fbpx
Wikipedia

List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity

October 22, 2023

See also: List of ethnic slurs

This list of ethnic slurs and epithets is sorted into categories that can defined by race, ethnicity, or nationality.

Broader ethnic categories

African

Most of these black slurs and all these African slurs apply also to Cape Coloureds. People of mixed races in South Africa are referred to as Coloured with no derogatory connections.[1][2]

Af
(Rhodesia) African to a white Rhodesian (Rhodie).[3]
Ape
(US) a black person.[4]
Béni-oui-oui
Mostly used during the French colonization of Algeria as a term for Algerian Muslims.[5]
Bluegum
an African American perceived as being lazy and who refuses to work.[6]
Boogie
a black person (film noir); "The boogies lowered the boom on Beaver Canal."[7]
Buck
a black person or Native American.[8]
Burrhead / Burr-head / Burr head
(US) a black person, in reference to Afro-textured hair.[9]
Bushy (s.) / Bushies, Amadushie (p.)
(South Africa) Khoisans. Historically used against the Khoisan people in Southern Africa, referring to their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on the bush for survival.[10]
Colored
(US) a black person. Once generally accepted as inoffensive, this word is now considered disrespectful by some. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) continues to use its full name unapologetically. This is not to be confused with the term "person of color" which is the preferred term for collectively referring to all non-white people.
Cotton picker
(US) Individuals of Black African descent.[11][12]
Coon
(US and UK) originally used by Europeans/white people as a pejorative term for a black person. Possibly from Portuguese barracos, a building constructed to hold slaves for sale (1837).[13] The term (though still also used in its original sense) is commonly used today by African or Black Americans towards members of the same race who are perceived to pander/kowtow to white people; to be a 'sellout'; to hate themselves; or to "collud[e] with racism for personal gain."[14] It is often used against black conservatives or Republicans (similar to Uncle Tom and coconut).[15][16][17] Also used to slur Cape Coloureds or Coloureds in South Africa. The association of the term "coon" with the coloured group expresses ambivalent feelings about their mixed-race ancestral background, and signifies self-depreciation, subordination, and marginalization of the underprivileged.[18]
Crow
(US) a black person.[19]
Eggplant
(US) A black person. Notable for appearing in the 1979 film, The Jerk[20] and the 1993 film True Romance.[21]
Fuzzies
(Commonwealth) A black person. Notable for appearing in the 1964 film, Zulu.[22]
Fuzzy-Wuzzy
(Commonwealth) A Hadendoa Beja. The term is a reference to the distinctive dirwa hairstyle used by many Beja men.[23]
Gam, Gammat
(South Africa) Used to refer to Cape Coloureds or Coloureds. It means "a person who is low or of inferior status" in Afrikaans.[24][25]
Golliwogg
(Commonwealth) a dark-skinned person, named after Florence Kate Upton's children's book character.[26]
Hapsi / Habsi
(Nepal), a term used for black person from Africa.[27][28]
Houtkop
(South Africa) a black person and a Cape Coloured or coloured native. The term translates literally to "wooden head" in Afrikaans.[29]
Jigaboo / jiggabo, jijjiboo, zigabo / jig, jigg, jiggy, jigga
(US and UK) a black person (JB) with stereotypical black features. (dark skin, wide nose, etc.) Refer to mannerisms that resemble dancing.
Jim Crow
(US) a black person;[30] also the name for the segregation laws prevalent in much of the United States until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.[31]
Jim Fish
(South Africa) a black person.[32]
Jungle bunny
(US and UK) a black person.[33]
Kaffir, kaffer, kafir, kaffre
(South Africa) a. a black person. Considered very offensive.
Macaca, macaque
a person of black African descent, originally used in languages of colonial powers in Africa. Same as "macaque".[34]
Mammy
Domestic servant of black African descent, generally good-natured, often overweight, and loud.[35]
Makwerekwere, Kwerekwere
(South Africa) Used against foreigners, usually black migrants or refugees in South Africa.[36]
Monkey
a person of black African descent.[34] See also Macaca (slur). It also gave rise to the racist "monkey chants" in sports.
Mosshead
a black person.[37]
Munt
(South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia) a term, used among white people, for a black person. The term derives from muntu, the singular of Bantu.[38]
Nig-nog
(US and UK) a black person.[39]
Nigger / niggar / niggur, niger / nigor / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar, nigga / niggah / nig / nigguh
(International) a black person. From the word negro, which means the color black in numerous languages. Diminutive appellations include Nigg and Nigz. Over time, the terms nigga and niggaz (plural) have come to be frequently used between some African or black diaspora without the negative associations of nigger. Considered very offensive and typically censored as "the n-word" even in reference to its use. The terms niggress, negress, and nigette are feminized formulations of the term.
Niglet / nigglet
a black child.[40]
Nigra / negra / niggra / nigrah / nigruh
(US) a black person, first used in the early 1900s.[41]
Pickaninny
generally refers to black children, or a caricature of them which is widely considered racist.
Porch monkey
a black person.[42]
Powder burn
a black person.[37]
Quashie
a black person.[37]
Sambo
(US) an African American, black, Indigenous American, a mixed race person, or sometimes a South Asian person.[35][43]
Smoked Irishman
(US) 19th century term for black people.[37]
Sooty
a term for a black person, originated in the U.S. in the 1950s.[44]
Spade
a term for a black person,[45] first recorded in 1928,[46] from the playing cards suit.
Spook
a black person.
Tar baby
(US) a black person, especially a child.[47]
Tea bag
(South Africa) black or Coloured or Cape Coloured individuals who have a light skin[48]
Teapot
A black person, derived in 19th century.[49][37]
Thicklips, bootlips
a black person.[37]
Yellow bone
(US) a light-skin black person[48]

Asian

East Asian

Celestial
(Australia) Chinese people, used in the late 1900s, a reference to their coming from the "Celestial Empire" (i.e. China).
Charlie
(US) A term used by American troops during the Vietnam War as a shorthand for communist guerrillas: it was shortened from "Victor Charlie", the radio code designation for the Viet Cong, or VC.[50]
Chinaman
(US) Chinese person, used in old American west when discrimination against Chinese was common.[51]
Chink
(US) a person of East Asian descent. [52][53]
Coolie
(North America) unskilled Asian laborer, usually Chinese (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin ku li (苦力) or Hindi kuli, 'day laborer'.[54] Also racial epithet for Indo-Caribbean people, especially in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.[55]
Gook
East Asian people, particularly aimed towards Koreans.[56][57] The term originates from the Korean War and comes from the Korean word for country. The Korean word for the United States of America is Mee Hap Joon Gook, which is shorten to the more familiar Mee Gook. Dae Han Min Gook or the People’s Republic of Korea is similarly shortened to Han Gook. The word was given a derogatory slant by American service men who used it to refer to Koreans. It was also used prominently during the Vietnam War, particularly towards the Viet Cong.[57]
Jap
(Predominantly US) a Japanese person. Shortened from the word "Japanese", often used pejoratively.
Nip
a Japanese person. From Nippon, first used in World War II.[58]
Oriental
(Predominantly US, used elsewhere) Refers to an East Asian person (of the Orient) and/or their ethnicity.[59][60][61] In 2016, US President Barack Obama signed a bill to remove the term Oriental, together with some others, as a reference to a person from federal laws.[62]
Slope
(Australia) a person of East Asian descent.
Yellow, Yellowman, or Yellowwoman
designating or pertaining to an East Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin complexion.[63]

South Asian

Khuli (s.) / Amakhula (p.)
(South Africa) a person or people of Indian heritage.[48]
American-Born Confused Desi, or ABCD
(US) used by South-Asian diaspora for American-born South Asians, including Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi (mainly Indians, as they are the largest number of South Asians in the US) who are confused about their cultural identity. This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning.
Brownie
a brown-skinned person of South Asian, Arab, or Hispanic descent. Rarely used as someone of Native-American or Pacific-Island descent.[64]
Chee-chee
a Eurasian half-caste, probably from Hindi chi-chi fie, literally 'dirt'.[65]
Chinki
used in India for those from Northeast India.
Curry muncher
(Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and North America) a person of Asian Indian origin.[66]
Madrasi
outdated exonym for the people of South India (named for the city of Madras, i.e. modern-day Chennai).
Malaun
(Bangladesh) term for Hindus.
Paki
(UK) pejorative for a person from South Asia (particularly Pakistan) and mainly used in the United Kingdom. First recorded in 1964[67] during increased immigration of Pakistanis to the United Kingdom and popularized during a heightened era of Paki-bashing.[68] Although considered the 'P-Word[67]' in the United Kingdom, it is colloquially used by Pakistanis in North America and elsewhere to refer to themselves and is not commonly perceived as deragatory when referred to as Paki by others.

Southeast Asian

Dink
Someone of Southeast Asian origin, particularly aimed towards a Vietnamese person. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. Origin: 1965–70, Americanism.[69]
Flip
(US) An ethnic slur applied to Filipinos.[70]
Gugus
(US) a racial term used to refer to Filipino guerillas during the Philippine–American War. The term came from gugo, the Tagalog name for Entada phaseoloides or the St. Thomas bean, the bark of which was used by Filipinas to shampoo their hair. The term was a predecessor to the term gook, a racial term used to refer to all Asian people.[71]
Huan-a
Hokkien word for foreigner, used to refer to non-Chinese Southeast Asian people and Taiwanese aborigines, considered offensive by most non-Chinese speakers.[72][73]
Jakun
a person considered unsophisticated in Malaysia; derived from the name of an indigenous Orang Asli group.[74]

West Asian

Camel jockey
an Arab.
Hajji, Hadji, Haji
pejorative term used by the US military for Iraqis,[75] may also be used for other Muslims.[76][77] Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
Sand nigger
person who dwells in deserts, especially of Arabian peninsula or African continent.
Towelhead / Raghead
A Muslim, Arab, Sikh, or member of any group that traditionally wears headdress such as a turban, keffiyeh, or headscarf.
Turco
an Arab.[78] Used in Chile after the Ottoman nationality that early Palestinian, Lebanese and Syrian immigrants had on their passports[78]

European

Ang mo
(Malaysia and Singapore) Hokkien for "red hair" referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to all white people by the 19th century, has become a neutral term in the 21st century.[79]
Barang
(Cambodia) any white person.[80]
Bule
(Indonesia) white people; literally, "albino", but used to mean any white person, in the same way that "colored" might be used to refer to a black person.[81]
Charlie
used by African Americans, mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, to refer to a white person. From James Baldwin's play, Blues For Mister Charlie.[82]
Coonass or coon-ass
(US) a Cajun; may be derived from the French conasse.
Cracker
(US) white people, originally and still particularly used to refer to poor white people from the American South.[83]
Farang
(Thailand) any white person.[84]
Firangi
(India) a white foreigner. Same word origin as Thai Farang.[85]
Gammon
(UK) white people, especially older white men - based on the appearance of their faces.
Gora (गोरा, گورا), Goro (गोरो)
(India) a person of European descent or other light skinned person in Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages. However, it has recently been connected to racism. "Gori" is the feminine form.[86][87][88][89]
Gringo
(Americas) Non-Hispanic US national. Hence Gringolandia, the United States; not always a pejorative term, unless used with intent to offend.[90]
Gubba
(Australia) Aboriginal (Koori) term for white people[91] – derived from Governor / Gubbanah
Gweilo, gwailo, kwai lo
(Hong Kong and South China) A White man. Gwei or kwai (鬼) means 'ghost', which the color white is associated with in China; and the term lo (佬) refers to a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of xenophobia, the word was promoted by Maoists as insulting but is now in general, informal use.[92]
Honky
(US) a white person.
Haole
(Hawaii) Usually not offensive, can be derogatory if intended to offend. Used by modern-day Native Hawaiians to refer to anyone of European descent whether native born or not. Use has spread to many other islands of the Pacific and is known in modern pop culture.[93]
Hunky / Bohunk
(US) A Central European laborer. It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians [Magyar], Rusyns, Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor on the mines.[94]
Land thief
(South Africa) a white person from South Africa. The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country.[48]
Mangiacake
(Canada) used by Italian Canadians for those of Anglo-Saxon or Northwestern European descent. Mangiacake literally translates to 'cake eater', and one suggestion is that this term originated from the perception of Italian immigrants that Canadian or North American white bread is sweet as cake in comparison to the rustic bread eaten by Italians.[95]
Medigan / Amedigan
(US) A term used by Italian Americans to refer to Americans of White Anglo Saxon Protestant descent, Americans of Northwestern European descent, Americans with no discernible ethnicity, or Americans of non-Italian descent in general. Comes from Southern Italian pronunciation of the Italian word americano.[96][97][98][99][100]
Ofay
(US) a white person. Etymology is unknown.[101]
Arkie
(US) A person from the State of Arkansas, used during the great depression for farmers from Arkansas looking for work elsewhere.
Okie
(US) A person from the State of Oklahoma, used during the great depression for farmers from Oklahoma looking for work elsewhere.
Peckerwood
(US) a white person (southerner). This word was coined in the 19th century by Southern black people to refer to poor white people.[102]
Pink pig
(South Africa) a white person.[48]
Whitey
(US) a white person.

Hispanic

Beaner
Term for Mexican, but can be used for Hispanics in general because of the idea that all Hispanics are the same.
Brownie
Someone of Hispanic, Indian, and Arab, rarely used as someone of Native American or Pacific Islander descent.[64]
Cholo
term used by Chilean officers to refer to Peruvians during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883).[103]
Greaseball
(US) Can refer to a person of Italian or Hispanic descent.[104] More generally, it can also refer to anyone of Mediterranean or Latin American descent.[105]
Greaser
(US) Can refer to a person of Italian or Hispanic descent. Can also refer to members of the 1950-1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of.
Spic, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty
A person of Hispanic descent. First recorded use in 1915. Theories include it originating from "no spik English" (originally "spiggoty", from "no speak-o t'e English"). Also used for someone who speaks the Spanish language. In the early 20th century, "spic", "spig", and "spigotty" were also similarly used against Italian immigrants in the United States and Italians in general, as well as Portuguese people.[106]
Sudaca
(Spain) a person from Latin America or "Sudamérica".[107]
Tonk
An illegal migrant from Mexico.[108]
Veneco
Originally used by Colombians to refer to Colombians returned from Venezuela, now used in parts of South America to refer to Venezuelan Immigrants.[109]
Wetback
A Latin American person. Originally applied specifically to Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the Rio Grande border river illegally to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened.

Mediterranean

Chocko
(Australia) a person of Mediterranean, Southern European, or Middle Eastern descent.[110][111]
Dago
(UK and Commonwealth) may refer to Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, and potentially Greek peoples. Possibly derived from the Spanish name Diego.[112]
(US) refers specifically to Italians.[112]
Greaseball, Greaser
(US especially) Greaseball generally refers to a person of Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians, greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or Mexican Americans. However, greaseball (and to a lesser extent, greaser) can also refer to any person of Mediterranean/Southern European descent or Hispanic descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.[113][105] Greaser also refer to members of a 1950-1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of.
Kanake
(Germany) Used in 1960s Germany to refer to Southern European and Mediterranean immigrants, increasingly used exclusively for Turkish people.
Métèque
(France) Mediterranean or Middle Eastern immigrant, especially Italians.[114]
Wog
(Australia) used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants to Australia and their descendants that contrasted with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Lebanese, Arabs, Croatians and Serbians.

Native American

Brownie
A brown-skinned person, or someone of Indigenous Australian, American, or Canadian descent, as well as of those of Hispanic or South Asian descent.[64]
Chug
(Canada) refers to an individual of aboriginal descent.[115] From the native people Chugach.
Eskimo, Eskimo Pie
an indigenous person from the Arctic. Once a common term in Canada, Eskimo has come to be considered offensive and Inuit (or Inuk) is now preferred. Eskimo Pie has also been used against Inuk persons.[116]
Indian
People indigenous to the Americas, termed by Columbus due to the fact he thought he arrived in the East Indies. The term is considered offensive by few, but is still used within the Canadian legal system.[117]
Papoose
refers specifically to Native American children, although sometimes used to refer to children in general. From the Algonquian language family and generally inoffensive when used in such contexts.[118]
Prairie Nigger
refers to Native Americans in the Great Plains.[119]
Redskin
a Native American person.[120]
Squaw
(US and Canada) a female Native American.[121] Derived from the lower East-Coast Algonquian language Massachusett term ussqua,[122] which originally meant 'young woman', but which took on strong negative connotations in the late 20th century.
Timber Nigger
(US) used by white Americans in reference to a Native American person.[123]
Wagon burner
a Native American person, in reference to when Native American tribes would attack wagon trains during the wars in the eastern American frontier.[124]
Yanacona
a term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuche considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, 'sellout'.[125] Use of the word yanacona to describe people have led legal action in Chile.[125]

Oceanian

Aboriginal Australian

Abo / Abbo
(Australia) an Aboriginal Australian. Originally, this was simply an informal term for Aborigine, and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. In remoter areas, Aboriginal people still often refer to themselves (quite neutrally) as Blackfellas (and white people as Whitefellas). Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative boong is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.[126]
Boong / bong / bung
(Australia) an Aboriginal Australian.[127] Boong, pronounced with ʊ (like the vowel in bull), is related to the Australian-English slang word bung, meaning 'dead', 'infected', or 'dysfunctional'. From bung comes the phrase to go bung, "to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]."[128] The term was first used in 1847 by J. D. Lang in Cooksland.[129] The (Oxford) Australian National Dictionary gives its origin in the Wemba word for 'man' or 'human being'.[130]
Coon
an Aboriginal person.[131]
Gin
an Aboriginal woman.[132]
Lubra
an Aboriginal woman.[133] An Aboriginal word.[130]

Pacific Islander

Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie
(New Zealand) a Pacific Islander; an alteration of boong.[134]
Brownie
Someone of Hispanic, Indian, and Arab, rarely used as someone of Native American or Pacific Islander descent.[64]
Hori
(New Zealand), a Māori; from the formerly common Māorified version of the English name George.[135]
Kanaka
originally referred to indentured laborers from the Pacific Islands, especially Melanesians and Polynesians.

Individual nationalities and/or ethnicities

African ethnicities

South Africans

Cape Coloureds
People of mixed race of African, Asian & European descent.[136] While the term "coloured" may be seen as offensive in some other western countries, such as Britain and the United States of America,[137] it is currently treated as a neutral description in Southern Africa for people of mixed race.[138]
Japies, Yarpies
mildly derogative term for white South Africans, especially those of Afrikaner descent. From the Afrikaans term plaasjapie, meaning 'farm boy',[139] and from the common Afrikaans first name Japie, a diminutive of Jacobus.
Hottentot, Hotnot
used to refer to the Khoekhoen indigenous people of southwestern Africa.[140] The term is also used to slur Cape Coloureds or Coloureds[141]

Asian ethnicities

Arabs

Lebo, Lebbo
(mostly Australia) someone of Lebanese descent, usually a Lebanese Australian.[142]
Turco
an Arab.[78] Used in Chile after the Ottoman nationality that early Palestinian, Lebanese and Syrian immigrants had on their passports[78]
Wog
(Australia) used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants, contrasting with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Originally used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, and Macedonians, expanded to include Mediterranean people of the Middle East or Levantine, including the Lebanese.

Chinese

Main article: Pejorative terms for Chinese people

Filipinos

Main article: Anti-Filipino sentiment § Derogatory terms

Japanese

Main article: Pejorative terms for Japanese people

Jews

Main article: List of ethnic slurs of Jews
Kapo
generally used of one Jew by another.[143]
Kike, kyke
(mostly US) used for Ashkenazi Jews. Possibly from Yiddish kikel, 'circle', as immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because such also symbolizes a cross).[144]
Shylock
Jews, based upon the Shakespeare character of the same name. Relates to money lending and greed.
Yid, zhyd
term for Jews, derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews.[145] In English, yid can be used both as a neutral or derogatory term,[145] whereas the Russian zhyd came to be a pejorative term banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.[146][147] However, in most other Slavic languages (e.g. Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian), the term simply translates to 'Jew' (e.g. Polish: żyd) and is thus not a pejorative.

Koreans

Main article: Pejorative terms for Koreans

European ethnicities

Britons

Main article: Alternative names for the British
Limey
A predominantly North American slang nickname for Britons, especially those from England. The term originates from the usage of limes by the British Navy to prevent scurvy.[citation needed]
Pom, Pommy
In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, the term usually denotes an English person.[148]
Pirata
Argentine term for British people, meaning 'pirate' in English. Used before and during the Falklands conflict.[149]
Scots
Jock
(UK) used in Southern England,[150] occasionally used as an insult. The term became an offensive word during the war of succession with England when all Scots were referred to as Jocks.[151]
Porridge wog
Used to refer to Scots.[152]
Scotch
an old-fashioned adjective to refer to the Scottish.[153]
Teuchter
a Lowland Scots word originally used to describe a Scottish Highlander, essentially describing someone perceived as being uncouth and rural.[154]
Welsh
Dic Siôn Dafydd
(Wales) an anglicised Welsh person, an individual who speaks English and refuses to speak Welsh, or someone who turned their back on the Welsh nation.[155]
Sheep shagger
(UK) a Welsh person, implying that the individual engages in intercourse with sheep.[156]
Taffy
a Welsh person, arose during the industrial revolution, when many Welsh families settled in mining towns outside of Wales, or even English miners settled in Wales for work, thus; expressed a distrust for people who spoke a different language to the English.[157]

Dutch

Kaaskop
Literally translates to "Cheesehead". Can also refer specifically to people from the Holland region when used by people in the southern Netherlands and Belgium[158]
Tatta
Dutch person of native descent. The term originated from Dutch straattaal [nl], a type of urban slang. It is derived from the Sranan Tongo word for potatoes (patata), which the Dutch are known to eat. Sometimes used to generically mean "person".[159]

Germans

Main article: List of terms used for Germans
Boches
Apheresis of the word alboche, which in turn is a blend of allemand (French for German) and caboche (slang for 'head'). Used mainly during the First and Second World Wars, and directed especially at German soldiers.[160]
Chleuh
a term with racial connotations, derived from the name of the Chleuh, a North African ethnicity. It also denotes the absence of words beginning in Schl- in French. It was used mainly in World War II, but is also used now in a less offensive way.
Hermans, Herms
Based on the common German name Hermann, pronounced to rhyme with "German".[161]
The Hun, Huns
Initially seen on Allied war propaganda during World War I. An allusion to the legendary savagery of Attila the Hun, referenced by Kaiser Wilhelm II in a speech given in 1900, exhorting his troops to be similarly brutal and relentless in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China.
Jerry, Gerry
Rhyming slang (i.e., Jerry the German), primarily used in the First and Second World Wars by the British and other English-speaking nations. Based on the common given nickname Jerry, short for Jeremiah, Gerald, and other similar-sounding names.[citation needed]
Kraut
a German, used in Anglophone nations since World War II. The term is probably based on sauerkraut, which is popular in various South-German cuisines but traditionally not prepared in North Germany.
Marmeladinger
From Southern German/Austrian marmelade, 'jam'. The origins can be traced to the trenches of World War I: while Austrian infantry rations included butter and lard as spread, German troops had to make do with cheaper marmelade as ersatz, which they disdainfully called Heldenbutter ('Hero's butter') or Hindenburgfett.[162]
Mof
Germans, reflecting Dutch resentment of the German occupation of the Netherlands during the Second World War. It is the second most common term in Dutch for the German people, after the regular/official term (Duitse).[163]
Nazi
Used against any German or German-American without regard to their politics or family history, even towards those who suffered under the Nazi regime.
Piefke
a German, used by Austrians, derived from the name of Prussian military composer and band-leader Johann Gottfried Piefke. Like its Bavarian counterpart Saupreiß ('sow-Prussian'), the term Piefke historically characterized the people of Prussia only.[164]

Finns

China Swede
(US) a person of Finnish descent.
Chukhna
(Russia) a person of Finnish descent.

French

Franchute
(Chile) used in Chile to refer to French people.[165]
Gabacho
(Chile) a French person. According to Oreste Plath this name may derive from the one or various placenames in the Pyreneean foothills.[165]
Frog (Eater)
(English speaking world) A reference to Frog legs[166]

Irish

Bog-trotter or Bog Irish
Irish, derived from the widespread occurrence of peat bogs in central Ireland and the attendant Irish practice of peat cutting for fuel.[167]
Mick
(US and UK) an Irishman. Like Mickey, Mike, and Mikey, Mick is a common abbreviation or nickname for Michael (in English) or Mícheál (its equivalent in Irish), which are common names for Irish males (such as Mick McCarthy).[168][169]
Paddy
an Irish man, derived from a nickname for Pádraig, a common Irish name for males after St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. The term is not always intended to be derogatory—for instance, it was used by Taoiseach-in-waiting Enda Kenny in February 2011.[170]
Prod
abbreviation for Protestant, especially Northern Ireland Protestants, often used alongside Taig (Irish Catholics) in expressions such as both Taigs and Prods. Like other such abbreviations everywhere, it is often used for convenience, as a friendly nickname, or as self-description, usually without any offense being intended, and usually without any offense being taken.
Taig
a term referring to Catholics in Northern Ireland, often having implications of Republican sympathy. It is derived from the Irish Gaelic forename Tadhg, and is often used alongside Prod (Irish Protestants), in expressions such as both Taigs and Prods.
Snout
used in Northern Ireland to refer to Protestants of British descent living in Northern Ireland.[171]

Italians

Bachicha
(Chile) an Italian.[165]
Continentale
(Italy) a neutral term used by people from Sardinia and Sicily to indicate someone's origin from the Italian peninsula;[172][173] in Sardinia, the word has taken on the general meaning of "non-Sardinian."[174]
Dago
(US) a person of Italian descent. Possibly originally from the common Spanish first name Diego.
Eyetie
(US) a person of Italian descent, derived from the mispronunciation of Italian as eye-talian.[175][176]
Gino / Gina
(Canada) A person of Italian descent who exhibits certain exaggerated "ethnic" characteristics such as excessive jewellery, big hair, and open shirts (for males).[177]
Ginzo
(US) An Italian American.[178]
Goombah
(US) an Italian male, especially an Italian thug or mafioso. From the Neapolitan and Sicilian cumpà and cumpari ('buddy').
Greaseball, Greaser
(US) a person of Italian or Hispanic descent.[104] In particular, greaser also referred to members of the 1950s subculture that Italians were stereotyped to be a part of.
Guido
(US) an Italian American male. Used mostly in the Northeastern United States as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian-Americans. Derives from the Italian given name Guido.[179]
Guinea
(US) someone of Italian descent, most likely derived from "Guinea Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of Guinea.[180]
Macaronar
(Romania) used for Italians in general, roughly meaning "macaroni eater/maker".[181]
Polentone
(Italy) used by southern Italians to refer to northern Italians. It stands for 'polenta eater'.[182]
Terrone
(Italy) Southern Italians, originated in northern Italy to refer to people from the South who moved there. (Uncertain etymology.)[183]
Wog
(Aus) the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants, contrasting with the dominant Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Celtic colonial stock. Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans, including the Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Macedonians, Lebanese, Arabs, Croatians and Serbians.
Wop
(US) an ethnic term for anyone of Italian descent, derived from the Neapolitan word guappo, close to 'dude, swaggerer' and other informal appellations.[184][185] Some etymologies popularly, but inaccurately, provided that it stands for "With Out Passport/Papers or "Working On Pavement", supposedly derived from Italians that arrived to North America as immigrants without papers and worked in construction and blue collar work. These acronyms are dismissed as folk etymology or backronyms by etymologists.
Sardinians
Sardegnolo, sardignòlo, sardignuolo, sardagnòlo
(Italy) often used to refer to the Sardinians by people from mainland Italy and Sicily; depending on the latter's local dialect, the term might also present itself in the form of sardignòlo, sardignuolo,[186] or sardagnòlo.[187][188] In Italy, Sardinia used to be considered a place of exile[189][190] and sardigna, by extension, a metonymy for 'place where to dump dead or infected animals'.[191][192] Being also employed in reference to animals indigenous to the island,[187] and especially to the donkeys to which the Sardinians were often associated in mockery by the Piedmontese rulers,[193] the term might be used in a derogatory fashion to imply some likening to them.[194][195][196]
Sheep shagger
(Italy) used in a variety of Italian renditions by people from mainland Italy and Sicily, to refer to the Sardinians as a people whose men rather engage in bestiality than in sexual intercourse with a fellow human.[197][198]

Macedonians

Ethnic slurs against Macedonians are often used in an attempt to deny their self-identification.[199][200]

Macedonist
(Bulgaria) Macedonians.[200]
Skopjan / Skopjian, Skopiana / Skopianika
(Greece) a term referencing the capital of North Macedonia.[201][202][203][204][205][206][207]

Polish

Polack, Polak, Pollack, Pollock, Polock
(US, UK, and Canada) a person of Polish descent.
Pshek
(Russia) a person of Polish descent.
Mazurik
(Russia) a person of Polish descent. Literally meaning little Masovian.

Serbs

Main article: Pejorative terms for Serbs

Spaniards

Coño
(Chile) used in Chile to refer to Spaniards given the perception that Spaniards recurrently use of the vulgar interjection coño ("cunt").[165]
Godo
(Chile) Spaniard, in reference to their Goth ancestry[165]

Russians

Russki, Russkie
a term for "Russian" that is sometimes disparaging when used by foreigners.[208] However, in the Russian language, it is a neutral term that simply means an ethnic Russian, as opposed to a citizen of the Russian Federation.
Moskal
(Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland) muscovite, originally a designation for a resident of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 14th-18th centuries.[209][210]
Ryssä
(Finland) originally neutral, but today considered offensive.[211]
Iivana, Vanja
(Finland) from the Russian given name Ivan.[212]
Slobo
(Finland) probably from Russian слобода ('freedom'), one way or another.[213]
Tibla
(Estonian) may refer either to Ethnic Russians or the Homo Sovieticus.

Ukrainians

Further information: Anti-Ukrainian sentiment § Ethnic slurs

American inhabitants of European descent

Buckra, Bakra
from sub-Saharan African languages, used in the U.S. and the West Indies.[214]
Bumpkin, Country Bumpkin, Hillbilly Bumpkin
poor rural European American people, mainly those who share a rural lifestyle.
Cracker
European American people, particularly from the American South.[83]
Good ol' boy
Rural people, especially European American, powerful people and their networks.
Hick
poor European American people.
Hillbilly
Usually refers to rural people. It originated as a term for farmers living in The Appalachian Mountains.
Honky, honkey, honkie
(US and New Zealand) a European person. Derived from an African American pronunciation of hunky, the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a European-American person dates from the 1950s.[215] In New Zealand, honky is used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent.[216]
Peckerwood, wood
rural people. In the 1940s, the abbreviated version wood entered California prison slang, originally meaning an Okie mainly from the San Joaquin Valley. This has caused the symbol of the woodpecker to be used by white power skinheads and other pro-European groups.
Redneck
Usually an insult to rural-living people; most commonly, but not exclusively, used on European Americans that live in rural areas.
Trailer trash
Mainly European American population stereotyped to live in trailer parks.
White trash
Originally an insult for European American people.
Whitey
A term for a European American (AKA a "white" person).[217]

North and South American nationalities

Americans

Merkin
Internet slang for inhabitant of the United States of America.[218]
Yankee, Yank
Uncontracted, Yankee remains in use in the American South in reference to Northerners; contracted, Yank is employed internationally by speakers of British English in a neutral reference to all Americans (first recorded 1778).[219] The term was first applied by the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam to Connecticuters and other residents of New England, possibly from Dutch Janke ('Johnny') or from Jan Kees ('John Cheese').[219]
Seppo and Septic
From Cockney rhyming slang, using the unrhymed word of "septic tank" in reference to "Yank" above.

Argentines

Curepí
A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina, it means "pig's skin".[220][221]
Cuyano
Chilean term for Argentines after the historical Cuyo Province.[222]
Argie
Mildly derogatory British term for Argentinian people, popularised in the British press during the Falklands conflict.[223]

Cubans

Cuban nigger
white Cubans, used by Anglo Americans in 1900s Tampa.[224]
Cubiche
Cubans, used by Spanish speakers.[225]
Gusano
Cuban exiles. The term was coined by Fidel Castro, who called Cubans leaving in the Freedom Flights gusanos ('worms') and insisted the Cuban exiles were capitalists who had profited during the pre-Castro era.[226][227][228]
Jews of the Caribbean
Cubans living in Puerto Rico. Called "Jews" in reference to the economic success of Cubans in Puerto Rico.[229]
Palestino
Eastern Cubans living in Havana, often with implication that they are black and/or an illegal migrant. The term "Palestino" means "Palestinian" in English. The term refers to the fact that Eastern Cubans are often refused entry into Havana, and those who illegally migrate are compared to Palestinian refugees.[230]
Tally wop
black Cubans, used by Anglo Americans in 1900s Tampa.[224]

Crossed ethnicities

African-European

Coon
(US) first used as by white people, the pejorative term is commonly used by African Americans or Black Americans today towards African/Black Americans who are perceived to pander/kowtow to white people; to be a 'sellout'; to hate themselves; or to "collud[e] with racism for personal gain."[14] Often used against black conservatives or Republicans.[15][16][17] (Similar to Uncle Tom and coconut.)
Mulatto
(Americas, originally) a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
Uncle Tom / Uncle Ruckus
(US) a term, used by American (especially Black) minorities, for African, Latin, or Asian American who are perceived to pander to white people; " to hate themselves;[231] or to be a 'sellout'. Uncle Tom derives from the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Uncle Ruckus, used as an alternative to Uncle Tom, is the name of a character from a TV series, The Boondocks, in which the character satirizes the "Uncle Tom" stereotype.[231] Both terms have been popularly used against black conservatives or Republicans.[232][231][16] (Similar to coon and coconut.)
Oreo
Africans who practice white culture, referring to an oreo cookie: "black on the outside, white on the inside".
Aunt Jemima / Aunt Jane / Aunt Mary / Aunt Sally / Aunt Thomasina
(US) a term, used by black people, for a black woman who "kisses up" to white people; a "sellout"; a female counterpart of Uncle Tom. (Similar to Coconut.)[233] The term is taken from the popular syrup of the same name, wherein the titular Aunt Jemima is represented as a black woman.[234]
Afro-Saxon
(North America) a young white male devotee of black pop culture.[235]
Ann, Miss Ann
a term used by black people to either denote a white woman or a black woman who acts too much like a white one. While Miss Ann (or just plain Ann) is a derisive reference to the white woman, by extension it is applied to any black woman who puts on airs and tries to act like Miss Ann.[236][237]
Wigger/Wigga, wegro
a slang term for a white person who allophilically emulates mannerisms, slangs (ebonics), and fashions stereotypically associated with urban African Americans; especially in relation to hip hop culture.
Rhineland Bastard
used in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany to refer to Afro-German children of mixed German and African parentage, who were fathered by Africans serving as French colonial troops occupying the Rhineland after World War I.

African-Native American

Mulatto
(Americas, originally) a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
Zambo
are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry (the analogous English term, considered a slur, is sambo).
Lobos
In Mexico, black Native Americans are known as lobos (literally meaning wolves), they formed a sizeable minority in the past.

European-Asian/Latin American/Pacific Islander

American-Born Confused Desi, or ABCD
(US) a term used for American-born South Asian, such as Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, who are confused about their cultural identity. This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning.
Banana
(North America, UK, and Malaysia) an East Asian person living in a Western country (e.g. East Asian American) who is "yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East Asian people to indicate someone who has lost touch with the cultural identity of his or her parents.[238]
Coconut
(US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand) Named for coconuts, which are brown on the outside and white on the inside, the term is used globally for a person of color who adapts to, or is adopted by, European society. This term is used in the United States for a person of Hispanic or South Asian descent,[239] in the United Kingdom for British Asian people,[240][241][242] and in Australia and New Zealand for a Pacific Islander.[243]

European-Native American

Mulatto
(Americas, originally) a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent. The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory, especially in the African American community. The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult. Historically in the American South, the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans, and African Americans in general. In early American history, the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry.
Apple
(North America) a Native American who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". First used in the 1970s, the term is primarily employed by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.[244]

Other ethnic groups

Romani

Main article: Names of the Romani people

The Romani people are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle in Europe but are also found outside Europe in particular in the Middle East and the Americas.

Gypsy, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp, gyp, gip
Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin. The name gypsy is embraced by some Romani and rejected by others.[245][246][247]
Cigan
(Serbia} derives from Athinganoi, Greek for "untouchable", on the belief they were connected to the were a Manichean sect.[248][249]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  2. ^ Christopher, A. J. (2002). "'To Define the Indefinable': Population Classification and the Census in South Africa". Area. 34 (4): 401–408. doi:10.1111/1475-4762.00097. ISSN 0004-0894. JSTOR 20004271.
  3. ^ Livingstone, Douglas. 1986. Drums Along Balmoral Drive.
  4. ^ Spears (2001), p. 10.; also, Zoo Ape or Jungle Ape
  5. ^ Dominelli, Lena (1986). Love and wages: the impact of imperialism, State intervention and women's domestic labour on workers' control in Algeria 1962-1972. Novata. p. 123.
  6. ^ "Operation Blue Gum gets the chainsaw". theaustralian.com.au. 19 March 2010. from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  7. ^ Mankiewicz, Joseph L., dir. 1950. No Way Out [film], starring Sidney Poitier and Richard Widmark.
  8. ^ Green (2005), p. 192
  9. ^ Green (2005), p. 216
  10. ^ "bushy". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  11. ^ "More racism allegations at Curro school". Heart FM. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  12. ^ "Cotton Picking, Cotton Picker". Word Origins. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  13. ^ Harper, Douglas. "coon". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  14. ^ a b Abbey, Nels. 11 October 2018. "In defence of ‘Uncle Tom’ and ‘coconut’." Media Diversified. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  15. ^ a b Leonard, Connie. 14 August 2019. "AG candidate Daniel Cameron on racial slur: ‘I’ve been called worse’." Wave3.
  16. ^ a b c Larry Elder [@larryelder] (26 July 2018). ""Uncle Tom": (synonyms) "coon"; "Uncle Ruckus"; "coconut"; "Oreo; " "foot-shuffler; " "sell-out"; "self-loathing"; "buck dancer"; "a--licker"; "butt-kisser" (definition): a black conservative winning an argument against a black liberal" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  17. ^ a b Dunbar, Anwar Y. 3 September 2017. "Are you Cooning? Thoughts on Black America’s new favorite racial slur, critical thought, and groupthink." The Big Words Blog Site.
  18. ^ Nikolaeva, Sardana (2013). ""NOT TAINTED BY THE PAST": RE-CONSTRUCTIONS AND NEGOTIATIONS OF COLOURED IDENTITIES AMONG UNIVERSITY COLOURED STUDENTS IN POST- APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
  19. ^ Partridge (2006a), p. 517
  20. ^ Reiner, Carl, dir. 1979. The Jerk, written by Steve Martin, Carl Gottlieb, and Michael Elias
  21. ^ Scott, Tony, dir. 1993. True Romance, written by Quentin Tarantino
  22. ^ Endfield, Cy. 1964. Zulu.
  23. ^ Shoup III, John A. (17 October 2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. ISBN 9781598843637.
  24. ^ "gammat". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  25. ^ "gam". Mzansi Taal - Online Dictionary of Township Lingo. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  26. ^ "'Controversial' golly to be shelved". BBC News. 23 August 2001. from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  27. ^ "हबशी Habshi Meaning Hindi Habshi Matlab English Habashi Arth Paribhasha Vilom अर्थ परिभाषा विलोम". Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  28. ^ "Habsi meaning in English". Nepali to English Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  29. ^ "houtkop". Dictionary of South African English (DSAE). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  30. ^ "Jim Crow". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  31. ^ . 18 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  32. ^ Partridge (2006b), p. 1103
  33. ^ Ayto & Simpson (2010), jungle bunny
  34. ^ a b Hund, University of Hamburg, Wulf D.; Mills, Northwestern University, Charles W. (29 February 2016). "Comparing Black People to Monkeys has a Long, Dark Simian History". The Huffington Post. from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  35. ^ a b Goings, Kenneth (1994) Mammy and Uncle Mose: Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-32592-7
  36. ^ "Makwerekwere". Macmillan Dictionary.
  37. ^ a b c d e f (Spears 2001, p. 118)
  38. ^ Ayto & Simpson (2010), munt
  39. ^ "nig-nog". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  40. ^ Dalton, C. H. (30 December 2008). A Practical Guide to Racism. Penguin. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-59240-430-8.
  41. ^ Ayto & Simpson (2010), nigra
  42. ^ Gonsalves, Sean (April 11, 2000). "Who Are The Bush People?". Cape Cod Times. from the original on 2013-11-02.
  43. ^ Boskin, Joseph. 1986. Sambo. New York: Oxford University Press
  44. ^ Ayto & Simpson (2010), sooty
  45. ^ "Spade". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  46. ^ "Spade". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  47. ^ "tar baby". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  48. ^ a b c d e Ferroggiaro, Will (2019). Social Media, Discrimination and Intolerance in South Africa: A Lexicon of Hateful Terms (PDF) (Report). Media Monitoring Africa. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  49. ^ Green (2005), p. 1419
  50. ^ "The Language of War" 2017-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, on the American Experience/Vietnam Online website. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
  51. ^ "Chinaman". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  52. ^ Moore (2004), "slope"
  53. ^ Ayto & Simpson (2010), "slope"
  54. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  55. ^ Bayor, Ronald H. (31 July 2011). Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. Vol. 2. Greenwood. p. 882. ISBN 978-0313357862. Retrieved 12 April 2015 – via Google Books.
  56. ^ The Free Dictionary 2019-03-19 at the Wayback Machine gook.
  57. ^ a b . Rhetoric of Race. 2003. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009.
  58. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020.
  59. ^ "Oriental". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  60. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020.
  61. ^ "Oriental". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  62. ^ Varagur, Krithika (23 May 2016). "Obama Signs Bill Removing 'Oriental' and 'Negro' From Federal Laws". from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017 – via Huff Post.
  63. ^ "Yellow". from the original on 2014-04-17.
  64. ^ a b c d Green (2005), p. 188
  65. ^ Hotten, John Camden (1870). The Slang Dictionary; Or, The Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and "fast" Expressions of High and Low Society: Many with Their Etymology and a Few with Their History Traced. London: J.C. Hotten. p. 98. from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  66. ^ Fuller, Alexandra (26 April 2005). Scribbling the Cat: Travels with an African Soldier. Penguin Group US. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-101-11880-1.
  67. ^ a b "After the N-word, the P-word". 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  68. ^ "In the eye of the storm". Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  69. ^ "dink". Dictionary.com. from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  70. ^ Schneiler, Robert J. (2008). Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the U.S. Naval Academy. Texas A&M University Press. p. 211. ISBN 9781603440004. from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  71. ^ Francis Whitebird. . Lakota Country Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  72. ^ Tong, Chee Kiong (2010). Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia. Springer. p. 231. ISBN 978-90-481-8908-3.
  73. ^ Katz, Paul R.; Murray A. Rubinstein (2003). Religion and the formation of Taiwanese identities. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 279.
  74. ^ R. Elangaiyan (2007). "Foundation for Endangered Languages". Vital voices: endangered languages and multilingualism: proceedings of the Tenth FEL Conference, CIIL, Mysore, India, 25-27 October, 2006. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 978-09-538-2488-5.
  75. ^ Flynn, Chris (2010-10-01). "The language of war". Overland literary journal. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  76. ^ "U.S. Military Lingo: The (Almost) Definitive Guide". NPR. from the original on 2023-07-24.
  77. ^ Bay, Austin (2007-01-28). "Iraq's battlefield slang". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  78. ^ a b c d Rebolledo Hernández, Antonia (1994). "La "Turcofobia". Discriminación anti-Árabe en Chile" (PDF). Historia (in Spanish). 28: 249–272.[permanent dead link]
  79. ^ Khambhaita, Priya; Willis, Rosalind (2018). "British-born Indian second-generation 'return' to India". In Leonard, Pauline; Walsh, Katie (eds.). British Migration: Privilege, Diversity and Vulnerability. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315537016-7. ISBN 978-1-134-99255-3. S2CID 199289305.
  80. ^ North, Peter (2008). CultureShock! Cambodia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 184. ISBN 9789814408912. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  81. ^ "Don't Call Me Bule!: How expatriates experience a word - Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates". www.expat.or.id. from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  82. ^ Taubman, Howard (24 April 1964). "Theater: 'Blues for Mister Charlie'". The New York Times. from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  83. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cracker" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 359; see last four lines. In the southern states of America, "cracker" is a term of contempt for the "poor" or "mean whites," particularly of Georgia and Florida
  84. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2023-04-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  85. ^ Lazarus, Susanna Myrtle (18 January 2015). "The Indian firangi". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  86. ^ "Is it still okay to use the word 'gora'?". Asian Image. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  87. ^ Forbes, Duncan (1848). "gora". A Dictionary, Hindustani and English: to which added a revised part, English and Hindustani. Wm. H. Allen, London.
  88. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1931). "goro". A Comparative And Etymological Dictionary Of The Nepali Language. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
  89. ^ Gillespie, Marie (4 January 2002). Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-134-86293-1.
  90. ^ . 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  91. ^ Moore (2004), gubba
  92. ^ "Gweilo". www.gojp.com. from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  93. ^ "haole". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  94. ^ Rothenberg, Paula S. (2008). White Privilege. Worth Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4292-0660-0. from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  95. ^ . Tabaret. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011.
  96. ^ Cervasio, Joseph Rocco (2004). Bad News on the Doorstep. Author House. ISBN 9781418407216. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  97. ^ Mucha, Peter. "A better 'best hoagies' list". Philly.com. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  98. ^ Sperduto Oliver, Elvira. "The Joy of Growing Up Italian". John Pirelli Lodge #1633 Osdia. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  99. ^ Liberkowski, Ida; Malizia, Cynthia (2006). Along the Amalfi Drive. Lulu. ISBN 9781847285065. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  100. ^ Riccitelli, Donna (2012). Mobster's Girl. Amy Rachiele. ISBN 9781478206712.
  101. ^ "ofay - Origin and history of ofay by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  102. ^ . adl.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  103. ^ Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). "Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile". Chungara (in Spanish). University of Tarapacá. 44 (1): 115–134. doi:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009.
  104. ^ a b "the definition of greaseball". Dictionary.com. from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  105. ^ a b Hughes, Geoffrey (March 26, 2015). An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 9781317476788. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  106. ^ Paredes, Am (1995). Folklore and Culture on the Texas-Mexican Border. University of Texas Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780292765641.
  107. ^ "Sudaca". Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  108. ^ Rappoport, Leon (2005). Punchlines : the case for racial, ethnic, and gender humor. Westport, Conn. : Praeger Publishers. p. 47. OCLC 1004590710.
  109. ^ Suarez, Luciano (November 19, 2018). "¿Que significa "veneco" y cual es su verdadero origen?". Medium.
  110. ^ Partridge (2006a), p. 401
  111. ^ Simpson, Catherine; Murawska, Renata (2009). Diasporas of Australian Cinema. Intellect Books. ISBN 9781841501970. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  112. ^ a b Partridge (2006a), p. 546
  113. ^ Roediger, David R. (8 August 2006). Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White. Basic Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-0465070732. from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  114. ^ T. Talley, Robert (October 11, 2011). Geocritical Explorations: Space, Place, and Mapping in Literary and Cultural Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780679604266. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  115. ^ Warman v. Beaumont, CHRT (Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007) ("I haven't seen the new $50 bills, but the $20s and $100s I have seen. I have talked with a few people about them (who aren't WN) but they don't like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills. I mean, who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug? Not me!").
  116. ^ "It's the great Eskimo debate". Waikato Times. 12 July 2009. from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
  117. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives - Homepage". The National Archives. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  118. ^ "Reading Racism: Or, How I'm Learning to Wrestle with "Little House on the Prairie"". scholar.harvard.edu.
  119. ^ Partridge (2006b), p. 1538
  120. ^ Shoemaker, Nancy (June 1997). "How Indians Got to be Red" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 102 (3): 627–28. doi:10.2307/2171504. JSTOR 2171504.
  121. ^ "squaw". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  122. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary
  123. ^ Kennedy, Randall L. (Winter 1999–2000). (PDF). The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (26): 86–96 [87]. doi:10.2307/2999172. JSTOR 2999172. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  124. ^ Partridge (2006b), p. 2059
  125. ^ a b "Audiencia en caso Mapuexpress: Querellante pidió censurar al medio a cambio de retirar la demanda". El Desconcierto (in Spanish). July 27, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  126. ^ Moore (2004), p. 3
  127. ^ Moore (2004)
  128. ^ Wilkes (1978), p. 62
  129. ^ Lang, John Dunmore (1847). Cooksland in North-eastern Australia: The Future Cottonfield of Great Britain: Its Characteristics and Capabilities for European Colonization. With a Disquisition on the Origin, Manners, and Customs of the Aborigines. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 430. from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  130. ^ a b W. S. Ramson, ed. (1988). Australian National Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19554736-5.
  131. ^ Hughes, Geoffrey (26 March 2015). An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World. Routledge. ISBN 9781317476771. Retrieved 23 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  132. ^ Moore (2004), gin
  133. ^ Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2004), p. 850.
  134. ^ "boonga" Deverson, Tony (2004). The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Retrieved 6 May 2006. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  135. ^ "Kiwi Speak (Colloquialisms): H". New Zealand.co.nz. from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  136. ^ Kline Jr., Hibberd V. B. (1958). "The Union of South Africa". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Chicago, Field Enterprises Educational Corp. p. 8254.
  137. ^ "Is the word 'coloured' offensive?". BBC News. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  138. ^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011). "Coloured". Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-960111-0.
  139. ^ "Yarpie 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine", allwords.com.
  140. ^ Fowler, Henry Watson (2015). "Hottentot". Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0.
  141. ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (17 November 2005). Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community. Ohio University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-89680-442-5.
  142. ^ Partridge (2006b), p. 1195, Lebo
  143. ^ Lebovic, Matt (20 December 2016). "On David Friedman, the 'kapo' smear, and Jewish honor". Times of Israel. from the original on 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  144. ^ Wolarsky, Eric (2001). . Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  145. ^ a b "Yid". Thefreedictionary.com. from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  146. ^ Berkhoff, Karel C. 2008. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule. Belknap Press. ISBN 0674027183. p. 60.
  147. ^ Яременко В. і Сліпушко О.. Новий тлумачний словник української мови. — К. : Аконіт, 2000. — Т. 2 (Ж—О). — С. 26. — ISBN 966-7173-02-X.
  148. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020.
  149. ^ "In Buenos Aires, they think England are the 'pirates'". The Independent. October 22, 2011.
  150. ^ "Is it a slur to call someone a Jock?". June 14, 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  151. ^ Thompson, Amanda (October 10, 2019). "Traveling Smart: 7 Offensive Words To Avoid Abroad". GoAbroad. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  152. ^ Green (2005), p. 1124
  153. ^ "Scotch, origin and meaning". Etymonline.
  154. ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: teuchter". Edinburgh University. from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  155. ^ "The top 12 most satisfying Welsh language insults to aim at your worst enemy – or your mates". Nation.Cymru. 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  156. ^ Partridge (2006b), p. 1712
  157. ^ Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter, eds. (1973). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 0198691114.
  158. ^ "Kaaskop - ANW (Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek)".
  159. ^ "Tatta - ANW (Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek)".
  160. ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Boche" . Encyclopedia Americana.
  161. ^ Leigh, Mark (19 September 2013). EUrrgh!: Is it Just Me or is Europe merde?. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4721-0940-8. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  162. ^ Mally, Anton Karl. 1984. "Herkunft und Rolle eines österreichischen Spitznamens für den Preußen, den Nord-und den Reichsdeutschen." Muttersprache 4:257–86.
  163. ^ Waarom wordt een Duitser Mof genoemd ??? 2015-07-12 at the Wayback Machine (Dutch)
  164. ^ Mally, Anton Karl. 1983/84. "Piefke | Nachträge." Muttersprache 94(3-4): 313–27.
  165. ^ a b c d e Plath, Oreste (1979). Folklore chileno (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. pp. 58–59.
  166. ^ "Webster's 1913".
  167. ^ McCabe, James (6 December 2011). "Language and Landscapes of Ireland". In Marie Mianowski (ed.). Irish Contemporary Landscapes in Literature and the Arts. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-230-36029-7. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  168. ^ Allen, Irving L. (August 1990). Unkind words: ethnic labeling from Redskin to WASP. Bergin & Garvey. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-89789-217-9. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  169. ^ The names Micheal and Mícheál are derived from St. Michael, variants of whose name (such as Michel in French, and Michelle in both English and French) are common for both genders throughout the Western world (not just for Irish males).
  170. ^ ""Paddy likes to know what the story is" – Ireland's Taoiseach-in-waiting promises to tell the truth". TheJournal.ie. February 26, 2011. from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015. Enda Kenny says once he has the full facts about the economic crisis, he'll keep us informed. ... He promised that the Irish people would be kept informed of the economic situation, saying: The incoming government is not going to leave our people in the dark …Paddy likes to know what the story is.
  171. ^ Lanclos, Donna M. (2003). At Play in Belfast: Children's Folklore and Identities in Northern Ireland. Rutgers University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8135-3322-3. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  172. ^ "Continente". Treccani.
  173. ^ "Continentale". Treccani.
  174. ^ <<L’impiego di continente e di continentale, diffuso in tutta l’area sarda, rivela un significato peculiare poiché (come nota Dettori 2007) con questi lessemi i sardi si riferiscono non solo alla penisola italiana e ai suoi abitanti, ma anche alla Sicilia e ai siciliani.>> Ines Loi Corvetto (2011). "Sardegna, italiano di in "Enciclopedia dell'italiano"". Treccani.
  175. ^ Green (2005), p. 481
  176. ^ Dalzell, Tom (2018). "Eyetie". The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 9781351765206.
  177. ^ Vizmuller-Zocco, Jana (1995). "The Languages of Italian Canadians". Italica. 72 (4): 512–529. doi:10.2307/480180. JSTOR 480180 – via JSTOR.
  178. ^ "ginzo" The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. Ed. Erin McKean. (Oxford University Press: 2005.) [Accessed 6 May 2006]
  179. ^ "Strutting Season". The Washington Post. 2003-07-06. from the original on 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  180. ^ Partridge (2006a), p. 934
  181. ^ "'macaronar' on DEXonline". dexonline.ro. 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  182. ^ Sampson, Susan (22 December 2007). "Pleasing polenta | The Star". Toronto Star. from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  183. ^ Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET, Torino, V. XX, pp.961-962
  184. ^ wop. Dictionary.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. "Wop". from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
  185. ^ "wop - Origin and history of wop by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  186. ^ "Trent'anni dopo, riecco il razzismo antisardo. Alla sbarra otto carabinieri". Sardiniapost. 2015.
  187. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET, Torino, V. XVII, p.577
  188. ^ "Itri, 4 luglio 1911 quando i "negri" erano gli operai sardi". La Nuova Sardegna. 2010.
  189. ^ "Ti sbatto in Sardegna. Sardegna Digital Library". Rai. 1967.
  190. ^ ""Ti sbatto in Sardegna", quando certi stereotipi sono duri a morire". La Nuova Sardegna. 2014.
  191. ^ Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET, Torino, V. XVII, p.578
  192. ^ "sardigna in Vocabolario - Treccani". www.treccani.it.
  193. ^ Acta Curiarum Regni Sardiniae, 24, II, 165/2 (PDF). Cagliari: Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna. 2000. p. 1276.
  194. ^ "sardegnòlo". Treccani.
  195. ^ Dehumanizing language with regard to the island in Italian literature started with Dante Alighieri's De Vulgari Eloquentia, wherein the Sardinians are compared to "apes that imitate humans" (Lib. I, XI, 7) because of the language they used to speak. Cfr. Casula, Francesco (2017, Il Manifesto). I sardi? Ladri e delinquenti. Ed anche "negri"
  196. ^ "Il principe Savoia e i sardi: "capre che puzzano"". La Nuova Sardegna. 2006.
  197. ^ ""I sardi si accoppiano con le pecore". Villaggio fa esplodere un caso in tv". La Nuova Sardegna. 2012.
  198. ^ Christie Davies (2011). Jokes and Targets. Indiana University Press. p. 166.
  199. ^ Moussakas is and remains Greek, not North-Macedonian or FYROMian Keep Talking Greece. 11 February 2019.
  200. ^ a b Rychlík, Jan (2007). "The Consciousness of the Slavonic Orthodox Population in Pirin Macedonia and the Identity of the Population of Moravia and Moravian Slovakia". Sprawy Narodowościowe (31): 183–197. from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  201. ^ Laura Payton. MP Karygiannis Accused of Berating Civil Servants 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  202. ^ . Action Alert. 21 September 2007.
  203. ^ Macedonians Demand Resignation of Liberal MP Jim Karygiannis 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Macedonian Human Rights Movement International. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  204. ^ Report Sent to International Organizations, April 8, 2008, http://macedoniansaregreeksen.blogspot.gr/2008/04/report-sent-to-international.html 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  205. ^ Ant1 News 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, Ώρα μηδέν για το Σκοπιανό (Time Zero for the Skopjan issue), Retrieved on 2008-03-02.
  206. ^ eriot, P. (1997) "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien", in Andrée Tabouret-Keller (éd.) : Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, vol. 1, (Louvain : Peeters), pp. 167–190.
  207. ^ Androitis, N. P. (1966) The Federative Republic of Skopje and its Language. (Athens)
  208. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  209. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Ilya Radozhitskii's Campaign Memoirs. Lulu. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-105-16871-0. from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
  210. ^ Benjamin Harshav (1986). American Yiddish Poetry: A Bilingual Anthology. University of California Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-520-04842-3.
  211. ^ ryssä in Kielitoimiston sanakirja. 2022. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35. URN:NBN:fi:kotus-201433. Continuously updated. Updated 10.11.2022 [referenced 14.12.2022].
  212. ^ iivana and vanja in Kielitoimiston sanakirja. 2022. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35. URN:NBN:fi:kotus-201433. Continuously updated. Updated 10.11.2022 [referenced 14.12.2022].
  213. ^ slobo in Kielitoimiston sanakirja. 2022. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35. URN:NBN:fi:kotus-201433. Continuously updated. Updated 10.11.2022 [referenced 14.12.2022].
  214. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020.
  215. ^ Fuller, Alexandra (26 April 2005). Scribbling the Cat: Travels with an African Soldier. Penguin Group US. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-101-11880-1.
  216. ^ Morgan Godfery (19 September 2011). "Maui Street". mauistreet.blogspot.com.au. from the original on 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  217. ^ "Whitey". Princeton WordNet listing. from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  218. ^ Quinion, Michael B. (2 January 1996). "My fellow Merkins". World Wide Words. from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  219. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary: "Yankee 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine". 2013. Accessed 13 Jul 2013.
  220. ^ "Paraguay: por qué a los argentinos les dicen "curepíes"". Infobae (in European Spanish). 9 September 2009. from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  221. ^ "Diccionario Latinoamericano de la Lengua Española; curepí". National University of Tres de Febrero. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  222. ^ Plath, Oreste (1979). Folklore chileno (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. p. 61.
  223. ^ , archived from the original on 2006-05-10, retrieved 2021-06-13
  224. ^ a b Grillo, Evelio (2000). Black Cuban, Black American A Memoir. Arte Publico Press. p. x. ISBN 9781611920376.
  225. ^ "In Cubiche, Voices of Cuba's Lost Generation Unite in Song". www.miaminewtimes.com. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  226. ^ Aguirre, B.E. (1994). "Cuban Mass Migration and the Social Construction of Deviants". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 13 (2): 155–183. doi:10.2307/3338273. JSTOR 3338273.
  227. ^ Duany, Jorge (1995). "Neither Golden Exile nor Dirty Worm: Ethnic Identity in Recent Cuban-American Novels". Cuban Studies. 23: 168. JSTOR 24487023 – via JSTOR.
  228. ^ Duany, Jorge (1999). "Cuban communities in the United States: migration waves, settlement patterns and socioeconomic diversity". Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe. 11: 103 – via OpenEdition Journals.
  229. ^ Rivero, Yeidy (2005). Tuning Out Blackness Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television. Duke University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780822335436.
  230. ^ Bodenheimer, Rebecca (2015). Geographies of Cubanidad Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba. University Press of Mississippi. p. x. ISBN 9781626746848.
  231. ^ a b c Cooper, Wilbert L. 25 February 2013. "'The Boondocks' Creator Aaron McGruder Tells Us About 'The Uncle Ruckus Movie'." VICE.
  232. ^ Elassar, Alaa. 9 November 2019. "Uncle Ruckus of 'The Boondocks' was replaced with a photo of Kanye West in a MAGA hat." CNN.
  233. ^ Green (2005), p. 36.
  234. ^ Spears (2001), p.  118.
  235. ^ Spears (2001), p.4.
  236. ^ Rawson (1989), p. 19
  237. ^ Smitherman, Geneva (1986). Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Wayne State University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-8143-1805-3. from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  238. ^ "The Confession of a Banana". from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  239. ^ "Hispanic Groups Criticize Ad Guru for Calling Rubio 'Coconut'". Fox News. 2010-02-24. from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  240. ^ "Many Asians 'do not feel British'". BBC. 2007-07-30. from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  241. ^ Coleman, Clive (2010-06-29). "The rules of speech crime". BBC. from the original on 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  242. ^ Muir, High (2010-06-29). "Hideously diverse Britain: Understanding the 'coconut' row". The Guardian. from the original on 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  243. ^ Orsman, H. W. (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558347-7.
  244. ^ Green (2005), p. 29
  245. ^ Hardie, Ronald G. (1992). "Gypsy". Collins pocket dictionary of English usage. HarperCollins. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-00-470073-1.
  246. ^ Simpson, John A.; E.S.C., Weiner (1989). "Gypsy". The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-19-861218-6.
  247. ^ House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee (5 April 2019). "Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  248. ^ Kokora, Dragana. ""Cigan" and Roma are not Synonyms". European Roma Rights Centre (in Hungarian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  249. ^ White, Karin (1999). "Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine empire". Golden Horn. 7 (2). Retrieved 26 July 2023.

Bibliography

Further reading

October 22, 2023
list, ethnic, slurs, epithets, ethnicity, this, list, incomplete, help, adding, missing, items, october, 2022, also, list, ethnic, slurs, this, list, ethnic, slurs, epithets, sorted, into, categories, that, defined, race, ethnicity, nationality, contents, broa. This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items October 2022 See also List of ethnic slurs This list of ethnic slurs and epithets is sorted into categories that can defined by race ethnicity or nationality Contents 1 Broader ethnic categories 1 1 African 1 2 Asian 1 2 1 East Asian 1 2 2 South Asian 1 2 3 Southeast Asian 1 2 4 West Asian 1 3 European 1 3 1 Hispanic 1 3 2 Mediterranean 1 4 Native American 1 5 Oceanian 1 5 1 Aboriginal Australian 1 5 2 Pacific Islander 2 Individual nationalities and or ethnicities 2 1 African ethnicities 2 1 1 South Africans 2 2 Asian ethnicities 2 2 1 Arabs 2 2 2 Chinese 2 2 3 Filipinos 2 2 4 Japanese 2 2 5 Jews 2 2 6 Koreans 2 3 European ethnicities 2 3 1 Britons 2 3 1 1 Scots 2 3 1 2 Welsh 2 3 2 Dutch 2 3 3 Germans 2 3 4 Finns 2 3 5 French 2 3 6 Irish 2 3 7 Italians 2 3 7 1 Sardinians 2 3 8 Macedonians 2 3 9 Polish 2 3 10 Serbs 2 3 11 Spaniards 2 3 12 Russians 2 3 13 Ukrainians 2 3 14 American inhabitants of European descent 2 4 North and South American nationalities 2 4 1 Americans 2 4 2 Argentines 2 4 3 Cubans 3 Crossed ethnicities 3 1 African European 3 2 African Native American 3 3 European Asian Latin American Pacific Islander 3 4 European Native American 4 Other ethnic groups 4 1 Romani 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Bibliography 7 Further readingBroader ethnic categoriesAfrican Most of these black slurs and all these African slurs apply also to Cape Coloureds People of mixed races in South Africa are referred to as Coloured with no derogatory connections 1 2 Af Rhodesia African to a white Rhodesian Rhodie 3 Ape US a black person 4 Beni oui oui Mostly used during the French colonization of Algeria as a term for Algerian Muslims 5 Bluegum an African American perceived as being lazy and who refuses to work 6 Boogie a black person film noir The boogies lowered the boom on Beaver Canal 7 Buck a black person or Native American 8 Burrhead Burr head Burr head US a black person in reference to Afro textured hair 9 Bushy s Bushies Amadushie p South Africa Khoisans Historically used against the Khoisan people in Southern Africa referring to their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on the bush for survival 10 Colored US a black person Once generally accepted as inoffensive this word is now considered disrespectful by some The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP continues to use its full name unapologetically This is not to be confused with the term person of color which is the preferred term for collectively referring to all non white people Cotton picker US Individuals of Black African descent 11 12 Coon US and UK originally used by Europeans white people as a pejorative term for a black person Possibly from Portuguese barracos a building constructed to hold slaves for sale 1837 13 The term though still also used in its original sense is commonly used today by African or Black Americans towards members of the same race who are perceived to pander kowtow to white people to be a sellout to hate themselves or to collud e with racism for personal gain 14 It is often used against black conservatives or Republicans similar to Uncle Tom and coconut 15 16 17 Also used to slur Cape Coloureds or Coloureds in South Africa The association of the term coon with the coloured group expresses ambivalent feelings about their mixed race ancestral background and signifies self depreciation subordination and marginalization of the underprivileged 18 Crow US a black person 19 Eggplant US A black person Notable for appearing in the 1979 film The Jerk 20 and the 1993 film True Romance 21 Fuzzies Commonwealth A black person Notable for appearing in the 1964 film Zulu 22 Fuzzy Wuzzy Commonwealth A Hadendoa Beja The term is a reference to the distinctive dirwa hairstyle used by many Beja men 23 Gam Gammat South Africa Used to refer to Cape Coloureds or Coloureds It means a person who is low or of inferior status in Afrikaans 24 25 Golliwogg Commonwealth a dark skinned person named after Florence Kate Upton s children s book character 26 Hapsi Habsi Nepal a term used for black person from Africa 27 28 Houtkop South Africa a black person and a Cape Coloured or coloured native The term translates literally to wooden head in Afrikaans 29 Jigaboo jiggabo jijjiboo zigabo jig jigg jiggy jigga US and UK a black person JB with stereotypical black features dark skin wide nose etc Refer to mannerisms that resemble dancing Jim Crow US a black person 30 also the name for the segregation laws prevalent in much of the United States until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s 31 Jim Fish South Africa a black person 32 Jungle bunny US and UK a black person 33 Kaffir kaffer kafir kaffre South Africa a a black person Considered very offensive Macaca macaque a person of black African descent originally used in languages of colonial powers in Africa Same as macaque 34 Mammy Domestic servant of black African descent generally good natured often overweight and loud 35 Makwerekwere Kwerekwere South Africa Used against foreigners usually black migrants or refugees in South Africa 36 Monkey a person of black African descent 34 See also Macaca slur It also gave rise to the racist monkey chants in sports Mosshead a black person 37 Munt South Africa Zimbabwe and Zambia a term used among white people for a black person The term derives from muntu the singular of Bantu 38 Nig nog US and UK a black person 39 Nigger niggar niggur niger nigor nigre Caribbean nigar nigga niggah nig nigguh International a black person From the word negro which means the color black in numerous languages Diminutive appellations include Nigg and Nigz Over time the terms nigga and niggaz plural have come to be frequently used between some African or black diaspora without the negative associations of nigger Considered very offensive and typically censored as the n word even in reference to its use The terms niggress negress and nigette are feminized formulations of the term Niglet nigglet a black child 40 Nigra negra niggra nigrah nigruh US a black person first used in the early 1900s 41 Pickaninny generally refers to black children or a caricature of them which is widely considered racist Porch monkey a black person 42 Powder burn a black person 37 Quashie a black person 37 Sambo US an African American black Indigenous American a mixed race person or sometimes a South Asian person 35 43 Smoked Irishman US 19th century term for black people 37 Sooty a term for a black person originated in the U S in the 1950s 44 Spade a term for a black person 45 first recorded in 1928 46 from the playing cards suit Spook a black person Tar baby US a black person especially a child 47 Tea bag South Africa black or Coloured or Cape Coloured individuals who have a light skin 48 Teapot A black person derived in 19th century 49 37 Thicklips bootlips a black person 37 Yellow bone US a light skin black person 48 Asian East Asian Celestial Australia Chinese people used in the late 1900s a reference to their coming from the Celestial Empire i e China Charlie US A term used by American troops during the Vietnam War as a shorthand for communist guerrillas it was shortened from Victor Charlie the radio code designation for the Viet Cong or VC 50 Chinaman US Chinese person used in old American west when discrimination against Chinese was common 51 Chink US a person of East Asian descent 52 53 Coolie North America unskilled Asian laborer usually Chinese originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers Possibly from Mandarin ku li 苦力 or Hindi kuli day laborer 54 Also racial epithet for Indo Caribbean people especially in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago 55 Gook East Asian people particularly aimed towards Koreans 56 57 The term originates from the Korean War and comes from the Korean word for country The Korean word for the United States of America is Mee Hap Joon Gook which is shorten to the more familiar Mee Gook Dae Han Min Gook or the People s Republic of Korea is similarly shortened to Han Gook The word was given a derogatory slant by American service men who used it to refer to Koreans It was also used prominently during the Vietnam War particularly towards the Viet Cong 57 Jap Predominantly US a Japanese person Shortened from the word Japanese often used pejoratively Nip a Japanese person From Nippon first used in World War II 58 Oriental Predominantly US used elsewhere Refers to an East Asian person of the Orient and or their ethnicity 59 60 61 In 2016 US President Barack Obama signed a bill to remove the term Oriental together with some others as a reference to a person from federal laws 62 Slope Australia a person of East Asian descent Yellow Yellowman or Yellowwoman designating or pertaining to an East Asian person in reference to those who have a yellowish skin complexion 63 South Asian Khuli s Amakhula p South Africa a person or people of Indian heritage 48 American Born Confused Desi or ABCD US used by South Asian diaspora for American born South Asians including Indian Pakistani and Bangladeshi mainly Indians as they are the largest number of South Asians in the US who are confused about their cultural identity This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning Brownie a brown skinned person of South Asian Arab or Hispanic descent Rarely used as someone of Native American or Pacific Island descent 64 Chee chee a Eurasian half caste probably from Hindi chi chi fie literally dirt 65 Chinki used in India for those from Northeast India Curry muncher Africa Australia New Zealand and North America a person of Asian Indian origin 66 Madrasi outdated exonym for the people of South India named for the city of Madras i e modern day Chennai Malaun Bangladesh term for Hindus Paki UK pejorative for a person from South Asia particularly Pakistan and mainly used in the United Kingdom First recorded in 1964 67 during increased immigration of Pakistanis to the United Kingdom and popularized during a heightened era of Paki bashing 68 Although considered the P Word 67 in the United Kingdom it is colloquially used by Pakistanis in North America and elsewhere to refer to themselves and is not commonly perceived as deragatory when referred to as Paki by others Southeast Asian Dink Someone of Southeast Asian origin particularly aimed towards a Vietnamese person Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War Origin 1965 70 Americanism 69 Flip US An ethnic slur applied to Filipinos 70 Gugus US a racial term used to refer to Filipino guerillas during the Philippine American War The term came from gugo the Tagalog name for Entada phaseoloides or the St Thomas bean the bark of which was used by Filipinas to shampoo their hair The term was a predecessor to the term gook a racial term used to refer to all Asian people 71 Huan a Hokkien word for foreigner used to refer to non Chinese Southeast Asian people and Taiwanese aborigines considered offensive by most non Chinese speakers 72 73 Jakun a person considered unsophisticated in Malaysia derived from the name of an indigenous Orang Asli group 74 West Asian Camel jockey an Arab Hajji Hadji Haji pejorative term used by the US military for Iraqis 75 may also be used for other Muslims 76 77 Derived from the honorific Al Hajji the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca Sand nigger person who dwells in deserts especially of Arabian peninsula or African continent Towelhead Raghead A Muslim Arab Sikh or member of any group that traditionally wears headdress such as a turban keffiyeh or headscarf Turco an Arab 78 Used in Chile after the Ottoman nationality that early Palestinian Lebanese and Syrian immigrants had on their passports 78 European Ang mo Malaysia and Singapore Hokkien for red hair referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to all white people by the 19th century has become a neutral term in the 21st century 79 Barang Cambodia any white person 80 Bule Indonesia white people literally albino but used to mean any white person in the same way that colored might be used to refer to a black person 81 Charlie used by African Americans mainly in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to a white person From James Baldwin s play Blues For Mister Charlie 82 Coonass or coon ass US a Cajun may be derived from the French conasse Cracker US white people originally and still particularly used to refer to poor white people from the American South 83 Farang Thailand any white person 84 Firangi India a white foreigner Same word origin as Thai Farang 85 Gammon UK white people especially older white men based on the appearance of their faces Gora ग र گورا Goro ग र India a person of European descent or other light skinned person in Hindi and other Indo Aryan languages However it has recently been connected to racism Gori is the feminine form 86 87 88 89 Gringo Americas Non Hispanic US national Hence Gringolandia the United States not always a pejorative term unless used with intent to offend 90 Gubba Australia Aboriginal Koori term for white people 91 derived from Governor Gubbanah Gweilo gwailo kwai lo Hong Kong and South China A White man Gwei or kwai 鬼 means ghost which the color white is associated with in China and the term lo 佬 refers to a regular guy i e a fellow a chap or a bloke Once a mark of xenophobia the word was promoted by Maoists as insulting but is now in general informal use 92 Honky US a white person Haole Hawaii Usually not offensive can be derogatory if intended to offend Used by modern day Native Hawaiians to refer to anyone of European descent whether native born or not Use has spread to many other islands of the Pacific and is known in modern pop culture 93 Hunky Bohunk US A Central European laborer It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe Hungarians Magyar Rusyns Slovaks came to perform hard manual labor on the mines 94 Land thief South Africa a white person from South Africa The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country 48 Mangiacake Canada used by Italian Canadians for those of Anglo Saxon or Northwestern European descent Mangiacake literally translates to cake eater and one suggestion is that this term originated from the perception of Italian immigrants that Canadian or North American white bread is sweet as cake in comparison to the rustic bread eaten by Italians 95 Medigan Amedigan US A term used by Italian Americans to refer to Americans of White Anglo Saxon Protestant descent Americans of Northwestern European descent Americans with no discernible ethnicity or Americans of non Italian descent in general Comes from Southern Italian pronunciation of the Italian word americano 96 97 98 99 100 Ofay US a white person Etymology is unknown 101 Arkie US A person from the State of Arkansas used during the great depression for farmers from Arkansas looking for work elsewhere Okie US A person from the State of Oklahoma used during the great depression for farmers from Oklahoma looking for work elsewhere Peckerwood US a white person southerner This word was coined in the 19th century by Southern black people to refer to poor white people 102 Pink pig South Africa a white person 48 Whitey US a white person Hispanic Beaner Term for Mexican but can be used for Hispanics in general because of the idea that all Hispanics are the same Brownie Someone of Hispanic Indian and Arab rarely used as someone of Native American or Pacific Islander descent 64 Cholo term used by Chilean officers to refer to Peruvians during the War of the Pacific 1879 1883 103 Greaseball US Can refer to a person of Italian or Hispanic descent 104 More generally it can also refer to anyone of Mediterranean or Latin American descent 105 Greaser US Can refer to a person of Italian or Hispanic descent Can also refer to members of the 1950 1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of Spic spick spik spig or spigotty A person of Hispanic descent First recorded use in 1915 Theories include it originating from no spik English originally spiggoty from no speak o t e English Also used for someone who speaks the Spanish language In the early 20th century spic spig and spigotty were also similarly used against Italian immigrants in the United States and Italians in general as well as Portuguese people 106 Sudaca Spain a person from Latin America or Sudamerica 107 Tonk An illegal migrant from Mexico 108 Veneco Originally used by Colombians to refer to Colombians returned from Venezuela now used in parts of South America to refer to Venezuelan Immigrants 109 Wetback A Latin American person Originally applied specifically to Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the Rio Grande border river illegally to find work in the United States its meaning has since broadened Mediterranean Chocko Australia a person of Mediterranean Southern European or Middle Eastern descent 110 111 Dago UK and Commonwealth may refer to Italians Spaniards Portuguese and potentially Greek peoples Possibly derived from the Spanish name Diego 112 US refers specifically to Italians 112 Greaseball Greaser US especially Greaseball generally refers to a person of Italian descent Meanwhile though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or Mexican Americans However greaseball and to a lesser extent greaser can also refer to any person of Mediterranean Southern European descent or Hispanic descent including Greeks Spaniards and the Portuguese as well as Latin Americans 113 105 Greaser also refer to members of a 1950 1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of Kanake Germany Used in 1960s Germany to refer to Southern European and Mediterranean immigrants increasingly used exclusively for Turkish people Meteque France Mediterranean or Middle Eastern immigrant especially Italians 114 Wog Australia used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants to Australia and their descendants that contrasted with the dominant Anglo Saxon Anglo Celtic colonial stock Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans including the Spanish Italians Greeks Macedonians Lebanese Arabs Croatians and Serbians Native American Brownie A brown skinned person or someone of Indigenous Australian American or Canadian descent as well as of those of Hispanic or South Asian descent 64 Chug Canada refers to an individual of aboriginal descent 115 From the native people Chugach Eskimo Eskimo Pie an indigenous person from the Arctic Once a common term in Canada Eskimo has come to be considered offensive and Inuit or Inuk is now preferred Eskimo Pie has also been used against Inuk persons 116 Indian People indigenous to the Americas termed by Columbus due to the fact he thought he arrived in the East Indies The term is considered offensive by few but is still used within the Canadian legal system 117 Papoose refers specifically to Native American children although sometimes used to refer to children in general From the Algonquian language family and generally inoffensive when used in such contexts 118 Prairie Nigger refers to Native Americans in the Great Plains 119 Redskin a Native American person 120 Squaw US and Canada a female Native American 121 Derived from the lower East Coast Algonquian language Massachusett term ussqua 122 which originally meant young woman but which took on strong negative connotations in the late 20th century Timber Nigger US used by white Americans in reference to a Native American person 123 Wagon burner a Native American person in reference to when Native American tribes would attack wagon trains during the wars in the eastern American frontier 124 Yanacona a term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuche considered to be subservient to non indigenous Chileans sellout 125 Use of the word yanacona to describe people have led legal action in Chile 125 Oceanian Aboriginal Australian Abo Abbo Australia an Aboriginal Australian Originally this was simply an informal term for Aborigine and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s In remoter areas Aboriginal people still often refer to themselves quite neutrally as Blackfellas and white people as Whitefellas Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many the pejorative boong is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend as that word s status as an insult is unequivocal 126 Boong bong bung Australia an Aboriginal Australian 127 Boong pronounced with ʊ like the vowel in bull is related to the Australian English slang word bung meaning dead infected or dysfunctional From bung comes the phrase to go bung to die then to break down go bankrupt cease to function Ab bong dead 128 The term was first used in 1847 by J D Lang in Cooksland 129 The Oxford Australian National Dictionary gives its origin in the Wemba word for man or human being 130 Coon an Aboriginal person 131 Gin an Aboriginal woman 132 Lubra an Aboriginal woman 133 An Aboriginal word 130 Pacific Islander Boonga boong bunga boonie New Zealand a Pacific Islander an alteration of boong 134 Brownie Someone of Hispanic Indian and Arab rarely used as someone of Native American or Pacific Islander descent 64 Hori New Zealand a Maori from the formerly common Maorified version of the English name George 135 Kanaka originally referred to indentured laborers from the Pacific Islands especially Melanesians and Polynesians Individual nationalities and or ethnicitiesAfrican ethnicities South Africans Cape Coloureds People of mixed race of African Asian amp European descent 136 While the term coloured may be seen as offensive in some other western countries such as Britain and the United States of America 137 it is currently treated as a neutral description in Southern Africa for people of mixed race 138 Japies Yarpies mildly derogative term for white South Africans especially those of Afrikaner descent From the Afrikaans term plaasjapie meaning farm boy 139 and from the common Afrikaans first name Japie a diminutive of Jacobus Hottentot Hotnot used to refer to the Khoekhoen indigenous people of southwestern Africa 140 The term is also used to slur Cape Coloureds or Coloureds 141 Asian ethnicities Arabs Lebo Lebbo mostly Australia someone of Lebanese descent usually a Lebanese Australian 142 Turco an Arab 78 Used in Chile after the Ottoman nationality that early Palestinian Lebanese and Syrian immigrants had on their passports 78 Wog Australia used for the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants contrasting with the dominant Anglo Saxon Anglo Celtic colonial stock Originally used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans including the Spanish Italians Greeks and Macedonians expanded to include Mediterranean people of the Middle East or Levantine including the Lebanese Chinese Main article Pejorative terms for Chinese people Filipinos Main article Anti Filipino sentiment Derogatory terms Japanese Main article Pejorative terms for Japanese people Jews Main article List of ethnic slurs of Jews Kapo generally used of one Jew by another 143 Kike kyke mostly US used for Ashkenazi Jews Possibly from Yiddish kikel circle as immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an O similar to an X to which Jews objected because such also symbolizes a cross 144 Shylock Jews based upon the Shakespeare character of the same name Relates to money lending and greed Yid zhyd term for Jews derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish speaking Jews 145 In English yid can be used both as a neutral or derogatory term 145 whereas the Russian zhyd came to be a pejorative term banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s 146 147 However in most other Slavic languages e g Polish Czech Slovak Slovene Croatian the term simply translates to Jew e g Polish zyd and is thus not a pejorative Koreans Main article Pejorative terms for Koreans European ethnicities Britons Main article Alternative names for the British Limey A predominantly North American slang nickname for Britons especially those from England The term originates from the usage of limes by the British Navy to prevent scurvy citation needed Pom Pommy In Australia New Zealand and South Africa the term usually denotes an English person 148 Pirata Argentine term for British people meaning pirate in English Used before and during the Falklands conflict 149 Scots Jock UK used in Southern England 150 occasionally used as an insult The term became an offensive word during the war of succession with England when all Scots were referred to as Jocks 151 Porridge wog Used to refer to Scots 152 Scotch an old fashioned adjective to refer to the Scottish 153 Teuchter a Lowland Scots word originally used to describe a Scottish Highlander essentially describing someone perceived as being uncouth and rural 154 Welsh Dic Sion Dafydd Wales an anglicised Welsh person an individual who speaks English and refuses to speak Welsh or someone who turned their back on the Welsh nation 155 Sheep shagger UK a Welsh person implying that the individual engages in intercourse with sheep 156 Taffy a Welsh person arose during the industrial revolution when many Welsh families settled in mining towns outside of Wales or even English miners settled in Wales for work thus expressed a distrust for people who spoke a different language to the English 157 Dutch Kaaskop Literally translates to Cheesehead Can also refer specifically to people from the Holland region when used by people in the southern Netherlands and Belgium 158 Tatta Dutch person of native descent The term originated from Dutch straattaal nl a type of urban slang It is derived from the Sranan Tongo word for potatoes patata which the Dutch are known to eat Sometimes used to generically mean person 159 Germans Main article List of terms used for Germans Boches Apheresis of the word alboche which in turn is a blend of allemand French for German and caboche slang for head Used mainly during the First and Second World Wars and directed especially at German soldiers 160 Chleuh a term with racial connotations derived from the name of the Chleuh a North African ethnicity It also denotes the absence of words beginning in Schl in French It was used mainly in World War II but is also used now in a less offensive way Hermans Herms Based on the common German name Hermann pronounced to rhyme with German 161 The Hun Huns Initially seen on Allied war propaganda during World War I An allusion to the legendary savagery of Attila the Hun referenced by Kaiser Wilhelm II in a speech given in 1900 exhorting his troops to be similarly brutal and relentless in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China Jerry Gerry Rhyming slang i e Jerry the German primarily used in the First and Second World Wars by the British and other English speaking nations Based on the common given nickname Jerry short for Jeremiah Gerald and other similar sounding names citation needed Kraut a German used in Anglophone nations since World War II The term is probably based on sauerkraut which is popular in various South German cuisines but traditionally not prepared in North Germany Marmeladinger From Southern German Austrian marmelade jam The origins can be traced to the trenches of World War I while Austrian infantry rations included butter and lard as spread German troops had to make do with cheaper marmelade as ersatz which they disdainfully called Heldenbutter Hero s butter or Hindenburgfett 162 Mof Germans reflecting Dutch resentment of the German occupation of the Netherlands during the Second World War It is the second most common term in Dutch for the German people after the regular official term Duitse 163 Nazi Used against any German or German American without regard to their politics or family history even towards those who suffered under the Nazi regime Piefke a German used by Austrians derived from the name of Prussian military composer and band leader Johann Gottfried Piefke Like its Bavarian counterpart Saupreiss sow Prussian the term Piefke historically characterized the people of Prussia only 164 Finns China Swede US a person of Finnish descent Chukhna Russia a person of Finnish descent French Franchute Chile used in Chile to refer to French people 165 Gabacho Chile a French person According to Oreste Plath this name may derive from the one or various placenames in the Pyreneean foothills 165 Frog Eater English speaking world A reference to Frog legs 166 Irish Bog trotter or Bog Irish Irish derived from the widespread occurrence of peat bogs in central Ireland and the attendant Irish practice of peat cutting for fuel 167 Mick US and UK an Irishman Like Mickey Mike and Mikey Mick is a common abbreviation or nickname for Michael in English or Micheal its equivalent in Irish which are common names for Irish males such as Mick McCarthy 168 169 Paddy an Irish man derived from a nickname for Padraig a common Irish name for males after St Patrick the patron saint of Ireland The term is not always intended to be derogatory for instance it was used by Taoiseach in waiting Enda Kenny in February 2011 170 Prod abbreviation for Protestant especially Northern Ireland Protestants often used alongside Taig Irish Catholics in expressions such as both Taigs and Prods Like other such abbreviations everywhere it is often used for convenience as a friendly nickname or as self description usually without any offense being intended and usually without any offense being taken Taig a term referring to Catholics in Northern Ireland often having implications of Republican sympathy It is derived from the Irish Gaelic forename Tadhg and is often used alongside Prod Irish Protestants in expressions such as both Taigs and Prods Snout used in Northern Ireland to refer to Protestants of British descent living in Northern Ireland 171 Italians Bachicha Chile an Italian 165 Continentale Italy a neutral term used by people from Sardinia and Sicily to indicate someone s origin from the Italian peninsula 172 173 in Sardinia the word has taken on the general meaning of non Sardinian 174 Dago US a person of Italian descent Possibly originally from the common Spanish first name Diego Eyetie US a person of Italian descent derived from the mispronunciation of Italian as eye talian 175 176 Gino Gina Canada A person of Italian descent who exhibits certain exaggerated ethnic characteristics such as excessive jewellery big hair and open shirts for males 177 Ginzo US An Italian American 178 Goombah US an Italian male especially an Italian thug or mafioso From the Neapolitan and Sicilian cumpa and cumpari buddy Greaseball Greaser US a person of Italian or Hispanic descent 104 In particular greaser also referred to members of the 1950s subculture that Italians were stereotyped to be a part of Guido US an Italian American male Used mostly in the Northeastern United States as a stereotype for working class urban Italian Americans Derives from the Italian given name Guido 179 Guinea US someone of Italian descent most likely derived from Guinea Negro implying that Italians are dark or swarthy skinned like the natives of Guinea 180 Macaronar Romania used for Italians in general roughly meaning macaroni eater maker 181 Polentone Italy used by southern Italians to refer to northern Italians It stands for polenta eater 182 Terrone Italy Southern Italians originated in northern Italy to refer to people from the South who moved there Uncertain etymology 183 Wog Aus the first wave of Southern European immigrants in Australia and their descendants contrasting with the dominant Anglo Saxon Anglo Celtic colonial stock Used mostly for Mediterraneans and Southern Europeans including the Spanish Italians Greeks Macedonians Lebanese Arabs Croatians and Serbians Wop US an ethnic term for anyone of Italian descent derived from the Neapolitan word guappo close to dude swaggerer and other informal appellations 184 185 Some etymologies popularly but inaccurately provided that it stands for With Out Passport Papers or Working On Pavement supposedly derived from Italians that arrived to North America as immigrants without papers and worked in construction and blue collar work These acronyms are dismissed as folk etymology or backronyms by etymologists Sardinians Sardegnolo sardignolo sardignuolo sardagnolo Italy often used to refer to the Sardinians by people from mainland Italy and Sicily depending on the latter s local dialect the term might also present itself in the form of sardignolo sardignuolo 186 or sardagnolo 187 188 In Italy Sardinia used to be considered a place of exile 189 190 and sardigna by extension a metonymy for place where to dump dead or infected animals 191 192 Being also employed in reference to animals indigenous to the island 187 and especially to the donkeys to which the Sardinians were often associated in mockery by the Piedmontese rulers 193 the term might be used in a derogatory fashion to imply some likening to them 194 195 196 Sheep shagger Italy used in a variety of Italian renditions by people from mainland Italy and Sicily to refer to the Sardinians as a people whose men rather engage in bestiality than in sexual intercourse with a fellow human 197 198 Macedonians Ethnic slurs against Macedonians are often used in an attempt to deny their self identification 199 200 Macedonist Bulgaria Macedonians 200 Skopjan Skopjian Skopiana Skopianika Greece a term referencing the capital of North Macedonia 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 Polish Polack Polak Pollack Pollock Polock US UK and Canada a person of Polish descent Pshek Russia a person of Polish descent Mazurik Russia a person of Polish descent Literally meaning little Masovian Serbs Main article Pejorative terms for Serbs Spaniards Cono Chile used in Chile to refer to Spaniards given the perception that Spaniards recurrently use of the vulgar interjection cono cunt 165 Godo Chile Spaniard in reference to their Goth ancestry 165 Russians Russki Russkie a term for Russian that is sometimes disparaging when used by foreigners 208 However in the Russian language it is a neutral term that simply means an ethnic Russian as opposed to a citizen of the Russian Federation Moskal Ukraine Belarus and Poland muscovite originally a designation for a resident of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 14th 18th centuries 209 210 Ryssa Finland originally neutral but today considered offensive 211 Iivana Vanja Finland from the Russian given name Ivan 212 Slobo Finland probably from Russian sloboda freedom one way or another 213 Tibla Estonian may refer either to Ethnic Russians or the Homo Sovieticus Ukrainians Further information Anti Ukrainian sentiment Ethnic slurs American inhabitants of European descent Buckra Bakra from sub Saharan African languages used in the U S and the West Indies 214 Bumpkin Country Bumpkin Hillbilly Bumpkin poor rural European American people mainly those who share a rural lifestyle Cracker European American people particularly from the American South 83 Good ol boy Rural people especially European American powerful people and their networks Hick poor European American people Hillbilly Usually refers to rural people It originated as a term for farmers living in The Appalachian Mountains Honky honkey honkie US and New Zealand a European person Derived from an African American pronunciation of hunky the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer The first record of its use as an insulting term for a European American person dates from the 1950s 215 In New Zealand honky is used by Maori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent 216 Peckerwood wood rural people In the 1940s the abbreviated version wood entered California prison slang originally meaning an Okie mainly from the San Joaquin Valley This has caused the symbol of the woodpecker to be used by white power skinheads and other pro European groups Redneck Usually an insult to rural living people most commonly but not exclusively used on European Americans that live in rural areas Trailer trash Mainly European American population stereotyped to live in trailer parks White trash Originally an insult for European American people Whitey A term for a European American AKA a white person 217 North and South American nationalities Americans Merkin Internet slang for inhabitant of the United States of America 218 Yankee Yank Uncontracted Yankee remains in use in the American South in reference to Northerners contracted Yank is employed internationally by speakers of British English in a neutral reference to all Americans first recorded 1778 219 The term was first applied by the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam to Connecticuters and other residents of New England possibly from Dutch Janke Johnny or from Jan Kees John Cheese 219 Seppo and Septic From Cockney rhyming slang using the unrhymed word of septic tank in reference to Yank above Argentines Curepi A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina it means pig s skin 220 221 Cuyano Chilean term for Argentines after the historical Cuyo Province 222 Argie Mildly derogatory British term for Argentinian people popularised in the British press during the Falklands conflict 223 Cubans Cuban nigger white Cubans used by Anglo Americans in 1900s Tampa 224 Cubiche Cubans used by Spanish speakers 225 Gusano Cuban exiles The term was coined by Fidel Castro who called Cubans leaving in the Freedom Flights gusanos worms and insisted the Cuban exiles were capitalists who had profited during the pre Castro era 226 227 228 Jews of the Caribbean Cubans living in Puerto Rico Called Jews in reference to the economic success of Cubans in Puerto Rico 229 Palestino Eastern Cubans living in Havana often with implication that they are black and or an illegal migrant The term Palestino means Palestinian in English The term refers to the fact that Eastern Cubans are often refused entry into Havana and those who illegally migrate are compared to Palestinian refugees 230 Tally wop black Cubans used by Anglo Americans in 1900s Tampa 224 Crossed ethnicitiesAfrican European Coon US first used as by white people the pejorative term is commonly used by African Americans or Black Americans today towards African Black Americans who are perceived to pander kowtow to white people to be a sellout to hate themselves or to collud e with racism for personal gain 14 Often used against black conservatives or Republicans 15 16 17 Similar to Uncle Tom and coconut Mulatto Americas originally a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory especially in the African American community The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult Historically in the American South the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans and African Americans in general In early American history the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry Uncle Tom Uncle Ruckus US a term used by American especially Black minorities for African Latin or Asian American who are perceived to pander to white people to hate themselves 231 or to be a sellout Uncle Tom derives from the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin Uncle Ruckus used as an alternative to Uncle Tom is the name of a character from a TV series The Boondocks in which the character satirizes the Uncle Tom stereotype 231 Both terms have been popularly used against black conservatives or Republicans 232 231 16 Similar to coon and coconut Oreo Africans who practice white culture referring to an oreo cookie black on the outside white on the inside Aunt Jemima Aunt Jane Aunt Mary Aunt Sally Aunt Thomasina US a term used by black people for a black woman who kisses up to white people a sellout a female counterpart of Uncle Tom Similar to Coconut 233 The term is taken from the popular syrup of the same name wherein the titular Aunt Jemima is represented as a black woman 234 Afro Saxon North America a young white male devotee of black pop culture 235 Ann Miss Ann a term used by black people to either denote a white woman or a black woman who acts too much like a white one While Miss Ann or just plain Ann is a derisive reference to the white woman by extension it is applied to any black woman who puts on airs and tries to act like Miss Ann 236 237 Wigger Wigga wegro a slang term for a white person who allophilically emulates mannerisms slangs ebonics and fashions stereotypically associated with urban African Americans especially in relation to hip hop culture Rhineland Bastard used in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany to refer to Afro German children of mixed German and African parentage who were fathered by Africans serving as French colonial troops occupying the Rhineland after World War I African Native American Mulatto Americas originally a person who is born from one white parent The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory especially in the African American community The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult Historically in the American South the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans and African Americans in general In early American history the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry Zambo are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry the analogous English term considered a slur is sambo Lobos In Mexico black Native Americans are known as lobos literally meaning wolves they formed a sizeable minority in the past European Asian Latin American Pacific Islander American Born Confused Desi or ABCD US a term used for American born South Asian such as Indians Pakistanis and Bangladeshis who are confused about their cultural identity This is often used humorously without any derogatory meaning Banana North America UK and Malaysia an East Asian person living in a Western country e g East Asian American who is yellow on the outside white on the inside Used primarily by East Asian people to indicate someone who has lost touch with the cultural identity of his or her parents 238 Coconut US UK Australia and New Zealand Named for coconuts which are brown on the outside and white on the inside the term is used globally for a person of color who adapts to or is adopted by European society This term is used in the United States for a person of Hispanic or South Asian descent 239 in the United Kingdom for British Asian people 240 241 242 and in Australia and New Zealand for a Pacific Islander 243 European Native American Mulatto Americas originally a term used to refer to a person who is born from one white parent The term is generally considered archaic by some and inadvertently derogatory especially in the African American community The term is widely used in Latin America and Caribbean usually without suggesting any insult Historically in the American South the term mulatto was applied also at times to persons with an admixture of Native Americans and African Americans in general In early American history the term mulatto was also used to refer to persons of Native American and European ancestry Apple North America a Native American who is red on the outside white on the inside First used in the 1970s the term is primarily employed by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity 244 Other ethnic groupsRomani Main article Names of the Romani people The Romani people are an Indo Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic itinerant lifestyle in Europe but are also found outside Europe in particular in the Middle East and the Americas Gypsy Gyppo gippo gypo gyppie gyppy gipp gyp gip Derived from Egyptian Egypt being mistakenly considered these people s origin The name gypsy is embraced by some Romani and rejected by others 245 246 247 Cigan Serbia derives from Athinganoi Greek for untouchable on the belief they were connected to the were a Manichean sect 248 249 See also nbsp Lists portalList of ethnic slurs List of common nouns derived from ethnic group names List of regional nicknames List of religious slurs Lists of nicknames nickname list articles on Wikipedia Hate speech PejorativeReferences The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything Discover Magazine Retrieved 2023 03 02 Christopher A J 2002 To Define the Indefinable Population Classification and the Census in South Africa Area 34 4 401 408 doi 10 1111 1475 4762 00097 ISSN 0004 0894 JSTOR 20004271 Livingstone Douglas 1986 Drums Along Balmoral Drive Spears 2001 p 10 also Zoo Ape or Jungle Ape Dominelli Lena 1986 Love and wages the impact of imperialism State intervention and women s domestic labour on workers control in Algeria 1962 1972 Novata p 123 Operation Blue Gum gets the chainsaw theaustralian com au 19 March 2010 Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Mankiewicz Joseph L dir 1950 No Way Out film starring Sidney Poitier and Richard Widmark Green 2005 p 192 Green 2005 p 216 bushy Dictionary of South African English Retrieved 2023 03 02 More racism allegations at Curro school Heart FM 5 December 2022 Retrieved 2023 03 01 Cotton Picking Cotton Picker Word Origins 19 March 2020 Retrieved 2023 03 01 Harper Douglas coon Online Etymology Dictionary a b Abbey Nels 11 October 2018 In defence of Uncle Tom and coconut Media Diversified Retrieved 15 August 2020 a b Leonard Connie 14 August 2019 AG candidate Daniel Cameron on racial slur I ve been called worse Wave3 a b c Larry Elder larryelder 26 July 2018 Uncle Tom synonyms coon Uncle Ruckus coconut Oreo foot shuffler sell out self loathing buck dancer a licker butt kisser definition a black conservative winning an argument against a black liberal Tweet via Twitter a b Dunbar Anwar Y 3 September 2017 Are you Cooning Thoughts on Black America s new favorite racial slur critical thought and groupthink The Big Words Blog Site Nikolaeva Sardana 2013 NOT TAINTED BY THE PAST RE CONSTRUCTIONS AND NEGOTIATIONS OF COLOURED IDENTITIES AMONG UNIVERSITY COLOURED STUDENTS IN POST APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA ResearchGate Retrieved 2023 03 03 Partridge 2006a p 517 Reiner Carl dir 1979 The Jerk written by Steve Martin Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias Scott Tony dir 1993 True Romance written by Quentin Tarantino Endfield Cy 1964 Zulu Shoup III John A 17 October 2011 Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 50 ISBN 9781598843637 gammat Dictionary of South African English Retrieved 2023 03 01 gam Mzansi Taal Online Dictionary of Township Lingo 2 October 2018 Retrieved 2023 03 01 Controversial golly to be shelved BBC News 23 August 2001 Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 Retrieved 1 November 2010 हबश Habshi Meaning Hindi Habshi Matlab English Habashi Arth Paribhasha Vilom अर थ पर भ ष व ल म Retrieved 2021 05 21 Habsi meaning in English Nepali to English Dictionary Retrieved 2021 05 21 houtkop Dictionary of South African English DSAE Retrieved 2023 03 01 Jim Crow Merriam Webster Dictionary Arkansas Jim Crow 18 May 2008 Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Partridge 2006b p 1103 Ayto amp Simpson 2010 jungle bunny a b Hund University of Hamburg Wulf D Mills Northwestern University Charles W 29 February 2016 Comparing Black People to Monkeys has a Long Dark Simian History The Huffington Post Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 Retrieved 10 November 2016 a b Goings Kenneth 1994 Mammy and Uncle Mose Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 32592 7 Makwerekwere Macmillan Dictionary a b c d e f Spears 2001 p 118 Ayto amp Simpson 2010 munt nig nog Merriam Webster Dictionary Dalton C H 30 December 2008 A Practical Guide to Racism Penguin p 182 ISBN 978 1 59240 430 8 Ayto amp Simpson 2010 nigra Gonsalves Sean April 11 2000 Who Are The Bush People Cape Cod Times Archived from the original on 2013 11 02 Boskin Joseph 1986 Sambo New York Oxford University Press Ayto amp Simpson 2010 sooty Spade The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Spade Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required tar baby The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins a b c d e Ferroggiaro Will 2019 Social Media Discrimination and Intolerance in South Africa A Lexicon of Hateful Terms PDF Report Media Monitoring Africa Retrieved 4 March 2023 Green 2005 p 1419 The Language of War Archived 2017 03 19 at the Wayback Machine on the American Experience Vietnam Online website Retrieved August 31 2007 Chinaman Merriam Webster Dictionary Moore 2004 slope Ayto amp Simpson 2010 slope Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Bayor Ronald H 31 July 2011 Multicultural America An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans Vol 2 Greenwood p 882 ISBN 978 0313357862 Retrieved 12 April 2015 via Google Books The Free Dictionary Archived 2019 03 19 at the Wayback Machine gook a b Gook Rhetoric of Race 2003 Archived from the original on February 24 2009 nip Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on July 31 2020 Oriental The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Oriental Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on April 30 2020 Oriental Merriam Webster Dictionary Varagur Krithika 23 May 2016 Obama Signs Bill Removing Oriental and Negro From Federal Laws Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 via Huff Post Yellow Archived from the original on 2014 04 17 a b c d Green 2005 p 188 Hotten John Camden 1870 The Slang Dictionary Or The Vulgar Words Street Phrases and fast Expressions of High and Low Society Many with Their Etymology and a Few with Their History Traced London J C Hotten p 98 Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 Retrieved 11 April 2014 Fuller Alexandra 26 April 2005 Scribbling the Cat Travels with an African Soldier Penguin Group US p 199 ISBN 978 1 101 11880 1 a b After the N word the P word 2007 06 11 Retrieved 2022 08 23 In the eye of the storm Retrieved 2022 08 23 dink Dictionary com Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Schneiler Robert J 2008 Blue amp Gold and Black Racial Integration of the U S Naval Academy Texas A amp M University Press p 211 ISBN 9781603440004 Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 Retrieved 28 February 2014 Francis Whitebird Derogatory terms used in history Lakota Country Times Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Tong Chee Kiong 2010 Identity and ethnic relations in Southeast Asia Springer p 231 ISBN 978 90 481 8908 3 Katz Paul R Murray A Rubinstein 2003 Religion and the formation of Taiwanese identities Palgrave Macmillan p 279 R Elangaiyan 2007 Foundation for Endangered Languages Vital voices endangered languages and multilingualism proceedings of the Tenth FEL Conference CIIL Mysore India 25 27 October 2006 Central Institute of Indian Languages ISBN 978 09 538 2488 5 Flynn Chris 2010 10 01 The language of war Overland literary journal Retrieved 2023 04 14 U S Military Lingo The Almost Definitive Guide NPR Archived from the original on 2023 07 24 Bay Austin 2007 01 28 Iraq s battlefield slang Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2023 04 14 a b c d Rebolledo Hernandez Antonia 1994 La Turcofobia Discriminacion anti Arabe en Chile PDF Historia in Spanish 28 249 272 permanent dead link Khambhaita Priya Willis Rosalind 2018 British born Indian second generation return to India In Leonard Pauline Walsh Katie eds British Migration Privilege Diversity and Vulnerability Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315537016 7 ISBN 978 1 134 99255 3 S2CID 199289305 North Peter 2008 CultureShock Cambodia A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd p 184 ISBN 9789814408912 Retrieved 21 March 2019 Don t Call Me Bule How expatriates experience a word Living in Indonesia A Site for Expatriates www expat or id Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Taubman Howard 24 April 1964 Theater Blues for Mister Charlie The New York Times Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 Retrieved 15 March 2014 a b Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Cracker Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 7 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 359 see last four lines In the southern states of America cracker is a term of contempt for the poor or mean whites particularly of Georgia and Florida Farang in the Concise Oxford Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2012 03 29 Retrieved 2023 04 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Lazarus Susanna Myrtle 18 January 2015 The Indian firangi The Hindu Retrieved 15 April 2023 Is it still okay to use the word gora Asian Image 25 June 2018 Retrieved 5 August 2023 Forbes Duncan 1848 gora A Dictionary Hindustani and English to which added a revised part English and Hindustani Wm H Allen London Turner Ralph Lilley 1931 goro A Comparative And Etymological Dictionary Of The Nepali Language Kegan Paul Trench Trubner amp Co Gillespie Marie 4 January 2002 Television Ethnicity and Cultural Change Routledge p 72 ISBN 978 1 134 86293 1 gringo The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition 2000 3 January 2007 Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Moore 2004 gubba Gweilo www gojp com Archived from the original on 9 May 2018 Retrieved 23 September 2017 haole Merriam Webster Dictionary Rothenberg Paula S 2008 White Privilege Worth Publishers p 37 ISBN 978 1 4292 0660 0 Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 Retrieved 22 March 2016 Tabaret Tabaret Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Cervasio Joseph Rocco 2004 Bad News on the Doorstep Author House ISBN 9781418407216 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Mucha Peter A better best hoagies list Philly com Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Sperduto Oliver Elvira The Joy of Growing Up Italian John Pirelli Lodge 1633 Osdia Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Liberkowski Ida Malizia Cynthia 2006 Along the Amalfi Drive Lulu ISBN 9781847285065 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Riccitelli Donna 2012 Mobster s Girl Amy Rachiele ISBN 9781478206712 ofay Origin and history of ofay by Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols Logos and Tattoos adl org Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Vergara Jorge Ivan Gundermann Hans 2012 Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapaca and Los Lagos Chile Chungara in Spanish University of Tarapaca 44 1 115 134 doi 10 4067 s0717 73562012000100009 a b the definition of greaseball Dictionary com Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 23 September 2017 a b Hughes Geoffrey March 26 2015 An Encyclopedia of Swearing The Social History of Oaths Profanity Foul Language and Ethnic Slurs in the English speaking World Routledge p 259 ISBN 9781317476788 Retrieved 2 November 2015 Paredes Am 1995 Folklore and Culture on the Texas Mexican Border University of Texas Press p 32 ISBN 9780292765641 Sudaca Real Academia Espanola Royal Spanish Academy Retrieved 22 April 2019 Rappoport Leon 2005 Punchlines the case for racial ethnic and gender humor Westport Conn Praeger Publishers p 47 OCLC 1004590710 Suarez Luciano November 19 2018 Que significa veneco y cual es su verdadero origen Medium Partridge 2006a p 401 Simpson Catherine Murawska Renata 2009 Diasporas of Australian Cinema Intellect Books ISBN 9781841501970 Retrieved 2 November 2015 a b Partridge 2006a p 546 Roediger David R 8 August 2006 Working Toward Whiteness How America s Immigrants Became White Basic Books p 42 ISBN 978 0465070732 Archived from the original on 21 September 2015 Retrieved 12 April 2015 T Talley Robert October 11 2011 Geocritical Explorations Space Place and Mapping in Literary and Cultural Studies Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9780679604266 Retrieved 2 November 2015 Warman v Beaumont CHRT Canadian Human Rights Commission 2007 I haven t seen the new 50 bills but the 20s and 100s I have seen I have talked with a few people about them who aren t WN but they don t like the fact that there is native stuff on the bills I mean who wants to pay for something and be reminded of a chug Not me It s the great Eskimo debate Waikato Times 12 July 2009 Archived from the original on 2018 06 12 Retrieved 2018 06 09 Archives The National The National Archives Homepage The National Archives Retrieved 2020 04 29 Reading Racism Or How I m Learning to Wrestle with Little House on the Prairie scholar harvard edu Partridge 2006b p 1538 Shoemaker Nancy June 1997 How Indians Got to be Red PDF The American Historical Review 102 3 627 28 doi 10 2307 2171504 JSTOR 2171504 squaw Merriam Webster Dictionary Random House Unabridged Dictionary Kennedy Randall L Winter 1999 2000 Who Can Say Nigger And Other Considerations PDF The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 26 86 96 87 doi 10 2307 2999172 JSTOR 2999172 Archived from the original PDF on 20 June 2010 Retrieved 11 April 2014 Partridge 2006b p 2059 a b Audiencia en caso Mapuexpress Querellante pidio censurar al medio a cambio de retirar la demanda El Desconcierto in Spanish July 27 2017 Retrieved September 4 2019 Moore 2004 p 3 Moore 2004 Wilkes 1978 p 62 Lang John Dunmore 1847 Cooksland in North eastern Australia The Future Cottonfield of Great Britain Its Characteristics and Capabilities for European Colonization With a Disquisition on the Origin Manners and Customs of the Aborigines Longman Brown Green and Longmans p 430 Archived from the original on 7 May 2019 Retrieved 15 July 2018 a b W S Ramson ed 1988 Australian National Dictionary Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19554736 5 Hughes Geoffrey 26 March 2015 An Encyclopedia of Swearing The Social History of Oaths Profanity Foul Language and Ethnic Slurs in the English speaking World Routledge ISBN 9781317476771 Retrieved 23 September 2017 via Google Books Moore 2004 gin Macquarie Dictionary Fourth Edition 2004 p 850 boonga Deverson Tony 2004 The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ISBN 978 0 19 558451 6 Retrieved 6 May 2006 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Kiwi Speak Colloquialisms H New Zealand co nz Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 Retrieved 25 February 2014 Kline Jr Hibberd V B 1958 The Union of South Africa The World Book Encyclopedia Vol 17 Chicago Field Enterprises Educational Corp p 8254 Is the word coloured offensive BBC News 9 November 2006 Retrieved 5 June 2019 Stevenson Angus Waite Maurice 2011 Coloured Concise Oxford English Dictionary Luxury Edition Oxford University Press p 283 ISBN 978 0 19 960111 0 Yarpie Archived 2019 07 26 at the Wayback Machine allwords com Fowler Henry Watson 2015 Hottentot Fowler s Dictionary of Modern English Usage Oxford University Press p 384 ISBN 978 0 19 966135 0 Adhikari Mohamed 17 November 2005 Not White Enough Not Black Enough Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community Ohio University Press p 28 ISBN 978 0 89680 442 5 Partridge 2006b p 1195 Lebo Lebovic Matt 20 December 2016 On David Friedman the kapo smear and Jewish honor Times of Israel Archived from the original on 2019 02 13 Retrieved 2019 03 09 Wolarsky Eric 2001 Kike Interactive Dictionary of Racial Language Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 Retrieved 1 November 2013 a b Yid Thefreedictionary com Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Berkhoff Karel C 2008 Harvest of Despair Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule Belknap Press ISBN 0674027183 p 60 Yaremenko V i Slipushko O Novij tlumachnij slovnik ukrayinskoyi movi K Akonit 2000 T 2 Zh O S 26 ISBN 966 7173 02 X pommy Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on August 10 2020 In Buenos Aires they think England are the pirates The Independent October 22 2011 Is it a slur to call someone a Jock June 14 2009 via news bbc co uk Thompson Amanda October 10 2019 Traveling Smart 7 Offensive Words To Avoid Abroad GoAbroad Retrieved 2019 05 24 Green 2005 p 1124 Scotch origin and meaning Etymonline Dictionary of the Scots Language SND teuchter Edinburgh University Archived from the original on 2019 05 25 Retrieved 2019 05 25 The top 12 most satisfying Welsh language insults to aim at your worst enemy or your mates Nation Cymru 2022 04 28 Retrieved 2023 03 22 Partridge 2006b p 1712 Opie Iona Opie Peter eds 1973 The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes Oxford England Clarendon Press pp 400 401 ISBN 0198691114 Kaaskop ANW Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek Tatta ANW Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek Rines George Edwin ed 1920 Boche Encyclopedia Americana Leigh Mark 19 September 2013 EUrrgh Is it Just Me or is Europe merde Little Brown Book Group p 60 ISBN 978 1 4721 0940 8 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Mally Anton Karl 1984 Herkunft und Rolle eines osterreichischen Spitznamens fur den Preussen den Nord und den Reichsdeutschen Muttersprache 4 257 86 Waarom wordt een Duitser Mof genoemd Archived 2015 07 12 at the Wayback Machine Dutch Mally Anton Karl 1983 84 Piefke Nachtrage Muttersprache 94 3 4 313 27 a b c d e Plath Oreste 1979 Folklore chileno in Spanish Santiago Chile Editorial Nascimiento pp 58 59 Webster s 1913 McCabe James 6 December 2011 Language and Landscapes of Ireland In Marie Mianowski ed Irish Contemporary Landscapes in Literature and the Arts Palgrave Macmillan UK p 56 ISBN 978 0 230 36029 7 Retrieved 10 November 2016 Allen Irving L August 1990 Unkind words ethnic labeling from Redskin to WASP Bergin amp Garvey p 31 ISBN 978 0 89789 217 9 Retrieved 19 January 2015 The names Micheal and Micheal are derived from St Michael variants of whose name such as Michel in French and Michelle in both English and French are common for both genders throughout the Western world not just for Irish males Paddy likes to know what the story is Ireland s Taoiseach in waiting promises to tell the truth TheJournal ie February 26 2011 Archived from the original on January 20 2015 Retrieved January 15 2015 Enda Kenny says once he has the full facts about the economic crisis he ll keep us informed He promised that the Irish people would be kept informed of the economic situation saying The incoming government is not going to leave our people in the dark Paddy likes to know what the story is Lanclos Donna M 2003 At Play in Belfast Children s Folklore and Identities in Northern Ireland Rutgers University Press p 140 ISBN 978 0 8135 3322 3 Retrieved 10 July 2015 Continente Treccani Continentale Treccani lt lt L impiego di continente e di continentale diffuso in tutta l area sarda rivela un significato peculiare poiche come nota Dettori 2007 con questi lessemi i sardi si riferiscono non solo alla penisola italiana e ai suoi abitanti ma anche alla Sicilia e ai siciliani gt gt Ines Loi Corvetto 2011 Sardegna italiano di in Enciclopedia dell italiano Treccani Green 2005 p 481 Dalzell Tom 2018 Eyetie The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English Routledge ISBN 9781351765206 Vizmuller Zocco Jana 1995 The Languages of Italian Canadians Italica 72 4 512 529 doi 10 2307 480180 JSTOR 480180 via JSTOR ginzo The New Oxford American Dictionary second edition Ed Erin McKean Oxford University Press 2005 Accessed 6 May 2006 Strutting Season The Washington Post 2003 07 06 Archived from the original on 2011 01 31 Retrieved 2010 05 08 Partridge 2006a p 934 macaronar on DEXonline dexonline ro 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2021 Sampson Susan 22 December 2007 Pleasing polenta The Star Toronto Star Archived from the original on 25 September 2018 Retrieved 24 September 2018 Battaglia Salvatore 1961 Grande dizionario della lingua italiana UTET Torino V XX pp 961 962 wop Dictionary com Online Etymology Dictionary Douglas Harper Historian Wop Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 Retrieved 1 November 2007 wop Origin and history of wop by Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2017 Trent anni dopo riecco il razzismo antisardo Alla sbarra otto carabinieri Sardiniapost 2015 a b Battaglia Salvatore 1961 Grande dizionario della lingua italiana UTET Torino V XVII p 577 Itri 4 luglio 1911 quando i negri erano gli operai sardi La Nuova Sardegna 2010 Ti sbatto in Sardegna Sardegna Digital Library Rai 1967 Ti sbatto in Sardegna quando certi stereotipi sono duri a morire La Nuova Sardegna 2014 Battaglia Salvatore 1961 Grande dizionario della lingua italiana UTET Torino V XVII p 578 sardigna in Vocabolario Treccani www treccani it Acta Curiarum Regni Sardiniae 24 II 165 2 PDF Cagliari Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna 2000 p 1276 sardegnolo Treccani Dehumanizing language with regard to the island in Italian literature started with Dante Alighieri s De Vulgari Eloquentia wherein the Sardinians are compared to apes that imitate humans Lib I XI 7 because of the language they used to speak Cfr Casula Francesco 2017 Il Manifesto I sardi Ladri e delinquenti Ed anche negri Il principe Savoia e i sardi capre che puzzano La Nuova Sardegna 2006 I sardi si accoppiano con le pecore Villaggio fa esplodere un caso in tv La Nuova Sardegna 2012 Christie Davies 2011 Jokes and Targets Indiana University Press p 166 Moussakas is and remains Greek not North Macedonian or FYROMian Keep Talking Greece 11 February 2019 a b Rychlik Jan 2007 The Consciousness of the Slavonic Orthodox Population in Pirin Macedonia and the Identity of the Population of Moravia and Moravian Slovakia Sprawy Narodowosciowe 31 183 197 Archived from the original on May 23 2011 Retrieved July 11 2009 Laura Payton MP Karygiannis Accused of Berating Civil Servants Archived 2012 10 25 at the Wayback Machine 26 August 2011 Retrieved 17 July 2012 Canadian Member of Parliament Refers to Macedonians as Skopjans Action Alert 21 September 2007 Macedonians Demand Resignation of Liberal MP Jim Karygiannis Archived 2012 06 12 at the Wayback Machine Macedonian Human Rights Movement International 11 May 2011 Retrieved 17 July 2012 Report Sent to International Organizations April 8 2008 http macedoniansaregreeksen blogspot gr 2008 04 report sent to international html Archived 2013 12 03 at the Wayback Machine Ant1 News Archived 2008 03 02 at the Wayback Machine Wra mhden gia to Skopiano Time Zero for the Skopjan issue Retrieved on 2008 03 02 eriot P 1997 Faut il que les langues aient un nom Le cas du macedonien in Andree Tabouret Keller ed Le nom des langues L enjeu de la nomination des langues vol 1 Louvain Peeters pp 167 190 Androitis N P 1966 The Federative Republic of Skopje and its Language Athens Random House Unabridged Dictionary c Random House Inc 2006 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Alexander Mikaberidze 2011 Ilya Radozhitskii s Campaign Memoirs Lulu p 10 ISBN 978 1 105 16871 0 Archived from the original on 2019 05 08 Retrieved 2019 07 26 Benjamin Harshav 1986 American Yiddish Poetry A Bilingual Anthology University of California Press p 559 ISBN 978 0 520 04842 3 ryssa in Kielitoimiston sanakirja 2022 Helsinki Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35 URN NBN fi kotus 201433 Continuously updated Updated 10 11 2022 referenced 14 12 2022 iivana and vanja in Kielitoimiston sanakirja 2022 Helsinki Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35 URN NBN fi kotus 201433 Continuously updated Updated 10 11 2022 referenced 14 12 2022 slobo in Kielitoimiston sanakirja 2022 Helsinki Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35 URN NBN fi kotus 201433 Continuously updated Updated 10 11 2022 referenced 14 12 2022 Buckra Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on March 22 2020 Fuller Alexandra 26 April 2005 Scribbling the Cat Travels with an African Soldier Penguin Group US p 183 ISBN 978 1 101 11880 1 Morgan Godfery 19 September 2011 Maui Street mauistreet blogspot com au Archived from the original on 2018 01 12 Retrieved 2018 03 22 Whitey Princeton WordNet listing Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Quinion Michael B 2 January 1996 My fellow Merkins World Wide Words Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 8 May 2014 a b Harper Douglas Online Etymology Dictionary Yankee Archived 2013 11 03 at the Wayback Machine 2013 Accessed 13 Jul 2013 Paraguay por que a los argentinos les dicen curepies Infobae in European Spanish 9 September 2009 Archived from the original on 22 July 2019 Retrieved 23 July 2019 Diccionario Latinoamericano de la Lengua Espanola curepi National University of Tres de Febrero Retrieved 23 July 2019 Plath Oreste 1979 Folklore chileno in Spanish Santiago Chile Editorial Nascimiento p 61 When Britain Went To War archived from the original on 2006 05 10 retrieved 2021 06 13 a b Grillo Evelio 2000 Black Cuban Black American A Memoir Arte Publico Press p x ISBN 9781611920376 In Cubiche Voices of Cuba s Lost Generation Unite in Song www miaminewtimes com Retrieved 2020 01 25 Aguirre B E 1994 Cuban Mass Migration and the Social Construction of Deviants Bulletin of Latin American Research 13 2 155 183 doi 10 2307 3338273 JSTOR 3338273 Duany Jorge 1995 Neither Golden Exile nor Dirty Worm Ethnic Identity in Recent Cuban American Novels Cuban Studies 23 168 JSTOR 24487023 via JSTOR Duany Jorge 1999 Cuban communities in the United States migration waves settlement patterns and socioeconomic diversity Pouvoirs dans la Caraibe 11 103 via OpenEdition Journals Rivero Yeidy 2005 Tuning Out Blackness Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television Duke University Press p 61 ISBN 9780822335436 Bodenheimer Rebecca 2015 Geographies of Cubanidad Place Race and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba University Press of Mississippi p x ISBN 9781626746848 a b c Cooper Wilbert L 25 February 2013 The Boondocks Creator Aaron McGruder Tells Us About The Uncle Ruckus Movie VICE Elassar Alaa 9 November 2019 Uncle Ruckus of The Boondocks was replaced with a photo of Kanye West in a MAGA hat CNN Green 2005 p 36 Spears 2001 p 118 Spears 2001 p 4 Rawson 1989 p 19 Smitherman Geneva 1986 Talkin and Testifyin The Language of Black America Wayne State University Press p 68 ISBN 0 8143 1805 3 Archived from the original on 7 May 2019 Retrieved 15 July 2018 The Confession of a Banana Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Hispanic Groups Criticize Ad Guru for Calling Rubio Coconut Fox News 2010 02 24 Archived from the original on 2013 11 11 Retrieved 2014 04 30 Many Asians do not feel British BBC 2007 07 30 Archived from the original on 2007 08 08 Retrieved 2014 01 29 Coleman Clive 2010 06 29 The rules of speech crime BBC Archived from the original on 2010 07 01 Retrieved 2014 01 29 Muir High 2010 06 29 Hideously diverse Britain Understanding the coconut row The Guardian Archived from the original on 2013 09 15 Retrieved 2014 01 29 Orsman H W 1999 The Dictionary of New Zealand English Auckland Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 558347 7 Green 2005 p 29 Hardie Ronald G 1992 Gypsy Collins pocket dictionary of English usage HarperCollins p 192 ISBN 978 0 00 470073 1 Simpson John A E S C Weiner 1989 Gypsy The Oxford English Dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press p 524 ISBN 978 0 19 861218 6 House of Commons Women amp Equalities Committee 5 April 2019 Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy Roma and Traveller communities UK Parliament Retrieved 13 May 2021 Kokora Dragana Cigan and Roma are not Synonyms European Roma Rights Centre in Hungarian Retrieved 26 July 2023 White Karin 1999 Metal workers agriculturists acrobats military people and fortune tellers Roma Gypsies in and around the Byzantine empire Golden Horn 7 2 Retrieved 26 July 2023 Bibliography Adhikari Mohamed editor Burdened by Race Coloured Identities in Southern Africa UCT Press 2013 pp 69 124 203 ISBN 978 1 92051 660 4 https library oapen org bitstream id c0a95c41 a983 49fc ac1f 7720d607340d 628130 pdf Green Jonathon 2005 Cassell s Dictionary of Slang Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 0 304 36636 1 Mathabane M 1986 Kaffir Boy The True Story of a Black Youth s Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa Simon amp Schuster Chapter 2 Douglass Joesph H and Hiley H Hill The American Negro and the South African Cape Coloured A Comparative Study of a Class of Human Phenomena Association for the Study of African American Life and History Vol 13 No 7 pp 147 152 Available at https www jstor org stable 44176680 Goulding G J amp Joshua F P 1953 The South African Way of Life VI THE COLOURED COMMUNITY 2019 Columbia University Press Available at https www degruyter com document doi 10 7312 calp94192 008 pdf Moore Bruce ed 2004 The Australian Oxford Dictionary Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195517965 Partridge Eric 2006a The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English A I Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780415259378 Partridge Eric 2006b The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English J Z Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780415259385 Rawson Hugh 1989 Wicked Words ISBN 9780517573341 Wilkes G A 1978 A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms Sydney Fontana Collins ISBN 0 00 635719 9 South Africa Lexicon 2019 Available at https static1 squarespace com static 54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566 t 5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300 1556127851372 SouthAfricaLexicon2019 v3 pdf Spears Richard A 2001 Slang and Euphemism A Dictionary of Oaths Curses Insults Ethnic Slurs Sexual Slang and Metaphor Drug Talk College Lingo and Related Matters Signet ISBN 978 0 451 20371 7 Ayto John Simpson John 2010 Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199232055 Further reading Cotton Picking Cotton Picker Wordorigins org 28 June 2018 https www wordorigins org big list entries cotton picking cotton picker Hughes Geoffrey 2006 An Encyclopedia of Swearing The Social History of Oaths Profanity Foul Language And Ethnic Slurs in the English speaking World M E Sharpe Khan Razib The Cape Coloureds Are a Mix of Everything Discover Magazine 21 November 2016 https www discovermagazine com the sciences the cape coloureds are a mix of everything Larousse Pierre 1866 1993 Grand dictionnaire Paris Editions Larousse McKean Erin ed 2005 The New Oxford American Dictionary 2nd ed Oxford University Press More racism allegations at Curro School HeartFM Heart FM News https www heartfm co za news more racism allegations at curro school Simpson John A Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series ISBN 0 19 861299 0 Soanes Catherine and Angus Stevenson ed 2004 The Concise Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity amp oldid 1181141018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.