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Pennsylvania Dutch

January 19, 2024

For the language spoken by this group, see Pennsylvania Dutch language.

The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsylvanisch Deitsche),[1][2][3] also known as Pennsylvania Germans, are an ethnic group in Pennsylvania and other American states.[4][5][6] They descend from Germans who settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, primarily from the Palatinate, and other German-speaking areas, including Baden-WΓΌrttemberg, Hesse, Saxony, and Rhineland in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France's Alsace-Lorraine region.[7][8][9]

The Pennsylvania Dutch spoke Palatine German and other South German dialects, intermixing of Palatine, English, and other German dialects, which formed the Pennsylvania Dutch language as it is spoken today.[10]

The inclusion of the word "Dutch" has sometimes been mistakenly interpreted as suggesting that Pennsylvania Dutch have some relationship with the Netherlands, which is inaccurate. Pennsylvania Dutch were and are German-speaking Pennsylvanians predominantly of German ethnicity.[11] Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch were and are largely based in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Ohio Amish Country.[12] The most famous Pennsylvania Dutch groups are the Fancy Dutch and the Amish.

Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include Henry J. Heinz, founder of the Heinz food conglomerate, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the family of American businessman Elon Musk.[13]

Etymology edit

The word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch is not a mistranslation but rather a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German."[14][15][16][17] Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *ΓΎiudiskaz, meaning "popular" or "of the people."[18]

Dutch in the English language originally referred to all Germanic dialect speakers. New Englanders referred to the Hollandic Dutch language spoken by the New York Dutch as "Low Dutch" (Dutch: laagduits), and the Palatine German language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch as "High Dutch" (German: hochdeutsch).[19]

The oldest German newspaper in Pennsylvania was the High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal in 1743. The first mixed English and German paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1751, described itself as an "English and Dutch gazette," in reference to the High Dutch language spoken in Pennsylvania.[20]

Pennsylvania Dutch history in America edit

Further information: Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Palatine Dutch
 
Three leading Pennsylvania Dutch states: Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana
 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
 
Actress Hedda Hopper (left) was Pennsylvania Dutch

Waves of colonial Palatines (Pennsylvania Dutch: PΓ€lzer) from the Rhenish Palatinate initially settled in Maryland, the Carolinas, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. The first Palatines in Pennsylvania arrived in the late 1600s but the majority came throughout the 1700s.[21][22]

There were several Palatine state citizen groups: New York Palatines, Virginia Palatines, Maryland Palatines, Indiana Palatines; the most numerous and influential were the Pennsylvania Palatines.[23][24][25][26][27] American Palatines were known collectively as Palatine Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: PΓ€lzisch Deitsche),[28] and settled many states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa and Southern states.[29][30]

American Palatines continued to use their language as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants to the United States. The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as Deitsche,[31] and called immigrants of German-speaking countries and territories in Europe Deitschlenner, (literally "Dutchlanders", compare German: DeutschlΓ€nder), which translates to "European Germans", whom they saw as a distinct group.[32][33]

These European Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania Dutch cities, where many came to prominence in matters of the church, newspapers, and urban business.[33][32] After the 1871 unification of the first German Empire, the term "Dutchlander" came to refer to the nationality of people from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country.[34][35][36]

Due to strong anti-German sentiment between World War I and World War II, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Plain people, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and German remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.[37][38]

Geography edit

The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the Delaware Valley and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania, in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown in the Lehigh Valley westward through Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg.[39] Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia's Shenandoah Valley.[40]

History edit

Palatines and other ancestors edit

Further information: Palatines § Holy Roman Nationality, and Holy Roman Empire
 
Historic flag of the Palatines
 
The Holy Roman Empire during the Palatinate campaign

The vast majority of Pennsylvania Dutch have Palatine ancestry. They are also culturally related to the New York Dutch.[41][42]

The Fancy Dutch descend from Palatines who left the economic conditions and devastation in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire during and after the Thirty Years' War; their number included Catholic Palatines, who had already established three Catholic parishes in 1757.[43][44]

The Plain Dutch are descendants of refugees who left religious persecution in the Netherlands and the Electoral Palatinate.[29] Of note, the Amish and Mennonites came to the Rhenish Palatinate and surrounding areas from Switzerland, where, as Anabaptists, they were persecuted, and so their stay in the Palatinate was of limited duration.[45]

Anglo-Americans held much anti-Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony. Below is a quotation of Benjamin Franklin's complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751):

Why should the Palatine boors be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion.

The great Palatine migration and colonial Palatines edit

 
Many Palatines fled to the Pennsylvania Dutch Country

The first Palatine migrations began during the Palatinate campaign of the Thirty Years' War, in which large parts of the Palatinate lost more than two thirds of their population. The Palatinate campaign saw heavy fighting in the Rhenish Palatinate, collapse of the state's economy, and wholesale slaughter of Palatine civilians, including women, children and non-combattants.[46]

As early as 1632, Catholic Palatines found their way to America and settled in the Maryland Palatinate, an American palatinate established by the Calvert family as a haven for Catholic refugees. The heaviest concentration of Palatines settled in Western Maryland.[22][47][48]

In 1683, Palatines founded the first borough of Germantown in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.[49] They settled on land sold to them by William Penn. Germantown included not only Mennonites, but also Quakers.[50]

 
A portrayal of colonial Palatines in Fraktur art style

This group of Mennonites was organized by Francis Daniel Pastorius, an agent for a land purchasing company based in Frankfurt am Main.[49] None of the Frankfurt Company ever came to Pennsylvania except Pastorius himself, but thirteen Kleverlandish-speaking Mennonite families from Krefeld arrived on October 6, 1683, in Philadelphia. They were joined by eight Low Dutch families from Hamburg-Altona in 1700 and five High Dutch families from the Rhenish Palatinate in 1707.[51]

During the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–97), French troops pillaged the Rhenish Palatinate, forcing many Palatines to flee. The war began in 1688 as Louis XIV laid claim to the electorate of the Palatinate. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne. By 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. However, by 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession began, lasting until 1713. French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees.[52]

In 1723, some thirty-three Palatine families, dissatisfied under Governor Hunter's rule, migrated from Schoharie, New York, along the Susquehanna River to Tulpehocken, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where other Palatines had settled. They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved highly productive.[53]

Another wave of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire, which would eventually coalesce to form a large part of the Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived between 1727 and 1775; some sixty-five thousand Palatines landed in Philadelphia in that era and others landed at other ports. Another wave from the Palatinate arrived 1749–1754. More than half of their number was sold into indentured servitude.[54] These indentured servants became known as "Redemptioners" as they would "redeem" their freedom after some years.[55]

The majority originated in what is today southwestern Germany, i.e., Rhineland-Palatinate[54] and Baden-WΓΌrttemberg; other prominent groups were Alsatians, Dutch, French Huguenots (French Protestants), Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Swiss Germans.[56][57]

Black Pennsylvania Dutch edit

Further information: Black Dutch (genealogy) and Black Mennonites
 
Black Mennonites

The Pennsylvania Dutch had been the first outspoken community against slavery, beginning with the community of Germantown and its founder Francis Daniel Pastorius, who together with Garret Hendericks, Derick op den Graeff and Abraham op den Graeff organized antislavery protests in 1688. Pastorius and citizens of Germantown criticized the racial lines of slavery.[58]

Many Black people of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country spoke Pennsylvania Dutch.[59][60][61][62] Enslaved Black people cohabitating with Pennsylvania Dutch learned the Pennsylvania Dutch language; as slavery was abolished in Pennsylvania, the free Black Dutch population grew.[59]

There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century; following the Civil War, some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community, adopting the language and assimilating into the culture. An 1892 article in The New York Sun noted a community of "Pennsylvania German Negroes" in Lebanon County for whom German was their first language.[63]

Palatine servitude edit

Further information: Redemptioners
 
The Pennsylvania German society, founded to protect Palatine indentured servants

The Pennsylvania Dutch shared similar experiences with enslaved Black people; about three fourths of all Palatines in Pennsylvania were subject to lengthy indentured servitude contracts by colonial New Englanders.[54] These indentured servants, known as redemptioners, were made to work on plantations; Palatine redemptioners had a high death rate, and many didn't live long enough to see the end of their contract.[64][65][66]

Some Palatines attempted to escape their indentured servitude and became runaways. Palatine runaways were often recaptured, as they only spoke German and were surrounded by English speakers. The plight of the runaway Palatines was so great that the German Society of Pennsylvania was founded in 1764 to protect Palatine redemptioners.[67]

Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War edit

Further information: Germans in the American Revolution
 
In the Battle of Germantown in 1777, Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers fought with the United States in the Pennsylvania Militia

The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the Province of Pennsylvania. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the American Revolution; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war.[68] Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman Principality of Waldeck (1702-1782), was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia, and published an early German translation of the Declaration of Independence (1776) in his newspaper Philadelphische Staatsbote.[69] Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the William Tell legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.[70]

Frederick Muhlenberg (1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[71]

 
Nicholas Herkimer at the Battle of Oriskany, 1777

The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable:

In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early Hollanders and Palatines, in their brave defense of home, did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country.

In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the war of the American Revolution, notably Nicholas Herkimer.[72]

Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps edit

Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American Provost corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer,[73][Note 1] a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe[74] before immigrating to Reading, Pennsylvania, prior to the war.

During the Revolutionary War the Marechaussee Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the Battle of Springfield.[75] The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War.[73] The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English.[74] Six of the provosts had even been Hessian prisoners of war prior to their recruitment.[74] Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S. Military Police Corps, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment.[75]

Hessians in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country edit

Further information: Hessian (soldier)
 
The Battle of Trenton, 1776
 
Many Hessian soldiers settled in Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the American Revolutionary War

The Hessian Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments, four grenadier battalions, two jΓ€ger companies, and three companies of artillery.[76] The jΓ€gers in particular were carefully recruited and well paid, well clothed, and free from manual labor.[77][Note 2] These jΓ€gers proved essential in the "Indian style" warfare in America.[78][79][80]

Hessians composed more than 25% of all British forces during the war. They were excellent soldiers, having been trained and disciplined rigorously in the tradition of Frederick the Great of Prussia, and fought in nearly every major battle of the conflict.[81]

German-speaking armies could not quickly replace men lost on the other side of the Atlantic, so the Hessians recruited Black people as soldiers who became known as Black Hessians. There were one hundred and fifteen Black soldiers serving with Hessian units, most of them as drummers or fifers.[82]

General Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians in the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of fourteen hundred men was quickly overwhelmed by the Continentals, with only about twenty killed and one hundred wounded, but one thousand captured.[83]

The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers.[84] Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farmhands.[85]

By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest.[86] These included Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Trobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain),[87] who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war.[88] These men were both hunted by the British for being deserters and by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy.

Throughout the war, Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert the British, emphasizing the large and prosperous German-American community. The U.S. Congress authorized the offer of land of up to fifty acres (roughly twenty hectares) to individual Hessian soldiers who switched sides.[89] British soldiers were offered fifty to eight hundred acres, depending on rank.[90]

Many Hessian prisoners were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to replace local men serving in the Continental Army. Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land, many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war's end.[91]

Fancy Dutch edit

Main article: Fancy Dutch
 
Germantown, Philadelphia, 1820

In local terminology, the "Plain Dutch" are the Anabaptist Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites and Brethren; they settled primarily in Lancaster and Berks Counties and have a strong commitment to avoiding luxury or ostentation. Accordingly, the German Lutheran and Reformed Church members are known as the β€œfancy Dutch” or β€œchurch people.” [92][93]

The Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands in all of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth. They ran many newspapers, and out of six newspapers in Pennsylvania, three were in German, two were in English and one was in both languages. They also maintained their German architecture when they founded new towns in Pennsylvania.[94]

Members of the Pennsylvania Dutch community already possessed an ethnic identity and a well-defined social-system that was separate from the Anglo-American identity. Their Anglo-American neighbors described them as very industrious, very business minded, and a very rich community.[94]

Fancy Dutch religion and Anglo-American prejudice edit

 
Pennsylvania Dutch Governor, Francis R. Shunk
 
Many Fancy Dutch were soldiers in the Pennsylvania Militia
 
A Fancy Dutch country wedding

As the descendants of Palatines,[29] Fancy Dutch people were mostly of Lutheran and Reformed church congregations (non-sectarians), as well as Catholics.[95] They were therefore often called "Church Dutch" or "Church people," as distinguished from so-called sectarians (Anabaptist Plain people),[96] along the lines of a high church/low church distinction.

Among the stereotypes created were those of "the stubborn Dutchman" or "the dumb Dutchman," which frequently made Pennsylvania Dutch the butt of ethnic jokes during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Pennsylvania Dutch Professor Daniel Miller argued against these stereotypes by asking:

π”šπ”² 𝔣𝔦𝔫𝔑 π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 𝔰𝔬 𝔣𝔯𝔲𝔠π”₯π”±π”Ÿπ”žπ”―π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”¬Μˆπ”«π”’ π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦ 𝔴𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”¦ 𝔑𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒? β„‘π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦π”’ 𝔦𝔫 𝔒𝔰𝔱 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”’ 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”Šπ”žπ”―π”±π”’ 𝔳𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”šπ”’π”©π”±. π”šπ”žπ”«π”« π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”šπ”’π”©π”± π”±π”―π”žΜˆπ”΄π”’π”©π”±, π”¨π”žπ”«π”« π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 π”²Μˆπ”΄π”’π”―π”žπ”©π”© π”žπ”« 𝔑𝔒 π”Šπ”’π”Ÿπ”žΜˆπ”²π”’π”― 𝔰𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒, 𝔴𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 π”Žπ”©π”žπ”°π”° 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔬π”₯𝔫𝔒. 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔳𝔒𝔯𝔰𝔱𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔀𝔒𝔴𝔦𝔰𝔰, 𝔴𝔦𝔒 𝔷𝔲 π”Ÿπ”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’.

𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 π”Ÿπ”’π”₯π”žπ”žπ”­π”±π”’, 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”΄π”žΜˆπ”―π”’ π”₯𝔦𝔫𝔫𝔒𝔯 𝔑𝔒𝔯 ℨ𝔒𝔦𝔱. ℑ𝔰 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔴𝔬π”₯𝔯? 𝔖𝔦𝔒 π”₯𝔒𝔫 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”±π”’ π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”±π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔫𝔒𝔲𝔒𝔰𝔱𝔒 π”π”žπ”°π” π”₯𝔦𝔫𝔒, 𝔲𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔀𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔦 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔀𝔲𝔱𝔒 𝔖𝔠π”₯𝔲𝔩𝔒. ℑ𝔫 𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒𝔯 β„Œπ”¦π”«π”°π”¦π” π”₯𝔱 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔷𝔲 π”©π”žπ”«π”€π”°π”žπ”ͺ- 𝔦𝔫 π”Žπ”’π”―π” π”₯π”’π”°π”žπ” π”₯𝔒. 𝔄𝔫 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 π”“π”©π”žπ”±π”· 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔬 𝔷𝔦𝔒π”ͺ𝔩𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔴𝔬 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”™π”¬π”―π”³π”žΜˆπ”±π”’π”― π”΄π”žπ”―π”’.

𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 π”ͺ𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒, 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”΄π”žΜˆπ”―π”’ 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”ͺπ”žπ”―π”±, 𝔴𝔒𝔦𝔩 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔬 𝔨𝔫𝔦𝔣𝔣𝔦𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔲𝔫 𝔱𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔦𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔴𝔦𝔒 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 π”œπ”žΜˆπ”«π”¨π”’π”’π”°. 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔬 𝔀𝔲𝔱 𝔲𝔣𝔀𝔒𝔭𝔬π”₯𝔰𝔱 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒 𝔗𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔰 𝔴𝔲 𝔳𝔦𝔒𝔩 β„œπ”žπ”°π”¨π”’π”©π”° 𝔧𝔲π”₯𝔰𝔒, π”žπ”΄π”’π”― 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔦𝔰 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔫𝔬𝔱π”₯𝔴𝔒𝔫𝔫𝔦𝔀. 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔰𝔴𝔒𝔀𝔒 𝔳𝔦𝔒𝔩 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”°π”’π”― π”žπ”Ÿ. π”˜π”«π”°π”’π”― 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔨𝔬𝔫𝔫𝔒 𝔀𝔲𝔱 π”žπ”£π”£π”¬π”―π”‘π”’, 𝔬π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 π”Šπ”’π”°π” π”₯𝔒𝔦𝔑π”₯𝔒𝔦𝔱 𝔷𝔲 𝔑𝔲π”₯, 𝔴𝔲 𝔑𝔦𝔒 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔩𝔒𝔠π”₯𝔱 π”ͺπ”žπ” π”₯𝔱. 𝔖𝔦𝔒 π”₯𝔒𝔫 π”žπ”©π”© 𝔀𝔒𝔫𝔲𝔀 𝔏𝔒𝔯𝔫𝔦𝔫𝔀 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔒π”₯𝔯𝔩𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔲𝔫 𝔯𝔒𝔠π”₯𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯π”žπ”£π”£π”’ 𝔷𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔦.

π”ˆπ”° 𝔦𝔰 π”΄π”²π”«π”«π”’π”―π”Ÿπ”žπ”―, π”‘π”žπ”°π”° 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔲 𝔳𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”₯π”’π”―π”°π”±π”žπ”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒, 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ π”‘π”žπ”΄π”’π”€π”’ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”žΜˆπ”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒. 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔩𝔬𝔰𝔰𝔒 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”Žπ”¦π”«π”«π”’π”― 𝔫𝔒𝔱 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”žΜˆπ”±π”·π”’ 𝔬𝔑𝔒𝔯 𝔩𝔒𝔰𝔒, 𝔲𝔫 𝔳𝔒𝔯𝔩𝔒𝔀𝔩𝔒 𝔒𝔰, π”‘π”žπ”°π”° 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔅𝔩𝔲𝔱 𝔦𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ π”₯𝔒𝔫. π”Šπ”²π”± π”ˆπ”«π”€π”©π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔨𝔬𝔫𝔫𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”žΜˆπ”±π”·π”’, 𝔲𝔫 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔴𝔬𝔩𝔩𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”žΜˆπ”±π”·π”’. ℑ𝔰 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔑𝔲π”ͺπ”ͺ? 𝔇𝔦𝔒 π”œπ”žΜˆπ”«π”¨π”’π”’π”° 𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔒 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”Žπ”¦π”«π”«π”’π”― 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 𝔖𝔠π”₯𝔲𝔩𝔒 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔑𝔦𝔒 𝔀𝔲𝔱 π”žπ”©π”± 𝔖𝔭𝔯𝔬𝔠π”₯ 𝔷𝔲 𝔩𝔒𝔯𝔫𝔒, π”žπ”΄π”’π”― 𝔲𝔫𝔰𝔒𝔯 𝔒π”₯𝔀𝔒𝔫𝔒 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”žΜˆπ”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒, 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔷𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔦.[97]

Where do we find so prosperous and beautiful farms as those of the Pennsylvania Dutch? Their farms in Eastern Pennsylvania are the model of the world. When we travel in the world, we can above all see the farmers, how that class of people lives. They certainly understand how to farm.

Some people say, the Pennsylvania Dutch are behind the times. Is this true? They have the best farms and the best and newest machines, and they go to good schools. In regards to them, there are some who are slow- in matters of the church. In some places they (the Plain Dutch) live in the same way as their ancestors.

Some people say that the Pennsylvania Dutch are not smart, because they aren't so knavish and tricky as some of the Yankees. They are not so quick on the tricks that many rascals use, but that is not necessary. They are better off this way. Our people can afford not do that trickery, as the bad people do. They have enough learning to be happy and righteous.

It is amazing that some Pennsylvania Dutch are ashamed in this way. They don't allow their children to speak Pennsylvania Dutch or to read it, and are embarrassed that they have Dutch blood. They can't speak good English, and they don't want to speak Dutch. Is that not dumb? The Yankees send their children to German schools to speak the good old language, but our own people want to be ashamed of being Dutch.

The Pennsylvania Dutch had a strong dislike for New England, and to them the term "Yankee" became synonymous with "a cheat." Indeed, New Englanders were the rivals of the Pennsylvania Dutch.[94]

Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War edit

Further information: Battle of Gettysburg
 
Battle flag of the 79th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, composed of Pennsylvania Dutch

Nearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the American Civil War had German-speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking members on their rosters, the majority of whom were Fancy Dutch.[98]

Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers.[94] The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."[99][100][101]

Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English-speaking companies. (The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch "English.") Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at Camp Curtin, Pennsylvania.[94]

Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.[102]

Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch edit

Further information: German Society of Pennsylvania
 
Pennsylvania Dutch have a long literary tradition

Immediately after the Civil War, the federal government took steps to replace Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. The Pennsylvania Dutch fought to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania to little success.[38]

Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers. Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language, and as education came to only be provided in English, many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual.[38]

Anti-German sentiment and Americanization edit

Further information: Anti-German sentiment
 
An Anti-German sign reading "No German customers wanted here"

The next blow to Pennsylvania Dutch came during World War I and World War II. Prior to the wars, Pennsylvania Dutch was an urban language spoken openly in the streets of towns such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster and York; afterwards, it became relegated only to rural areas.[38]

There was rampant social & employment discrimination for anyone suspected of being German. Meritt G. Yorgey, a Pennsylvania Dutch descendant who grew up during the height of anti-German sentiment, remembers the instructions of his father: "Don't ever call yourself "Dutch" or "Pennsylvania German." You're just American."[38]

Many Pennsylvanians of German heritage have chosen to assimilate into Anglo-American culture, except for a significant number of Amish and Mennonite plain people who have chosen to remain insular, which has added to the modern misconception that "Pennsylvania Dutch" is synonymous with "Amish."[38]

Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I edit

Palatine Dutch in the 27th Infantry Division broke through the Hindenburg Line in 1917.[103]

Interwar period edit

Before World War II, the Nazi Party sought to gain the loyalty of the German-American community, and established pro-Nazi German-American Bunden, emphasizing German-American immigrant ties to the "Fatherland". The Nazi propaganda effort failed in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, as the Pennsylvania Dutch maintained a distinct culture and history completely separate from the German-American immigrant identity.[104]

Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II edit

 
President Dwight D. Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry

During World War II, a platoon of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers on patrol in Germany was once spared from being machine-gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching. The Germans heard them speaking Pennsylvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives of the Palatinate.[105]

Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch edit

 
Many Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites arrived in Waterloo County, Ontario, in Conestoga wagons

An early group, mainly from the Roxborough-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the Township of Monckton, site of present-day Moncton, New Brunswick. The extensive Steeves clan descends from this group.[106]

After the American Revolution, John Graves Simcoe, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups.[107][108] This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the Haldimand Tract, in the Township of Waterloo, which later became Waterloo County, Ontario.[109][110] Some still live in the area around Markham, Ontario,[111][112] and particularly in the northern areas of the current Waterloo Region. Some members of the two communities formed the Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by Old Order Mennonites.[113][109][114]

From 1800 to the 1830s, some Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become Cambridge, Kitchener/Waterloo and St. Jacobs/Elmira in Waterloo County, Ontario, plus the Listowel area adjacent to the northwest. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand-acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands.[113][109]

Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the Greater Toronto Area in areas that would later be the towns of Altona, Ontario, Pickering, Ontario, and especially Markham Village, Ontario, and Stouffville, Ontario.[115] Peter Reesor and brother-in-law Abraham Stouffer were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville.

William Berczy, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain sixty-four acres in Markham Township, near the current city of Toronto. Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded, German Mills, Ontario, named for its grist mill; that community is now called Thornhill, Ontario, in the township that is now part of York Region.[111][112]

Canadian Black Mennonites edit

In Canada, an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor; the Dutch would also hire Black laborers. There were also accounts of Black families providing childcare assistance for their Dutch neighbors. These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans.[116] The Black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership.[116]

Pennsylvania Dutch today edit

 
Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch settlement in the United States
 
George W. Bush meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania today. The Pennsylvania Dutch today speak English, though some still speak the Pennsylvania Dutch language among themselves. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German: die Lichter loeschen) meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German: es wird nass) meaning "its going to rain", and "its all" (German: es ist alle) meaning "its all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German: der Abfall muss raus), in alignment with German grammar.

Cuisine edit

Main article: Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch

The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include shoo-fly pie, funnel cake, pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad.

Religion edit

The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are Lutheran or German Reformed with a lesser number of Anabaptists, including Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as Plain Dutch; this contrasted with the Fancy Dutch, mostly of the Catholic, Lutheran, or Evangelical and Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers.[117]

Christianity edit

 
A young Amish woman from Lancaster

Among immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s, those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as German Baptist Brethren and those who belonged to German Lutheran or German Reformed Church congregations.[118][119] Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were Seventh Day Baptists.[120][121] Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent.[122][123]

Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church.[124] The two groups founded Franklin College (now Franklin & Marshall College) in 1787.

Henry Muhlenberg (1711–1787) founded the Lutheran Church in America. He organized the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748, set out the standard organizational format for new churches and helped shape Lutheran liturgy.[125]

Muhlenberg was sent by the Lutheran bishops in Germany, and he always insisted on strict conformity to Lutheran dogma. Muhlenberg's view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian Church approach, with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid "Congregation of God in the Spirit". The differences between the two approaches led to permanent impasse between Lutherans and Moravians, especially after a December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia.[126] The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.[122]

Early schools edit

According to Elizabeth Pardoe, by 1748, the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt, and most of the attention focused on German language schools. Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived, but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students. Furthermore Lutherans were challenged by Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools. In the 1750s, Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students, with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness. The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s, but Pastor Henry Melchior Muhlenberg resolved them. The arrival of John Christopher Kunze from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America. Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system. Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German, while seeking government subsidies. A major issue was the long-term fate of German culture in Pennsylvania, with most solutions focused on schools. Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community. However most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth's call to drop English instruction. Kunze's seminary failed, but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1787 as Franklin College; it was later renamed Franklin and Marshall College.[127]

Judaism edit

In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both Yiddish and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are High German languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of mutual intelligibility.[128] Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in Lehigh County, including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried.[129]

The cooking of Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews often overlaps, particularly vegetarian dishes that do not contain non-kosher ingredients such as pork or that mix meat and dairy together.[130] In 1987, the First United Church of Christ in Easton, Pennsylvania, hosted the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania German Society, the theme of which was the special bond between Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews. German Jews and German Christians held "quite ecumenical philosophies" about interfaith marriage and there are recorded instances of marriages between Jews and Christians within the German community. German Jews arriving in Pennsylvania often integrated into Pennsylvania Dutch communities because of their lack of knowledge of the English language. German Jews often lacked a trade and thus became peddlers, selling their wares within Pennsylvania Dutch society.[129]

A number of Pennsylvanian Dutch Jews migrated to the Shenandoah Valley, traveling along the same route of migration as other Pennsylvania Dutch people.[131]

Notable people edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." -David L. Valuska November 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ JΓ€gers were offered a signing bonus of one Louis d'or coin, which was increased to four Louis d'or as Hesse tried to fill its companies with expert riflemen and woodsmen.

References edit

  1. ^ Oscar Kuhns (2009). The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So-called Pennsylvania Dutch. Abigdon Press. p.Β 254.
  2. ^ William J. Frawley (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003. Oxford University Press, USA. p.Β 92.
  3. ^ Joshua R. Brown; Simon J. Bronner (2017). Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia Β· Volume 63. Johns Hopkins University Press. p.Β 3.
  4. ^ University of Michigan (1956). Americas (English Ed.) Volume 8. Organization of American States. p.Β 21.
  5. ^ United States. Department of Agriculture (1918). Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.Β 5.
  6. ^ Achim Kopp (1999). The phonology of Pennsylvania German English as evidence of language maintenance and shift. Susquehanna University Press. p.Β 243.
  7. ^ Janne Bondi Johannessen; Joseph C. Salmons (2015). Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p.Β 11.
  8. ^ Fred Lewis Pattee (2015). The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains. Penn State Press. p.Β 218.
  9. ^ Norm Cohen (2005). Folk Music: A Regional Exploration. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.Β 105.
  10. ^ E. H. Rauch (1879). Rauch's Pennsylvania Dutch Hand-book: A Book for Instruction. pp.Β V.
  11. ^ Sir Richard Philips (1842). A Geographical View of the World: Embracing the Manners, Customs, and Pursuits of Every Nation: Founded on the Best Authorities. p.Β 3.
  12. ^ Steven M. Nolt (March 2008). Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic. Pennsylvania State University Press. p.Β 13. ISBNΒ 9780271034447.
  13. ^ name="pennsylvaniadutch"Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). "At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire". Forbes. from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  14. ^ Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.
  15. ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
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Bibliography edit

  • Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
  • Donner, William W. " 'Neither Germans nor Englishmen, but Americans': Education, Assimilation, and Ethnicity among Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Germans," Pennsylvania History 75.2 (2008): 197-226. online
  • Eelking, Max von (1893). The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783. Translated from German by J. G. Rosengarten. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY. LCCNΒ 72081186.
  • Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820", Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp.Β 417–436 in JSTOR
  • Larkin, Rian. "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018). online
  • Louden, Mark L. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
  • McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds. Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720–1920 (University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
  • Nolt, Steven, Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic, Penn State U. Press, 2002 ISBNΒ 0-271-02199-3
  • Pochmann, Henry A. German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900 (1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century. online
  • Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 (2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.
  • Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998)
  • Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History", William & Mary Quarterly, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774 in JSTOR
  • Von Feilitzsch, Heinrich Carl Philipp; Bartholomai, Christian Friedrich (1997). Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers. Translated by Burgoyne, Bruce E. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books. ISBNΒ 0-7884-0655-8.

External links edit

 
Pennsylvania German edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Pennsylvania Dutch".
  •   Media related to German diaspora in Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Pennsylvania German Society
  • German-American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington, DC
  • "Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904
  • The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center
  • Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones
  • Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
In Pennsylvania German
  • Hiwwe wie Driwweβ€”The Pennsylvania German Newspaper

January 19, 2024
pennsylvania, dutch, language, spoken, this, group, language, pennsylvanisch, deitsche, also, known, pennsylvania, germans, ethnic, group, pennsylvania, other, american, states, they, descend, from, germans, settled, pennsylvania, during, 17th, 18th, 19th, cen. For the language spoken by this group see Pennsylvania Dutch language The Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvanisch Deitsche 1 2 3 also known as Pennsylvania Germans are an ethnic group in Pennsylvania and other American states 4 5 6 They descend from Germans who settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th 18th and 19th centuries primarily from the Palatinate and other German speaking areas including Baden Wurttemberg Hesse Saxony and Rhineland in Germany the Netherlands Switzerland and France s Alsace Lorraine region 7 8 9 Pennsylvania DutchPennsylvanisch DeitscheThe Flag of Pennsylvania in 1863Regions with significant populationsPennsylvania Ohio Indiana Maryland Virginia North Carolina West Virginia California OntarioLanguagesPennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvania Dutch EnglishReligionLutheran Reformed German Reformed Catholic Moravian Church of the Brethren Mennonite Amish Schwenkfelder River Brethren Yorker Brethren Judaism Pow wow Jehovah s WitnessesRelated ethnic groupsPalatines German Americans Black Dutch Fancy Dutch New York Dutch Swiss AmericansThe Pennsylvania Dutch spoke Palatine German and other South German dialects intermixing of Palatine English and other German dialects which formed the Pennsylvania Dutch language as it is spoken today 10 The inclusion of the word Dutch has sometimes been mistakenly interpreted as suggesting that Pennsylvania Dutch have some relationship with the Netherlands which is inaccurate Pennsylvania Dutch were and are German speaking Pennsylvanians predominantly of German ethnicity 11 Geographically Pennsylvania Dutch were and are largely based in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Ohio Amish Country 12 The most famous Pennsylvania Dutch groups are the Fancy Dutch and the Amish Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include Henry J Heinz founder of the Heinz food conglomerate U S President Dwight D Eisenhower and the family of American businessman Elon Musk 13 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Pennsylvania Dutch history in America 3 Geography 4 History 4 1 Palatines and other ancestors 4 1 1 The great Palatine migration and colonial Palatines 4 1 2 Black Pennsylvania Dutch 4 1 3 Palatine servitude 4 2 Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War 4 2 1 Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps 4 2 2 Hessians in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country 4 3 Fancy Dutch 4 4 Fancy Dutch religion and Anglo American prejudice 4 5 Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War 5 Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch 5 1 Anti German sentiment and Americanization 5 2 Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I 5 3 Interwar period 5 4 Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II 6 Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch 6 1 Canadian Black Mennonites 7 Pennsylvania Dutch today 7 1 Cuisine 7 2 Religion 7 3 Christianity 7 3 1 Early schools 7 4 Judaism 8 Notable people 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External linksEtymology editThe word Dutch in Pennsylvania Dutch is not a mistranslation but rather a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch which means Pennsylvania Dutch or German 14 15 16 17 Ultimately the terms Deitsch Dutch Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto Germanic word thiudiskaz meaning popular or of the people 18 Dutch in the English language originally referred to all Germanic dialect speakers New Englanders referred to the Hollandic Dutch language spoken by the New York Dutch as Low Dutch Dutch laagduits and the Palatine German language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch as High Dutch German hochdeutsch 19 The oldest German newspaper in Pennsylvania was the High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal in 1743 The first mixed English and German paper the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1751 described itself as an English and Dutch gazette in reference to the High Dutch language spoken in Pennsylvania 20 Pennsylvania Dutch history in America editFurther information Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Palatine Dutch nbsp Three leading Pennsylvania Dutch states Pennsylvania Ohio and Indiana nbsp Lancaster Pennsylvania nbsp Actress Hedda Hopper left was Pennsylvania DutchWaves of colonial Palatines Pennsylvania Dutch Palzer from the Rhenish Palatinate initially settled in Maryland the Carolinas Virginia New Jersey Pennsylvania and New York The first Palatines in Pennsylvania arrived in the late 1600s but the majority came throughout the 1700s 21 22 There were several Palatine state citizen groups New York Palatines Virginia Palatines Maryland Palatines Indiana Palatines the most numerous and influential were the Pennsylvania Palatines 23 24 25 26 27 American Palatines were known collectively as Palatine Dutch Pennsylvania Dutch Palzisch Deitsche 28 and settled many states Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Missouri Wisconsin Iowa and Southern states 29 30 American Palatines continued to use their language as a way of distinguishing themselves from later post 1830 waves of German speaking immigrants to the United States The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as Deitsche 31 and called immigrants of German speaking countries and territories in Europe Deitschlenner literally Dutchlanders compare German Deutschlander which translates to European Germans whom they saw as a distinct group 32 33 These European Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania Dutch cities where many came to prominence in matters of the church newspapers and urban business 33 32 After the 1871 unification of the first German Empire the term Dutchlander came to refer to the nationality of people from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country 34 35 36 Due to strong anti German sentiment between World War I and World War II the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined except among the more insular and tradition bound Plain people such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present day and German remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians according to the 2008 census 37 38 Geography editThe Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the Delaware Valley and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown in the Lehigh Valley westward through Reading Lebanon and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg 39 Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch speaking areas of Maryland North Carolina and Virginia s Shenandoah Valley 40 History editPalatines and other ancestors edit Further information Palatines Holy Roman Nationality and Holy Roman Empire nbsp Historic flag of the Palatines nbsp The Holy Roman Empire during the Palatinate campaignThe vast majority of Pennsylvania Dutch have Palatine ancestry They are also culturally related to the New York Dutch 41 42 The Fancy Dutch descend from Palatines who left the economic conditions and devastation in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire during and after the Thirty Years War their number included Catholic Palatines who had already established three Catholic parishes in 1757 43 44 The Plain Dutch are descendants of refugees who left religious persecution in the Netherlands and the Electoral Palatinate 29 Of note the Amish and Mennonites came to the Rhenish Palatinate and surrounding areas from Switzerland where as Anabaptists they were persecuted and so their stay in the Palatinate was of limited duration 45 Anglo Americans held much anti Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony Below is a quotation of Benjamin Franklin s complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind 1751 Why should the Palatine boors be suffered to swarm into our settlements and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours Why should Pennsylvania founded by the English become a colony of aliens who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them and will never adopt our language or customs any more than they can acquire our complexion The great Palatine migration and colonial Palatines edit nbsp Many Palatines fled to the Pennsylvania Dutch CountryThe first Palatine migrations began during the Palatinate campaign of the Thirty Years War in which large parts of the Palatinate lost more than two thirds of their population The Palatinate campaign saw heavy fighting in the Rhenish Palatinate collapse of the state s economy and wholesale slaughter of Palatine civilians including women children and non combattants 46 As early as 1632 Catholic Palatines found their way to America and settled in the Maryland Palatinate an American palatinate established by the Calvert family as a haven for Catholic refugees The heaviest concentration of Palatines settled in Western Maryland 22 47 48 In 1683 Palatines founded the first borough of Germantown in northwest Philadelphia County Pennsylvania 49 They settled on land sold to them by William Penn Germantown included not only Mennonites but also Quakers 50 nbsp A portrayal of colonial Palatines in Fraktur art styleThis group of Mennonites was organized by Francis Daniel Pastorius an agent for a land purchasing company based in Frankfurt am Main 49 None of the Frankfurt Company ever came to Pennsylvania except Pastorius himself but thirteen Kleverlandish speaking Mennonite families from Krefeld arrived on October 6 1683 in Philadelphia They were joined by eight Low Dutch families from Hamburg Altona in 1700 and five High Dutch families from the Rhenish Palatinate in 1707 51 During the War of the Grand Alliance 1688 97 French troops pillaged the Rhenish Palatinate forcing many Palatines to flee The war began in 1688 as Louis XIV laid claim to the electorate of the Palatinate French forces devastated all major cities of the region including Cologne By 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick now Rijswijk in the Netherlands and the Palatinate remained free of French control However by 1702 the War of the Spanish Succession began lasting until 1713 French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees 52 In 1723 some thirty three Palatine families dissatisfied under Governor Hunter s rule migrated from Schoharie New York along the Susquehanna River to Tulpehocken Berks County Pennsylvania where other Palatines had settled They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved highly productive 53 Another wave of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire which would eventually coalesce to form a large part of the Pennsylvania Dutch arrived between 1727 and 1775 some sixty five thousand Palatines landed in Philadelphia in that era and others landed at other ports Another wave from the Palatinate arrived 1749 1754 More than half of their number was sold into indentured servitude 54 These indentured servants became known as Redemptioners as they would redeem their freedom after some years 55 The majority originated in what is today southwestern Germany i e Rhineland Palatinate 54 and Baden Wurttemberg other prominent groups were Alsatians Dutch French Huguenots French Protestants Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Swiss Germans 56 57 Black Pennsylvania Dutch edit Further information Black Dutch genealogy and Black Mennonites nbsp Black MennonitesThe Pennsylvania Dutch had been the first outspoken community against slavery beginning with the community of Germantown and its founder Francis Daniel Pastorius who together with Garret Hendericks Derick op den Graeff and Abraham op den Graeff organized antislavery protests in 1688 Pastorius and citizens of Germantown criticized the racial lines of slavery 58 Many Black people of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country spoke Pennsylvania Dutch 59 60 61 62 Enslaved Black people cohabitating with Pennsylvania Dutch learned the Pennsylvania Dutch language as slavery was abolished in Pennsylvania the free Black Dutch population grew 59 There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century following the Civil War some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community adopting the language and assimilating into the culture An 1892 article in The New York Sun noted a community of Pennsylvania German Negroes in Lebanon County for whom German was their first language 63 Palatine servitude edit Further information Redemptioners nbsp The Pennsylvania German society founded to protect Palatine indentured servantsThe Pennsylvania Dutch shared similar experiences with enslaved Black people about three fourths of all Palatines in Pennsylvania were subject to lengthy indentured servitude contracts by colonial New Englanders 54 These indentured servants known as redemptioners were made to work on plantations Palatine redemptioners had a high death rate and many didn t live long enough to see the end of their contract 64 65 66 Some Palatines attempted to escape their indentured servitude and became runaways Palatine runaways were often recaptured as they only spoke German and were surrounded by English speakers The plight of the runaway Palatines was so great that the German Society of Pennsylvania was founded in 1764 to protect Palatine redemptioners 67 Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War edit Further information Germans in the American Revolution nbsp In the Battle of Germantown in 1777 Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers fought with the United States in the Pennsylvania MilitiaThe Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the Province of Pennsylvania The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the American Revolution the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war 68 Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman Principality of Waldeck 1702 1782 was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia and published an early German translation of the Declaration of Independence 1776 in his newspaper Philadelphische Staatsbote 69 Miller having Swiss ancestry often wrote about Swiss history and myth such as the William Tell legend to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain 70 Frederick Muhlenberg 1750 1801 a Lutheran pastor became a major patriot and politician rising to be elected as Speaker of the U S House of Representatives 71 nbsp Nicholas Herkimer at the Battle of Oriskany 1777The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early Hollanders and Palatines in their brave defense of home did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung and from the Liberty Bell placed in Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen on July 4th 1776 freedom was proclaimed throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the war of the American Revolution notably Nicholas Herkimer 72 Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps edit Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American Provost corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer 73 Note 1 a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe 74 before immigrating to Reading Pennsylvania prior to the war During the Revolutionary War the Marechaussee Corps were utilized in a variety of ways including intelligence gathering route security enemy prisoner of war operations and even combat during the Battle of Springfield 75 The Marechausee also provided security for Washington s headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown acted as his security detail and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War 73 The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English 74 Six of the provosts had even been Hessian prisoners of war prior to their recruitment 74 Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U S Military Police Corps it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment 75 Hessians in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country edit Further information Hessian soldier nbsp The Battle of Trenton 1776 nbsp Many Hessian soldiers settled in Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the American Revolutionary WarThe Hessian Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments four grenadier battalions two jager companies and three companies of artillery 76 The jagers in particular were carefully recruited and well paid well clothed and free from manual labor 77 Note 2 These jagers proved essential in the Indian style warfare in America 78 79 80 Hessians composed more than 25 of all British forces during the war They were excellent soldiers having been trained and disciplined rigorously in the tradition of Frederick the Great of Prussia and fought in nearly every major battle of the conflict 81 German speaking armies could not quickly replace men lost on the other side of the Atlantic so the Hessians recruited Black people as soldiers who became known as Black Hessians There were one hundred and fifteen Black soldiers serving with Hessian units most of them as drummers or fifers 82 General Washington s Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians in the early morning of December 26 1776 In the Battle of Trenton the Hessian force of fourteen hundred men was quickly overwhelmed by the Continentals with only about twenty killed and one hundred wounded but one thousand captured 83 The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers 84 Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farmhands 85 By early 1778 negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest 86 These included Nicholas Bahner t Jacob Trobe George Geisler and Conrad Grein Konrad Krain 87 who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war 88 These men were both hunted by the British for being deserters and by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy Throughout the war Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert the British emphasizing the large and prosperous German American community The U S Congress authorized the offer of land of up to fifty acres roughly twenty hectares to individual Hessian soldiers who switched sides 89 British soldiers were offered fifty to eight hundred acres depending on rank 90 Many Hessian prisoners were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well with some volunteering for extra work assignments helping to replace local men serving in the Continental Army Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war s end 91 Fancy Dutch edit Main article Fancy Dutch nbsp Germantown Philadelphia 1820In local terminology the Plain Dutch are the Anabaptist Mennonites Amish Hutterites and Brethren they settled primarily in Lancaster and Berks Counties and have a strong commitment to avoiding luxury or ostentation Accordingly the German Lutheran and Reformed Church members are known as the fancy Dutch or church people 92 93 The Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands in all of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth They ran many newspapers and out of six newspapers in Pennsylvania three were in German two were in English and one was in both languages They also maintained their German architecture when they founded new towns in Pennsylvania 94 Members of the Pennsylvania Dutch community already possessed an ethnic identity and a well defined social system that was separate from the Anglo American identity Their Anglo American neighbors described them as very industrious very business minded and a very rich community 94 Fancy Dutch religion and Anglo American prejudice edit nbsp Pennsylvania Dutch Governor Francis R Shunk nbsp Many Fancy Dutch were soldiers in the Pennsylvania Militia nbsp A Fancy Dutch country weddingAs the descendants of Palatines 29 Fancy Dutch people were mostly of Lutheran and Reformed church congregations non sectarians as well as Catholics 95 They were therefore often called Church Dutch or Church people as distinguished from so called sectarians Anabaptist Plain people 96 along the lines of a high church low church distinction Among the stereotypes created were those of the stubborn Dutchman or the dumb Dutchman which frequently made Pennsylvania Dutch the butt of ethnic jokes during the 18th 19th and 20th centuries Pennsylvania Dutch Professor Daniel Miller argued against these stereotypes by asking π”šπ”² 𝔣𝔦𝔫𝔑 π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 𝔰𝔬 𝔣𝔯𝔲𝔠π”₯π”±π”Ÿπ”žπ”―π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔬 𝔫𝔒 π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦ 𝔴𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”¦ 𝔑𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 β„‘π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦π”’ 𝔦𝔫 𝔒𝔰𝔱 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”’ 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”Šπ”žπ”―π”±π”’ 𝔳𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”šπ”’π”©π”± π”šπ”žπ”«π”« π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔯 π”šπ”’π”©π”± π”±π”―π”ž 𝔴𝔒𝔩𝔱 π”¨π”žπ”«π”« π”ͺ𝔒𝔯 𝔲 π”΄π”’π”―π”žπ”©π”© π”žπ”« 𝔑𝔒 π”Šπ”’π”Ÿπ”ž 𝔲𝔒𝔯 𝔰𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔴𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 π”Žπ”©π”žπ”°π”° 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔬π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔳𝔒𝔯𝔰𝔱𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔀𝔒𝔴𝔦𝔰𝔰 𝔴𝔦𝔒 𝔷𝔲 π”Ÿπ”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’ 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 π”Ÿπ”’π”₯π”žπ”žπ”­π”±π”’ 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”΄π”ž 𝔯𝔒 π”₯𝔦𝔫𝔫𝔒𝔯 𝔑𝔒𝔯 ℨ𝔒𝔦𝔱 ℑ𝔰 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔴𝔬π”₯𝔯 𝔖𝔦𝔒 π”₯𝔒𝔫 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”±π”’ π”…π”žπ”²π”’π”―π”’π”¦π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”±π”’ 𝔲𝔫 𝔫𝔒𝔲𝔒𝔰𝔱𝔒 π”π”žπ”°π” π”₯𝔦𝔫𝔒 𝔲𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔀𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔦 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔀𝔲𝔱𝔒 𝔖𝔠π”₯𝔲𝔩𝔒 ℑ𝔫 𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒𝔯 β„Œπ”¦π”«π”°π”¦π” π”₯𝔱 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔷𝔲 π”©π”žπ”«π”€π”°π”žπ”ͺ 𝔦𝔫 π”Žπ”’π”―π” π”₯π”’π”°π”žπ” π”₯𝔒 𝔄𝔫 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 π”“π”©π”žπ”±π”· 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔬 𝔷𝔦𝔒π”ͺ𝔩𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔴𝔬 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”™π”¬π”―π”³π”ž 𝔱𝔒𝔯 π”΄π”žπ”―π”’ 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 π”ͺ𝔒π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔑𝔦𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”΄π”ž 𝔯𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”ͺπ”žπ”―π”± 𝔴𝔒𝔦𝔩 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔬 𝔨𝔫𝔦𝔣𝔣𝔦𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔲𝔫 𝔱𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔦𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔴𝔦𝔒 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 π”œπ”ž 𝔫𝔨𝔒𝔒𝔰 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔬 𝔀𝔲𝔱 𝔲𝔣𝔀𝔒𝔭𝔬π”₯𝔰𝔱 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒 𝔗𝔯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔰 𝔴𝔲 𝔳𝔦𝔒𝔩 β„œπ”žπ”°π”¨π”’π”©π”° 𝔧𝔲π”₯𝔰𝔒 π”žπ”΄π”’π”― 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔦𝔰 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔫𝔬𝔱π”₯𝔴𝔒𝔫𝔫𝔦𝔀 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔰𝔴𝔒𝔀𝔒 𝔳𝔦𝔒𝔩 π”Ÿπ”’π”°π”°π”’π”― π”žπ”Ÿ π”˜π”«π”°π”’π”― 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔨𝔬𝔫𝔫𝔒 𝔀𝔲𝔱 π”žπ”£π”£π”¬π”―π”‘π”’ 𝔬π”₯𝔫𝔒 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 π”Šπ”’π”°π” π”₯𝔒𝔦𝔑π”₯𝔒𝔦𝔱 𝔷𝔲 𝔑𝔲π”₯ 𝔴𝔲 𝔑𝔦𝔒 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔩𝔒𝔠π”₯𝔱 π”ͺπ”žπ” π”₯𝔱 𝔖𝔦𝔒 π”₯𝔒𝔫 π”žπ”©π”© 𝔀𝔒𝔫𝔲𝔀 𝔏𝔒𝔯𝔫𝔦𝔫𝔀 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔒π”₯𝔯𝔩𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔲𝔫 𝔯𝔒𝔠π”₯𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯π”žπ”£π”£π”’ 𝔷𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔦 π”ˆπ”° 𝔦𝔰 π”΄π”²π”«π”«π”’π”―π”Ÿπ”žπ”― π”‘π”žπ”°π”° 𝔇𝔒π”₯𝔩 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔲 𝔳𝔲𝔫 𝔑𝔒 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 π”₯π”’π”―π”°π”±π”žπ”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ π”‘π”žπ”΄π”’π”€π”’ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”ž π”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒 𝔖𝔦𝔒 𝔩𝔬𝔰𝔰𝔒 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”Žπ”¦π”«π”«π”’π”― 𝔫𝔒𝔱 π”“π”’π”«π”«π”°π”Άπ”©π”³π”žπ”«π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”ž 𝔱𝔷𝔒 𝔬𝔑𝔒𝔯 𝔩𝔒𝔰𝔒 𝔲𝔫 𝔳𝔒𝔯𝔩𝔒𝔀𝔩𝔒 𝔒𝔰 π”‘π”žπ”°π”° 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔅𝔩𝔲𝔱 𝔦𝔫 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ π”₯𝔒𝔫 π”Šπ”²π”± π”ˆπ”«π”€π”©π”¦π”°π” π”₯ 𝔨𝔬𝔫𝔫𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”ž 𝔱𝔷𝔒 𝔲𝔫 𝔇𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔴𝔬𝔩𝔩𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔒 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”΄π”ž 𝔱𝔷𝔒 ℑ𝔰 𝔰𝔒𝔩𝔩 𝔫𝔒𝔱 𝔑𝔲π”ͺπ”ͺ 𝔇𝔦𝔒 π”œπ”ž 𝔫𝔨𝔒𝔒𝔰 𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔦𝔠𝔨𝔒 𝔦π”₯𝔯𝔒 π”Žπ”¦π”«π”«π”’π”― 𝔦𝔫 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯𝔒 𝔖𝔠π”₯𝔲𝔩𝔒 𝔣𝔬𝔯 𝔑𝔦𝔒 𝔀𝔲𝔱 π”žπ”©π”± 𝔖𝔭𝔯𝔬𝔠π”₯ 𝔷𝔲 𝔩𝔒𝔯𝔫𝔒 π”žπ”΄π”’π”― 𝔲𝔫𝔰𝔒𝔯 𝔒π”₯𝔀𝔒𝔫𝔒 𝔏𝔒𝔲𝔱 𝔴𝔒𝔩𝔩𝔒 𝔰𝔦𝔠π”₯ 𝔰𝔠π”₯π”ž π”ͺπ”ͺ𝔒 𝔑𝔒𝔲𝔱𝔰𝔠π”₯ 𝔷𝔲 𝔰𝔒𝔦 97 Where do we find so prosperous and beautiful farms as those of the Pennsylvania Dutch Their farms in Eastern Pennsylvania are the model of the world When we travel in the world we can above all see the farmers how that class of people lives They certainly understand how to farm Some people say the Pennsylvania Dutch are behind the times Is this true They have the best farms and the best and newest machines and they go to good schools In regards to them there are some who are slow in matters of the church In some places they the Plain Dutch live in the same way as their ancestors Some people say that the Pennsylvania Dutch are not smart because they aren t so knavish and tricky as some of the Yankees They are not so quick on the tricks that many rascals use but that is not necessary They are better off this way Our people can afford not do that trickery as the bad people do They have enough learning to be happy and righteous It is amazing that some Pennsylvania Dutch are ashamed in this way They don t allow their children to speak Pennsylvania Dutch or to read it and are embarrassed that they have Dutch blood They can t speak good English and they don t want to speak Dutch Is that not dumb The Yankees send their children to German schools to speak the good old language but our own people want to be ashamed of being Dutch The Pennsylvania Dutch had a strong dislike for New England and to them the term Yankee became synonymous with a cheat Indeed New Englanders were the rivals of the Pennsylvania Dutch 94 Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War edit Further information Battle of Gettysburg nbsp Battle flag of the 79th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment composed of Pennsylvania DutchNearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the American Civil War had German speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch speaking members on their rosters the majority of whom were Fancy Dutch 98 Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers 94 The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania born men of German heritage on its rosters the regiment s K Company was formed with the intent of it being an all German company 99 100 101 Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English speaking companies The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch English Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at Camp Curtin Pennsylvania 94 Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg at Gettysburg Pennsylvania the bloodiest battle of the Civil War 102 Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch editFurther information German Society of Pennsylvania nbsp Pennsylvania Dutch have a long literary traditionImmediately after the Civil War the federal government took steps to replace Pennsylvania German schools with English only schools The Pennsylvania Dutch fought to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania to little success 38 Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little starting with schools and then to churches and newspapers Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language and as education came to only be provided in English many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual 38 Anti German sentiment and Americanization edit Further information Anti German sentiment nbsp An Anti German sign reading No German customers wanted here The next blow to Pennsylvania Dutch came during World War I and World War II Prior to the wars Pennsylvania Dutch was an urban language spoken openly in the streets of towns such as Allentown Reading Lancaster and York afterwards it became relegated only to rural areas 38 There was rampant social amp employment discrimination for anyone suspected of being German Meritt G Yorgey a Pennsylvania Dutch descendant who grew up during the height of anti German sentiment remembers the instructions of his father Don t ever call yourself Dutch or Pennsylvania German You re just American 38 Many Pennsylvanians of German heritage have chosen to assimilate into Anglo American culture except for a significant number of Amish and Mennonite plain people who have chosen to remain insular which has added to the modern misconception that Pennsylvania Dutch is synonymous with Amish 38 Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I edit Palatine Dutch in the 27th Infantry Division broke through the Hindenburg Line in 1917 103 Interwar period edit Before World War II the Nazi Party sought to gain the loyalty of the German American community and established pro Nazi German American Bunden emphasizing German American immigrant ties to the Fatherland The Nazi propaganda effort failed in the Pennsylvania Dutch community as the Pennsylvania Dutch maintained a distinct culture and history completely separate from the German American immigrant identity 104 Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II edit nbsp President Dwight D Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestryDuring World War II a platoon of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers on patrol in Germany was once spared from being machine gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching The Germans heard them speaking Pennsylvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives of the Palatinate 105 Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch edit nbsp Many Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites arrived in Waterloo County Ontario in Conestoga wagonsAn early group mainly from the Roxborough Germantown area of Pennsylvania emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the Township of Monckton site of present day Moncton New Brunswick The extensive Steeves clan descends from this group 106 After the American Revolution John Graves Simcoe lieutenant governor of Upper Canada invited Americans including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups 107 108 This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada many to the area called the German Company Tract a subset of land within the Haldimand Tract in the Township of Waterloo which later became Waterloo County Ontario 109 110 Some still live in the area around Markham Ontario 111 112 and particularly in the northern areas of the current Waterloo Region Some members of the two communities formed the Markham Waterloo Mennonite Conference Today the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by Old Order Mennonites 113 109 114 From 1800 to the 1830s some Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada primarily to the area that would become Cambridge Kitchener Waterloo and St Jacobs Elmira in Waterloo County Ontario plus the Listowel area adjacent to the northwest Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner Jr brothers in law Mennonites from Franklin County Pennsylvania Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania called the German Company Lands 113 109 Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the Greater Toronto Area in areas that would later be the towns of Altona Ontario Pickering Ontario and especially Markham Village Ontario and Stouffville Ontario 115 Peter Reesor and brother in law Abraham Stouffer were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville William Berczy a German entrepreneur and artist had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794 he was able to obtain sixty four acres in Markham Township near the current city of Toronto Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here Others later moved to other locations in the general area including a hamlet they founded German Mills Ontario named for its grist mill that community is now called Thornhill Ontario in the township that is now part of York Region 111 112 Canadian Black Mennonites edit In Canada an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor the Dutch would also hire Black laborers There were also accounts of Black families providing childcare assistance for their Dutch neighbors These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans 116 The Black Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership 116 Pennsylvania Dutch today edit nbsp Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch settlement in the United States nbsp George W Bush meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania today The Pennsylvania Dutch today speak English though some still speak the Pennsylvania Dutch language among themselves They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German grammar and literally translated vocabulary some phrases include outen or out n the lights German die Lichter loeschen meaning turn off the lights it s gonna make wet German es wird nass meaning its going to rain and its all German es ist alle meaning its all gone They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning the trash needs to go out in to the trash needs out German der Abfall muss raus in alignment with German grammar Cuisine edit Main article Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live Some of these include shoo fly pie funnel cake pepper cabbage filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad Religion edit The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations the greatest number are Lutheran or German Reformed with a lesser number of Anabaptists including Mennonites Amish and Brethren The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle and their adherents were known as Plain Dutch this contrasted with the Fancy Dutch mostly of the Catholic Lutheran or Evangelical and Reformed churches who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream By the late 1700s other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers 117 Christianity edit nbsp A young Amish woman from LancasterAmong immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites Swiss Brethren also called Mennonites by the locals and Amish but also Anabaptist Pietists such as German Baptist Brethren and those who belonged to German Lutheran or German Reformed Church congregations 118 119 Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were Seventh Day Baptists 120 121 Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent 122 123 Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church 124 The two groups founded Franklin College now Franklin amp Marshall College in 1787 Henry Muhlenberg 1711 1787 founded the Lutheran Church in America He organized the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748 set out the standard organizational format for new churches and helped shape Lutheran liturgy 125 Muhlenberg was sent by the Lutheran bishops in Germany and he always insisted on strict conformity to Lutheran dogma Muhlenberg s view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf s Moravian Church approach with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid Congregation of God in the Spirit The differences between the two approaches led to permanent impasse between Lutherans and Moravians especially after a December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia 126 The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans 122 Early schools edit According to Elizabeth Pardoe by 1748 the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt and most of the attention focused on German language schools Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students Furthermore Lutherans were challenged by Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools In the 1750s Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s but Pastor Henry Melchior Muhlenberg resolved them The arrival of John Christopher Kunze from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German while seeking government subsidies A major issue was the long term fate of German culture in Pennsylvania with most solutions focused on schools Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community However most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth s call to drop English instruction Kunze s seminary failed but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster Pennsylvania in 1787 as Franklin College it was later renamed Franklin and Marshall College 127 Judaism edit In Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage Because both Yiddish and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are High German languages there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of mutual intelligibility 128 Historically Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German American business and community life Due to this historical bond there are several mixed faith cemeteries in Lehigh County including Allentown s Fairview Cemetery where German Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried 129 The cooking of Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews often overlaps particularly vegetarian dishes that do not contain non kosher ingredients such as pork or that mix meat and dairy together 130 In 1987 the First United Church of Christ in Easton Pennsylvania hosted the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania German Society the theme of which was the special bond between Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews German Jews and German Christians held quite ecumenical philosophies about interfaith marriage and there are recorded instances of marriages between Jews and Christians within the German community German Jews arriving in Pennsylvania often integrated into Pennsylvania Dutch communities because of their lack of knowledge of the English language German Jews often lacked a trade and thus became peddlers selling their wares within Pennsylvania Dutch society 129 A number of Pennsylvanian Dutch Jews migrated to the Shenandoah Valley traveling along the same route of migration as other Pennsylvania Dutch people 131 Notable people editJacob Albright 1759 1808 founder of the Evangelical Association Anne F Beiler 1949 present founder of Auntie Anne s Pretzels John Birmelin 1873 1950 poet playwright Solomon DeLong 1849 1925 writer journalist George Ege 1748 1829 Representative for Pennsylvania Dwight D Eisenhower 1890 1969 34th President of the United States H L Fischer 1822 1909 writer translator Heinrich Funck c 1697 1730 miller author Mennonite bishop John Fries 1750 1818 auctioneer organizer of Fries s Rebellion Betty Groff 1935 2015 celebrity chef cookbook author Michael Hillegas 1729 1804 first Treasurer of the United States Hedda Hopper 1885 1966 actress gossip columnist Ralph Kiner 1922 2014 Hall of Fame baseball player and Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Mets legend William Kohl 1820 1892 sea captain shipowner shipbuilder businessman Stephen Miller 1816 1881 4th Governor of Minnesota Bodo Otto 1711 1787 physician in the Continental Army Harry Hess Reichard 1878 1956 writer scholar Joseph Ritner 1780 1869 8th Governor of Pennsylvania Victor Schertzinger 1888 1941 composer film director producer screenwriter Evelyn Ay Sempier 1933 2008 Miss America 1954 Francis R Shunk 1788 1848 10th Governor of Pennsylvania Simon Snyder 1759 1813 3rd Governor of Pennsylvania Clement Studebaker 1831 1901 co founder of Studebaker Corporation Clement Studebaker Jr 1871 1932 businessman son of Clement Studebaker Sr John Studebaker 1833 1917 co founder of Studebaker Corporation Conrad Weiser 1696 1760 colonial diplomat between Pennsylvania and Native American nations See also edit nbsp United States portal nbsp Germany portal nbsp Philadelphia portalList of Amish and their descendants German American Preston Barba historian and linguist Helen Reimensnyder Martin author Anna Balmer Myers author Michael Werner publisher John Schmid singer Fraktur Pennsylvania German folk art Hex sign Hiwwe wie Driwwe newspaper Kurrent handwriting Schwenkfeldian church Old German Baptist Brethren church Pow wowNotes edit It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German David L Valuska Archived November 27 2022 at the Wayback Machine Jagers were offered a signing bonus of one Louis d or coin which was increased to four Louis d or as Hesse tried to fill its companies with expert riflemen and woodsmen References edit Oscar Kuhns 2009 The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So called Pennsylvania Dutch Abigdon Press p 254 William J Frawley 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003 Oxford University Press USA p 92 Joshua R Brown Simon J Bronner 2017 Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia Volume 63 Johns Hopkins University Press p 3 University of Michigan 1956 Americas English Ed Volume 8 Organization of American States p 21 United States Department of Agriculture 1918 Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents U S Government Printing Office p 5 Achim Kopp 1999 The phonology of Pennsylvania German English as evidence of language maintenance and shift Susquehanna University Press p 243 Janne Bondi Johannessen Joseph C Salmons 2015 Germanic Heritage Languages in North America Acquisition attrition and change John Benjamins Publishing Company p 11 Fred Lewis Pattee 2015 The House of the Black Ring A Romance of the Seven Mountains Penn State Press p 218 Norm Cohen 2005 Folk Music A Regional Exploration Greenwood Publishing Group p 105 E H Rauch 1879 Rauch s Pennsylvania Dutch Hand book A Book for Instruction pp V Sir Richard Philips 1842 A Geographical View of the World Embracing the Manners Customs and Pursuits of Every Nation Founded on the Best Authorities p 3 Steven M Nolt March 2008 Foreigners in their own land Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic Pennsylvania State University Press p 13 ISBN 9780271034447 name pennsylvaniadutch Elliott Hannah March 26 2012 At Home With Elon Musk The Soon to Be Bachelor Billionaire Forbes Archived from the original on May 27 2012 Retrieved May 30 2015 Hughes Oliphant Old The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church Volume 6 The Modern Age Eerdmans Publishing 2007 p 606 Mark L Louden Pennsylvania Dutch The Story of an American Language JHU Press 2006 p 2 Hostetler John A 1993 Amish Society The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore p 241 Irwin Richman The Pennsylvania Dutch Country Arcadia Publishing 2004 p 16 W Haubrichs Theodiscus Deutsch und Germanisch drei Ethnonyme drei Forschungsbegriffe Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach und Volksbezeichnungen In H Beck et al Zur Geschichte der Gleichung germanisch deutsch 2004 199 228 Nicoline van der Sijs 2009 Yankees cookies en Dollars De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord Amerikaanse Talen Amsterdam University Press p 25 Watson John Fanning 1881 Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania J M Stoddart George Reeser Prowell 1907 History of York County Pennsylvania Vol 1 Cornell University p 133 a b Sudie Doggett Wike 2022 German Footprints in America Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence McFarland Incorporated Publishers p 155 Oscar Jewell Harvey Ernest Gray Smith 1909 A History of Wilkes Barre Luzerne County Pennsylvania From Its First Beginnings to the Present Time Including Chapters of Newly discovered Early Wyoming Valley History Together with Many Biographical Sketches and Much Genealogical Material Volume 1 Raeder Press p 182 Leonard Woods Labaree 1967 Royal Instructions to British Colonial Governors 1670 1776 Volume 2 Octagonbooks p 489 Everton s Family History Magazine Volume 57 Everton Publishers 2003 p 52 Matthias Henry Richards Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards 2009 German Emigration from New York Province Into Pennsylvania Clearfield Company p 416 ISBN 9780806348537 John Thomas Scharf Helen Long 2003 History of Western Maryland Being a History of Frederick Montgomery Carroll Washington Allegany and Garrett Counties from the Earliest Period to the Present Day Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men Volume 1 Clearfield p 67 New York State Legislature Senate 1915 Proceedings of the Senate of the State of New York on the Life Character and Public Service of William Pierson Fiero p 7 a b c Chapter Two The History Of The German Immigration To America The Brobst Chronicles Homepages rootsweb ancestry com Retrieved August 28 2017 Robert Baird 1844 Religion in America Or An Account of the Origin Progress Relation to the State and Present Condition of the Evangelical Churches in the United States With Notices of the Unevangelical Denominations pp 80 81 William Brisbane Dick 1879 Dick s Dutch French and Yankee Dialect Recitations A Collection of Droll Dutch Blunders Frenchmen s Funny Mistakes and Ludicrous and Extravagant Yankee Yarns Each Recitation Being in Its Own Peculiar Dialect Dick amp Fitzgerald pp 64 65 a b Mark L Louden Pennsylvania Dutch The Story of an American Language JHU Press 2006 p 3 4 a b Frank Trommler Joseph McVeigh 2016 America and the Germans Volume 1 An Assessment of a Three Hundred Year History Immigration Language Ethnicity University of Pennsylvania Press p 51 Earl Francis Robacker 1965 Touch of the Dutchland A S Barnes pp 200 240 Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center 1958 Pennsylvania Folklife Volumes 9 to 10 A S Barnes p 28 Timothy J Orr 1965 Last to Leave the Field The Life and Letters of First Sergeant Ambrose Henry Hayward 28th Pennsylvania Volunteers Univ of Tennessee Press p 28 American FactFinder United States Census Bureau American Community Survey 3 Year Estimates Factfinder census gov Archived from the original on February 11 2020 Retrieved July 31 2010 a b c d e f Merritt George Yorgey 2008 A Pennsylvania Dutch Boy And the Truth About the Pennsylvania Dutch United States of America Xlibris US pp 17 18 19 Lancaster Discover PA Amish Lifestyle How the community of Amish in PA live today Discover Lancaster Steven M Nolt March 2008 Foreigners in their own land Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic Pennsylvania State University Press p 13 ISBN 9780271034447 Retrieved August 28 2017 Mark Zanger 2001 The American Ethnic Cookbook for Students ABC CLIO p 93 Henry Blackman Plumb 1885 History of Hanover Township Including Sugar Notch Ashley and Nanticoke Boroughs and Also a History of Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County Pennsylvania R Baur p 245 David Alff 2017 The Wreckage of Intentions Projects in British Culture 166 173 University of Pennsylvania Press p 167 Gerald Shaughnessy 1925 Has the Immigrant Kept the Faith A Study of Immigration and Catholic Growth in the United States 1790 1920 Macmillan p 456 Newman George F Newman Dieter E 2003 The Aebi Eby Families of Switzerland Germany Austria and North America 1550 1850 Pennsylvania NMN Enterprises University of California 1907 Commercial and Financial Chronicle Bankers Gazette Commercial Times Railway Monitor and Insurance Journal National News Service p 9 Clayton Colman Hall 1902 The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate Six Lectures on Maryland Colonial History Delivered Before the Johns Hopkins University in the Year 1902 J Murphy Company p 55 David W Guth 2017 Bridging the Chesapeake A Fool Idea That Unified Maryland Archway Publishing p 426 a b First German Americans Germanheritage com Archived from the original on May 9 2020 Retrieved October 5 2006 Historic Germantown Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia Philadelphiaencyclopedia org Retrieved August 28 2017 Germantown Mennonite Settlement Pennsylvania USA GAMEO gameo org Retrieved August 28 2017 Roeber 1988 Farley Grubb German Immigration to Pennsylvania 1709 to 1820 Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol 20 No 3 Winter 1990 pp 417 436 in JSTOR a b c German Settlement in Pennsylvania An Overview PDF Hsp org Retrieved August 28 2017 H Carter 1968 The Past as Prelude New Orleans 1718 1968 Pelican Publishing p 37 The Palatinate Swissmennonite org Archived from the original on August 29 2017 Retrieved August 28 2017 Pennsylvania Dutch Cooking Traditional Dutch Dishes Gettysburg PA Dutchcraft Company Paul J Polgar 2019 Standard Bearers of Equality America s First Abolition Movement Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press pp 48 49 a b Lehman James O Nolt Steven M 2007 Mennonites Amish and the American Civil War JHU Press pp 29 30 Yearbook of German American Studies Volume 23 Society for German American Studies 1988 p 20 Joey L Dillard 2010 Perspectives on Black English Walter de Gruyters p 20 Thomas White 2009 Forgotten Tales of Pennsylvania Walter de Gruyters p 160 African Americans and the German Language in America PDF Max Kade Institute Retrieved July 30 2023 Gaines Bradford Jackson 2019 Indentured Servitude Revisited Xlibris pp 5 6 Karl Frederick Geiser 2019 Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Tuttle Morehouse amp Taylor Company p 25 Kenneth L Kusmer 1991 Black Communities and Urban Development in America 1720 1990 The Colonial and early national period Gardland Publisher pp 63 228 Pennsylvania State University 1978 Germantown Crier Volumes 30 32 Germantown Historical Society pp 12 13 John B Stoudt The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 59 1938 74 90 online permanent dead link Patrick Erben Henrich Miller immigrantentrepreneurship org Retrieved February 19 2023 A G Roeber Henry Miller s Staatsbote A Revolutionary Journalist s Use of the Swiss Past Yearbook of German American Studies 1990 Vol 25 pp 57 76 Muhlenberg Frederick Augustus Conrad biography in History Art amp Archives Washington D C United States House of Representatives retrieved online December 18 2022 A T Smith Herkimer County Historical Society 1899 Papers Read Before the Herkimer County Historical Society During the Years Volumes 1 2 Macmillan pp 171 300 a b Valuska David L Ph D 2007 Von Heer s Provost Corps Marechausee The Army s Military Police An All Pennsylvania German Unit The Continental Line Inc Archived from the original on November 27 2022 Retrieved November 11 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Ruppert Bob October 1 2014 Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps Journal of the American Revolution Retrieved August 29 2019 a b Order of the Marechaussee PDF The Dragoon Fort Leonard Wood Military Police Regimental Association 26 2 8 Spring 2015 Archived from the original PDF on December 8 2015 Retrieved December 5 2015 Eelking 16 Eelking 1893 p 100 101 Burgoyne 1997 p v The Bavarian State Library 1892 House documents p 179 The Bavarian State Library 1886 Wie s klingt am Rhei mundartliche Gedichte aus der hessischen Pfalz p 112 Alan Axelrod January 9 2014 Mercenaries A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies SAGE Publications p 66 ISBN 978 1 4833 4030 2 Selig Robert A Ph D The Revolution s Black Soldiers Retrieved July 10 2010 Battle of Trenton British Battles com accessed 13 Feb 2010 Johannes Schwalm the Hessian p 21 Rodney Atwood 2002 The Hessians Cambridge University Press p 199 ISBN 9780521526371 Herbert M Bahner and Mark A Schwalm Johann Nicholas Bahner From Reichenbach Hessen To Pillow Pennsylvania Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association Inc Vol 3 No 3 1987 Konrad Krain silvie tripod com Journal of Johannes Schwalm Historical Assoc Inc Vol 3 No 1 p 2 LIBERTY The Hessians PBS www pbs org Retrieved June 24 2020 R Douglas Hurt 2002 American Agriculture A Brief History p 80 Lititz Keeping History Alive lancastercountymag com Lee C Hopple Spatial organization of the southeastern Pennsylvania plain Dutch group culture region to 1975 Pennsylvania Folklife 29 1 1979 13 26 Rian Larkin Plain Fancy and Fancy Plain The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century 2018 a b c d e David L Valuska Christian B Keller 2004 Damn Dutch Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg United States of America Stackpole Books pp 5 6 9 216 H T Dickinson Poor Palatines and the Parties p 472 Louden Mark L 2016 Pennsylvania Dutch The Story of an American Language Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 9781421428970 Daniel Miller 1903 Pennsylvania German A collection of Pennsylvania German productions in poetry and prose Band 1 pp 156 157 158 Donald B Kraybill 2003 The Amish and the State JHU Press p 45 History of Pennsylvania Volunteers 1861 5 prepared in compliance with acts of the legislature Vol I pp 1150 1190 Harrisburg Pennsylvania B Singerly State Printer 1869 Snyder Laurie About the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers One Civil War Regiment s Story Pennsylvania 2014 Schmidt Lewis A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers Allentown Pennsylvania L G Schmidt 1986 John G Sabol Jr 2007 Gettysburg Unearthed The Excavation of a Haunted History United States of America AuthorHouse p 172 Nelson Greene 1925 History of the Mohawk Valley Gateway to the West 1614 1925 Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady Schoharie Montgomery Fulton Herkimer and Oneida Volume 1 United States of America S J Clarke p 475 Irwin Richman 2004 The Pennsylvania Dutch Country United States of America Arcadia p 22 Robert Hendrickson 2000 The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms United States of America Infobase Publishing p 724 Bowser Les 2016 The Settlers of Monckton Township Omemee ON 250th Publications Biography SIMCOE JOHN GRAVES Volume V 1801 1820 Dictionary of Canadian Biography Biographi ca Retrieved August 28 2017 Ontario s Mennonite Heritage Wampumkeeper com Retrieved May 10 2013 a b c Kitchener Waterloo Ontario History To Confederation Kitchener foundlocally com Archived from the original on May 25 2017 Retrieved August 28 2017 The Walter Bean Grand River Trail Waterloo County The Beginning www walterbeantrail ca Retrieved September 30 2018 permanent dead link a b History of Markham Ontario Canada Guidingstar ca Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved August 28 2017 a b Ruprecht Tony December 14 2010 Toronto s Many Faces Dundurn ISBN 9781459718043 Retrieved August 28 2017 via Google Books a b History PDF Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Retrieved March 13 2017 Elizabeth Bloomfield BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861 PDF Mhso org Retrieved August 28 2017 York County Ontario Canada Gameo org Retrieved August 28 2017 a b Samuel J Steiner 2015 In Search of Promised Lands A Religious History of Mennonites in Ontario MennoMedia Inc p 14 Donald F Durnbaugh Pennsylvania s Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups Journals psu edu Retrieved August 28 2017 What is Pennsylvania Dutch Padutch net May 24 2014 Retrieved August 28 2017 The Germans Come to North America Anabaptists org Retrieved August 28 2017 Shea John G December 27 2012 Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture With Measured Drawings Courier Corporation ISBN 9780486157627 via Google Books Gibbons Phebe Earle August 28 1882 Pennsylvania Dutch And Other Essays J B Lippincott amp Company p 171 Retrieved August 28 2017 via Internet Archive Seventh Day Baptists pennsylvania dutch a b Murtagh William J August 28 1967 Moravian Architecture and Town Planning Bethlehem Pennsylvania and Other Eighteenth Century American Settlements University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0812216377 Retrieved August 28 2017 via Google Books Donald F Durnbaugh Pennsylvania s Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups PDF Journals psu edu Retrieved August 28 2017 Murtagh William J August 28 1967 Moravian Architecture and Town Planning Bethlehem Pennsylvania and Other Eighteenth Century American Settlements University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0812216377 Retrieved August 28 2017 via Google Books Leonard R Riforgiato Missionary of moderation Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America 1980 Samuel R Zeiser Moravians and Lutherans Getting beyond the Zinzendorf Muhlenberg Impasse Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society 1994 Vol 28 pp 15 29 Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe Poor children and enlightened citizens Lutheran education in America 1748 1800 Pennsylvania History 68 2 2001 162 201 online Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch Yiddish Book Center Retrieved June 5 2022 a b GERMAN JEWS TIES WITH PA DUTCH EXPLORED IN TALK The Morning Call May 1987 Retrieved June 5 2022 Saffron in the Pennsylvania Dutch Tradition Fine Gardening July 30 2008 Retrieved June 5 2022 Virtual Jewish World Virginia United States Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved May 25 2019 Bibliography editBronner Simon J and Joshua R Brown eds Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia Johns Hopkins UP 2017 xviii 554 pp Donner William W Neither Germans nor Englishmen but Americans Education Assimilation and Ethnicity among Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Germans Pennsylvania History 75 2 2008 197 226 online Eelking Max von 1893 The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence 1776 1783 Translated from German by J G Rosengarten Joel Munsell s Sons Albany NY LCCN 72081186 Grubb Farley German Immigration to Pennsylvania 1709 to 1820 Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol 20 No 3 Winter 1990 pp 417 436 in JSTOR Larkin Rian Plain Fancy and Fancy Plain The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century 2018 online Louden Mark L Pennsylvania Dutch The Story of an American Language Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press 2016 McMurry Sally and Nancy Van Dolsen eds Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans 1720 1920 University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 250 studies their houses churches barns outbuildings commercial buildings and landscapes Nolt Steven Foreigners in Their Own Land Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic Penn State U Press 2002 ISBN 0 271 02199 3 Pochmann Henry A German Culture in America Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600 1900 1957 890pp comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century online Pochmann Henry A and Arthur R Schult Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 2nd ed 1982 massive listing but no annotations Roeber A G Palatines Liberty and Property German Lutherans in Colonial British America 1998 Roeber A G In German Ways Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth Century German Social and Emigration History William amp Mary Quarterly Oct 1987 Vol 44 Issue 4 pp 750 774 in JSTOR Von Feilitzsch Heinrich Carl Philipp Bartholomai Christian Friedrich 1997 Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers Translated by Burgoyne Bruce E Bowie Maryland Heritage Books ISBN 0 7884 0655 8 External links edit nbsp Pennsylvania German edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Pennsylvania Dutch nbsp Media related to German diaspora in Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons The Pennsylvania German Society Lancaster County tourism website Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture German American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington DC Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State by George Mays M D Reading Pa Printed by Daniel Miller 1904 The Schwenkfelder Library amp Heritage Center FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones Pennsylvania Dutch Family History Genealogy Culture and Life Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts design and prints from The Metropolitan Museum of Art LibrariesIn Pennsylvania GermanDeitscherei org Fer der Deitsch Wandel Hiwwe wie Driwwe The Pennsylvania German Newspaper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pennsylvania Dutch amp oldid 1195783644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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