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Virginia Beach, Virginia

January 06, 2023

"Virginia Beach" redirects here. For other places with the same name, see Virginia Beach (disambiguation).

Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The population was 459,470 at the 2020 census.[2] Although mostly suburban in character, it is the most populous city in Virginia, fifth-most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, ninth-most populous city in the Southeast and the 42nd-most populous city in the U.S. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Beach is the largest city in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. This area, known as "America's First Region", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties, and towns of Hampton Roads.[6]

Virginia Beach, Virginia
Independent city
City of Virginia Beach
Clockwise from top: Virginia Beach Oceanfront, Adam Thoroughgood House, Virginia Beach City Hall, library from Regent University, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Henry Lighthouses.
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
"The Resort City", VA Beach
Motto: 
Landmarks of Our Nation's Beginning
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Coordinates: 36°51′00″N 75°58′40″W / 36.85000°N 75.97778°W / 36.85000; -75.97778Coordinates: 36°51′00″N 75°58′40″W / 36.85000°N 75.97778°W / 36.85000; -75.97778
CountryUnited States
StateVirginia
CountyNone (Independent city)
Incorporated (as town)1906 (1906)
Incorporated (as city)1952 (1952)
Government
 • TypeCouncil-manager
 • BodyVirginia Beach City Council
 • MayorBobby Dyer (R)
Area
[1]
 • Independent city497.50 sq mi (1,288.52 km2)
 • Land244.72 sq mi (633.83 km2)
 • Water252.78 sq mi (654.69 km2)
Elevation
10 ft (3 m)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Independent city457,672
 • Rank42nd in the United States
1st in Virginia
 • Density1,877.53/sq mi (724.92/km2)
 • Urban
1,451,578 (US: 36th)
 • Urban density3,013.6/sq mi (1,163.6/km2)
 • Metro
[3]
1,799,674 (US: 37th)
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
23450-23467, 23471, 23479
Area code(s)757, 948 (planned)
FIPS code51-82000[4]
GNIS feature ID1500261[5]
Interstates
Primary AirportsNorfolk International Airport
Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport
Public transportationHampton Roads Transit
WebsiteOfficial website

Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, military bases, a number of large corporations, Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University, the international headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.

The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world.[7] It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, which was the world's longest bridge-tunnel complex[8] until the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opened in 2018.[9]

History

Main articles: History of Virginia Beach, Virginia; Timeline of Virginia Beach, Virginia; and Princess Anne County, Virginia
 
A Chesepian home

The Chesepian were the historic indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter. Little is known about them[10] but archeological evidence suggests they may have been related to the Carolina Algonquian, or Pamlico people. They would have spoken one of the Algonquian languages. These were common among the numerous tribes of the coastal area, who made up the loose Powhatan Confederacy, numbering in the tens of thousands in population. The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.[11]

 
Princess Anne County (1691–1963), now defunct, with Virginia Beach from 1895 Virginia map

In 1607, after a voyage of 144 days, three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying 105 men and boys, made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland, where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. They named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I of England. These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area, as they were under orders to seek a site further inland, which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries. They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown.[12]

Adam Thoroughgood (1604–1640) of King's Lynn, Norfolk, England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area, which was developed as Virginia Beach. At the age of 18, he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life. He earned his freedom after several years and became a leading citizen of the area. In 1629, he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie [sic], one of four "citties" (or incorporations) which were subdivided areas established in 1619.[13]

In 1634, the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia, soon renamed as counties. Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name "New Norfolk County" in 1637. The following year, New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County (soon renamed Nansemond County) and Lower Norfolk County. Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River, named for his home in England.[14]

Lower Norfolk County was large when first organized, defined as from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River, encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.[13] It attracted many entrepreneurs, including William Moseley with his family in 1648. Belonging to the Merchant Adventurers Guild of London, he immigrated from Rotterdam of the Netherlands, where he had been in the international trade. He settled on land on the north side of the Elizabeth River, east of what developed as Norfolk.

Following increased settlement, in 1691 Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk and Princess Anne counties. Princess Anne, the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads, extended from Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, south to what became the border of the North Carolina colony. It included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean. Princess Anne County was known as a jurisdiction from 1691 to 1963, over 250 years.[15]

 
Hotels along Atlantic Avenue, facing north

In the early centuries, this area was rural and developed for plantation agriculture. In the late 19th century, the small resort area of Virginia Beach developed in Princess Anne County after the 1883 arrival of rail service to the coast. The Virginia Beach Hotel was opened and operated by the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad and Improvement Company at the oceanfront, near the tiny community of Seatack. The hotel was foreclosed and the railroad reorganized in 1887. The hotel was upgraded and reopened in 1888 as the Princess Anne Hotel.[16]

In 1891, guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life-Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator. The ship's figurehead, which washed up on the beach several days later, was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers. It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years. In the 21st century, it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments, sculpted by Ørnulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss, Norway.[17]

The resort initially depended on railroad and electric trolley service. The completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922, which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront, opened the route for automobiles, buses, and trucks. The passenger rail service to the oceanfront was eventually discontinued as traffic increased by vehicle. The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906. Over the next 45 years, Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot. The casinos were replaced by amusement parks and family-oriented attractions. In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became a popular vacation spot.[18][19]

Virginia Beach gained status as an independent city in 1952, although ties remained between it and Princess Anne County. In 1963, after voters in the two jurisdictions passed a supporting referendum, and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly, the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new, much larger independent city, retaining the better-known name of the Virginia Beach resort.[20]

The Alan B. Shepard Civic Center ("The Dome"), a significant building in the city's history,[why?] was constructed in 1958,[21] and was dedicated to the career of former Virginia Beach resident and astronaut Alan Shepard.[22] As the area changed, the Dome was frequently used as a bingo hall. The building was razed in 1994[21] to make room for a municipal parking lot and potential future development.

Recent history

Real estate, defense, and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy. Local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real-estate redevelopment, resulting in a number of joint public-private projects, such as commercial parks. Examples of the public-private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center, the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel, and the Virginia Beach Town Center. The city assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing: creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments. The Town Center opened in 2003, with related construction continuing. The Convention Center opened in 2005.[23][24]

The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line, an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city.[25] Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana, a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy. While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large, the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade.[26] In 2012 a Navy jet that took off from Oceana experienced engine failure and crashed into an apartment complex.[27]

This land crunch led to floodplain development. During Hurricane Matthew, the heavy rainfall flooded over 2000 homes and left some neighborhoods with standing water for days.[28] Given the rising risks of flooding due to climate change and the impetus of the hurricane damage, the city rejected several further development proposals. This rejection was significant from two perspectives. First, cities reject building very rarely, demonstrating the shift in public perception. Second, these rejections led to lawsuits by the developers. The rejection of these lawsuits in the courts provides precedent for other sorts of local climate change adaptation efforts in the future. Discussing the matter, Mayor Dyer noted, "It's a confrontation with reality. Not everybody's going to be happy.”[29]

On May 31, 2019, a mass shooting occurred at a municipal government building in Virginia Beach. A former employee entered the building and shot indiscriminately, killing 12 people and injuring four others before dying from a gunshot wound fired by responding officers.[30][31]

Geography

 
Overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.

Virginia Beach is located at 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W / 36.8506°N 75.9779°W / 36.8506; -75.9779 (Virginia Beach).[32]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 497 square miles (1,290 km2), of which 249 square miles (640 km2) is land and 248 square miles (640 km2) (49.9%) is water.[32] It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third-largest city by land area. The average elevation is 12 feet (3.7 m) above sea level. A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries.

The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in the Hampton Roads area bordering the Atlantic Ocean.[33] The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area (officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA) is the 37th largest in the United States, with a total population of 1,707,639. The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk,[34] Virginia Beach, Chesapeake,[35] Hampton,[36] Newport News,[37] Poquoson,[38] Portsmouth,[39] Suffolk,[40] Williamsburg,[41] and the counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Mathews, Surry, and York, as well as the North Carolina county of Currituck. While Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA, it actually currently functions more as a suburb. The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district, while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism.

Additionally, Virginia Beach is 19 miles (30km) east of Norfolk,[42] 24 miles (38km) northeast of Chesapeake,[43] 107 miles (172km) southeast of Richmond, the state capitol,[44] and 209 miles (336km) southeast of Washington, D.C.[45]

Neighborhoods

When the modern city of Virginia Beach was created in 1963, by the consolidation of the 253 square miles (660 km2) Princess Anne County with the 2 square miles (5.2 km2) City of Virginia Beach, the newly larger city was divided into seven boroughs: Bayside, Blackwater, Kempsville, Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, Pungo, and Virginia Beach.[46]

Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries, including: Alanton,[47] Aragona Village, the largest sub-division in Tidewater when completed,[48] Bay Colony,[49] Bayside,[50] Cape Henry,[51] Chesapeake Beach,[52] Croatan Beach, Great Neck Point, Green Run, Kempsville, Lago Mar, Larkspur, London Bridge, Lynnhaven, Newtown, The North End, Oceana, Ocean Park, Pembroke Manor, Princess Anne, Pungo, Red Mill Commons, Sandbridge, Shadowlawn, Thalia, and Thoroughgood.[53]

Climate

Virginia Beach, VA[54]
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.6
 
 
49
30
 
 
3.5
 
 
52
32
 
 
4.1
 
 
60
38
 
 
3.5
 
 
69
47
 
 
3.8
 
 
77
56
 
 
4
 
 
85
65
 
 
5.1
 
 
88
69
 
 
5.2
 
 
86
68
 
 
4.7
 
 
81
61
 
 
3.5
 
 
71
50
 
 
3.3
 
 
62
41
 
 
3.6
 
 
53
33
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
91
 
 
9
−1
 
 
89
 
 
11
0
 
 
104
 
 
15
3
 
 
89
 
 
21
8
 
 
97
 
 
25
13
 
 
102
 
 
29
18
 
 
130
 
 
31
21
 
 
132
 
 
30
20
 
 
119
 
 
27
16
 
 
89
 
 
22
10
 
 
84
 
 
17
5
 
 
91
 
 
11
1
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

The climate of Virginia Beach is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa). For the Trewartha update system the climate is the northern limit of Cf (subtropical) which corresponds to the ecology of the area, which struggles to withstand the cooler temperatures further north or inland.[55][56]

Winters are cool and snowfall is light. Summers are hot and humid. The official weather statistics are recorded at Norfolk International Airport on the extreme northwestern border of Virginia Beach. The mean annual temperature is 59.6 °F (15.3 °C), with an average annual snowfall of 5.8 inches (150 mm) at the airport to around 3.0 inches (76 mm) in the southeastern corner around Back Bay.[57] Average annual precipitation (the large majority rainfall) is high, ranging between 47 inches (1,200 mm) at the airport to over 50 inches (1,300 mm) per year at Back Bay. The wettest season is summer, specifically July to early September, with August the single wettest month, averaging over 5.5 inches of rain. From October to June, average monthly precipitation is remarkably consistent, ranging between 3.1 and 3.7 inches.

The highest recorded temperature to date was 105 °F (41 °C) in July 2010, and the lowest recorded temperature was −3 °F (−19 °C) in January 1985, both being recorded at Norfolk International Airport.[58] The coldest daily maximum on record was 12 °F (−11 °C) in December 1917, whereas the 1991–2020 normals had a coldest maximum average of 29 °F (−2 °C).[58] This means that in spite of the mild normals, most years record at least one ice day, with rare exceptions. Summer nights are sometimes really hot. The all-time record low is 84 °F (29 °C) from July 1942, while a normal year's warmest night averages 80 °F (27 °C).[58]

Additionally, the geographic location of the city, with respect to the principal storm tracks, is especially favorable which is why it has earned the reputation as a vacation destination. It is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes, and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms, with the exception of Hurricane Isabel in 2003.[59] Because of the moderating effects of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, Virginia Beach is the northernmost location on the east coast in which many species of plants (both subtropical and tropical) will reliably grow. Spanish moss, for example is near the northernmost limit of its natural range at First Landing State Park, and is the most northerly location where it is widespread. Other plants like the Windmill Palm, Sabal palmetto, Butia odorata (in protected locations), and Oleander are successfully grown here while they succumb to the colder winter temperatures to the north and inland to the west. The hardiness zone is 8b along the coast and in Urban areas, and 8a inland and to the northwest.

Climate data for Norfolk International Airport, Virginia (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84
(29) 		82
(28) 		92
(33) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		95
(35) 		86
(30) 		82
(28) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 72
(22) 		74
(23) 		81
(27) 		87
(31) 		92
(33) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		95
(35) 		92
(33) 		86
(30) 		79
(26) 		73
(23) 		99
(37)
Average high °F (°C) 50.7
(10.4) 		53.4
(11.9) 		60.1
(15.6) 		70.0
(21.1) 		77.4
(25.2) 		85.2
(29.6) 		89.4
(31.9) 		86.9
(30.5) 		81.4
(27.4) 		72.3
(22.4) 		62.1
(16.7) 		54.7
(12.6) 		70.3
(21.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.2
(5.7) 		44.2
(6.8) 		50.7
(10.4) 		60.1
(15.6) 		68.3
(20.2) 		76.7
(24.8) 		81.1
(27.3) 		79.2
(26.2) 		74.0
(23.3) 		63.7
(17.6) 		53.3
(11.8) 		46.1
(7.8) 		61.6
(16.4)
Average low °F (°C) 33.6
(0.9) 		35.1
(1.7) 		41.3
(5.2) 		50.1
(10.1) 		59.1
(15.1) 		68.1
(20.1) 		72.8
(22.7) 		71.6
(22.0) 		66.6
(19.2) 		55.1
(12.8) 		44.4
(6.9) 		37.6
(3.1) 		52.9
(11.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 19
(−7) 		22
(−6) 		27
(−3) 		37
(3) 		47
(8) 		56
(13) 		65
(18) 		64
(18) 		56
(13) 		40
(4) 		30
(−1) 		24
(−4) 		17
(−8)
Record low °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		2
(−17) 		14
(−10) 		23
(−5) 		36
(2) 		45
(7) 		54
(12) 		49
(9) 		40
(4) 		27
(−3) 		17
(−8) 		5
(−15) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.41
(87) 		2.90
(74) 		3.69
(94) 		3.37
(86) 		3.78
(96) 		4.43
(113) 		6.08
(154) 		5.88
(149) 		5.40
(137) 		3.86
(98) 		3.10
(79) 		3.28
(83) 		49.18
(1,249)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.2
(8.1) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.1
(2.8) 		6.2
(16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.7 9.2 10.9 10.0 11.2 9.7 10.6 10.2 9.4 7.7 8.9 9.9 118.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.7 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0
Average relative humidity (%) 66.3 65.6 64.6 62.8 68.8 70.6 73.3 75.2 74.4 72.1 68.5 67.0 69.1
Average dew point °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		28.9
(−1.7) 		35.8
(2.1) 		43.2
(6.2) 		54.5
(12.5) 		63.1
(17.3) 		68.2
(20.1) 		68.0
(20.0) 		62.4
(16.9) 		51.3
(10.7) 		41.7
(5.4) 		32.7
(0.4) 		48.1
(9.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171.5 175.2 229.3 252.8 271.7 280.1 278.3 260.4 231.4 208.3 175.7 160.4 2,695.1
Percent possible sunshine 56 58 62 64 62 64 62 62 62 60 57 53 61
Average ultraviolet index 2 4 5 7 8 10 9 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[58][60][61]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[62]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1910320—
1920846164.4%
19301,719103.2%
19402,60051.3%
19505,390107.3%
19608,09150.1%
1970172,1062,027.1%
1980262,19952.3%
1990393,06949.9%
2000425,2578.2%
2010437,9943.0%
2020459,4704.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[63]
1790–1960[64] 1900–1990[65]
1990–2000[66] 2010–2020[2]

2020 census

Virginia Beach city, Virginia - Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010[67] Pop 2020[68] % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 282,470 269,566 64.49% 58.67%
Black or African American alone (NH) 83,210 82,583 19.00% 17.97%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1,349 1,184 0.31% 0.26%
Asian alone (NH) 26,312 33,756 6.01% 7.35%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 602 671 0.14% 0.15%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 863 2,599 0.20% 0.57%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 14,201 28,707 3.24% 6.25%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 28,987 40,404 6.62% 8.79%
Total 437,994 459,470 100.00% 100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

2010 census

 
Map of racial distribution in Virginia Beach, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other
Racial composition 2010[69] 1990[70] 1970[70] 1950[70]
White 67.7% 80.5% 90.0% 95.5%
—Non-Hispanic Whites 64.5% 78.8% 88.9%[71] n/a
Black or African American 19.6% 13.9% 9.1% 4.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 6.6% 3.1% 1.3%[71] (X)
Asian 6.1% 4.3% 0.7% −

According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows:[69]

As of the 2000 Census,[4] there were 425,257 people, 154,455 households, and 110,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,712.7 people per square mile (661.3/km2). There were 162,277 housing units at an average density of 653.6 per square mile (252.3/km2).

There were 154,455 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.14.

The age distribution was 27.5% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $48,705, and the median income for a family was $53,242. Virginia Beach had the 5th highest median family income among large cities in 2003.[72] The per capita income for the city was $22,365. About 5.1% of families and 8.2%[73][74] of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

7.1% of the people under the age of 65 years are disabled while 8.6% people don't have health insurance.[74]

The city of Virginia Beach has a lower crime rate than the other regional cities of Hampton Roads, Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth, which all exceed national average crime rates.[75] In 1999 Virginia Beach experienced 12 murders giving the city a murder rate of 2.7 per 100,000 people. For 2007, Virginia Beach had 16 murders, for a murder rate of 3.7 per 100,000 people. That was lower than the national average that year of 6.9. The city's total crime index rate for 2007 was 221.2 per 100,000 people, lower than the national average of 320.9.[76] According to the Congressional Quarterly Press '2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America, Virginia Beach, Virginia ranks 311th in violent crime among 385 cities containing more than 75,000 inhabitants.[77]

Violent crimes per 100,000 citizens
Crime Virginia Beach (2009) National Average
Murder 3.7 6.9
Rape 20.2 32.2
Robbery 127.3 195.4
Assault 98.6 340.1
Burglary 495.2 814.5
Automobile Theft 134.4 526.5

Religion

 
Star of the Sea Catholic Church

34.4% of the city's population is affiliated with religious congregations, compared to the 50.2% nationwide figure. There are 146,402 adherents and 184 different religious congregations in the city.[78]

  • 28% Catholic Church
  • 14% Southern Baptist Convention
  • 13% United Methodist Church
  • 12% Charismatic Churches Independent
  • 33% Others

Economy

Virginia Beach is composed of a variety of industries, including national and international corporate headquarters, advanced manufacturers, defense contractors and locally owned businesses.[79] The city's location and business climate have made it a hub of international commerce, as nearly 200 foreign firms have established a presence, an office location or their North American headquarters in Hampton Roads. Twenty internationally based firms have their U.S. or North American headquarters in Virginia Beach, including companies like Stihl, Busch Vacuum Solutions, IMS Gear, and Sanjo Corte Fino.[80] Other major companies headquartered in Virginia Beach include Amerigroup, the Christian Broadcasting Network and Operation Blessing International.[81][82] Other major employers include GEICO, VT and Navy Exchange Service Command.[83][84] In addition, Virginia Beach is home to a number of small, innovative companies, such as Morphix Technologies, who cater for military industry.[85] Virginia Beach was ranked at number 45 on Forbes list of best places for business and careers.

Tourism produces a large share of Virginia Beach's economy.[86][87][88][89] With an estimated $857 million spent in tourism related industries, 14,900 jobs cater to 2.75 million visitors. City coffers benefit as visitors provide $73 million in revenue. Virginia Beach opened a Convention Center in 2005 which caters to large group meetings and events. Hotels not only line the oceanfront but also cluster around Virginia Beach Town Center and other parts of the city. Restaurants and entertainment industries also directly benefit from Virginia Beach's tourism.[83]

Virginia Beach has a large agribusiness sector which produces $80 million for the city economy. One hundred-seventy-two farms exist in Virginia Beach, mostly below the greenline in the southern portion of the city. Farmers are able to sell their goods and products at the city's Farmer's Market.[90][91]

 
A VF-41 F-4J over NAS Oceana in the late 1960s

Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases. These include the United States Navy's NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads, and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry.[92][93] Additionally, NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address.[94]

NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach; it was decreed by the 2005 BRAC Commission that NAS Oceana must close unless the city of Virginia Beach condemns houses in areas designated as "Accident Potential Zones." This action has never been the position of the United States Navy; indeed, the Navy had not recommended NAS Oceana to the BRAC Commission for potential closure.[26]

Both NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads are considered to be the largest of their respective kind in the world. Furthermore, located in nearby Norfolk is the central hub of the United States Navy's Atlantic Fleet, Norfolk Navy Base.[95][96]

54% of the 171,000 people working in Virginia Beach live in the city, 12% live in Chesapeake, and 10% live in Norfolk. An additional 99,600 people commute from Virginia Beach, with 35% going to Norfolk and 23% going to Chesapeake. Unemployment has been cut almost in half over the past two years going from a high of 4.2% in January 2017 to 2.8% in June 2019.[97][verification needed]

Culture

Main article: Culture in Virginia Beach
 
Adam Thoroughgood House, before 1957 restoration
 
The Sandler Center located in Town Center, features performing arts, concerts, forums, and many other events.

The city is home to several points of interest in the historical, scientific, and visual/performing arts areas, and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years. The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media. Exhibitions feature painting, sculpture, photography, glass, video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown. MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show, which began in 1952 and is now the museum's largest fundraiser.[98]

The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center (formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum) is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features various sharks, sting rays, sea turtles, jellyfish, and octopuses.[99][100]

One of the world's largest collections of World War I and World War II aircraft is located at the Military Aviation Museum in the Pungo area of Virginia Beach.[101]

The Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater at Virginia Beach, built in 1996, features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts. The Sandler Center, a 1200-seat performing arts theatre, opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November 2007.[102]

Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places. Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House (one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia), the Francis Land House (a 200-year-old plantation), the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station (a second tower), De Witt Cottage, Adam Keeling House, and others.[103]

The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was established in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds. The 67th street facility features a large private library of books on psychic matters, and is open to the public. The traditional beach-architecture headquarters building features massage therapy by appointment. Cayce opened Atlantic University in 1930; it closed two years later but was re-opened in 1985. Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce's readings and research on spiritual subjects.[104]

The city's largest festival, the Neptune Festival, attracts 500,000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350,000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana.[105][106] Celebrating the city's heritage link with Norway, events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas.[107] Every Labor Day Weekend, the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront, including the beach on Fifth Street. The festival ends with the Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon.[108]

Sports

Since Norfolk contains the central business district of Hampton Roads, most of the major spectator sports are located there. While the Hampton Roads area has been recently considered as a viable prospect for major-league professional sports, and regional leaders have attempted to obtain Major League Baseball, NBA and NHL franchises in the recent past, no team has yet relocated to the area.[110][111] Hampton Roads is the largest metropolitan area in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league.

The Norfolk Admirals won the AHL Calder Cup in 2012.[112]

The Virginia Destroyers, a UFL franchise, played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex until the league's collapse in 2012. Virginia Beach Professional Baseball, LLC, was awarded an Atlantic League franchise in April 2013. Known as the Virginia Beach Neptunes, they have yet to play a game due to delays in building Wheeler Field. Two soccer teams, the Virginia Beach Piranhas, a men's team in the USL Premier Development League, and the Hampton Roads Piranhas, a women's team in the W-League play at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex. The Virginia Beach Sportsplex contains the central training site for the U.S. women's national field hockey team.[113]

The city is also home to the East Coast Surfing Championships, an annual contest of more than 100 of the world's top professional surfers and an estimated 400 amateur surfers. This is North America's oldest surfing contest.[114]

There are eleven golf courses open to the public in the city, as well as four country club layouts and 36 military holes at NAS Oceana's Aeropines course. Among the best-known public courses are Hell's Point Golf Club and Virginia Beach National, the latter of which hosted the Virginia Beach Open, a Nationwide Tour event from 2000 to 2006.[115] Also, the Kingsmill Resort in nearby Williamsburg hosts the Kingsmill Championship, an annual LPGA Tour tournament.

Virginia Beach is host to a Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon each year on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with the American Music Festival. It is one of the largest Half Marathons in the world. The final 3 miles (4.8 km) are on the boardwalk.[116] Virginia Beach also hosts the Yuengling Shamrock Marathon, founded in 1973 with over 24,000 participants. It is an annual race over St. Patrick's Day weekend and was recognized by Runner's World as one of the Top 20 marathons in the country in 1992.[117]

Parks and recreation

Virginia Beach is home to 210 city parks, encompassing over 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), including neighborhood parks, community parks, district parks, and other open spaces.[118]

Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I-264 when traveling to the oceanfront. The hill measures 60 ft (18 m) high and is the highest point in Virginia Beach.[119][120]

 
A Japanese-style moon bridge in the Miyazaki Japanese Garden, Red Wing Park

One of the major parks is Red Wing Park, a 97 acres (39 ha) park in east-central part of the city, very close to Oceana Naval Air Station. This land became a park in 1966. A unique feature of this park is the Miyazaki Japanese Garden, which is a result of its interactions with its sister city Miyazaki, Japan.[121]

 
People riding a rental surrey on the boardwalk

The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1938, is an 8,000-acre (32 km2) fresh water refuge that borders the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Back Bay on the west. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[122]

First Landing State Park and False Cape State Park are both located in coastal areas within the city's corporate limits as well.[123][124]

Munden Point Park is a rural park located in the deep southern end of the city,[125] right on The North Landing River.[126]

 
Local law prohibits the use of profanity along the boardwalk. This sign along Atlantic Avenue indicates this law.[127]

Pleasure House Point is an 118 acres (48 hectares) park of undeveloped land on the shore of the Lynnhaven River. It is also the location of the Brock Environmental Center.[128]

Virginia Beach's extensive park system is recognized as one of the best in the United States. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Virginia Beach had the 8th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[129]

Government

Further information: Virginia Beach City Council
 
Virginia Beach City Hall

Historically, Virginia Beach had been more conservative than other large independent cities in Virginia.[130] It consistently backed Republican Party presidential candidates from 1968 to 2016, and in all but two elections from 1952 to 2016. However, the Republican edge in the city has diminished in recent years. John McCain and Donald Trump only managed to win a plurality of the city's votes in 2008 and 2016, winning the city despite losing statewide. In 2020,[131] Joe Biden became the first Democrat to carry Virginia Beach since 1964, and only the third to do so since Virginia Beach became an independent city. Biden became the first presidential candidate to win at least 51% of the vote in Virginia Beach since President George W. Bush in 2004.[132]

United States presidential election results for Virginia Beach, Virginia[133]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 105,087 46.18% 117,393 51.59% 5,081 2.23%
2016 98,224 48.38% 91,032 44.84% 13,763 6.78%
2012 99,291 50.49% 94,299 47.95% 3,051 1.55%
2008 100,319 49.85% 98,885 49.14% 2,045 1.02%
2004 103,752 59.06% 70,666 40.22% 1,269 0.72%
2000 83,674 55.87% 62,268 41.58% 3,829 2.56%
1996 63,741 50.61% 52,142 41.40% 10,060 7.99%
1992 68,936 50.03% 44,294 32.15% 24,555 17.82%
1988 76,481 68.89% 33,780 30.43% 757 0.68%
1984 72,571 74.36% 24,703 25.31% 320 0.33%
1980 47,936 60.50% 24,895 31.42% 6,404 8.08%
1976 34,593 54.46% 25,824 40.66% 3,101 4.88%
1972 38,074 76.56% 10,373 20.86% 1,286 2.59%
1968 16,316 43.23% 10,101 26.76% 11,325 30.01%
1964 10,529 44.92% 12,892 55.00% 21 0.09%
1960 986 42.48% 1,301 56.05% 34 1.46%
1956 1,355 53.28% 1,111 43.69% 77 3.03%
1952 1,310 59.79% 881 40.21% 0 0.00%

Virginia Beach was chartered as a municipal corporation by the General Assembly of Virginia on January 1, 1963. The city currently operates under the council–manager form of government.[134] The city does not fall under the jurisdiction of a county government, due to state law. Rather, it functions as an independent city and operates as a political subdivision of the state.

The city's legislative body consists of an eleven-member city council. The city manager is appointed by the council and acts as the chief executive officer. Through his staff, he implements policies established by the council.[135]

Members of the city council normally serve four-year terms and are elected on a staggered basis in non-partisan elections. Beginning in 2008, general elections are held the first Tuesday in November in even-numbered years. In previous years, elections were held the first Tuesday in May in even-numbered years. All registered voters are eligible to vote for all council members. Three council members and the mayor serve on an at-large basis. All others are elected by district (and must live in the district they represent): Bayside, Beach, Centerville, Kempsville, Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, and Rose Hall.[134]

The mayor is elected to a four-year term through direct election. The mayor presides over city council meetings, and serves as the ceremonial head and spokesperson of the city. A vice mayor is also elected by the city council at the first meeting following a council election.[135]

Citizens of Virginia Beach also elect five constitutional officers, and candidates for these offices are permitted to run with an affiliated political party. Three of these offices deal substantially with public safety and justice: the sheriff, commonwealth's attorney, and the clerk of the circuit court. The two other offices are concerned with fiscal policy: the city treasurer and the commissioner of the revenue.

Virginia Beach is located entirely in Virginia's 2nd congressional district, served by Republican Jen Kiggans.

Education

 
The current building of Frank W. Cox High School

According to the U.S. Census, 28.1% of the population over twenty-five (vs. a national average of 24%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 90.4% (vs. 80% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent.

Prior to 1969, separate schools were maintained for black and white students. Before 1938, black students who wished to attend school past seventh grade had to travel to Norfolk, and pay tuition to attend Booker T. Washington High School. In 1938, the first high school for blacks, the Princess Anne County Training School was built. In 1961, in order to avoid the stigma of the term "training school", the school was renamed Union Kempsville High School at the request of the black community. When the public schools integrated in 1969, Union Kempsville was closed.[136][137][138]

The city of Virginia Beach is home to Virginia Beach City Public Schools, one of the largest school systems in the state (based on student enrollment). Virginia Beach City Public Schools currently serves 69,735 students, and includes 56 elementary schools, 14 middle schools, 12 high schools which include Landstown,[139] Princess Anne,[140] Green Run,[141] Green Run Collegiate,[142] Cox,[143] Tallwood,[144] Salem,[145] First Colonial,[146] Kellam,[147] Kempsville,[148]Bayside,[149] and Ocean Lakes High Schools[150] as well as a number of secondary/post-secondary specialty schools and centers such as the Advanced Technology Center (ATC).[151]

There are also a number of private, independent schools in the city, including Chesapeake Bay Academy[152] and Tidewater Collegiate Academy (both on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan University), Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic School and Parish, Strelitz International Academy (formerly the Hebrew Academy of Tidewater), Cape Henry Collegiate School,[153] Catholic High School (formerly Bishop Sullivan Catholic and, before that, Norfolk Catholic),[154] Baylake Pines School, (closed in 2014),[155], and Virginia Beach Friends School.[156]

Virginia Beach is home to three universities and branch centers for several other universities. Atlantic University a for-profit holistic learning institution is located in Virginia Beach and was founded in 1930.[104] Regent University, a private university founded by Christian evangelist and leader Pat Robertson, has historically focused on graduate education but has recently established an undergraduate program as well.[157] Virginia Wesleyan University is a private university in Virginia Beach, Virginia, that was founded in 1961 by Methodist minister Joseph Shackford Johnston.[158]

Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University are in nearby Norfolk but operate a joint Center in Virginia Beach. Both the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech operate satellite campuses in Virginia Beach.[159][160][161][162] Tidewater Community College, a major junior college, also has its largest campus located in the city.[163] ECPI University's, a for-profit career college, has its headquarters in Virginia Beach. Additional institutions of higher education are located in other communities of greater Hampton Roads.[164]

The Virginia Beach Public Library System provides free access to accurate and current information and materials to all individuals, and promotes reading as a critical life skill. The Library system has a collection of more than 1 million items including special subject collections.[165]

Media

The Virginian-Pilot, based in Norfolk, is the daily newspaper for Virginia Beach. Other papers include Veer and the New Journal and Guide. Inside Business focuses on local business news.[166][167]

The Hampton Roads/Norfolk/Portsmouth/Virginia Beach area is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM bands, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area.[168]

Virginia Beach is also served by several television stations. The Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News designated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.).[169] The major network television affiliates are WTKR 3 (CBS),[170] WAVY-TV 10 (NBC),[171] WVEC 13 (ABC),[172] WTPC-TV 21 (Trinity Broadcasting Network), WGNT 27 (CW), WTVZ-TV 33 (MyNetworkTV),[173] WVBT 43 (Fox),[174] and WPXV 49 (ION Television). The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO-TV 15. Virginia Beach residents also can receive independent station WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from Camden County, North Carolina. Some can also receive PBS affiliate WUND 2 (UNC-TV), Home Shopping Network affiliate W14DC-D from Portsmouth, Daystar Network religious television station WVAD-LD TV 25 from Chesapeake and RTV affiliate WGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 7 from Hampton. Virginia Beach is served by Cox Cable. DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Virginia Beach.[175][176] In addition a large portion of the city is served by Verizon FIOS.[177]

Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network, located adjacent to Regent University. CBN's most notable program, The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios.[178][179] In 2008, Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival.[citation needed]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Virginia Beach
 
A Hampton Roads Transit bus on Pacific Avenue in Virginia Beach.
 
Norfolk International Airport in nearby Norfolk serves the city of Virginia Beach and the surrounding Hampton Roads area.

Virginia Beach is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF), which is now the region's major commercial airport. The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay, along the city limits straddling neighboring Norfolk.[180] Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area.[181] The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located five miles (8 km) outside the city limits.[182]

Virginia Beach Airport is a small, grass runway facility catering to private aircraft owners.[183]

Rail-wise, Virginia Beach is served by Amtrak through the Norfolk and Newport News stations, via connecting buses. A high-speed rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor are also under study.[184]

Greyhound/Trailways provides service from a central bus terminal in adjacent Norfolk. The Greyhound station in Virginia Beach is located on Laskin Road, about a mile west of the oceanfront. Bus services to New York City via the Chinatown bus, Today's Bus, is located on Newtown Road.[185]

The city is connected to I-64 via I-264, which runs from the oceanfront, intersects with I-64 on the east side of Norfolk, and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I-64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway. Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard (U.S. Route 58), Shore Drive (U.S. Route 60), which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront, Northampton Blvd (U.S. Route 13), Princess Anne Road (State Route 165), Indian River Road (former State Route 603), Lynnhaven Parkway, Independence Boulevard, General Booth Boulevard, and Nimmo Parkway.

The city is also connected to Virginia's Eastern Shore region via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel (CBBT), which is the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world and known as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World. The CBBT, a tolled facility carries U.S. Route 13.[186]

Transportation within the city, as well as the rest of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service, Hampton Roads Transit.[187] An extension of The Tide light rail system from Norfolk to the oceanfront is currently being studied.[188]

Walkability

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia Beach 39th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[189] A 2021 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia beach as 45th most walkable large city in the United States.[190]

Utilities

Water and sewer services are provided by the City's Department of Utilities. Virginia Beach receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center (a gas power plant), coal-fired plants in Chesapeake and Southampton County, and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant. Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas, a subsidiary of AGL Resources, distributes natural gas to the city from storage plants in James City County and Chesapeake.[191]

Currently, water for the Tidewater area is pumped from Lake Gaston, which straddles the Virginia-North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers.[192]

The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants.[193]

Broadband internet service is provided by Cox Communications throughout the majority of the city. Verizon also provides its Fios internet service, but in limited areas as of 2021.

Healthcare

Virginia Beach is served by Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital and Sentara Princess Anne Hospital. The former Sentara Bayside Hospital, now known as Sentara Independence, has been modified to a stand alone Emergency Department and outpatient treatment center. Sentara Leigh Hospital is just across the city line in Norfolk.[194] Beach Health clinic offers basic medical services for uninsured residents of Virginia Beach.[195]

Sister cities

Virginia Beach's sister Cities are:[196]

Friendly cities

Virginia Beach has friendly relations with:[196]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Hampton Roads, Virginia

In popular culture

The Monopoly Here and Now: The US edition (2015) of the game, released in honor of the game's 80th birthday, included Virginia Beach as a property that could be bought, sold and traded. The city was included after Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the game. Virginia Beach received the fourth highest number of votes in the online contest, earning it a green spot on the board. The top Boardwalk spot went to Pierre, South Dakota.[251]

In the television series, The Man in the High Castle (2015–2019), which is set in an alternate 1960s, Virginia Beach is mentioned as being the site of a D-Day style invasion by Nazi Germany, which led to the defeat of the United States and its occupation.[252][253]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown, and at Norfolk Int'l since January 1946. For more information, see Threadex.

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External links

  • Official website  
  • Convention and Visitors Bureau

January 06, 2023
virginia, beach, virginia, virginia, beach, redirects, here, other, places, with, same, name, virginia, beach, disambiguation, virginia, beach, independent, city, located, southeastern, coast, commonwealth, virginia, united, states, population, 2020, census, a. Virginia Beach redirects here For other places with the same name see Virginia Beach disambiguation Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The population was 459 470 at the 2020 census 2 Although mostly suburban in character it is the most populous city in Virginia fifth most populous city in the Mid Atlantic ninth most populous city in the Southeast and the 42nd most populous city in the U S Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay Virginia Beach is the largest city in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area This area known as America s First Region also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake Hampton Newport News Norfolk Portsmouth and Suffolk as well as other smaller cities counties and towns of Hampton Roads 6 Virginia Beach VirginiaIndependent cityCity of Virginia BeachClockwise from top Virginia Beach Oceanfront Adam Thoroughgood House Virginia Beach City Hall library from Regent University Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge Cape Henry Lighthouses FlagSealNickname s The Resort City VA BeachMotto Landmarks of Our Nation s BeginningVirginia Beach VirginiaShow map of VirginiaVirginia Beach VirginiaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates 36 51 00 N 75 58 40 W 36 85000 N 75 97778 W 36 85000 75 97778 Coordinates 36 51 00 N 75 58 40 W 36 85000 N 75 97778 W 36 85000 75 97778CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyNone Independent city Incorporated as town 1906 1906 Incorporated as city 1952 1952 Government TypeCouncil manager BodyVirginia Beach City Council MayorBobby Dyer R Area 1 Independent city497 50 sq mi 1 288 52 km2 Land244 72 sq mi 633 83 km2 Water252 78 sq mi 654 69 km2 Elevation10 ft 3 m Population 2020 2 Independent city457 672 Rank42nd in the United States1st in Virginia Density1 877 53 sq mi 724 92 km2 Urban1 451 578 US 36th Urban density3 013 6 sq mi 1 163 6 km2 Metro 3 1 799 674 US 37th Time zoneUTC 05 00 EST Summer DST UTC 04 00 EDT ZIP Codes23450 23467 23471 23479Area code s 757 948 planned FIPS code51 82000 4 GNIS feature ID1500261 5 InterstatesPrimary AirportsNorfolk International AirportNewport News Williamsburg International AirportPublic transportationHampton Roads TransitWebsiteOfficial websiteVirginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels motels and restaurants along its oceanfront Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship a beach soccer tournament It is also home to several state parks several long protected beach areas military bases a number of large corporations Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University the international headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Christian Broadcasting Network CBN Edgar Cayce s Association for Research and Enlightenment and numerous historic sites Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists who eventually settled in Jamestown on April 26 1607 The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world 7 It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel which was the world s longest bridge tunnel complex 8 until the Hong Kong Zhuhai Macau Bridge opened in 2018 9 Contents 1 History 1 1 Recent history 2 Geography 2 1 Neighborhoods 2 2 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 census 3 2 2010 census 3 3 Religion 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 9 Education 10 Media 11 Infrastructure 11 1 Transportation 11 1 1 Walkability 11 2 Utilities 11 3 Healthcare 12 Sister cities 12 1 Friendly cities 13 Notable people 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External linksHistory EditMain articles History of Virginia Beach Virginia Timeline of Virginia Beach Virginia and Princess Anne County Virginia A Chesepian home The Chesepian were the historic indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter Little is known about them 10 but archeological evidence suggests they may have been related to the Carolina Algonquian or Pamlico people They would have spoken one of the Algonquian languages These were common among the numerous tribes of the coastal area who made up the loose Powhatan Confederacy numbering in the tens of thousands in population The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk Portsmouth Chesapeake and Virginia Beach 11 Princess Anne County 1691 1963 now defunct with Virginia Beach from 1895 Virginia map In 1607 after a voyage of 144 days three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport and carrying 105 men and boys made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean They named it Cape Henry after Henry Frederick Prince of Wales the eldest son of King James I of England These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area as they were under orders to seek a site further inland which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown 12 Adam Thoroughgood 1604 1640 of King s Lynn Norfolk England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area which was developed as Virginia Beach At the age of 18 he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life He earned his freedom after several years and became a leading citizen of the area In 1629 he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie sic one of four citties or incorporations which were subdivided areas established in 1619 13 In 1634 the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia soon renamed as counties Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name New Norfolk County in 1637 The following year New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County soon renamed Nansemond County and Lower Norfolk County Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River named for his home in England 14 Lower Norfolk County was large when first organized defined as from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth Norfolk Chesapeake and Virginia Beach 13 It attracted many entrepreneurs including William Moseley with his family in 1648 Belonging to the Merchant Adventurers Guild of London he immigrated from Rotterdam of the Netherlands where he had been in the international trade He settled on land on the north side of the Elizabeth River east of what developed as Norfolk Following increased settlement in 1691 Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk and Princess Anne counties Princess Anne the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads extended from Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay south to what became the border of the North Carolina colony It included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean Princess Anne County was known as a jurisdiction from 1691 to 1963 over 250 years 15 Hotels along Atlantic Avenue facing north In the early centuries this area was rural and developed for plantation agriculture In the late 19th century the small resort area of Virginia Beach developed in Princess Anne County after the 1883 arrival of rail service to the coast The Virginia Beach Hotel was opened and operated by the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad and Improvement Company at the oceanfront near the tiny community of Seatack The hotel was foreclosed and the railroad reorganized in 1887 The hotel was upgraded and reopened in 1888 as the Princess Anne Hotel 16 In 1891 guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator The ship s figurehead which washed up on the beach several days later was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years In the 21st century it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments sculpted by Ornulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss Norway 17 The resort initially depended on railroad and electric trolley service The completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922 which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront opened the route for automobiles buses and trucks The passenger rail service to the oceanfront was eventually discontinued as traffic increased by vehicle The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906 Over the next 45 years Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot The casinos were replaced by amusement parks and family oriented attractions In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became a popular vacation spot 18 19 Virginia Beach gained status as an independent city in 1952 although ties remained between it and Princess Anne County In 1963 after voters in the two jurisdictions passed a supporting referendum and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new much larger independent city retaining the better known name of the Virginia Beach resort 20 The Alan B Shepard Civic Center The Dome a significant building in the city s history why was constructed in 1958 21 and was dedicated to the career of former Virginia Beach resident and astronaut Alan Shepard 22 As the area changed the Dome was frequently used as a bingo hall The building was razed in 1994 21 to make room for a municipal parking lot and potential future development Recent history Edit Virginia Beach Town Center Real estate defense and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy Local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real estate redevelopment resulting in a number of joint public private projects such as commercial parks Examples of the public private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel and the Virginia Beach Town Center The city assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments The Town Center opened in 2003 with related construction continuing The Convention Center opened in 2005 23 24 The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city 25 Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana a major fighter jet base for the U S Navy While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade 26 In 2012 a Navy jet that took off from Oceana experienced engine failure and crashed into an apartment complex 27 This land crunch led to floodplain development During Hurricane Matthew the heavy rainfall flooded over 2000 homes and left some neighborhoods with standing water for days 28 Given the rising risks of flooding due to climate change and the impetus of the hurricane damage the city rejected several further development proposals This rejection was significant from two perspectives First cities reject building very rarely demonstrating the shift in public perception Second these rejections led to lawsuits by the developers The rejection of these lawsuits in the courts provides precedent for other sorts of local climate change adaptation efforts in the future Discussing the matter Mayor Dyer noted It s a confrontation with reality Not everybody s going to be happy 29 On May 31 2019 a mass shooting occurred at a municipal government building in Virginia Beach A former employee entered the building and shot indiscriminately killing 12 people and injuring four others before dying from a gunshot wound fired by responding officers 30 31 Geography Edit Overlooking the Atlantic Ocean Virginia Beach is located at 36 51 02 N 75 58 40 W 36 8506 N 75 9779 W 36 8506 75 9779 Virginia Beach 32 According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 497 square miles 1 290 km2 of which 249 square miles 640 km2 is land and 248 square miles 640 km2 49 9 is water 32 It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third largest city by land area The average elevation is 12 feet 3 7 m above sea level A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in the Hampton Roads area bordering the Atlantic Ocean 33 The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area officially known as the Virginia Beach Norfolk Newport News VA NC MSA is the 37th largest in the United States with a total population of 1 707 639 The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk 34 Virginia Beach Chesapeake 35 Hampton 36 Newport News 37 Poquoson 38 Portsmouth 39 Suffolk 40 Williamsburg 41 and the counties of Gloucester Isle of Wight James City Mathews Surry and York as well as the North Carolina county of Currituck While Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA it actually currently functions more as a suburb The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism Additionally Virginia Beach is 19 miles 30km east of Norfolk 42 24 miles 38km northeast of Chesapeake 43 107 miles 172km southeast of Richmond the state capitol 44 and 209 miles 336km southeast of Washington D C 45 Neighborhoods Edit Sandbridge Lago Mar When the modern city of Virginia Beach was created in 1963 by the consolidation of the 253 square miles 660 km2 Princess Anne County with the 2 square miles 5 2 km2 City of Virginia Beach the newly larger city was divided into seven boroughs Bayside Blackwater Kempsville Lynnhaven Princess Anne Pungo and Virginia Beach 46 Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries including Alanton 47 Aragona Village the largest sub division in Tidewater when completed 48 Bay Colony 49 Bayside 50 Cape Henry 51 Chesapeake Beach 52 Croatan Beach Great Neck Point Green Run Kempsville Lago Mar Larkspur London Bridge Lynnhaven Newtown The North End Oceana Ocean Park Pembroke Manor Princess Anne Pungo Red Mill Commons Sandbridge Shadowlawn Thalia and Thoroughgood 53 Climate Edit Virginia Beach VA 54 Climate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 3 6 49 30 3 5 52 32 4 1 60 38 3 5 69 47 3 8 77 56 4 85 65 5 1 88 69 5 2 86 68 4 7 81 61 3 5 71 50 3 3 62 41 3 6 53 33Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesMetric conversionJ F M A M J J A S O N D 91 9 1 89 11 0 104 15 3 89 21 8 97 25 13 102 29 18 130 31 21 132 30 20 119 27 16 89 22 10 84 17 5 91 11 1Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmThe climate of Virginia Beach is humid subtropical Koppen Cfa For the Trewartha update system the climate is the northern limit of Cf subtropical which corresponds to the ecology of the area which struggles to withstand the cooler temperatures further north or inland 55 56 Winters are cool and snowfall is light Summers are hot and humid The official weather statistics are recorded at Norfolk International Airport on the extreme northwestern border of Virginia Beach The mean annual temperature is 59 6 F 15 3 C with an average annual snowfall of 5 8 inches 150 mm at the airport to around 3 0 inches 76 mm in the southeastern corner around Back Bay 57 Average annual precipitation the large majority rainfall is high ranging between 47 inches 1 200 mm at the airport to over 50 inches 1 300 mm per year at Back Bay The wettest season is summer specifically July to early September with August the single wettest month averaging over 5 5 inches of rain From October to June average monthly precipitation is remarkably consistent ranging between 3 1 and 3 7 inches The highest recorded temperature to date was 105 F 41 C in July 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature was 3 F 19 C in January 1985 both being recorded at Norfolk International Airport 58 The coldest daily maximum on record was 12 F 11 C in December 1917 whereas the 1991 2020 normals had a coldest maximum average of 29 F 2 C 58 This means that in spite of the mild normals most years record at least one ice day with rare exceptions Summer nights are sometimes really hot The all time record low is 84 F 29 C from July 1942 while a normal year s warmest night averages 80 F 27 C 58 Additionally the geographic location of the city with respect to the principal storm tracks is especially favorable which is why it has earned the reputation as a vacation destination It is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms with the exception of Hurricane Isabel in 2003 59 Because of the moderating effects of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean Virginia Beach is the northernmost location on the east coast in which many species of plants both subtropical and tropical will reliably grow Spanish moss for example is near the northernmost limit of its natural range at First Landing State Park and is the most northerly location where it is widespread Other plants like the Windmill Palm Sabal palmetto Butia odorata in protected locations and Oleander are successfully grown here while they succumb to the colder winter temperatures to the north and inland to the west The hardiness zone is 8b along the coast and in Urban areas and 8a inland and to the northwest vteClimate data for Norfolk International Airport Virginia 1991 2020 normals a extremes 1874 present b Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 84 29 82 28 92 33 97 36 100 38 102 39 105 41 105 41 100 38 95 35 86 30 82 28 105 41 Mean maximum F C 72 22 74 23 81 27 87 31 92 33 96 36 98 37 95 35 92 33 86 30 79 26 73 23 99 37 Average high F C 50 7 10 4 53 4 11 9 60 1 15 6 70 0 21 1 77 4 25 2 85 2 29 6 89 4 31 9 86 9 30 5 81 4 27 4 72 3 22 4 62 1 16 7 54 7 12 6 70 3 21 3 Daily mean F C 42 2 5 7 44 2 6 8 50 7 10 4 60 1 15 6 68 3 20 2 76 7 24 8 81 1 27 3 79 2 26 2 74 0 23 3 63 7 17 6 53 3 11 8 46 1 7 8 61 6 16 4 Average low F C 33 6 0 9 35 1 1 7 41 3 5 2 50 1 10 1 59 1 15 1 68 1 20 1 72 8 22 7 71 6 22 0 66 6 19 2 55 1 12 8 44 4 6 9 37 6 3 1 52 9 11 6 Mean minimum F C 19 7 22 6 27 3 37 3 47 8 56 13 65 18 64 18 56 13 40 4 30 1 24 4 17 8 Record low F C 3 19 2 17 14 10 23 5 36 2 45 7 54 12 49 9 40 4 27 3 17 8 5 15 3 19 Average precipitation inches mm 3 41 87 2 90 74 3 69 94 3 37 86 3 78 96 4 43 113 6 08 154 5 88 149 5 40 137 3 86 98 3 10 79 3 28 83 49 18 1 249 Average snowfall inches cm 3 2 8 1 1 5 3 8 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 8 6 2 16 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 7 9 2 10 9 10 0 11 2 9 7 10 6 10 2 9 4 7 7 8 9 9 9 118 4Average snowy days 0 1 in 1 7 1 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0Average relative humidity 66 3 65 6 64 6 62 8 68 8 70 6 73 3 75 2 74 4 72 1 68 5 67 0 69 1Average dew point F C 27 9 2 3 28 9 1 7 35 8 2 1 43 2 6 2 54 5 12 5 63 1 17 3 68 2 20 1 68 0 20 0 62 4 16 9 51 3 10 7 41 7 5 4 32 7 0 4 48 1 9 0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 171 5 175 2 229 3 252 8 271 7 280 1 278 3 260 4 231 4 208 3 175 7 160 4 2 695 1Percent possible sunshine 56 58 62 64 62 64 62 62 62 60 57 53 61Average ultraviolet index 2 4 5 7 8 10 9 9 7 5 3 2 6Source 1 NOAA relative humidity and sun 1961 1990 58 60 61 Source 2 Weather Atlas UV 62 Demographics EditHistorical populationCensus Pop 1910320 1920846164 4 19301 719103 2 19402 60051 3 19505 390107 3 19608 09150 1 1970172 1062 027 1 1980262 19952 3 1990393 06949 9 2000425 2578 2 2010437 9943 0 2020459 4704 9 U S Decennial Census 63 1790 1960 64 1900 1990 65 1990 2000 66 2010 2020 2 2020 census Edit Virginia Beach city Virginia Demographic Profile NH Non Hispanic Race Ethnicity Pop 2010 67 Pop 2020 68 2010 2020White alone NH 282 470 269 566 64 49 58 67 Black or African American alone NH 83 210 82 583 19 00 17 97 Native American or Alaska Native alone NH 1 349 1 184 0 31 0 26 Asian alone NH 26 312 33 756 6 01 7 35 Pacific Islander alone NH 602 671 0 14 0 15 Some Other Race alone NH 863 2 599 0 20 0 57 Mixed Race Multi Racial NH 14 201 28 707 3 24 6 25 Hispanic or Latino any race 28 987 40 404 6 62 8 79 Total 437 994 459 470 100 00 100 00 Note the US Census treats Hispanic Latino as an ethnic category This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category Hispanics Latinos can be of any race 2010 census Edit Map of racial distribution in Virginia Beach 2010 U S Census Each dot is 25 people White Black Asian Hispanic Other Racial composition 2010 69 1990 70 1970 70 1950 70 White 67 7 80 5 90 0 95 5 Non Hispanic Whites 64 5 78 8 88 9 71 n aBlack or African American 19 6 13 9 9 1 4 5 Hispanic or Latino of any race 6 6 3 1 1 3 71 X Asian 6 1 4 3 0 7 According to the 2010 Census the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows 69 White or Caucasian 67 7 Non Hispanic White 64 5 Black or African American 19 6 Native American 0 4 Asian 6 1 4 0 Filipino 0 5 Chinese 0 4 Indian 0 4 Vietnamese 0 3 Korean 0 2 Japanese Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 1 Some other race 2 0 Two or more races 4 0 Hispanic or Latino of any race 6 6 2 2 Puerto Rican 1 9 Mexican 0 3 Dominican 0 2 Panamanian 0 2 Salvadoran 0 2 Cuban 0 2 Colombian As of the 2000 Census 4 there were 425 257 people 154 455 households and 110 898 families residing in the city The population density was 1 712 7 people per square mile 661 3 km2 There were 162 277 housing units at an average density of 653 6 per square mile 252 3 km2 There were 154 455 households out of which 38 8 had children under the age of 18 living with them 55 7 were married couples living together 12 4 had a female householder with no husband present and 28 2 were non families 20 4 of all households were made up of individuals and 5 5 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 70 and the average family size was 3 14 The age distribution was 27 5 under the age of 18 10 0 from 18 to 24 34 3 from 25 to 44 19 8 from 45 to 64 and 8 4 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 33 years For every 100 females there were 98 0 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 95 8 males The median income for a household in the city was 48 705 and the median income for a family was 53 242 Virginia Beach had the 5th highest median family income among large cities in 2003 72 The per capita income for the city was 22 365 About 5 1 of families and 8 2 73 74 of the population were below the poverty line including 8 6 of those under age 18 and 4 7 of those age 65 or over 7 1 of the people under the age of 65 years are disabled while 8 6 people don t have health insurance 74 The city of Virginia Beach has a lower crime rate than the other regional cities of Hampton Roads Newport News Norfolk and Portsmouth which all exceed national average crime rates 75 In 1999 Virginia Beach experienced 12 murders giving the city a murder rate of 2 7 per 100 000 people For 2007 Virginia Beach had 16 murders for a murder rate of 3 7 per 100 000 people That was lower than the national average that year of 6 9 The city s total crime index rate for 2007 was 221 2 per 100 000 people lower than the national average of 320 9 76 According to the Congressional Quarterly Press 2008 City Crime Rankings Crime in Metropolitan America Virginia Beach Virginia ranks 311th in violent crime among 385 cities containing more than 75 000 inhabitants 77 Violent crimes per 100 000 citizens Crime Virginia Beach 2009 National AverageMurder 3 7 6 9Rape 20 2 32 2Robbery 127 3 195 4Assault 98 6 340 1Burglary 495 2 814 5Automobile Theft 134 4 526 5Religion Edit Star of the Sea Catholic Church 34 4 of the city s population is affiliated with religious congregations compared to the 50 2 nationwide figure There are 146 402 adherents and 184 different religious congregations in the city 78 28 Catholic Church 14 Southern Baptist Convention 13 United Methodist Church 12 Charismatic Churches Independent 33 OthersEconomy EditVirginia Beach is composed of a variety of industries including national and international corporate headquarters advanced manufacturers defense contractors and locally owned businesses 79 The city s location and business climate have made it a hub of international commerce as nearly 200 foreign firms have established a presence an office location or their North American headquarters in Hampton Roads Twenty internationally based firms have their U S or North American headquarters in Virginia Beach including companies like Stihl Busch Vacuum Solutions IMS Gear and Sanjo Corte Fino 80 Other major companies headquartered in Virginia Beach include Amerigroup the Christian Broadcasting Network and Operation Blessing International 81 82 Other major employers include GEICO VT and Navy Exchange Service Command 83 84 In addition Virginia Beach is home to a number of small innovative companies such as Morphix Technologies who cater for military industry 85 Virginia Beach was ranked at number 45 on Forbes list of best places for business and careers Tourism produces a large share of Virginia Beach s economy 86 87 88 89 With an estimated 857 million spent in tourism related industries 14 900 jobs cater to 2 75 million visitors City coffers benefit as visitors provide 73 million in revenue Virginia Beach opened a Convention Center in 2005 which caters to large group meetings and events Hotels not only line the oceanfront but also cluster around Virginia Beach Town Center and other parts of the city Restaurants and entertainment industries also directly benefit from Virginia Beach s tourism 83 Virginia Beach has a large agribusiness sector which produces 80 million for the city economy One hundred seventy two farms exist in Virginia Beach mostly below the greenline in the southern portion of the city Farmers are able to sell their goods and products at the city s Farmer s Market 90 91 A VF 41 F 4J over NAS Oceana in the late 1960s Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases These include the United States Navy s NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry 92 93 Additionally NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address 94 NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach it was decreed by the 2005 BRAC Commission that NAS Oceana must close unless the city of Virginia Beach condemns houses in areas designated as Accident Potential Zones This action has never been the position of the United States Navy indeed the Navy had not recommended NAS Oceana to the BRAC Commission for potential closure 26 Both NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads are considered to be the largest of their respective kind in the world Furthermore located in nearby Norfolk is the central hub of the United States Navy s Atlantic Fleet Norfolk Navy Base 95 96 54 of the 171 000 people working in Virginia Beach live in the city 12 live in Chesapeake and 10 live in Norfolk An additional 99 600 people commute from Virginia Beach with 35 going to Norfolk and 23 going to Chesapeake Unemployment has been cut almost in half over the past two years going from a high of 4 2 in January 2017 to 2 8 in June 2019 97 verification needed Culture EditMain article Culture in Virginia Beach Adam Thoroughgood House before 1957 restoration The Sandler Center located in Town Center features performing arts concerts forums and many other events The city is home to several points of interest in the historical scientific and visual performing arts areas and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media Exhibitions feature painting sculpture photography glass video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show which began in 1952 and is now the museum s largest fundraiser 98 The Virginia Aquarium amp Marine Science Center formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features various sharks sting rays sea turtles jellyfish and octopuses 99 100 One of the world s largest collections of World War I and World War II aircraft is located at the Military Aviation Museum in the Pungo area of Virginia Beach 101 The Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater at Virginia Beach built in 1996 features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts The Sandler Center a 1200 seat performing arts theatre opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November 2007 102 Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia the Francis Land House a 200 year old plantation the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station a second tower De Witt Cottage Adam Keeling House and others 103 The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was established in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds The 67th street facility features a large private library of books on psychic matters and is open to the public The traditional beach architecture headquarters building features massage therapy by appointment Cayce opened Atlantic University in 1930 it closed two years later but was re opened in 1985 Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce s readings and research on spiritual subjects 104 The city s largest festival the Neptune Festival attracts 500 000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350 000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana 105 106 Celebrating the city s heritage link with Norway events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas 107 Every Labor Day Weekend the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront including the beach on Fifth Street The festival ends with the Rock n Roll Half Marathon 108 Sports Edit Virginia Beach Sportsplex Club League Venue EstablishedVirginia Beach United FC USL League Two Soccer Virginia Beach Sportsplex 2019 109 Since Norfolk contains the central business district of Hampton Roads most of the major spectator sports are located there While the Hampton Roads area has been recently considered as a viable prospect for major league professional sports and regional leaders have attempted to obtain Major League Baseball NBA and NHL franchises in the recent past no team has yet relocated to the area 110 111 Hampton Roads is the largest metropolitan area in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league The Norfolk Admirals won the AHL Calder Cup in 2012 112 The Virginia Destroyers a UFL franchise played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex until the league s collapse in 2012 Virginia Beach Professional Baseball LLC was awarded an Atlantic League franchise in April 2013 Known as the Virginia Beach Neptunes they have yet to play a game due to delays in building Wheeler Field Two soccer teams the Virginia Beach Piranhas a men s team in the USL Premier Development League and the Hampton Roads Piranhas a women s team in the W League play at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex The Virginia Beach Sportsplex contains the central training site for the U S women s national field hockey team 113 The city is also home to the East Coast Surfing Championships an annual contest of more than 100 of the world s top professional surfers and an estimated 400 amateur surfers This is North America s oldest surfing contest 114 There are eleven golf courses open to the public in the city as well as four country club layouts and 36 military holes at NAS Oceana s Aeropines course Among the best known public courses are Hell s Point Golf Club and Virginia Beach National the latter of which hosted the Virginia Beach Open a Nationwide Tour event from 2000 to 2006 115 Also the Kingsmill Resort in nearby Williamsburg hosts the Kingsmill Championship an annual LPGA Tour tournament Virginia Beach is host to a Rock n Roll Half Marathon each year on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with the American Music Festival It is one of the largest Half Marathons in the world The final 3 miles 4 8 km are on the boardwalk 116 Virginia Beach also hosts the Yuengling Shamrock Marathon founded in 1973 with over 24 000 participants It is an annual race over St Patrick s Day weekend and was recognized by Runner s World as one of the Top 20 marathons in the country in 1992 117 Parks and recreation EditVirginia Beach is home to 210 city parks encompassing over 4 000 acres 1 600 ha including neighborhood parks community parks district parks and other open spaces 118 Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I 264 when traveling to the oceanfront The hill measures 60 ft 18 m high and is the highest point in Virginia Beach 119 120 A Japanese style moon bridge in the Miyazaki Japanese Garden Red Wing Park One of the major parks is Red Wing Park a 97 acres 39 ha park in east central part of the city very close to Oceana Naval Air Station This land became a park in 1966 A unique feature of this park is the Miyazaki Japanese Garden which is a result of its interactions with its sister city Miyazaki Japan 121 People riding a rental surrey on the boardwalk The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge established in 1938 is an 8 000 acre 32 km2 fresh water refuge that borders the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Back Bay on the west It is managed by the U S Fish and Wildlife Service 122 First Landing State Park and False Cape State Park are both located in coastal areas within the city s corporate limits as well 123 124 Munden Point Park is a rural park located in the deep southern end of the city 125 right on The North Landing River 126 Local law prohibits the use of profanity along the boardwalk This sign along Atlantic Avenue indicates this law 127 Pleasure House Point is an 118 acres 48 hectares park of undeveloped land on the shore of the Lynnhaven River It is also the location of the Brock Environmental Center 128 Virginia Beach s extensive park system is recognized as one of the best in the United States In its 2013 ParkScore ranking The Trust for Public Land reported that Virginia Beach had the 8th best park system among the 50 most populous U S cities 129 Government EditFurther information Virginia Beach City Council Virginia Beach City Hall Historically Virginia Beach had been more conservative than other large independent cities in Virginia 130 It consistently backed Republican Party presidential candidates from 1968 to 2016 and in all but two elections from 1952 to 2016 However the Republican edge in the city has diminished in recent years John McCain and Donald Trump only managed to win a plurality of the city s votes in 2008 and 2016 winning the city despite losing statewide In 2020 131 Joe Biden became the first Democrat to carry Virginia Beach since 1964 and only the third to do so since Virginia Beach became an independent city Biden became the first presidential candidate to win at least 51 of the vote in Virginia Beach since President George W Bush in 2004 132 United States presidential election results for Virginia Beach Virginia 133 Year Republican Democratic Third partyNo No No 2020 105 087 46 18 117 393 51 59 5 081 2 23 2016 98 224 48 38 91 032 44 84 13 763 6 78 2012 99 291 50 49 94 299 47 95 3 051 1 55 2008 100 319 49 85 98 885 49 14 2 045 1 02 2004 103 752 59 06 70 666 40 22 1 269 0 72 2000 83 674 55 87 62 268 41 58 3 829 2 56 1996 63 741 50 61 52 142 41 40 10 060 7 99 1992 68 936 50 03 44 294 32 15 24 555 17 82 1988 76 481 68 89 33 780 30 43 757 0 68 1984 72 571 74 36 24 703 25 31 320 0 33 1980 47 936 60 50 24 895 31 42 6 404 8 08 1976 34 593 54 46 25 824 40 66 3 101 4 88 1972 38 074 76 56 10 373 20 86 1 286 2 59 1968 16 316 43 23 10 101 26 76 11 325 30 01 1964 10 529 44 92 12 892 55 00 21 0 09 1960 986 42 48 1 301 56 05 34 1 46 1956 1 355 53 28 1 111 43 69 77 3 03 1952 1 310 59 79 881 40 21 0 0 00 Virginia Beach was chartered as a municipal corporation by the General Assembly of Virginia on January 1 1963 The city currently operates under the council manager form of government 134 The city does not fall under the jurisdiction of a county government due to state law Rather it functions as an independent city and operates as a political subdivision of the state The city s legislative body consists of an eleven member city council The city manager is appointed by the council and acts as the chief executive officer Through his staff he implements policies established by the council 135 Members of the city council normally serve four year terms and are elected on a staggered basis in non partisan elections Beginning in 2008 general elections are held the first Tuesday in November in even numbered years In previous years elections were held the first Tuesday in May in even numbered years All registered voters are eligible to vote for all council members Three council members and the mayor serve on an at large basis All others are elected by district and must live in the district they represent Bayside Beach Centerville Kempsville Lynnhaven Princess Anne and Rose Hall 134 The mayor is elected to a four year term through direct election The mayor presides over city council meetings and serves as the ceremonial head and spokesperson of the city A vice mayor is also elected by the city council at the first meeting following a council election 135 Citizens of Virginia Beach also elect five constitutional officers and candidates for these offices are permitted to run with an affiliated political party Three of these offices deal substantially with public safety and justice the sheriff commonwealth s attorney and the clerk of the circuit court The two other offices are concerned with fiscal policy the city treasurer and the commissioner of the revenue Virginia Beach is located entirely in Virginia s 2nd congressional district served by Republican Jen Kiggans Education Edit The current building of Frank W Cox High School According to the U S Census 28 1 of the population over twenty five vs a national average of 24 hold a bachelor s degree or higher and 90 4 vs 80 nationally have a high school diploma or equivalent Prior to 1969 separate schools were maintained for black and white students Before 1938 black students who wished to attend school past seventh grade had to travel to Norfolk and pay tuition to attend Booker T Washington High School In 1938 the first high school for blacks the Princess Anne County Training School was built In 1961 in order to avoid the stigma of the term training school the school was renamed Union Kempsville High School at the request of the black community When the public schools integrated in 1969 Union Kempsville was closed 136 137 138 The city of Virginia Beach is home to Virginia Beach City Public Schools one of the largest school systems in the state based on student enrollment Virginia Beach City Public Schools currently serves 69 735 students and includes 56 elementary schools 14 middle schools 12 high schools which include Landstown 139 Princess Anne 140 Green Run 141 Green Run Collegiate 142 Cox 143 Tallwood 144 Salem 145 First Colonial 146 Kellam 147 Kempsville 148 Bayside 149 and Ocean Lakes High Schools 150 as well as a number of secondary post secondary specialty schools and centers such as the Advanced Technology Center ATC 151 There are also a number of private independent schools in the city including Chesapeake Bay Academy 152 and Tidewater Collegiate Academy both on the campus of Virginia Wesleyan University Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic School and Parish Strelitz International Academy formerly the Hebrew Academy of Tidewater Cape Henry Collegiate School 153 Catholic High School formerly Bishop Sullivan Catholic and before that Norfolk Catholic 154 Baylake Pines School closed in 2014 155 and Virginia Beach Friends School 156 Association for Research and Enlightenment Virginia Beach Public Library Virginia Beach is home to three universities and branch centers for several other universities Atlantic University a for profit holistic learning institution is located in Virginia Beach and was founded in 1930 104 Regent University a private university founded by Christian evangelist and leader Pat Robertson has historically focused on graduate education but has recently established an undergraduate program as well 157 Virginia Wesleyan University is a private university in Virginia Beach Virginia that was founded in 1961 by Methodist minister Joseph Shackford Johnston 158 Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University are in nearby Norfolk but operate a joint Center in Virginia Beach Both the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech operate satellite campuses in Virginia Beach 159 160 161 162 Tidewater Community College a major junior college also has its largest campus located in the city 163 ECPI University s a for profit career college has its headquarters in Virginia Beach Additional institutions of higher education are located in other communities of greater Hampton Roads 164 The Virginia Beach Public Library System provides free access to accurate and current information and materials to all individuals and promotes reading as a critical life skill The Library system has a collection of more than 1 million items including special subject collections 165 Media EditThe Virginian Pilot based in Norfolk is the daily newspaper for Virginia Beach Other papers include Veer and the New Journal and Guide Inside Business focuses on local business news 166 167 The Hampton Roads Norfolk Portsmouth Virginia Beach area is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM bands with towers located around the Hampton Roads area 168 Virginia Beach is also served by several television stations The Norfolk Portsmouth Newport News designated market area DMA is the 42nd largest in the U S with 712 790 homes 0 64 of the total U S 169 The major network television affiliates are WTKR 3 CBS 170 WAVY TV 10 NBC 171 WVEC 13 ABC 172 WTPC TV 21 Trinity Broadcasting Network WGNT 27 CW WTVZ TV 33 MyNetworkTV 173 WVBT 43 Fox 174 and WPXV 49 ION Television The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO TV 15 Virginia Beach residents also can receive independent station WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from Camden County North Carolina Some can also receive PBS affiliate WUND 2 UNC TV Home Shopping Network affiliate W14DC D from Portsmouth Daystar Network religious television station WVAD LD TV 25 from Chesapeake and RTV affiliate WGBS LD broadcasting on channel 7 from Hampton Virginia Beach is served by Cox Cable DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Virginia Beach 175 176 In addition a large portion of the city is served by Verizon FIOS 177 Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network located adjacent to Regent University CBN s most notable program The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios 178 179 In 2008 Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival citation needed Infrastructure EditTransportation Edit Main article Transportation in Virginia Beach A Hampton Roads Transit bus on Pacific Avenue in Virginia Beach Norfolk International Airport in nearby Norfolk serves the city of Virginia Beach and the surrounding Hampton Roads area Virginia Beach is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport IATA ORF ICAO KORF FAA LID ORF which is now the region s major commercial airport The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay along the city limits straddling neighboring Norfolk 180 Newport News Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area 181 The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located five miles 8 km outside the city limits 182 Virginia Beach Airport is a small grass runway facility catering to private aircraft owners 183 Rail wise Virginia Beach is served by Amtrak through the Norfolk and Newport News stations via connecting buses A high speed rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor are also under study 184 Greyhound Trailways provides service from a central bus terminal in adjacent Norfolk The Greyhound station in Virginia Beach is located on Laskin Road about a mile west of the oceanfront Bus services to New York City via the Chinatown bus Today s Bus is located on Newtown Road 185 The city is connected to I 64 via I 264 which runs from the oceanfront intersects with I 64 on the east side of Norfolk and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I 64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard U S Route 58 Shore Drive U S Route 60 which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront Northampton Blvd U S Route 13 Princess Anne Road State Route 165 Indian River Road former State Route 603 Lynnhaven Parkway Independence Boulevard General Booth Boulevard and Nimmo Parkway The city is also connected to Virginia s Eastern Shore region via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel CBBT which is the longest bridge tunnel complex in the world and known as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World The CBBT a tolled facility carries U S Route 13 186 Transportation within the city as well as the rest of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service Hampton Roads Transit 187 An extension of The Tide light rail system from Norfolk to the oceanfront is currently being studied 188 Walkability Edit A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia Beach 39th most walkable of fifty largest U S cities 189 A 2021 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia beach as 45th most walkable large city in the United States 190 Utilities Edit Water and sewer services are provided by the City s Department of Utilities Virginia Beach receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center a gas power plant coal fired plants in Chesapeake and Southampton County and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas a subsidiary of AGL Resources distributes natural gas to the city from storage plants in James City County and Chesapeake 191 Currently water for the Tidewater area is pumped from Lake Gaston which straddles the Virginia North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers 192 The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants 193 Broadband internet service is provided by Cox Communications throughout the majority of the city Verizon also provides its Fios internet service but in limited areas as of 2021 Healthcare Edit Virginia Beach is served by Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital and Sentara Princess Anne Hospital The former Sentara Bayside Hospital now known as Sentara Independence has been modified to a stand alone Emergency Department and outpatient treatment center Sentara Leigh Hospital is just across the city line in Norfolk 194 Beach Health clinic offers basic medical services for uninsured residents of Virginia Beach 195 Sister cities EditVirginia Beach s sister Cities are 196 Ards and North Down Northern Ireland United Kingdom 2001 Miyazaki Japan 1992 197 Moss Norway 1974 198 Olongapo Philippines 2015 199 Waiblingen Germany 2016 200 Friendly cities Edit Virginia Beach has friendly relations with 196 San Juan del Sur Nicaragua 1974 Notable people EditMain article List of people from Hampton Roads Virginia Corey Ashe b 1986 professional soccer player for the Houston Dynamo 201 Wade Barrett b 1976 professional soccer player for the Houston Dynamo Felicia Barton semi finalist on American Idol 202 Kharlton Belmar professional soccer player for Portland Timbers 2 Rudy Boesch retired Navy SEAL and contestant on Survivor Jamelle Bouie journalist New York Times columnist and political analyst Bill Bray MLB player 203 Jon Busch Hampton Roads Mariner Major League Soccer Curtis Bush kickboxer 204 Darren Caskey Hampton Roads Mariner Tottenham Hotspur Reading Gabby Douglas Olympic gymnastics gold medalist 205 206 D J Dozier football baseball from Virginia Beach Penn State All American first round NFL draft 14th pick by Minnesota Vikings who was also drafted by major league baseball by the Detroit Tigers in the 18th round in 1983 459th overall 207 Jason Dubois MLB player 208 Genesis the Greykid artist creative poet writer Percy Harvin NFL player 209 210 Michael Hearst author musician and composer Daniel Hudson MLB player 211 Jay Hoffman coached Hampton Roads Mariners played professionally in the Canadian National Soccer League Bubba Jenkins NCAA Division I wrestling national champion and MMA fighter 212 Roy Lassiter Hampton Roads Mariner Major League Soccer USA National Team B J Leiderman composer of themes for NPR shows Marc Leishman professional golfer Darin Lewis Hampton Roads Mariner MLS New York MetroStars EJ Manuel NFL quarterback for the Oakland Raiders 213 214 Evan Marriott actor in Joe Millionaire 215 Bob McDonnell former Governor of Virginia 216 217 218 Jason Miyares Attorney General of Virginia 219 Shane McFaul Hampton Roads Mariner Republic of Ireland U21 Ryan McGinness artist Kara McCullough winner of Miss USA 2017 finished top ten in Miss Universe 2017 220 Darryl Monroe professional basketball player 2016 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP Shawn Morimando MLB player 221 Lenda Murray IFBB professional bodybuilder 222 Jamia Nash singer actress Juice Newton singer songwriter 223 224 Derrick Nnadi NFL defensive tackle 225 Sean Poppen MLB player Pusha T rapper 226 David Robinson 10x All star NBA MVP 2x NBA Champion San Antonio Spurs 2x Olympic Gold medalist Member of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame briefly grew up in Virginia Beach 227 Teddy Riley music producer 228 229 Neil Ramirez MLB player 230 J R Reid NBA player 231 232 Mark Reynolds third baseman first baseman for the Baltimore Orioles from Virginia Beach drafted in 2004 by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 16th round 476th overall Pat Robertson television preacher 233 Aaron Rouse NFL Player Mark Ruffalo Oscar nominated actor raised in Virginia Beach 234 Todd Schnitt radio personality Herbert Scott Kellam High School Virginia Union University Dallas Cowboys offensive lineman in NFL for 10 seasons 3 Pro Bowl 2 First team All Pro winner of Super Bowl XII 235 Rhea Seehorn actress known for role as Kim Wexler in Better Call Saul Scott Sizemore MLB player 236 Chris Taylor MLB player Ian Thomas MLB player 237 Shamarko Thomas Pittsburgh Steelers safety and 111th pick overall in the 2013 NFL Draft starred at Ocean Lakes High School in Virginia Beach Timbaland music producer 238 239 Lil Tracy rapper singer and songwriter 240 Kendra Todd real estate broker winner of The Appreciate 241 Turnover indie rock band Travis Wall choreographer and contestant on So You Think You Can Dance 242 Elizabeth Williams played college basketball at Duke University WNBA player for Washington Mystics 243 244 Matthew E White songwriter and producer Matt Williams MLB player 245 Pharrell Williams rapper singer record producer composer and fashion designer 246 247 Glenn Yates Jr architect and Virginia state legislator Glenn Youngkin Governor of Virginia 248 Ryan Zimmerman MLB player 249 250 In popular culture EditThe Monopoly Here and Now The US edition 2015 of the game released in honor of the game s 80th birthday included Virginia Beach as a property that could be bought sold and traded The city was included after Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the game Virginia Beach received the fourth highest number of votes in the online contest earning it a green spot on the board The top Boardwalk spot went to Pierre South Dakota 251 In the television series The Man in the High Castle 2015 2019 which is set in an alternate 1960s Virginia Beach is mentioned as being the site of a D Day style invasion by Nazi Germany which led to the defeat of the United States and its occupation 252 253 See also Edit Geography portal North America portal United States portal Virginia portalList of people from Virginia Beach National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach Virginia Norwegian Lady Statues Virginia Beach Department of EMS Virginia Beach Fire Department Virginia Beach Police Department Virginia Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad Wash Woods at False CapeNotes Edit Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown and at Norfolk Int l since January 1946 For more information see Threadex References Edit 2019 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 7 2020 a b c QuickFacts Virginia Beach city Virginia United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 1 2021 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Retrieved August 22 2021 a b U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 31 2008 US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey October 25 2007 Retrieved January 31 2008 Hampton Roads Virginia org Retrieved August 7 2016 Virginia Beach also the world s longest stretch of pleasure Beach September 12 2012 Retrieved September 12 2012 Melissa Jones March 15 2005 Superlatives USA The Largest Smallest Longest Shortest and Wackiest Sites in America Capital Books pp 137 ISBN 978 1 931868 85 3 Retrieved October 12 2012 BBC World s longest sea crossing Hong Kong Zhuhai bridge opens Retrieved October 23 2018 Virginia Beach History Timeline Princess Anne County Virginia Beach Historical Society Retrieved March 19 2008 Cape Henry Memorial U S National Park System Retrieved March 19 2008 Moon Shep 400 Years of Change Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Archived from the original on July 3 2009 Retrieved March 19 2008 a b The Origins of Norfolk s Name Norfolk Historical Society Archived from the original on August 18 2001 Retrieved October 9 2007 Harper Scott April 26 2010 What s in a name Lynnhaven River Virginia Beach The Virginian Pilot Retrieved April 26 2010 Norfolk Becomes a Borough Norfolk Historical Society Archived from the original on April 21 2001 Retrieved October 9 2007 Jonathan Mark Souther Twixt Ocean and Pines The Seaside Resort at Virginia Beach 1880 1930 M A thesis University of Richmond 1996 Foss William O The Norwegian Lady and the Wreck of the Dictator Virginia Beach Virginia Noreg Books 2002 ISBN 0 9721989 0 3 Hays Jakon April 4 2017 1927 The grand opening of the Cavalier Hotel The Virginian Pilot Retrieved April 4 2017 Griset Rich April 29 2021 Cavalier Resort takes shape in Virginia Beach Virginiabusiness com Retrieved April 29 2021 Virginia Beach History VirginiaBeach com Retrieved March 21 2008 a b Va Beach getting serious again about Dome site development HamptonRoads Hampton Roads com Bill Reed November 14 2007 Archived from the original on December 4 2008 Dome s memory will linger as a monument several activities are planned to honor the beach s now razed former civic center The Virginian Pilot Retrieved February 23 2008 via scholar lib vt edu Town Center City of Virginia Beach Archived from the original on November 20 2007 Retrieved March 8 2007 Barbara L Brewer Phase I of Virginia Beach Convention Center Set to Open in June Meetingsnet Archived from the original on December 6 2008 Retrieved March 21 2008 VIRGINIA BEACH S GREEN LINE SHOULD THE LINE HOLD The Virginian Pilot Retrieved March 21 2008 via scholar lib vt edu a b Fernandes Deirdre January 9 2008 Beach council tightens rules on building around Oceana The Virginian Pilot Virginia Beach via PilotOnline com Branglin William April 6 2012 Navy jet crashes in Virginia Beach neighborhood The Washington Post Retrieved November 8 2021 Duggan Paul October 9 2016 Matthew leads to 1 death power outages in southeast Virginia The Washington Post Retrieved October 9 2016 Flavelle Christopher Schwartz John November 19 2019 As Climate Risk Grows Cities Test a Tough Strategy Saying No to Developers New York Times Retrieved December 12 2019 At least 12 dead after disgruntled employee opens fire at Virginia Beach municipal center CNN May 31 2019 Retrieved May 31 2019 Jamison Peter June 10 2021 Virginia Beach mass shooter motivated by perceived workplace grievances FBI finds The Washington Post Retrieved June 10 2021 a b US Gazetteer files 2010 2000 and 1990 United States Census Bureau February 12 2011 Retrieved April 23 2011 About the City City of Virginia Beach vbgov com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Norfolk VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Chesapeake VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Hampton VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Newport News VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Poquoson VA amp Virginia Beach VA Distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Portsmouth VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Suffolk VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Williamsburg VA amp Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved November 8 2021 Distance between Richmond VA and Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved October 26 2022 Distance between Chesapeake VA and Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved October 26 2022 Distance between Richmond VA and Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved October 26 2022 Distance between Washington DC and Virginia Beach VA distance cities com Retrieved October 26 2022 The History of Princess Anne County amp Virginia Beach VirginiaBeach com June 16 2021 Retrieved November 8 2021 Pennecke Sandra March 8 2016 Neighborhood Closeup Alanton The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 26 2022 Aragona Village Virginia Beach VA 23462 Neighborhood Profile Neighborhood Scout Retrieved October 26 2022 Bay Colony The Best Neighborhoods in Virginia Beach Layton Realty Group Retrieved October 26 2022 Bayside Virginia Beach VA 23455 Neighborhood Profile Neighborhood Scout Retrieved October 29 2022 Cape Henry Towers Virginia Beach VA Real Estate amp Homes for Sale Remax com Retrieved October 29 2022 Chesapeake Beach Virginia Beach VA 23455 Neighborhood Profile Neighborhood Scout Retrieved October 29 2022 Virginia Beach Neighborhood History 1 Archived March 17 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on March 20 2008 Virginia Beach City County VA Weather USA com www usa com Trewartha maps kkh ltrr arizona edu Retrieved January 30 2019 Chapter 47 Global mapping www fao org Retrieved January 30 2019 Climate Summary a b c d NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 18 2021 Information from NOAA Station NORFOLK INTL AP VA U S Climate Normals 2020 U S Monthly Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 18 2021 WMO Climate Normals for NORFOLK INTL VA 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved July 29 2020 Norfolk Virginia USA Monthly weather forecast and Climate data Weather Atlas Retrieved July 3 2019 Census of Population and Housing from 1790 US Census Bureau Retrieved January 24 2022 Historical Census Browser University of Virginia Library Retrieved January 2 2014 Population of Counties by Decennial Census 1900 to 1990 United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 2 2014 Census 2000 PHC T 4 Ranking Tables for Counties 1990 and 2000 PDF United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 2 2014 P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2010 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 Virginia Beach city Virginia United States Census Bureau P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2020 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 Virginia Beach city Virginia United States Census Bureau a b U S Census website United States Census Bureau U S Department of Commerce a b c Virginia Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places Earliest Census to 1990 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 12 2012 Retrieved May 4 2012 a b From 15 sample Median Family Income In 2003 Inflation adjusted Dollars Census gov Archived from the original on October 13 2004 Retrieved July 2 2010 Bureau U S Census U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 25 2018 a b U S Census Bureau QuickFacts Virginia Beach city Virginia County Census Bureau QuickFacts Retrieved September 25 2018 Herriot Arianna July 11 2021 Study ranks Virginia Beach as 1 safest large city in America wtkr com Retrieved September 28 2022 Virginia Beach Virginia VA profile City data com Retrieved July 2 2010 CQ Press City Crime Rankings 2008 Os cqpress com Archived from the original on June 7 2010 Retrieved July 2 2010 Virginia Beach city Virginia City data com Retrieved July 2 2010 Key Industries Virginia Beach Economic Development Retrieved October 29 2022 About Stihl USA Corporate Information Stihl Retrieved May 27 2022 Amerigroup Contact Us Retrieved March 22 2022 About CBN Christian Broadcasting Network Retrieved March 22 2022 a b Economic Profile Virginia Beach Economic Development Community Retrieved March 8 2007 Virginia Beach Geico Careers GEICO Retrieved November 21 2021 Morphix Technologies Virginia Beach The Virginian Pilot Retrieved August 29 2022 Patterson Erin June 20 2017 VA Beach heavily relies on tourism city increased ad spending 13Newsnow com Retrieved June 20 2017 Metcalfe Trevor July 25 2018 Virginia Beach attracted 19 million tourist in 2017 The Virginian Pilot Retrieved November 23 2021 Metcalfe Trevor September 20 2019 Report says Norfolk Hampton Roads boosted 2018 tourism numbers The Virginian Pilot Retrieved September 20 2019 Virginia Beach draws tourism and it seems to be growing Retrieved November 23 2021 Agribusiness Virginia Beach Economic Development Community Retrieved March 8 2007 Farmers Market City of Virginia Beach Archived from the original on September 16 2007 Retrieved March 8 2007 History Naval Air Station Oceana cnic navy mil Retrieved November 23 2021 Training Support Center Home NETC NETC navy mil Retrieved November 23 2021 Economic Profile Military Virginia Beach Economic Development Community Archived from the original on December 5 2008 Retrieved March 8 2007 Worldwide Space A Travel Handbook and RV Camping Guide CONUS and Abroad 14 ed Spaceatravel com 2004 ISBN 1 881341 14 3 ISBN 978 1 881341 14 7 Welcome to Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek Fort Story CNIC Retrieved May 14 2018 Virginia Beach city PDF Virginia Employment Commission May 12 2018 Archived from the original PDF on November 17 2017 Retrieved November 16 2017 About us Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art virginiamoca org Retrieved May 25 2022 Virginia Aquarium amp Marine Science Center Retrieved March 18 2008 Parker Stacy July 27 2021 Virginia Aquarium lands 4 5 million shuttered venue grant from federal government The Virginian Pilot Retrieved July 27 2021 Military Aviation Museum Historic WWI amp WWII Hangars Aircraft Airshows and Adventure militaryaviationmuseum org Retrieved February 26 2018 Sandler Center for the Performing Arts Retrieved March 18 2008 National Register of Historic Places Virginia Beach Retrieved March 18 2008 a b Atlantic University Archived from the original on February 7 2011 Retrieved March 7 2008 Virginia Beach Neptune Festival celebrates 47th annual Boardwalk Weekend WTKR com September 18 2021 Retrieved September 18 2021 Davis Symone September 24 2021 Virginia Beach Neptune Festival kicks off this weekend Wavy com Retrieved September 24 2021 The Neptune Festival The Neptune Festival June 25 2010 Retrieved July 2 2010 Verizon Wireless American Music Festival Archived from the original on July 2 2008 Virginia Beach United FC Team Homepage vabeachunited com Retrieved October 25 2022 Minium Harry March 11 2007 Big league sports not on the horizon for Norfolk The Virginian Pilot Retrieved June 22 2019 via PilotOnline com NBA franchise wouldn t be impossible but team would cost 1 billion The Virginian Pilot March 14 2017 Retrieved March 14 2017 Norfolk Admirals win 2012 Calder Cup ESPN Associated Press June 9 2012 Retrieved March 20 2022 Virginia Beach Sportsplex Retrieved November 21 2021 About us Coastal Edge East Coast Surfing Championships surfecsc com Retrieved November 21 2021 Virginia Beach Golf Courses Thegolfcourses net Retrieved March 12 2008 Rock and Roll Half Marathon Elite Racing Archived from the original on April 9 2008 Retrieved August 6 2007 Shamrock Marathon shamrockmarathon com Retrieved October 8 2019 Virginia Beach Parks Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved October 5 2007 Mt Trashmore Park Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on January 1 2007 Retrieved October 5 2007 Hodies Eric January 16 2018 Mount Trashmore getting new staircases an outdoor stage and an observation deck The Virginian Pilot Retrieved January 16 2018 Red Wing Park City of Virginia Beach Retrieved May 29 2017 Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge Archived from the original on December 16 2005 Retrieved March 20 2008 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help First Landing State Park First Landing State Park Retrieved March 20 2008 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help False Cape State Park False Cape State Park Retrieved March 20 2008 Munden Point Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail Archived from the original on April 6 2008 Retrieved March 20 2008 Munden Point Park City of Virginia Beach Retrieved May 14 2018 Pascale Jordan February 19 2020 Centuries Old Law Against Cursing In Public Repealed By Virginia Lawmakers NPR Retrieved October 2 2022 Hieatt Kathy November 15 2014 Environmental center opens at Pleasure House Point The Virginian Pilot Retrieved June 22 2019 via PilotOnline com Virginia Beach s Park System Ranks Eighth in the Nation City of Virginia Beach June 6 2013 Retrieved July 18 2013 Beck Jillian August 8 2014 Report Virginia Beach one of the most conservative cities The Virginian Pilot Retrieved November 23 2021 2020 November General results elections virginia gov Retrieved November 14 2020 Skelton Alissa November 7 2020 Virginia Beach voted for a Democratic presidential candidate for the first time since 1964 here s why The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 8 2021 United States presidential election results David Leip 2016 a b Virginia Beach City Manager Form of Government Virginia Beach City Manager September 30 2007 Archived from the original on January 2 2007 Retrieved March 7 2008 a b Virginia Beach City Council About Us Virginia Beach City Council September 30 2007 Archived from the original on January 2 2007 Retrieved March 7 2008 Harki Gary A September 22 2018 Eighty years later students from Virginia Beach s first black high school remember The Virginian Pilot Archived from the original on September 22 2018 Retrieved December 20 2018 Lucas Joanne Harris April 27 2013 The History of Princess Anne County Training School and Union Kempsville High School Princess Anne County Virginia Beach Virginia 1925 1969 hdl 10919 19367 Retrieved December 20 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help princess anne county training school union kempsville high school alumni and friends association inc Retrieved December 20 2018 Landstown High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools landstownhs vbschools com Retrieved November 29 2021 Princess Anne High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools princessannehs vbsschools com Retrieved November 29 2021 Green Run High Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Green Run Collegiate Retrieved November 29 2021 Frank W Cox High Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Tallwood High Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Salem High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 First Colonial High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Kellam High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Kempsville High Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Bayside High School Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Ocean Lakes High Virginia Beach City Public Schools Retrieved November 29 2021 Virginia Beach City Public Schools homepage vbschools com Retrieved October 31 2021 Chesapeake Bay Academy website Retrieved May 25 2022 Cape Henry Collegiate Homepage September 24 2021 Retrieved November 29 2021 Catholic High School website Retrieved November 29 2021 Bowers Irene August 24 2014 Baylake Pines School closes after 60 years The Virginian Pilot Retrieved November 29 2021 State Recognized Accredited Schools VIRGINIA COUNCIL FOR PRIVATE EDUCATION Virginia Council for Private Education September 30 2007 Archived from the original on December 23 2007 Retrieved March 7 2008 About Regent University Regent University Retrieved December 11 2007 About Virginia Wesleyan Archived from the original on April 4 2008 Retrieved March 7 2008 About Norfolk State Archived from the original on December 30 2007 Retrieved January 12 2008 About Old Dominion Retrieved January 12 2008 VT Hampton Roads Center Retrieved January 12 2008 UVa Hampton Roads Center Archived from the original on January 2 2008 Retrieved January 12 2008 Tidewater Community College Retrieved January 12 2008 About ECPI Retrieved March 7 2008 Virginia Beach Public Library Retrieved June 18 2008 Hampton Roads News Links abyznewslinks com Retrieved August 6 2007 Hays Jakon November 21 2019 Happy birthday Today The Virginian Pilot turns 154 The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 7 2020 Hampton Roads Radio Links ontheradio net Retrieved August 6 2007 Holmes Gary September 23 2006 Nielsen Reports 1 1 increase in U S Television Households for the 2006 2007 Season Nielsen Media Research Archived from the original on July 5 2009 Retrieved September 28 2007 Hampton Roads Northeast North Carolina News Weather and Sports wtkr com Retrieved August 7 2022 Wavy 10 News Homepage wavy com Retrieved August 7 2022 13News Now 13newsnow com Retrieved August 7 2022 WTVZ Hampton Roads News Weather Sports Breaking News mytvz com Retrieved October 16 2022 Fox 43 TV Wavy com wavy com Retrieved October 16 2022 DirecTV Virginia Beach Virginia TV Provider DirecTV Retrieved October 16 2022 DISH Satellite TV in Virginia Beach VA Dish Network Retrieved October 16 2022 Virginia Beach VA TV amp Internet Service Provider Verizon FIOS Verizon com Retrieved October 31 2021 About The 700 Club Christian Broadcasting Network July 30 2014 Retrieved July 1 2019 Titles with locations including Virginia Beach Virginia USA IMDb Retrieved on March 7 2008 Norfolk International Airport Mission and History Norfolk International Airport Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved October 2 2007 Newport News Williamsburg International Airport Newport News Williamsburg International Airport Archived from the original on December 4 2000 Retrieved February 25 2008 Chesapeake Regional Airport Retrieved January 12 2008 Welcome to the Virginia Beach Airport vbairport com Retrieved November 8 2021 Southeast High Speed Rail Southeast High Speed Rail Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved October 15 2007 Today s Bus Today s Bus Archived from the original on October 8 2007 Retrieved October 10 2007 Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel Facts Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel Commission Archived from the original on April 28 2015 Retrieved November 23 2006 Hampton Roads Transit Hrtransit org Archived from the original on January 23 2000 Retrieved July 2 2010 Virginia Beach Transit Extension Study Hampton Roads Transit Gohrt com Archived from the original on July 3 2010 Retrieved July 2 2010 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings Walk Score 2011 Retrieved August 28 2011 Virginia Beach neighborhoods on Walk Score Walk Score Retrieved March 9 2021 Public Utilities vbgov com Retrieved November 23 2021 Christie Jordan June 15 2021 Tapping Gaston Breathes New Life Into Virginia Beach whro org Retrieved November 8 2021 Hampton Roads Sanitation District Hampton Roads Sanitation District Archived from the original on December 12 1998 Retrieved March 8 2008 Virginia Hospitals and Medical Centers The Agape Center Retrieved August 6 2007 Beach Health Clinic homepage beachhealthclinic org Retrieved November 8 2021 a b Home Our Sister Cities vbsca org Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach Retrieved September 28 2021 Miyazaki City Celebrate s 90th Anniversary July 2014 Retrieved July 1 2014 Moss Norway Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach Retrieved November 30 2021 Olongapo Philippines Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach Retrieved November 30 2021 Waiblingen Germany Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach Retrieved November 30 2021 Robinson Tom November 29 2012 Far from Va Beach Ashe stands out in MLS The Virginian Pilot Retrieved September 28 2022 Vincent Mal March 2 2009 Is Felicia Barton our next American Idol The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 2 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 41288 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 Tolliver Lee June 26 2013 Whatever happened to martial arts standout Curtis Bush The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 16 2022 Carlson Chris August 3 2012 Gabby Douglas cheered at old gym in Virginia Beach The Virginian Pilot Retrieved September 29 2022 Mural for Gabby Douglas created in Virginia Beach Boston Globe August 12 2012 Retrieved September 29 2022 Smith Brian April 18 2019 Former 2 sport pro star Dozier is now an author 13Newsnow com Retrieved November 22 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 5178 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 Percy Harvin Pro Football Reference com Retrieved October 11 2022 Hanson Logan August 8 2022 Percy Harvin Plaxico Burress among Virginia Beach NFL stars bvmsports com Retrieved October 11 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 124152 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 https thesundevils com news 2013 4 17 208248340 aspx Arizona State University Official Athletic Site Retrieved November 16 2018 EJ Manuel Pro Football Reference com Retrieved October 1 2022 Virginia Beach s EJ Manuel retires from NFL The Virginian Pilot May 19 2019 Retrieved October 1 2022 Holtzclaw Mike September 5 2015 Evan Marriott s life interrupted by unexpected TV stardom on Joe Millionaire Daily Press Retrieved June 8 2017 Governor Robert F McDonnell s bio Governor virginia gov Archived from the original on March 4 2010 Retrieved March 4 2010 Session 2005 McDonnell Robert F Bob Virginia House of Delegates Retrieved November 26 2008 Session 2003 McDonnell Robert F Bob Virginia House of Delegates Retrieved November 26 2008 Harper Jane January 21 2021 Jason Miyares Virginia s new sheriff has had a busy first week he s not done The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 29 2022 Darrah Nicole August 21 2017 Who is Miss USA Kara McCullough Fox News Retrieved October 1 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 165391 The Baseball Cube retrieved November 16 2018 Lenda Murray Facebook Facebook Focke Cindy October 13 2017 Class of 1967 Juice Newton and integration but no girls in pants at First Colonial High School The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 11 2022 Roberts Frank October 21 2014 Juice Newton What the doctor ordered Suffolk News Herald Retrieved October 11 2022 Derrick Nnadi Pro Football Reference com Retrieved November 22 2022 Poulter Amy October 14 2020 Pusha T talks love and strategy for helping his hometown become a music hotbed The Virginian Pilot Retrieved May 18 2021 Wilbon Michael December 11 1984 Navy Center stands Tall The Washington Post Retrieved May 19 2021 Interview Teddy Riley on His Virginia Years Red Bull Music Academy Retrieved October 26 2022 Davis Marc February 2 2008 Hit music producer s studio for sale in Virginia Beach The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 26 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 128933 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 Hamilton Tom January 4 1986 Top Of His Class Virginia Beach High School Superstar J R Reid Is Nobody s Junior These Days Los Angeles Times Retrieved September 26 2022 J R Reid Basketball Reference com Retrieved October 11 2022 Reyes Josh October 1 2021 Pat Robertson to step down as host of the 700 Club The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 26 2022 Bonko Larry April 25 2018 Kimmel s show includes Mark Ruffalo Avengers Virginia Beach and sex on a golf course The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 29 2022 Herbert Scott Pro Football Reference com Retrieved October 11 2022 Scott Sizemore Stats Baseball Almanac Retrieved December 10 2012 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 144094 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 Timbaland s visit includes grant for Beach school The Virginian Pilot May 30 2008 Archived from the original on June 1 2008 Retrieved January 11 2013 Jr Landrum Jonathan September 27 2021 Virginia Beach grown hitmaker Timbaland creates best selling marketplace amid Verzuz series success The Virginian Pilot Retrieved November 22 2022 Marcus Ezra Lil Tracy s Third Life The Fader Retrieved October 1 2022 Pennecke Sandra February 23 2010 A Virginia Beach evening with an Apprentice winner The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 29 2022 Alvarado Nicole September 19 2015 Virginia Beach native Travis Wall wins Emmy for chorography The Virginian Pilot Retrieved October 29 2022 Elizabeth Williams GoDuke com Duke Blue Devils Retrieved December 6 2018 Ebanks Jared June 22 2022 How Mystics Elizabeth and NBA Draft Prospect Mark Williams are Turning Basketball into a Family Business Slam Retrieved October 1 2022 http www thebaseballcube com players profile asp ID 19720 The Baseball Cube Retrieved November 16 2018 Yang Maya October 6 2021 Pharrell Williams pulls festival from Virginia Beach over cousin s killing The Guardian Retrieved September 29 2022 Pharrell meets with Virginia Beach officials to discuss how to move city forward WTKR com WTKR August 22 2022 Retrieved September 29 2022 Elwood Karina November 3 2021 Who is Glenn Youngkin What you need to know about Virginia s next governor The Washington Post Retrieved November 8 2021 Ryan Zimmerman Stats Baseball Almanac Retrieved December 10 2012 Kilgore Adam June 18 2022 Ryan Zimmerman lived his childhood dream Nats fans are lucky for it The Washington Post Retrieved October 22 2022 Monopoly Here amp Now BuzzFeed Inc 2015 Archived from the original on December 30 2015 Roddy Michael November 12 2015 America is the loser in Amazon s The Man in the High Castle Reuters Retrieved October 13 2022 Gross Ed December 12 2016 The Man in the High Castle 10 Season 2 behind the scenes reveals empire online com Retrieved October 13 2022 External links EditVirginia Beach at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website Convention and Visitors Bureau Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php 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