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Racial integration

May 13, 2023

Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). In addition to desegregation, integration includes goals such as leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the development of a culture that draws on diverse traditions, rather than merely bringing a racial minority into the majority culture. Desegregation is largely a legal matter, integration largely a social one.

Planners from the Ekurhuleni Town Planning department on a routine site visit in the Benoni. The team's composition is a reflection of the New South Africa racial integration policies

Distinguishing integration from desegregation

 
A white child and black child together at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio, USA

Morris J. MacGregor, Jr. in his paper "Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1969", writes concerning the words integration and desegregation:

In recent years many historians have come to distinguish between these like-sounding words... The movement toward desegregation, breaking down the nation's Jim Crow system, became increasingly popular in the decade after World War II. Integration, on the other hand, Professor Oscar Handlin maintains, implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas of American society. In one sense it refers to the "levelling of all barriers to association other than those based on ability, taste, and personal preference";[1] in other words, providing equal opportunity. But in another sense integration calls for the random distribution of a minority throughout society. Here, according to Handlin, the emphasis is on racial balance in areas of occupation, education, residency, and the like.

From the beginning the military establishment rightly understood that the breakup of the all-black unit would in a closed society necessarily mean more than mere desegregation. It constantly used the terms integration and equal treatment and opportunity to describe its racial goals. Rarely, if ever, does one find the word desegregation in military files that include much correspondence.[1]

 
White and black postal clerks sorting mail together, USA, 1890

Similarly, Keith M. Woods writes on the need for precision in journalistic language: "Integration happens when a monolith is changed, like when a black family moves into an all-white neighborhood. Integration happens even without a mandate from the law. Desegregation," on the other hand, "was the legal remedy to segregation."[2] In 1997, Henry Organ, who identified himself as "a participant in the Civil Rights Movement on the (San Francisco) Peninsula in the '60s ... and ... an African American," wrote that the "term 'desegregation' is normally reserved to the legal/legislative domain, and it was the legalization of discrimination in public institutions based on race that many fought against in the 1960s. The term 'integration,' on the other hand, pertains to a social domain; it does and should refer to individuals of different background who opt to interact."[3]

In their book By the Color of Our Skin (1999) Leonard Steinhorn and Barbara Diggs-Brown also make a similar distinction between desegregation and integration. They write "... television has ... give[n] white Americans the sensation of having meaningful, repeated contact with blacks without actually having it. We call this phenomenon virtual integration, and it is the primary reason why the integration illusion – the belief that we are moving toward a colorblind nation – has such a powerful influence on race relations in America today." Reviewing this book in the libertarian magazine Reason, Michael W. Lynch sums up some of their conclusions as "Blacks and whites live, learn, work, pray, play, and entertain separately..." Then, he writes:

The problem, as I see it, is that access to the public spheres, specifically the commercial sphere, often depends on being comfortable with the norms of white society. If a significant number of black children aren't comfortable with them, it isn't by choice: It's because they were isolated from those norms. It's one thing for members of the black elite and upper middle class to choose to retire to predominantly black neighborhoods after a lucrative day's work in white America. It's quite another for people to be unable to enter that commercial sphere because they spent their formative years in a community that didn't, or couldn't, prepare them for it. Writes [Harvard University sociologist Orlando] Patterson, "The greatest problem now facing African-Americans is their isolation from the tacit norms of the dominant culture, and this is true of all classes."[4]

Distinction not universally accepted

Although widespread, the distinction between integration and desegregation is not universally accepted. For example, it is possible to find references to "court-ordered integration"[5] from sources such as the Detroit News,[6] PBS,[7] or even Encarta.[8] These same sources also use the phrase "court-ordered desegregation", apparently with exactly the same meaning;[9][10] the Detroit News uses both expressions interchangeably in the same article.[6]

When the two terms are confused, it is almost always to use integration in the narrower, more legalistic sense of desegregation; one rarely, if ever, sees desegregation used in the broader cultural sense.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Morris J. MacGregor, Jr. Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1965 2010-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, United States Army Center of Military History, Washington D.C. (1985). The linked copy is on the Army's official site. The Handlin quote is footnoted within the MacGregor piece as Oscar Handlin, "The Goals of Integration", Daedalus 95 (Winter 1966): 270.
  2. ^ Keith M. Woods, Disentangling Desegregation Discourse 2004-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, Poynter Online, February 3, 2004. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  3. ^ Henry Organ, "The true definition of integration", Palo Alto Weekly, August 13, 1997. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  4. ^ Michael W. Lynch "By the Color of Our Skin: The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race" (book review), Reason, December 1999. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  5. ^ 7Y65NU87 5XZS/search?q=%22court-ordered+integration%22&num=20&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off[permanent dead link] Google search for "court-ordered integration".
  6. ^ a b Ron French, Brad Heath, and Christine MacDonald, Metro classrooms remain separate, often unequal, Detroit News, May 16, 2002. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  7. ^ Timeline of George Wallace's Life, PBS. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  8. ^ Eisenhower 2006-05-14 at the Wayback Machine (part 4), MSN Encarta. 0_0Accessed March 26, 2006.
  9. ^ The Evolution of Brown v. Board of Education, part of Beyond Brown, PBS. Accessed March 26, 2006.
  10. ^ President Kennedy Expresses Outrage at Alabama Deaths 2004-09-26 at the Wayback Machine (sidebar), MSN Encarta. (Premium content.) Accessed March 26, 2006.

References

  • Steinhorn, Leonard and Diggs-Brown, Barbara, By the Color of Our Skin: The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race. New York: Dutton, 1999. ISBN 0-525-94359-5
  • Themstrom, Stephan and Abigail, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible New York, NY: Touchstone, 1997. ISBN 0-684-84497-4.
  • Adel Iskandar and Hakem Rustom, From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated The Ambassadors online magazine.
  • Hong, Dorothy "Tales from a Korean Maiden in America" (iUniverse, 2003) ISBN 0-595-28390-X

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Racial integration.
  • Memphis Civil Rights Digital Archive
  • New York Civil Rights Coalition Prominent integrationist group
  • Stories of Race and Identity Issues in Global Cultures Compiled by the Glimpse Foundation

May 13, 2023
racial, integration, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, december, 2010, learn, when, remove, this, . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Racial integration or simply integration includes desegregation the process of ending systematic racial segregation In addition to desegregation integration includes goals such as leveling barriers to association creating equal opportunity regardless of race and the development of a culture that draws on diverse traditions rather than merely bringing a racial minority into the majority culture Desegregation is largely a legal matter integration largely a social one Planners from the Ekurhuleni Town Planning department on a routine site visit in the Benoni The team s composition is a reflection of the New South Africa racial integration policies Contents 1 Distinguishing integration from desegregation 1 1 Distinction not universally accepted 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksDistinguishing integration from desegregation Edit A white child and black child together at a parade in North College Hill Ohio USA Morris J MacGregor Jr in his paper Integration of the Armed Forces 1940 1969 writes concerning the words integration and desegregation In recent years many historians have come to distinguish between these like sounding words The movement toward desegregation breaking down the nation s Jim Crow system became increasingly popular in the decade after World War II Integration on the other hand Professor Oscar Handlin maintains implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas of American society In one sense it refers to the levelling of all barriers to association other than those based on ability taste and personal preference 1 in other words providing equal opportunity But in another sense integration calls for the random distribution of a minority throughout society Here according to Handlin the emphasis is on racial balance in areas of occupation education residency and the like From the beginning the military establishment rightly understood that the breakup of the all black unit would in a closed society necessarily mean more than mere desegregation It constantly used the terms integration and equal treatment and opportunity to describe its racial goals Rarely if ever does one find the word desegregation in military files that include much correspondence 1 White and black postal clerks sorting mail together USA 1890 Similarly Keith M Woods writes on the need for precision in journalistic language Integration happens when a monolith is changed like when a black family moves into an all white neighborhood Integration happens even without a mandate from the law Desegregation on the other hand was the legal remedy to segregation 2 In 1997 Henry Organ who identified himself as a participant in the Civil Rights Movement on the San Francisco Peninsula in the 60s and an African American wrote that the term desegregation is normally reserved to the legal legislative domain and it was the legalization of discrimination in public institutions based on race that many fought against in the 1960s The term integration on the other hand pertains to a social domain it does and should refer to individuals of different background who opt to interact 3 In their book By the Color of Our Skin 1999 Leonard Steinhorn and Barbara Diggs Brown also make a similar distinction between desegregation and integration They write television has give n white Americans the sensation of having meaningful repeated contact with blacks without actually having it We call this phenomenon virtual integration and it is the primary reason why the integration illusion the belief that we are moving toward a colorblind nation has such a powerful influence on race relations in America today Reviewing this book in the libertarian magazine Reason Michael W Lynch sums up some of their conclusions as Blacks and whites live learn work pray play and entertain separately Then he writes The problem as I see it is that access to the public spheres specifically the commercial sphere often depends on being comfortable with the norms of white society If a significant number of black children aren t comfortable with them it isn t by choice It s because they were isolated from those norms It s one thing for members of the black elite and upper middle class to choose to retire to predominantly black neighborhoods after a lucrative day s work in white America It s quite another for people to be unable to enter that commercial sphere because they spent their formative years in a community that didn t or couldn t prepare them for it Writes Harvard University sociologist Orlando Patterson The greatest problem now facing African Americans is their isolation from the tacit norms of the dominant culture and this is true of all classes 4 Distinction not universally accepted Edit Although widespread the distinction between integration and desegregation is not universally accepted For example it is possible to find references to court ordered integration 5 from sources such as the Detroit News 6 PBS 7 or even Encarta 8 These same sources also use the phrase court ordered desegregation apparently with exactly the same meaning 9 10 the Detroit News uses both expressions interchangeably in the same article 6 When the two terms are confused it is almost always to use integration in the narrower more legalistic sense of desegregation one rarely if ever sees desegregation used in the broader cultural sense See also EditCivil rights movement Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Auto segregation Silk Road discusses an instance of racial integration in Southern Asia in the Middle Ages Intercultural Garden Online segregation Anti discrimination law United States v FordiceNotes Edit a b Morris J MacGregor Jr Integration of the Armed Forces 1940 1965 Archived 2010 07 21 at the Wayback Machine United States Army Center of Military History Washington D C 1985 The linked copy is on the Army s official site The Handlin quote is footnoted within the MacGregor piece as Oscar Handlin The Goals of Integration Daedalus 95 Winter 1966 270 Keith M Woods Disentangling Desegregation Discourse Archived 2004 10 09 at the Wayback Machine Poynter Online February 3 2004 Accessed March 26 2006 Henry Organ The true definition of integration Palo Alto Weekly August 13 1997 Accessed March 26 2006 Michael W Lynch By the Color of Our Skin The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race book review Reason December 1999 Accessed March 26 2006 7Y65NU87 5XZS search q 22court ordered integration 22 amp num 20 amp hl en amp lr amp ie UTF 8 amp safe off permanent dead link Google search for court ordered integration a b Ron French Brad Heath and Christine MacDonald Metro classrooms remain separate often unequal Detroit News May 16 2002 Accessed March 26 2006 Timeline of George Wallace s Life PBS Accessed March 26 2006 Eisenhower Archived 2006 05 14 at the Wayback Machine part 4 MSN Encarta 0 0Accessed March 26 2006 The Evolution of Brown v Board of Education part of Beyond Brown PBS Accessed March 26 2006 President Kennedy Expresses Outrage at Alabama Deaths Archived 2004 09 26 at the Wayback Machine sidebar MSN Encarta Premium content Accessed March 26 2006 References EditSteinhorn Leonard and Diggs Brown Barbara By the Color of Our Skin The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race New York Dutton 1999 ISBN 0 525 94359 5 Themstrom Stephan and Abigail America in Black and White One Nation Indivisible New York NY Touchstone 1997 ISBN 0 684 84497 4 Adel Iskandar and Hakem Rustom From Paris to Cairo Resistance of the Unacculturated The Ambassadors online magazine Hong Dorothy Tales from a Korean Maiden in America iUniverse 2003 ISBN 0 595 28390 XExternal links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Racial integration Memphis Civil Rights Digital Archive New York Civil Rights Coalition Prominent integrationist group Interview with Justin Massa Founder of MoveSmart Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity File a housing discrimination complaint Stories of Race and Identity Issues in Global Cultures Compiled by the Glimpse Foundation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Racial integration amp oldid 1144893060, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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