Chihuahuan varies from about 1 750 to 6 000 feet 500 to 1 800 meters as there are several larger mountain ranges such as the Organ Mountains the Guadalupe Mountains and the Chiracahua Mountains plus many smaller mountain ranges contained in the area namely the Animas San Andres and Dona Ana Mountains in New Mexico and the Franklin Hueco and Davis Mountains in Texas It also reaches up into the foothills of the higher ranges such as the Black Range and Oscura Mountains in New Mexico High above the desert these forest covered and sometimes snow capped mountains form sky islands with radically different flora and fauna than the surrounding desert below The sky islands also supply the surrounding desert foothills with flowing water during the spring runoff and after the summer storms of the New Mexican monsoon season The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert formed between two mountain ranges the Sierra Madre Occidental on the west and the Sierra Madre Oriental on the east which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area 20 The Chihuahuan Desert is considered the most biologically diverse desert in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most diverse in the world and includes more species of cacti than any other desert in the world 21 The most prolific plants in this region are agave yucca and creosote bushes 19 in addition to the ubiquitous presence of various cacti species Saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert When people think of the desert southwest the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind 19 The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest most of the desert lies in Mexico but its United States component lies on the southeastern border of California and the western 2 3 of southern Arizona Rainfall averages between 4 and 12 in 100 and 300 mm per year and the desert s most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus which is unique to the desert 22 23 It is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert 24 Aside from the trademark saguaro the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world 22 and includes many other species of cacti including the organ pipe senita prickly pear barrel fishhook hedgehog cholla silver dollar and jojoba 22 23 The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders Phoenix Tucson Mesa Chandler Glendale and Scottsdale all in Arizona Also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona 19 The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert Bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada the southwestern corner of Utah and the northwestern corner of Arizona 23 In terms of topography the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert which lies just to its north 19 Within the region Las Vegas is the most populous city other significant population centers include Laughlin and Pahrump in Nevada St George and Hurricane in Utah and Lake Havasu City Kingman and Bullhead City in Arizona The Mojave is the smallest driest and hottest desert within the United States 23 The Mojave gets less than 6 in 150 mm of rain annually and its elevation ranges from 3 000 to 6 000 feet 900 to 1 800 meters above sea level 25 The most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree which grow as tall as 40 ft 12 m and are thought to live almost 1000 years 23 Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage both only found in the Mojave as well as the creosote bush 26 The Delicate Arch at Arches National Park The Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world to the Mesas to the east 27 Although not called a desert the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert Within the Southwest U S region the Colorado is bordered to the south by the Mogollon Rim and the Sonoran Desert to the west by the Mojave Desert and to the east by the Rocky Mountains the Rio Grande Rift valley and the Llano Estacado 23 The Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas interspersed with canyons 23 The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon 28 But that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau which includes spectacular lava formations painted deserts sand dunes and badlands 29 One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity having come into existence at least 500 million years ago 30 The Plateau can be divided into six sections three of which fall into the Southwest region Beginning with the Navajo section forming the northern boundary of the Southwestern United States which has shallower canyons than those in the Canyonlands section just to its north the Navajo section is bordered to the south by the Grand Canyon section which of course is dominated by the Grand Canyon and the southeasternmost portion of the Plateau is the Datil section consisting of valleys mesas and volcanic formations 31 Albuquerque is the most populous city often considered at the edge of this portion contained in the Southwest region but Santa Fe New Mexico and Flagstaff Arizona are also significant population centers Four Corners Monument Phoenix Tucson and Las Vegas dominate the westernmost metropolitan areas in the Southwest while Albuquerque and El Paso dominate the easternmost metropolitan areas 32 History EditMain articles History of New Mexico History of Arizona History of Utah History of Nevada History of Colorado History of Texas Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico and Oasisamerica Pre European contact Edit See also Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest Ancestral Puebloans ruins at Chaco Canyon Human history in the Southwest begins with the arrival of the Clovis culture a Paleo Indian hunter gatherer culture which arrived sometime around 9000 BC 33 This culture remained in the area for several millennia At some point they were replaced by three great Pre Columbian Indian cultures the Ancestral Pueblo people the Hohokam and the Mogollon all of which existed among other surrounding cultures including the FremontPatayan 34 Maize began to be cultivated in the region sometime during the early first millennium BC but it took several hundred years for the native cultures to be dependent on it as a food source 35 As their dependence on maize grew Pre Columbian Indians began developing irrigation systems around 1500 36 Map of Paleo Indians in the American Southwest and Mexico According to archeological finds the Ancestral Pueblo people also known as the Anasazi although that term is becoming more and more disused began settling in the area in approximately 1500 BC 37 Eventually they would spread throughout the entire northern section of the Southwest 38 This culture would go through several different eras lasting from approximately 1500 BC through the middle of the 15th century AD the Basketmaker I II and III phases followed by the Pueblo I II III and IV As the Puebloans transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to one based on agriculture their first domiciles were pithouses 37 The Mogollon culture developed later than the Puebloan arising in the eastern area of the region at around 300 BC 39 Their range would eventually extend deep into what would become Mexico and dominate the southeastern portion of the Southwest 40 Their settlements would evolve over time from pit dwellings through pueblos and finally also incorporating cliff dwellings The Hohokam were the last of these ancestral cultures to develop somewhere around AD 1 but they would grow to be the most populous of the three by AD 1300 despite being the smallest of the three in terms of area covering most of the southwest portion 41 Beginning in approximately AD 600 the Hohokam began to develop an extensive series of irrigation canals 42 of the three major cultures in the Southwest only the Hohokam developed irrigation as a means of watering their agriculture 41 Not long after the Hohokam reached the height of their culture all three major cultures in the Southwest began to decline for unknown reasons although severe drought and encroachment from other peoples have been postulated By the end of the 15th century all three cultures had disappeared The modern Indian tribes of the Isleta Hopi Zuni Sandia Cochiti Santa Ana Taos Acoma and Laguna trace their ancestry back to the ancestral Puebloans 43 while the Akimel O odham and Tohono O odham claim descent from Hohokam 44 The area previously occupied by the Mogollon was taken over by an unrelated tribe the Apache 45 While it is unclear whether any of the modern Indian tribes are descended from the Mogollon some archeologists and historians believe that they mixed with Ancestral Puebloans and became part of the Hopi and Zuni 46 Oraibi pueblo Prior to the arrival of Europeans the Southwestern United States was inhabited by a very large population of American Indian tribes The area once occupied by the ancestral Puebloans became inhabited by several American Indian tribes the most populous of which were the Navajo Ute Southern Paiute and Hopi The Navajo along with the Hopi were the earliest of the modern Indian tribes to develop in the Southwest Around AD 1100 their culture began to develop in the Four Corners area of the region 47 The Navahos migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside 48 The Ute were found over most of modern day Utah and Colorado as well as northern New Mexico and Arizona 49 The Paiutes roamed an area which covered over 45 000 square miles of southern Nevada and California south central Utah and northern Arizona 50 The Hopi settled the lands of the central and western portions of northern Arizona Their village of Oraibi settled in approximately AD 1100 is along with Acoma Sky City in New Mexico one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements in the United States 51 The Mogollon area became occupied by the Apaches and the Zuni The Apache migrated into the American Southwest from the northern areas of North America at some point between 1200 and 1500 52 They settled throughout New Mexico eastern Arizona northern Mexico parts of western Texas and southern Colorado 53 The Zuni count their direct ancestry through the ancestral Puebloans The modern day Zuni established a culture along the Zuni River in far eastern Arizona and western New Mexico 54 Both major tribes of the O odham tribe settled in the southern and central Arizona in the lands once controlled by their ancestors the Hohokam 55 Arrival of Europeans Edit Narvaez expedition 1528 36 The first European intrusion into the region came from the south In 1539 a Jesuit Franciscan named Marcos de Niza led an expedition from Mexico City which passed through eastern Arizona 56 The following year Francisco Vazquez de Coronado based on reports from survivors of the Narvaez expedition 1528 36 who had crossed eastern Texas on their way to Mexico City led an expedition to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola 57 The 1582 3 expedition of Antonio de Espejo explored New Mexico and eastern Arizona 58 and this led to Juan de Onate s establishment of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico in 1598 with a capital founded near Ohkay Oweenge Pueblo which he called San Juan de los Caballeros 59 60 Onate s party also attempted to establish a settlement in Arizona in 1599 but were turned back by inclement weather 58 In 1610 Santa Fe was founded making it the oldest capital in United States 61 In 1664 Juan Archuleta led an expedition into what is now Colorado becoming the first European to enter A second Spanish expedition was led into Colorado by Juan Ulibarri in 1706 62 during which he claimed the Colorado territory for Spain 63 From 1687 to 1691 the Jesuit priest Eusebio Kino established several missions in the Santa Cruz River valley 64 65 and Kino further explored southern and central Arizona in 1694 during which he discovered the ruins of Casa Grande 57 Beginning in 1732 Spanish settlers began to enter the region and the Spanish started bestowing land grants in Mexico and the Southwest US 66 In 1751 the O odham rebelled against the Spanish incursions but the revolt was unsuccessful In fact it had the exact opposite effect for the result of the rebellion was the establishment of the presidio at Tubac the first permanent European settlement in Arizona 67 In 1768 the Spanish created the Provincia de las Californias which included California and the Southwest US Over approximately the next 50 years the Spanish continued to explore the Southwest and in 1776 the City of Tucson was founded when the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson was created relocating the presidio from Tubac 68 69 In 1776 two Franciscan priests Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvestre Velez de Escalante led an expedition from Santa Fe heading to California After passing through Colorado they became the first Europeans to travel into what is now Utah Their journey was halted by bad weather in October and they turned back heading south into Arizona before turning east back to Santa Fe 70 1846 map Mexican Alta California Upper California in pink In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias creating the province Alta California which consisted primarily of what would become California Nevada Arizona Colorado Utah and New Mexico In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after in 1824 developed its constitution which established the Alta California territory which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province In 1825 Arizona was visited by its first non Spanish Europeans English trappers 71 In 1836 the Republic of Texas which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States won its independence from Mexico In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and immediately became a state bypassing the usual territory phase The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states 72 In 1846 the Southwest became embroiled in the Mexican American War partly as a result of the United States annexation of Texas On August 18 1846 an American force captured Santa Fe New Mexico 73 On December 16 of the same year American forces captured Tucson Arizona marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States 74 When the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2 1848 the United States gained control of all of present day California Nevada and Utah as well as the majority of Arizona and parts of New Mexico and Colorado the rest of present day Colorado and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas 75 The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 68 In 1851 San Luis became the first European settlement in what is now Colorado 76 Becoming states Edit United States 1849 1850 United States 1850 1853 Of the states of which at least a portion make up the Southwest Texas was the first to achieve statehood On December 29 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed bypassing the status of becoming a territory and immediately became a state 77 Initially its borders included parts of what would become several other states almost half of New Mexico a third of Colorado and small portions of Kansas Oklahoma and Wyoming 78 Texas current borders were set in the Compromise of 1850 where Texas ceded land to the federal government in exchange for 10 million which would go to paying off the debt Texas had accumulated in its war with Mexico 79 Following the Mexican Cession the lands of what had been the Mexican territory of Alta California were in flux portions of what is now New Mexico were claimed but never controlled by Texas With the Compromise of 1850 the states of Texas and California were created Texas as a slave state and California as a free state as well as the Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory 80 The New Mexico Territory consisted of most of Arizona and New Mexico excluding a strip along their southern borders a small section of southern Colorado and the very southern tip of Nevada 81 while the Utah Territory consisted of Utah most of Nevada and portions of Wyoming and Colorado 82 The New Mexico Territory was expanded along its southern extent to its current border with the signing of the Gadsden Purchase Treaty on December 30 1853 68 83 which was ratified by the U S Congress with some slight alterations in April 1854 84 1860 Colorado Territory map Utah Territory evolution 1850 1868 The Colorado Territory was organized on February 28 1861 created out of lands then currently in the Utah Kansas Nebraska and New Mexico territories 85 The Nevada Territory was also organized in 1861 on March 2 with land taken from the existing Utah Territory Initially only the western 2 3 of what is currently the State of Nevada was included in the territory with its boundary to the east being the 39th meridian west from Washington and to the south the 37th parallel 86 In 1862 Nevada s eastern border shifted to the 38th meridian west from Washington and finally to its current position at the 37th meridian west from Washington in 1866 The boundary modification in 1866 also included adding the southern triangular tip of the present day state taken from the Arizona Territory 87 88 From July 24 27 1861 a Confederate force under the command of Lt Colonel John Robert Baylor forced the surrender of the small Union garrison stationed at Fort Fillmore near Mesilla New Mexico On August 1 1861 Baylor declared the creation of the Arizona Territory and claimed it for the Confederacy with Mesilla as its capital 89 The territory which had been formed by the portion of the existing New Mexico Territory below the 34th parallel became official on February 14 1862 90 91 Confederate Arizona outlined in blue Split of Arizona and New Mexico territories in 1866 after small portion ceded to Nevada Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31 1864 becoming the 36th state 92 This was followed by the admittance to the Union of Colorado which became the 38th state on August 1 1876 93 Confederate Arizona was short lived however By May 1862 Confederate forces had been driven out of the region by union troops That same month a bill was introduced into the U S Congress and on February 24 1863 Abraham Lincoln signed the Arizona Organic Act which officially created the U S Territory of Arizona splitting the New Mexico Territory at the 107th meridian 94 95 96 Utah as shown above evolved out of the Utah Territory as pieces of the original territory created in 1850 were carved out parts were ceded to Nevada Wyoming and Colorado in 1861 another section to Nevada in 1862 and the final section to Nevada in 1866 97 In 1890 the LDS church issued the 1890 Manifesto which officially banned polygamy for members of the church 98 It was the last roadblock for Utah entering the Union and on January 4 1896 Utah was officially granted statehood becoming the 45th state 99 In 1869 John Wesley Powell led a 3 month expedition which explored the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River 100 In 1875 he would publish a book describing his explorations Report of the Exploration of the Columbia River of the West and Its Tributaries which was later republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons In 1877 silver was discovered in southeastern Arizona The notorious mining town of Tombstone Arizona was born to service the miners 101 The town would become immortalized as the scene of what is considered the greatest gunfight in the history of the Old West the Gunfight at the O K Corral 102 Copper was also discovered in 1877 near Bisbee and Jerome in Arizona which became an important component of the economy of the Southwest Production began in 1880 and was made more profitable by the expansion of the railroad throughout the territory during the 1880s 103 The second transcontinental railroad the Santa Fe Route 1891 The early 1880s also saw the completion of the second transcontinental railroad which ran through the heart of the Southwest called the Santa Fe Route It ran from Chicago down through Topeka then further south to Albuquerque before heading almost due west through northern Arizona to Los Angeles 104 The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to the decline of the silver mining industry in the region 105 In 1901 the Santa Fe Railroad reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon opening the way for a tourism boom 106 a trend led by restaurant and hotel entrepreneur Fred Harvey 107 The last two territories within the Southwest to achieve statehood were New Mexico and Arizona By 1863 with the splitting off of the Arizona Territory New Mexico reached its modern borders They became states within forty days of one another On January 6 1912 New Mexico became the 47th state in the Union 108 Arizona would shortly follow becoming the last of the 48 contiguous United States on February 14 1912 109 Since statehood Edit Sandia Peak Ski Area New MexicoThe 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in the Southwest Resorts were established in Colorado in areas such as Estes Park Gunnison and on Loveland Pass 110 New Mexico s oldest ski area is Sandia Peak Ski Area at the eastern edge of Albuquerque which opened to skiers in 1936 111 112 At the end of the decade in 1939 with the establishment of Alta Ski Area Utah s skiing began to be developed 113 Due to the ski conditions in the state during WWII the 10th Mountain Division established Camp Hale in Colorado to train elite ski troops 114 Origins of the term and historical cultural variations EditWhile this article deals with the core definition for the American Southwest there are many others The various definitions can be broken down into four main categories Historical Archeological Geological Topographical Ecological and Cultural In the 1930s and 1940s many definitions of the Southwest included all or part of Texas Oklahoma New Mexico Arizona California Colorado and Utah As time has gone on the definition of the Southwest has become more solidified and more compact For example in 1948 the National Geographic Society defined the American Southwest as all of California Nevada Utah Arizona Colorado and New Mexico and the southernmost sections of Oregon Idaho and Wyoming as well as parts of southwest Nebraska western Kansas Oklahoma and Texas By 1977 the Society s definition had narrowed to only the four states of Utah Arizona Colorado and New Mexico and by 1982 the portion of the Southwest in the United States as defined by the Society had shrunk to Arizona and New Mexico with the southernmost strip of Utah and Colorado as well as the Mojave and Colorado deserts in California 3 Other individuals who focus on Southwest studies who favored a more limited extent of the area to center on Arizona and New Mexico with small parts of surrounding areas include Erna Fergusson Charles Lummis who claimed to have coined the term the Southwest and cultural geographer Raymond Gastil and ethnologist Miguel Leon Portilla 3 Geographer D W Meinig defines the Southwest in a very similar fashion to Reed the portion of New Mexico west of the Llano Estacado and the portion of Arizona east of the Mojave Sonoran Desert and south of the canyon lands and also including the El Paso district of western Texas and the southernmost part of Colorado 115 Meinig breaks the Southwest down into four distinct subregions He calls the first subregion Northern New Mexico and describes it as focused on Albuquerque and Santa Fe It extends from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado to south of Socorro and including the Manzano Mountains with an east west breadth in the north stretching from the upper Canadian River to the upper San Juan River The area around Albuquerque is sometimes called Central New Mexico Central Arizona is a vast metropolitan area spread across one contiguous sprawling oasis essentially equivalent to the Phoenix metropolitan area The city of Phoenix is the largest urban center and located in the approximate center of the area that includes Tempe Mesa and many others 116 Meinig calls the third subregion El Paso Tucson and the Southern Borderlands While El Paso and Tucson are distinctly different cities they serve as anchor points to the hinterland between them Tucson occupies a large oasis at the western end of the El Paso Tucson corridor The region between the two cities is a major transportation trunk with settlements servicing both highway and railway needs There are also large mining operations ranches and agricultural oases Both El Paso and Tucson have large military installations nearby Fort Bliss and White Sands Missile Range north of El Paso in New Mexico and near Tucson the Davis Monthan Air Force Base About 70 miles 110 km to the southeast are the research facilities at Fort Huachuca These military installations form a kind of hinterland around the El Paso Tucson region and are served by scientific and residential communities such as Sierra Vista Las Cruces and Alamogordo El Paso s influence extends north into the Mesilla Valley and southeast along the Rio Grande into the Trans Pecos region of Texas 117 The fourth subregion Meinig calls the Northern Corridor and Navajolands a major highway and railway trunk which connects Albuquerque and Flagstaff Just north of the transportation trunk are large blocks of American Indian land 118 Historical archeological Edit See also Oasisamerica As the US expanded westward the country s western border also shifted westward and consequently so did the location of the Southwestern and Northwestern United States In the early years of the United States newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains were detached from North Carolina and given the name Southwest Territory During the decades that followed the region known as the Southwestern United States covered much of the Deep South east of the Mississippi River However as territories and eventual states to the west were added after the Mexican American War the geographical Southwest expanded and the relationship of these new acquisitions to the South itself became increasingly unclear 119 However archeologist Erik Reed gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest which runs from Durango Colorado in the north to Durango Mexico in the south and from Las Vegas Nevada in the west to Las Vegas New Mexico in the East Reed s definition is roughly equivalent to the western half of the Learning Center of the American Southwest s definition leaving out any portion of Kansas and Oklahoma and much of Texas as well as the eastern half of New Mexico Since this article is about the Southwestern United States the areas of Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico will be excluded The portion left includes Arizona and western New Mexico the very southernmost part of Utah southwestern Colorado the very tip of west Texas and triangle formed by the southern tip of Nevada This will be the defined scope that is used in this article unless otherwise specified in a particular area 120 Geological topographical Edit Map of the Southwestern United States as defined by the Learning Center of the American Southwest 120 Parts of the other states make up the various areas that can be included in the Southwest depending on the source The Learning Center of the American Southwest LCAS a does not rely on current state boundaries and defines the American Southwest as parts of Arizona Colorado Kansas New Mexico Oklahoma Texas and Utah 120 From this perspective almost all of the region s physiographical traits geological formations and weather are contained within a box between 26 and 38 northern latitude and 98 30 and 124 western longitude 121 Ecological Edit When looking at the fauna of the region there is a broader definition of the American Southwest The Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research defines the Southwest as being only the states of Arizona New Mexico with parts of California Nevada Texas and Utah although they include all of those six states in their map of the region solely for ease of defining the border 122 Cultural Edit The Wigwam A dwelling used by various Native American tribes among the Southwestern US Fanciful drawing by Marguerite Martyn in the St Louis Post Dispatch of October 21 1906 headed Passing of the Country Store in the Southwest Lawrence Clark Powell a major bibliographer whose emphasis is on the Southwest defined the American Southwest in a 1958 Arizona Highways article as the lands lying west of the Pecos north of the Mexican Border south of the Mesa Verde and the Grand Canyon and east of the mountains which wall off Southern California and make it a land in itself 3 Texas has long been the focal point of this dichotomy and is often considered as such the core area of the South s Southwest 119 While the Trans Pecos area is generally acknowledged as part of the desert Southwest 123 most of Texas and large parts of Oklahoma are often placed into a sub region of the South which some consider southwestern in the general framework of the original application meaning the Western South This is an area containing the basic elements of Southern history culture politics religion and linguistic and settlement patterns yet blended with traits of the frontier West While this particular Southwest is notably different in many ways from the classic Old South or Southeast these features are strong enough to give it a separate southwestern identity quite different in nature from that of the interior southwestern states to the west One of these distinguishing characteristics in Texas in addition to having been a Confederate state during the Civil War is that Indigenous and Spanish American culture never played a central role in the development of this area in relative comparison to the others as the vast majority of settlers were Anglo and blacks from the South 124 Although the present day state of Oklahoma was Indian Territory until the early 20th century many of these American Indians were from the southeastern United States and became culturally assimilated early on The majority of members of these tribes also allied themselves with the Confederacy during the Civil War Combined with that once the territory was open for settlement southeastern pioneers made up a disproportionate number of these newcomers All this contributed to the new state having a character that differed from other parts of the Southwest with large American Indian populations 124 The fact that a majority of residents of Texas and Oklahoma unlike those in other southwestern states self identify as living in the South and consider themselves southerners rather than the West and westerners also lends to treating these two states as a somewhat distinct and separate entity in terms of regional classification 125 A Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia Vegetation and terrain EditVegetation of the southwest generally includes various types of yucca along with saguaro cactus barrel cactus prickly pear cactus desert spoon creosote bush sagebrush and greasewood Although cacti are thought by whom to only grow in Arizona and New Mexico many native cacti grow throughout Nevada Utah Colorado and west Texas Steppe is also located all over the high plains areas in Colorado New Mexico and Texas The mountains of the southwestern states have large tracts of alpine trees The High Plains in Eastern New Mexico but also located in Eastern Colorado and West Texas Landscape features of the core southwestern areas include mountains canyons mesas buttes high broad basins plateaus desert lands and some plains characteristic of the Basin and Range Province The entire southwestern region features semi arid to arid terrain The far eastern part of southwestern Texas for example the Texas Hill Country consists of dry tall and rugged rocky hills of limestone and granite South Texas and the Rio Grande Valley is mostly flat with many places consisting of scrub and bare topsoil much like the deserts further west Wildlife EditThe region has an extremely diverse bird population with hundreds of species being found in the American Southwest In the Chiricahua Mountains alone in southeastern Arizona there can be found more than 400 species Species include Canadian Branta canadensis and snow geese sandhill cranes Grus canadensis 126 and the roadrunner the state bird of New Mexico and most famous bird in the region is found in all states of the Southwest 127 Birds of prey include the red tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Cooper s hawk Accipiter cooperii the osprey Pandion haliaetus golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos Harris s hawk Parabuteo unicinctus 128 American kestrel Falco sparverius peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus 129 the gray hawk Buteo plagiatus 130 the barn owl Tyto alba the western screech owl Megascops kennicottii the great horned owl Bubo virginianus the elf owl Micrathene whitneyi and the burrowing owl Athene cunicularia 131 Other bird species include the turkey vulture Cathartes aura the black vulture Coragyps atratus 132 the northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis the blue grosbeak Passerina caerulea 133 the house finch Haemorhous mexicanus the lesser goldfinch Spinus psaltria 134 the broad billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris the black chinned hummingbird Archilochus alexandri Costa s hummingbird Calypte costae 135 Gambel s quail Callipepla gambelii 136 the common raven Corvus corax 137 the Gila woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis the gilded flicker Colaptes chrysoides 138 the cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus and the rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus 139 Four types of doves call the Southwest home the white winged dove Zenaida asiatica the mourning dove Zenaida macroura the common ground dove Columbina passerina and the Inca dove Columbina inca 140 Desert bighorn sheep Mammal species include the bobcat coyote black bear black tailed jackrabbit desert cottontail desert bighorn sheep mule deer white tailed deer gray fox mountain lion river otter long tailed weasel western spotted skunk pronghorn raccoon and Ord s kangaroo rat all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state Elk are found in parts of Colorado New Mexico Utah and Arizona White nosed coati coati and collared peccary or javelina in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona New Mexico and Texas near the Mexican border Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico 141 The Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998 142 A U S Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona at the end of 2014 143 There is a large contingent of snakes native to the region Among them include the rosy boa Lichanura trivirgata several sub species of the glossy snake Arizona elegans the Trans Pecos ratsnake Bogertophis subocularis several sub species of shovel nosed snakes several sub species of kingsnake including the desert kingsnake Lampropeltis getula splendida and the Arizona mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis pyromelana the Arizona coral snake Micruroides euryxanthus the western diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus atrox the Trans Pecos copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster the Sonoran sidewinder Crotalus cerastes cercobombus the Arizona black rattlesnake Crotalus oreganus cerberus the western rattlesnake Crotalus viridis the Grand Canyon rattlesnake Crotalus oreganus abyssus found only in Arizona several sub species of the ridge nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi the most recent rattlesnake species to be discovered in the United States including the New Mexico ridge nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi obscurus and the Arizona ridge nosed rattlesnake the state reptile of Arizona and the desert massasauga Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii 144 Other reptiles in the region include lizards and turtles Lizards are highly represented in the region the most distinctive denizen being the Gila monster native only to the American Southwest and the state of Sonora in Mexico The New Mexico whiptail is the state reptile of New Mexico Other lizards include Sonoran collared lizard Crotaphytus nebrius several types of geckos including western banded gecko Coleonyx variegatus the common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus and the Mediterranean house gecko Hemidactylus turcicus the last two species being non native to the region but have been introduced the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis the chuckwalla Sauromalus ater the greater earless lizard Cophosaurus texanus scitulus several sub species of horned lizards Phrynosoma numerous species of spiny lizards Sceloporus Gilbert s skink Plestiodon gilberti the western skink Plestiodon skiltonianus Trans Pecos striped whiptail Aspidoscelis inornata heptagrammus and the Arizona night lizard Xantusia arizonae 145 Turtles are less numerous than their other reptilian counterparts but several are found in the region including the western painted turtle Chrysemys picta bellii the Rio Grande cooter Pseudemys gorzugi the desert box turtle Terrapene ornata luteola the Big Bend slider Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae the Sonora mud turtle Kinosternon sonoriense and the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii 146 Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs in the American Southwest Toads which can be found in the region include the Great Plains toad Anaxyrus cognatus the green toad Anaxyrus debilis the Arizona toad Anaxyrus microscaphus the New Mexico spadefoot Spea multiplicata stagnalis and the Colorado River toad Incilius alvarius also known as the Sonoran Desert toad Frog representation includes western barking frog Craugastor augusti the canyon tree frog Hyla arenicolor the Arizona treefrog Hyla wrightorum the western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata Chiricahua leopard frog Lithobates chiricahuensis and the relict leopard frog Lithobates onca There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region including the Arizona tiger salamander Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum and the painted ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii picta 147 Despite the Southwest being mostly arid various fishes are found where water is available including various species unique to the region Apache trout and Gila trout are two salmonids endemic to the area with the former found only in Arizona and the latter only in Arizona and New Mexico 148 149 Desert pupfishes are several closely related species of fish in the genus Cyprinodon many of which are found in isolated spring fed ponds hundreds of miles from each other ranging from far West Texas to Death Valley in California These pupfishes often thrive in water considerably higher in temperature and dissolved solids than most fish can tolerate 150 151 Many of these desert fish species are endangered due to their limited and tenuous habitat as well as loss of habitat due to human consumption of groundwater and diversion of surface water as well as the introduction of species such as sportfish for recreation see Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v Bureau of Reclamation Climate Edit Sonoran Desert terrain near Tucson The southwestern United States features a semi arid to arid climate depending on the location 152 Much of the Southwest is an arid desert climate but higher elevations in the mountains in each state with the exception of West Texas feature alpine climates with very large amounts of snow The metropolitan areas of Phoenix Tucson Las Vegas and El Paso hardly ever receive any snow at all as they are strictly desert lands with mountains 152 Albuquerque receives less snow than other cities but still receives significant snowfalls occasionally in the winter Although it snows in this region the snow in this part of the United States melts rapidly often before nightfall This is due mainly to the higher altitude and abundant sunshine in these states Nevada and Arizona are both generally arid with desert lands and mountains and receive large amounts of snow in the higher elevations in and near the mountains New Mexico Utah and Colorado are generally arid with desert lands and mountains as well They all receive decent amounts of snow and large amounts of snow in the high elevations in the mountains although some areas in far southwestern and southern New Mexico do not receive much snow at all at lower elevations West Texas is generally arid as well but does not receive the same amount of snow that the other southwestern states receive at their high elevations The terrain of western Texas in the Southwest is the flat rolling land of the plains which eventually turns into a desert with some hills There are significant mountains as well in west Texas upon reaching the Trans Pecos area Chihuahuan Desert terrain near CarlsbadThe term High Desert is also synonymous with this region The High Desert is generally defined as the Mojave Desert and the Colorado Plateau 153 which extends from inland southern California into southern Nevada east to the Rio Grande Rift in New Mexico The High Desert also extends into parts of the Northwest such as the Red Desert in southwestern Wyoming The High Desert is very different from the lower desert lands found in Arizona in the Sonoran Desert This area of the desert land generally sits at a very high elevation much higher than the normal desert land and can receive very cold temperatures at night in the winter with the exception of California southern Nevada and southwestern Utah sometimes near zero degrees on very cold nights The High Desert also receives a decent amount of snowfall in the winter with the exception of California southern Nevada and southwestern Utah but melts very quickly Rain falls in this region mainly in the summer during the North American Monsoon season Monument Canyon some of the high desert lands found in Colorado The desert lands found in Eastern Utah Northern Arizona Colorado and New Mexico are usually referred to as the high desert Colorado has scattered desert lands found in southern southwestern western and northwestern parts of the state These scattered desert lands are located in and around areas such as the Roan Plateau Dinosaur National Monument Colorado National Monument Royal Gorge Cortez Dove Creek Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Four Corners Monument Montrose Blue Mesa Reservoir Pueblo San Luis Valley Great Sand Dunes and Joshua Tree National Park Besides the Chihuahuan Desert lands in southwestern and southern New Mexico they also have scattered desert lands in the northwestern and northern portions of their state which is referred to as the high desert During El Nino winters and springs are generally colder and wetter across southern portions of the region while the northern portion stays warmer and drier due to a southern jet stream Under La Nina the opposite happens meaning the cool and wet weather tends to stay farther north 152 The Southwest also experiences multi year and multi decade episodes of severe drought including the ongoing southwestern North American megadrought which emerged starting year 2000 154 155 National parks monuments and forests Edit Grand Canyon from the South Rim The southwestern United States contains many well known national parks including Grand Canyon in Arizona Death Valley in California Great Sand Dunes in Colorado Arches in Utah Big Bend in Texas Great Basin in Nevada and White Sands in New Mexico White Sands National Park New Mexico Arizona parks and monuments include Grand Canyon Monument Valley a Navajo Nation park Petrified Forest and Saguaro national parks the national monuments of Agua Fria Canyon de Chelly Casa Grande Ruins Chiricahua Ironwood Forest Montezuma Castle Navajo Organ Pipe Cactus Pipe Spring Sonoran Desert Sunset Crater Tonto Tuzigoot Vermilion Cliffs Walnut Canyon and Wupatki Other federal areas include the Apache Sitgreaves National Forests and Tumacacori National Historical Park Southern California parks and monuments include Death Valley and Joshua Tree national parks the national monuments of Castle Mountains Mojave Trails Sand to Snow and San Gabriel Mountains and Mojave National Preserve Colorado parks and monuments include Great Sand Dunes Black Canyon of the Gunnison and Mesa Verde national parks the national monuments of Browns Canyon Canyons of the Ancients Colorado Hovenweep and Yucca House Other federal areas include Curecanti National Recreation Area and Bent s Old Fort National Historic Site as well as the national forests of San Isabel San Juan and Uncompahgre Little Finland in Gold Butte National Monument Nevada Nevada has one national park at Great Basin and the national monuments of Basin and Range Gold Butte and Tule Springs Fossil Beds Other federal areas include Humboldt Toiyabe National Forest Lake Mead National Recreation Area and Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area New Mexico has two national parks at Carlsbad Caverns and White Sands National monuments include Aztec Ruins Bandelier El Malpais El Morro Gila Cliff Dwellings Kasha Katuwe Tent Rocks Organ Mountains Desert Peaks Petroglyph Rio Grande del Norte and Salinas Pueblo Missions Other federal park areas include Chaco Culture National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Park Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge and the national forests of Apache Carson Gila Lincoln and Santa Fe West Texas has two national parks at Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains Other federal park areas include Chamizal National Memorial and Fort Davis National Historic Site Utah national parks include Arches Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef and Zion National monuments include Bears Ears Cedar Breaks Grand Staircase Escalante Hovenweep also in Colorado Natural Bridges and Rainbow Bridge Other federal areas include Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Dixie National Forest and Manti La Sal National Forest Ethnicity EditThe Southwest is ethnically varied with significant Anglo American and Hispanic American populations in addition to more regional African American Asian American and American Indian populations Hispanic Americans mostly Mexican Americans with large populations of Spanish Americans can be found in large numbers in every major city in the Southwest such as El Paso 80 San Antonio 63 Los Angeles 48 Albuquerque 47 Phoenix 43 Tucson 41 Las Vegas 32 and Mesa 27 Very large Hispanic American populations can also be found in the smaller cities such as Eagle Pass 96 Las Cruces 56 Yuma 55 Blythe 53 Pueblo 48 Santa Fe 48 and Glendale 36 Many small towns throughout the southwestern states also have significantly large Latino populations The largest African American populations in the Southwest can be found in Las Vegas 10 San Antonio 7 and Phoenix 5 The largest Asian American populations in the southwest can be found in California and Texas 156 with some significant Asian population in Phoenix The most significant American Indian populations can be found in New Mexico and Arizona Cities and urban areas EditThe area also contains many of the nation s largest cities and metropolitan areas despite relatively low population density in rural areas Phoenix is the fifth most populous city in the country and Albuquerque and Las Vegas were some of the fastest growing cities in the United States 157 158 Also the region as a whole has witnessed some of the highest population growth in the United States and according to the US Census Bureau in 2008 2009 Utah was the fastest growing state in America As of the 2010 Census Nevada was the fastest growing state in the United States with an increase of 35 1 in the last ten years Additionally Arizona 24 6 Utah 23 8 Texas 20 6 and Colorado 16 9 were all in the top ten fastest growing states as well 159 The largest metropolitan areas are centered around Phoenix with an estimated population of more than 5 million as of 2020 update Las Vegas more than 2 2 million Tucson more than 1 million Albuquerque more than 900 000 and El Paso more than 840 000 2 Those five metropolitan areas have an estimated total population of more than 9 6 million as of 2017 update with nearly 60 percent of them living in the two Arizona cities Phoenix and Tucson The five largest cities of the American Southwest 2020 census 1 Phoenix also the largest MSA 2 El Paso 5th largest MSA 3 Las Vegas 2nd largest MSA 4 Albuquerque also the 4th largest MSA 5 Tucson 3rd largest MSA Largest cities and metropolitan areas 2020 census Edit Rank City State Population 160 Metro Population 160 1 Phoenix Arizona 1 608 139 4 845 8322 El Paso Texas 678 815 868 8593 Las Vegas Nevada 641 903 2 265 4614 Albuquerque New Mexico 564 559 916 5285 Tucson Arizona 542 629 1 043 4336 Mesa Arizona 504 258 4 845 8327 Henderson Nevada 317 610 2 265 4618 Chandler Arizona 275 987 4 845 8329 Gilbert Arizona 267 918 4 845 83210 North Las Vegas Nevada 262 527 2 265 461Sports EditProfessional Edit Runningback Josh Jacobs of the Las Vegas Raiders NFL team T J McFarland pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks professional baseball team Of the four major professional sports Phoenix and Las Vegas are the only metropolitan areas in the Southwest that have representatives While Las Vegas is home to the Las Vegas Raiders NFL football team and the Vegas Golden Knights NHL hockey team Phoenix is one of only 13 U S cities to have representatives in all four Arizona Diamondbacks in Major League Baseball Arizona Cardinals in the National Football League the Phoenix Suns in the National Basketball Association and the Arizona Coyotes in the National Hockey League The Greater Phoenix area is home to the Cactus League one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball fifteen of MLB s thirty teams are now included in the Cactus League 161 The region has also been the scene of several NFL super bowls Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe held Super Bowl XXX in 1996 when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 162 State Farm Stadium in Glendale Arizona hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3 2008 in which the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots 163 as well as Super Bowl XLIX which resulted in the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks 28 24 The U S Airways Center hosted both the 1995 and the 2009 NBA All Star Games 164 In 1997 the Phoenix Mercury were one of the original eight teams to launch the Women s National Basketball Association WNBA 165 Indoor American football is represented by the Arizona Rattlers located in Phoenix 166 The region is also host to several major professional golf events the LPGA s Founder s Cup 167 the Phoenix Open and the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open in Las Vegas of the PGA 168 169 and the Tucson Conquistadores Classic in Tucson and the Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Scottsdale on the Champions Tour of the PGA 170 171 NASCAR has two venues within the region The Phoenix International Raceway was built in 1964 with a one mile oval with a one of a kind design as well as a 2 5 mile road course 172 and the Las Vegas Motor Speedway a 1 200 acre 490 ha complex of multiple tracks for motorsports racing 173 There are several nationally recognized running events in the region including The Phoenix Marathon a qualifier for the Boston Marathon 174 and the Rock n Roll Marathon Series in both Phoenix and Las Vegas 175 176 Las Vegas is also the end point for the annual Baker to Vegas Challenge Cup Relay a 120 mile long foot race by law enforcement teams from around the world 177 which is the largest law enforcement athletic event in the world 178 Las Vegas is the premier boxing venue in the country 179 and is also known for mixed martial arts events The Southwest is also home to some of the most prominent rodeos in North America The Professional Bull Riders association has its headquarters in Pueblo Colorado The PBR World Finals are held annually in Las Vegas 180 which also hosts the National Finals Rodeo which is the nation s premier rodeo event 181 Other major rodeo events include the week long Fiesta de los Vaqueros in Tucson 182 the World s Oldest Rodeo in Prescott Arizona 183 the Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo in El Paso Texas 184 and the Rodeo de Santa Fe one of the nation s premier rodeos 185 Since the 1950s Las Vegas has been host to many of professional boxing s largest events beginning with the Heavyweight non title bout in 1955 between world light heavyweight champion Archie Moore and perennial contender Nino Valdes 186 Muhammad Ali fought his last world title bout in Las Vegas against Larry Holmes in 1980 and Floyd Mayweather fought many of his major fights there College Edit The Southwest is home to a rich tradition of college sports The Pac 12 Conference has two teams in the region the Arizona State Sun Devils and the University of Arizona Wildcats The Mountain West Conference also has two teams the UNLV Rebels and the University of New Mexico Lobos Conference USA is represented by the University of Texas at El Paso Miners The Big Sky Conference has two teams the Lumberjacks of Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff Arizona and the Southern Utah University Thunderbirds in Cedar City Utah The Western Athletic Conference also has two representatives the New Mexico State University Aggies in Las Cruces New Mexico and the Grand Canyon University Antelopes in Phoenix Las Vegas is becoming the nexus for NCAA league basketball tournaments The Mountain West Conference the Western Athletic Conference the West Coast Conference and the Pac 12 Conference all hold their conference basketball tournaments in Las Vegas 187 The Southwest is the site of six college football bowl games the TicketCity Cactus Bowl formerly known as the Insight Bowl in Tempe 188 the Arizona Bowl in Tucson the Fiesta Bowl played at the University of Phoenix Stadium 189 the Las Vegas Bowl 190 the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque 191 and the Sun Bowl in El Paso Texas 192 The erstwhile 20th century Southwest Conference might seem to have been named after this region but it had no teams from Arizona nor New Mexico All but one of its teams were from schools in Texas 193 Politics EditPresidential electoral votes in Southwestern states since 1952Year Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Utah1952 Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower1956 Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower1960 Nixon Nixon Nixon Kennedy Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon1964 Goldwater Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson1968 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Humphrey Nixon1972 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon1976 Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Ford Carter Ford1980 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan1984 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan1988 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush1992 Bush Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Bush1996 Clinton Clinton Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Dole Dole2000 Bush Gore Bush Bush Gore Bush Bush Bush2004 Bush Kerry Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush2008 McCain Obama Obama Obama Obama McCain McCain McCain2012 Romney Obama Obama Obama Obama Romney Romney Romney2016 Trump Clinton Clinton Clinton Clinton Trump Trump Trump2020 Biden Biden Biden Biden Biden Trump Trump TrumpSee also EditPacific Southwest Southwest Conference for a different division of the US for sports Water Education Foundation Western United StatesNotes Edit Quote The Learning Center of the American Southwest is a collaboration among 48 national park units in four NPS Inventory and Monitoring Networks three Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units CESUs and several nonprofit partners This partnership is dedicated to understanding and preserving the unique resources of the American Southwest through science and education References Edit Census Regions and Divisions of the United States PDF census gov U S Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U S Census Bureau Geography Division n d Archived PDF from the original on December 28 2013 Retrieved November 27 2016 PDF file link under General Reference Maps on census gov geo maps data maps reference html a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population April 1 2010 to July 1 2017 United States Metropolitan Statistical Area and for Puerto Rico 2017 Population Estimates United States Census Bureau Population Division March 2018 Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved June 22 2018 a b c d Byrkit James W 1992 Wilder Joseph Carlton ed Land Sky and People The Southwest Defined The Problem No Consistent Definition University of Arizona Retrieved July 11 2015 Byrkit James W 1992 Wilder Joseph Carlton ed Land Sky and People The Southwest Defined University of Arizona Retrieved June 13 2018 The coordinates 104 117 West Longitude and 29 39 North Latitude constitute the boundaries of this region Kessell J L 2013 Spain in the Southwest A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico Arizona Texas and California University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 0806180120 Retrieved February 4 2021 Douglass J G Graves W 2017 New Mexico and the Pimeria Alta The Colonial Period in the American Southwest University Press of Colorado ISBN 978 1607325741 Retrieved February 4 2021 Oliva L E 1993 Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest Southwest Cultural Resources Center professional papers Division of History National Park Service p 242 Retrieved February 4 2021 Favorite Southwestern Mexican and Tex Mex Recipes Deep South Dish Retrieved February 6 2021 Arellano Gustavo November 8 2017 The 10 Best Songs of New Mexico Music America s Forgotten Folk Genre Latino USA Retrieved February 6 2021 Lucero Mario J The problem with how the music streaming industry handles data Yahoo Finance Retrieved February 6 2021 A Spicy Guide to New Mexican Cuisine SpicesInc com The Online Spice Store February 24 2012 Retrieved February 6 2021 Wilson C Reck R 2001 Facing Southwest The Life amp Houses of John Gaw Meem Norton ISBN 978 0393730678 Retrieved February 8 2021 Hooker V D Howard M Price V B 2000 Only in New Mexico An Architectural History of the University of New Mexico the First Century 1889 1989 University of New Mexico Press ISBN 978 0826321350 Retrieved February 8 2021 Pueblo Revival Architecture HGTV April 27 2015 Retrieved February 8 2021 Whiffen Marcus 1981 American Architecture Since 1780 A Guide to the Styles M I T Press Retrieved February 8 2021 Livingston Phil July 9 2012 The History of the Vaquero American Cowboy Western Lifestyle Travel People Retrieved February 6 2021 Cook Roy Hispanic Role in the West American Indian Source Retrieved February 6 2021 Sood Suemedha June 13 2012 Touring the American Southwest in a cowboy s boots BBC Retrieved February 6 2021 a b c d e f g h Deserts of Southwest USA The American Southwest Retrieved July 6 2015 a b c The Chihuahuan Desert New Mexico State University Archived from the original on December 27 2012 Retrieved July 6 2015 a b Chihuahuan Desert National Park Service Retrieved July 6 2015 a b c Southern North America Southwestern United States into northwestern Mexico World Wildlife Fund Retrieved July 6 2015 a b c d e f g Green Kim amp Don October 1 2001 The American Southwest Footsteps of the Ancients Expedition Lonely Planet Retrieved July 6 2015 The Geologic Origin of the Sonoran Desert Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 6 2015 What amp Where is the Mojave Desert Digital Desert Retrieved July 6 2015 Mojave Desert National Park Service Retrieved July 6 2015 Community Responses to Wildland Fire Threats in Arizona North Carolina State University Retrieved July 2 2015 Colorado Plateau The Arizona Experience Archived from the original on January 30 2013 Retrieved July 6 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Wheeler Ray The Colorado Plateau Region page 4 of 4 Northern Arizona University Archived from the original on May 16 2015 Retrieved July 6 2015 Wheeler Ray The Colorado Plateau Region page 1 of 4 Northern Arizona University Archived from the original on April 29 2015 Retrieved July 6 2015 Colorado Plateau Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved July 6 2015 Meinig pp 123 136 Sheridan 2012 pp 11 12 Archaeology of 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July 13 2015 Owls Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Vultures Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Cardinals amp Grosbeaks Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Finches Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Hummingbirds Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Quail Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Common Raven Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Woodpeckers Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Wrens Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Doves Arizona Sonora Desert Museum Retrieved July 13 2015 Mammals Index Page New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Archived from the original on July 15 2015 Retrieved July 13 2015 Paquet P amp Carbyn L W 2003 Gray wolf Canis lupus and allies in Feldhamer George A et al Wild Mammals of North America Biology Management and Conservation JHU Press pp 482 510 ISBN 0801874165 http www fws gov southwest es mexicanwolf pdf fNR Mexican Wolf winter count joint Feb13 2015 pdf bare URL PDF Snakes of the American Southwest Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research Retrieved July 13 2015 Lizards of the American Southwest Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research Retrieved July 13 2015 Turtles of the American Southwest Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research Retrieved July 13 2015 Amphibians of the American Southwest Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research Retrieved July 13 2015 Apache trout www fws gov Gila Trout Western Native Trout westernnativetrout org Desert Pupfish DesertUSA www desertusa com Balmorhea State Park Endangered Species and San Solomon Springs Texas Parks amp Wildlife Department tpwd texas gov a b c Battaglia Steven M November 1 2019 No Fairy Tale Ending The Future of Water and the American Southwest Weatherwise 72 6 36 43 doi 10 1080 00431672 2019 1659034 ISSN 0043 1672 S2CID 214466152 Canyonlands Public Broadcasting Company Retrieved March 3 2021 Krajick Kevin April 16 2020 Climate driven megadrought is emerging in western US study says phys org Williams A Park et al April 17 2020 Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought Science 368 6488 314 318 Bibcode 2020Sci 368 314W doi 10 1126 science aaz9600 PMID 32299953 S2CID 215789824 Total Population Asian Alone or in combination with one or more other races 2010 Census Summary File 2 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved May 4 2019 Top 50 Cities in the U S by Population and Rank www infoplease com America s 20 Fastest Growing Cities Forbes Retrieved July 12 2015 10 fastest growing states Winner Nevada 1 CNNMoney com money cnn com a b 2020 Census QuickFacts U S Census Bureau Retrieved April 12 2022 Sun scenery history mark Spring Training baseball in Arizona Florida MLB Retrieved February 12 2014 Super Bowl XXX onpointevents com Archived from the original on February 28 2014 Retrieved February 14 2014 Super Bowl XLII Giants 17 Patriots 14 Road Warrior Giants Bring It Home ihavenet com February 6 2011 Retrieved February 14 2014 NBA All Star Game History NBA com Retrieved February 14 2014 Mercury History Retrieved February 14 2014 Champion Arizona Rattlers to parade through Phoenix azcentral com Retrieved September 10 2014 LPGA Vision for Founders Cup Now Long Term Reality LPGA November 4 2013 Retrieved February 14 2014 Waste Management Phoenix Open wmphoenixopen com Archived from the original on February 9 2014 Retrieved February 14 2014 Shriners Hospitals for Children Open Shriners Hospitals for Children Open Retrieved July 14 2015 Tucson Classic added to Champions Tour schedule PGA Tour June 10 2014 Retrieved June 10 2014 Charles Schwab Cup Championship PGA Tour Inc Retrieved July 14 2015 Timeline phoenixraceway com Archived from the original on November 25 2010 Retrieved February 14 2014 Las Vegas Motor Speedway Speedway Motorsports Inc Retrieved July 14 2015 BMO Harris Bank Announces Multi Year Sponsorship of The Phoenix Marathon marketwatch Retrieved February 12 2014 Events competitorgroup com Archived from the original on July 27 2013 Retrieved February 12 2014 Las Vegas Strip to close for marathon runners The San Diego Union Tribune June 11 2009 Retrieved August 24 2011 BakerVegas BakerVegas Retrieved August 7 2012 Challenge Cup Baker To Vegas History Baker to Vegas Retrieved July 14 2015 Seekins Briggs September 15 2013 Ranking the Greatest Las Vegas Fights in Boxing History The Bleacher Report Retrieved July 14 2015 PBR World Finals The Professional Bull Riders Retrieved July 14 2015 About the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Retrieved July 14 2015 La Fiesta de los Vaqueros Tucson Rodeo Retrieved July 14 2015 Welcome to the World s Oldest Rodeo Prescott Frontier Days Retrieved July 14 2015 Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo ELPRODEO COM Retrieved July 14 2015 Rodeo de Santa Fe Rodeo de Santa Fe Retrieved July 14 2015 Snowden Jonathan How Las Vegas Became the Boxing Capital of the World Bleacher Report Carp Steve March 13 2012 Pac 12 to bring basketball tourney to MGM Grand Garden Las Vegas Review Journal Archived from the original on July 15 2015 Retrieved July 14 2015 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl football bowl com Archived from the original on February 14 2014 Retrieved February 14 2014 Fiesta Bowl fiestabowl org Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved February 14 2014 Royal Purple Announced as Bowl Game s Title Sponsor Las Vegas September 25 2013 Retrieved July 14 2015 Gildan New Mexico Bowl ESPN Retrieved July 14 2015 Hyundai Sun Bowl Sun Bowl Association Retrieved July 14 2015 See also the article about the Southwest Conference Further reading EditBozanic Andrew D A Preserving Pictures of the Past The Packaging and Selling of the American Southwest with an Emphasis on the Historic Preservation Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 53 Fall Winter 2010 196 214 Burke Flannery A Land Apart The Southwest and the Nation in the Twentieth Century U of Arizona Press 2017 x 413 pp Busby Mark 2004 The Southwest The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures Chavez John R 1984 The Lost Land The Chicano Image of the Southwest Albuquerque De Leon Arnoldo Mexican Americans in Texas A Brief History 2nd ed 1999 Garcia Richard A Changing Chicano Historiography Reviews in American History 34 4 2006 521 528 in Project MUSE Griffin Pierce Trudy Native Peoples of the Southwest 2000 Lamar Howard ed The New Encyclopedia of the American West Yale U P 1998 Meinig Donald W Southwest Three Peoples in Geographical Change 1600 1970 1971 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 501288 7 Prampolini Gaetano and Annamaria Pinazzi eds The Shade of the Saguaro La sombra del saguaro Firenze University Press Firenze University Press 2013 Sheridan Thomas E 2012 Arizona Tucson The University of Arizona Press Skibo James M Graves Michael W Stark Miriam T 2007 Archaeological Anthropology Perspectives on Method and Theory University of Arizona Press ISBN 978 0 8165 2517 1 Weber David J The Mexican Frontier 1821 1846 The American Southwest Under Mexico 1982 Weber David J The Spanish Borderlands Historiography Redux The History Teacher 39 1 2005 pp 43 56 JSTOR online External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Southwestern United States American Southwest a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Water use Trends in the Desert Southwest 1950 2000 United States Geological Survey Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Southwestern United States amp oldid 1131720786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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