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Vietnamese people

September 30, 2023

"Viet" redirects here. For other uses, see Viet (disambiguation), Viets (disambiguation), and Vietnamese (disambiguation).
"Người Việt" redirects here. For the California newspaper, see Nguoi Viet Daily News.

The Vietnamese people (Vietnamese: Người Việt , lit. 'Việt people' or 'Việt humans') or the Kinh people (Vietnamese: người Kinh , lit. 'Metropolitan people'), also recognized as the Viet people[68] or the Viets, are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native language is Vietnamese, the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language.

Vietnamese people / Kinh people
Viet
người Việt / người Kinh
Total population
c. 89 million
Regions with significant populations
 Vietnam82,085,826 (2019)[1]
 United States2,183,000 (2019)[2]
 Cambodia400,000–1,000,000[3]
 Japan489,312 (2022)[4]
 France300,000[5]–400,000[6][7]
 Australia334,781 (2021)[8]
 Canada275,530 (2021)[9]
 Taiwan215,491 (2022)[a] - 470,000[19][20]
 South Korea208,000 (2021)[21]
 Germany207,000 (2022)[22]
 Russia13,954[23]–150,000[24]
 Thailand100,000[25][26]–500,000[27]
 Laos100,000[28]
 United Kingdom90,000[29]–100,000[30][31]
 Malaysia80,000[32]
 Czech Republic60,000–80,000[33]
 Poland40,000–50,000[33]
 Angola40,000[34][35]
 Mainland China42,000[36][37]–303,000[38][b]/33,112 (2020)[39][c]
 Norway28,114 (2022)[40]
 Netherlands24,594 (2021)[41]
 Sweden21,528 (2021)[42]
 Macau20,000 (2018)[43]
 United Arab Emirates20,000[44]
 Saudi Arabia20,000[45][46][47]
 Slovakia7,235[48]–20,000[49]
 Denmark16,141 (2022)[50]
 Singapore15,000[51]
 Belgium12,000–15,000[52]
 Finland13,291 (2021)[53]
 Cyprus12,000[54][55]
 New Zealand10,086 (2018)[56]
  Switzerland8,000[57]
 Hungary7,304 (2016)[58]
 Ukraine7,000[59][60]
 Ireland5,000[61]
 Italy5,000[62]
 Austria5,000[63][64]
 Romania3,000[65]
 Bulgaria2,500[66]
Languages
Vietnamese
Religion
Predominantly Vietnamese folk religion syncretized with Mahayana Buddhism. Minorities of Christians (mostly Roman Catholics) and other groups.[67]
Related ethnic groups
Other Vietic ethnic groups
(Gin, Muong, Chứt, Thổ peoples)
This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.

Vietnamese Kinh people account for just over 85.32% of the population of Vietnam in the 2019 census, and are officially designated and recognized as the Kinh people (người Kinh) to distinguish them from the other minority groups residing in the country such as the Hmong, Cham, or Mường. The Vietnamese are one of the four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Mường, Thổ, and Chứt people. They are related to the Gin people, a minority ethnic group in China.

Terminology

According to Churchman (2010), all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese such as Viet (related to ancient Chinese geographical imagination), Kinh (related to medieval administrative designation), or Keeu and Kæw (derived from Jiāo 交, ancient Chinese toponym for Northern Vietnam, Old Chinese *kraw) by Kra-Dai speaking peoples, are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination. Most of the time, the Austroasiatic-speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical social self-designation inherent in the modern Vietnamese first-person pronoun ta (us, we, I) to differentiate themselves with other groups. In the older colloquial usage, ta corresponded to "ours" as opposed to "theirs", and during colonial time they were "nước ta" (our country) and "tiếng ta" (our language) in contrast to "nước tây" (western countries) and "tiếng tây" (western languages).[69]

Việt

The term "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4; Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".[70] At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[71][72] In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south.[71] Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[70][71] From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue, Ouyue (Vietnamese: Âu Việt), Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; "Hundred Yue/Viet"; ).[70][71] The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.[73][74] By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese referred to themselves as người Việt 𠊛越 (Viet people) or người Nam 𠊛南 (southern people).[75]

According to Ye Wenxian (1990), apud Wan (2013), the ethnonym of the Yuefang in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Baiyue in southeastern China.[76]

Kinh

Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries, a strand of Viet-Muong (northern Vietic language) with influence from a hypothetic Chinese dialect in northern Vietnam, dubbed as Annamese Middle Chinese, started to become what is now the Vietnamese language.[77][78][79] Its speakers called themselves the "Kinh" people, meaning people of the "metropolitan" centered around the Red River Delta with Hanoi as its capital. Historic and modern Chữ Nôm scripture classically uses the Han character '京', pronounced "Jīng" in Mandarin, and "Kinh" with Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation. Other variants of Proto-Viet-Muong were driven from the lowlands by the Kinh and were called Trại (寨 Mandarin: Zhài), or "outpost" people," by the 13th century. These became the modern Mường people.[80] According to Victor Lieberman, người Kinh (Chữ Nôm: 𠊛京) may be a colonial-era term for Vietnamese speakers inserted anachronistically into translations of pre-colonial documents, but literature on 18th century ethnic formation is lacking.[75]

History

Origins and pre-history

The forerunners of the ethnic Vietnamese were Proto-Vietic people who descended from Proto-Austroasiatic people who may have originated from somewhere in Southern China, Yunnan, the Lingnan, or the Yangtze River, or mainland Southeast Asia, together with the Monic, who settled further to the west and the Khmeric migrated further south. Most archaeologists and linguists, and other specialists like Sinologists and crop experts, believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BC bringing with them the practice of riverine agriculture and in particular the cultivation of wet rice.[81][82][83][84][85] Some linguists (James Chamberlain, Joachim Schliesinger) suggested that the Vietic-speaking people migrated from North Central Region to the Red River Delta, which had originally been inhabited by Tai-speakers.[86][87][88][89] However, Michael Churchman found no records of population shifts in Jiaozhi (centered around the Red River Delta) in Chinese sources, indicating that a fairly stable population of Austroasiatic speakers, ancestral to modern Vietnamese, inhabited in the delta during the Han-Tang periods.[90] Other proposes that Northern Vietnam and Southern China were never homogeneous in term of ethnicity and languages, but peoples shared some customs. These ancient tribes did not have any kind of defined ethnic boundary and could not be described as "Vietnamese" (Kinh) in any satisfactory sense.[91] Any attempt to identify an ethnic group in ancient Vietnam is problematic and inaccurate.[92]

Another theory, based upon linguistic-diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam. In the 1930s, clusters of Vietic-speaking communities were discovered in the hills of eastern Laos, are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of that region.[93] Archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the Dong Son period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri;[94][95] meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "Dai from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh".[96]

According to Vietnamese legend The Tale the Hồng Bàng Clan (Hồng Bàng thị truyện) written in the 15th century, the first Vietnamese descended from the dragon lord Lạc Long Quân and the tiên Âu Cơ. They married and had one hundred eggs, from which hatched one hundred children. Their eldest son ruled as the Hùng king.[97] The Hùng kings were claimed to be descended from the mythical figure Shen Nong.[98]

Early history and Chinese rule

The earliest reference of the proto-Vietnamese in Chinese annals was the Lạc (Chinese: Luo), Lạc Việt, or the Dongsonian,[99] an ancient tribal confederacy of perhaps polyglot Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai speakers occupied the Red River Delta.[100][101] The Lạc developed the metallurgical Đông Sơn Culture and the Văn Lang chiefdom, ruled by the semi-mythical Hùng kings.[102] To the south of the Dongsonians was the Sa Huỳnh Culture of the Austronesian Chamic people.[103] Around 400–200 BC, the Lạc came to contact with the Âu Việt (a splinter group of Tai people) and the Sinitic people from the north.[104] According to a late third or early fourth century AD Chinese chronicle, the leader of the Âu Việt, Thục Phán, conquered Văn Lang and deposed the last Hùng king.[105] Having submissions of Lạc lords, Thục Phán proclaimed himself King An Dương of Âu Lạc kingdom.[102]

In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo, a Chinese general who has established the Nanyue state in modern-day Southern China, annexed Âu Lạc, and began the Sino-Vietic interaction that lasted in a millennium.[106] In 111 BC, the Han Empire conquered Nanyue, brought the Northern Vietnam region under Han rule.[107]

By the 7th century to 9th century AD, as the Tang Empire ruled over the region, historians such as Henri Maspero proposed that Vietnamese-speaking people became separated from other Vietic groups such as the Mường and Chứt due to heavier Chinese influences on the Vietnamese.[108] Other argue that a Vietic migration from north central Vietnam to the Red River Delta in the seventh century replaced the original Tai-speaking inhabitants.[109] In the mid-9th century, local rebels aided by Nanzhao tore the Tang Chinese rule to nearly collapse.[110] The Tang reconquered the region in 866, causing half of the local rebels to flee into the mountains, which historians believe that was the separation between the Mường and the Vietnamese took at the end of Tang rule in Vietnam.[108][111] In 938, the Vietnamese leader Ngô Quyền who was a native of Thanh Hóa, led Viet forces defeated the Chinese Southern Han armada at Bạch Đằng River and proclaimed himself king, became the first Viet king of polity that now could be perceived as "Vietnamese".[112]

Medieval and early modern period

 
One of the traditional costumes of Vietnamese people.

Ngô Quyền died in 944 and his kingdom collapsed into chaos and disturbances between twelve warlords and chiefs.[113] In 968, a leader named Đinh Bộ Lĩnh united them and established the Đại Việt (Great Việt) kingdom.[114] With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh chose Hoa Lư in the southern edge of the Red River Delta as the capital instead of Tang-era Đại La, adopted Chinese-style imperial titles, coinage, and ceremonies and tried to preserve the Chinese administrative framework.[115] The independence of Đại Việt, according to Andrew Chittick, allows it "to develop its own distinctive political culture and ethnic consciousness."[116] In 979, Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng was assassinated, and Queen Dương Vân Nga married with Dinh's general Lê Hoàn, appointed him as Emperor. Disturbances in Đại Việt attracted attentions from neighbouring Chinese Song dynasty and Champa Kingdom, but they were defeated by Lê Hoàn.[117] A Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants (Yuon) in Angkor.[118] Chinese writers, Song Hao, Fan Chengda and Zhou Qufei, both reported that the inhabitants of Đại Việt "tattooed their foreheads, crossed feet, black teeth, bare feet and blacken clothing."[119] The early 11th century Cham inscription of Chiên Đàn, My Son, erected by king of Champa Harivarman IV (r. 1074–1080), mentions that he had offered Khmer (Kmīra/Kmir) and Viet (Yvan) prisoners as slaves to various local gods and temples of the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon.[120]

Successive Vietnamese royal families from the Đinh, Early Lê, Lý dynasties and (Hoa)/Chinese ancestry Trần and Hồ dynasties ruled the kingdom peacefully from 968 to 1407. Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (r. 1009–1028) relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Đại La, the center of the Red River Delta in 1010.[121] They practiced elitist marriage alliances between clans and nobles in the country. Mahayana Buddhism became state religion, Vietnamese music instruments, dancing and religious worshipping were influenced by both Cham, Indian and Chinese styles,[122] while Confucianism slowly gained attention and influence.[123] The earliest surviving corpus and text in Vietnamese language dated early 12th century, and surviving Chữ Nôm script inscriptions dated early 13th century, showcasing enormous influences of Chinese culture among the early Vietnamese elites.[124]

The Mongol Yuan dynasty unsuccessfully invaded Đại Việt in the 1250s and 1280s, though they sacked Hanoi.[125] The Ming dynasty of China conquered Đại Việt in 1406, brought the Vietnamese under Chinese rule for 20 years, before they were driven out by Vietnamese leader Lê Lợi.[126] The fourth grandson of Lê Lợi, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (r. 1460–1497), is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old traditional aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars, adopted Confucianism, and transformed a Đại Việt from a Southeast Asian style polity to a bureaucratic state, and flourished. Thánh Tông's forces, armed with gunpowder weapons, overwhelmed the long-term rival Champa in 1471, then launched an unsuccessful invasion against the Laotian and Lan Na kingdoms in the 1480s.[127]

16th century – Modern period

 
Vietnamese soldiers in 1828
 
Vietnamese bureaucrat officials, 1883-1886
 
Vietnamese farmers in 1921

With the death of Thánh Tông in 1497, the Đại Việt kingdom swiftly declined. Climate extremes, failing crops, regionalism and factionism tore the Vietnamese apart.[128] From 1533 to 1790s, four powerful Vietnamese families: Mạc, Lê, Trịnh and Nguyễn, each ruled on their own domains. In northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài–outer realm), the Lê Emperors barely sat on the throne while the Trịnh lords held power of the court. The Mạc controlled northeast Vietnam. The Nguyễn lords ruled the southern polity of Đàng Trong (inner realm).[129] Thousands of ethnic Vietnamese migrated south, settled on the old Cham lands.[130] European missionaries and traders from the sixteenth century brought new religion, ideas and crops to the Vietnamese (Annamese). By 1639, there were 82,500 Catholic converts throughout Vietnam. In 1651, Alexandre de Rhodes published a 300-pages catechism in Latin and romanized-Vietnamese (chữ Quốc Ngữ) or the Vietnamese alphabet.[131]

The Vietnamese Fragmentation period ended in 1802 as Emperor Gia Long, who was aided by French mercenaries defeated the Tay Son kingdoms and reunited Vietnam. Through assimilation and brutal subjugation in the 1830s by Minh Mang, a large chunk of indigenous Cham had been assimilated into Vietnamese. By 1847, the Vietnamese state under Emperor Thiệu Trị, people that identified them as "người Việt Nam" accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country's population.[132] This demographic model continues to persist through the French Indochina, Japanese occupation and modern day.

Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina.[133] By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887.[134][135] The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.[136] A Western-style system of modern education introduced new humanist values into Vietnam.[137]

Despite having a long recorded history of the Vietnamese language and people, the identification and distinction of 'ethnic Vietnamese' or ethnic Kinh, as well as other ethnic groups in Vietnam, were only begun by colonial administration in the late 19th and early 20th century. Following colonial government's efforts of ethnic classificating, nationalism, especially ethnonationalism and eugenic Social Darwinism were encouraged among the new Vietnamese intelligentsia's discourse. Ethnic tensions sparked by Vietnamese ethnonationalism peaked during the late 1940s at the beginning phase of the First Indochina War (1946–1954), which resulted in violence between Khmer and Vietnamese in the Mekong Delta.[138] Later, North Vietnam's Soviet-style social integrational and ethnic classification tried to build an image of diversity under the harmony of Socialism, promoting the idea of the Vietnamese nation as a 'great single family' comprised by many different ethnic groups, and Vietnamese ethnic chauvinism was officially discouraged.

Religions

Main article: Religion in Vietnam

Religion in Vietnam (2019)[1]

  Vietnamese folk religion or non religious (86.32%)
  Catholicism (6.1%)
  Buddhism (4.79%)
  Hoahaoism (1.02%)
  Protestantism (1%)
  Others (0.77%)

According to the 2019 Census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows:[1]

It is worth noting here that the data is highly skewered, as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist, yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism.[139]

Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew Research Center:[140]

  • Vietnamese folk religion, 45.3%
  • Unaffiliated, 29.6%
  • Buddhism, 16.4%
  • Christianity, 8.2%
  • Other, 0.5%

Diaspora

Main article: Overseas Vietnamese
 
Map of the countries with a significant Vietnamese population
 
Vietnamese New Year parade, San Jose, California, United States

Originally from northern Vietnam and southern China, the Vietnamese have expanded south and conquered much of the land belonging to the former Champa Kingdom and Khmer Empire over the centuries. They are the dominant ethnic group in most provinces of Vietnam, and constitute a small percentage of the population in neighbouring Cambodia.

Beginning around the sixteenth century, groups of Vietnamese migrated to Cambodia and China for commerce and political purposes. Descendants of Vietnamese migrants in China form the Gin ethnic group in the country and primarily reside in and around Guangxi Province. Vietnamese form the largest ethnic minority group in Cambodia, at 5% of the population.[141] Under the Khmer Rouge, they were heavily persecuted and survivors of the regime largely fled to Vietnam.

During French colonialism, Vietnam was regarded as the most important colony in Asia by the French colonial powers, and the Vietnamese had a higher social standing than other ethnic groups in French Indochina.[142] As a result, educated Vietnamese were often trained to be placed in colonial government positions in the other Asian French colonies of Laos and Cambodia rather than locals of the respective colonies. There was also a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France during this period, primarily consisting of members of the elite class. A large number of Vietnamese also migrated to France as workers, especially during World War I and World War II, when France recruited soldiers and locals of its colonies to help with war efforts in Metropolitan France. The wave of migrants to France during World War I formed the first major presence of the Vietnamese in France and the Western world.[143]

 
Congregation Of The Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

When Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954, a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government also migrated to France. During the partition of Vietnam into North and South, a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France, along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France, which was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam.[143]

 
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia

Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.[144]

The Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War prompted the start of the Vietnamese diaspora, which saw millions of Vietnamese fleeing the country from the new communist regime. Recognizing an international humanitarian crisis, many countries accepted Vietnamese refugees, primarily the United States, France, Australia and Canada.[145] Meanwhile, under the new communist regime, tens of thousands of Vietnamese were sent to work or study in Eastern Bloc countries of Central and Eastern Europe as development aid to the Vietnamese government and for migrants to acquire skills that were to be brought home to help with development.[146] However, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a vast majority of these overseas Vietnamese decided to remain in their host nations.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of Vietnamese citizens currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 215,491 as of 30 April 2022 (127,033 males, 88,458 females).[10] The number of Vietnamese citizens with a valid residence permit in Taiwan (including those currently not in Taiwan) was 240,986 as of 30 April 2022 (140,372 males, 100,614 females).[11] The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111,529 as of April 2022 (2,383 males, 109,146 females).[12] According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior, between 1993 and 2021, 94,015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China.[13] It was also estimated that 70% of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014,[14] with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization, in accordance with Taiwanese law.[15]
    An estimated 200,000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers, according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014.[16] According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education, in 2020, 108,037 children of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were attending an educational institution in Taiwan (5,168 in kindergartens, 25,752 in primary schools, 22,462 in secondary schools, 33,430 in high schools, and 21,225 in universities/colleges),[17] a decrease of more than 2,000 students from the previous year, which was 110,176 students (6,348 in kindergartens, 29,074 in primary schools, 27,363 in secondary schools, 32,982 in high schools, and 14,409 in universities/colleges).[18]
  2. ^ This data only included Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China, Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
  3. ^ this data only included Gin people in Mainland China.

References

  1. ^ a b c General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 (Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census) (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5. from the original on 10 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Vietnamese in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  3. ^ Mauk, Ben (28 March 2018). "A People in Limbo, Many Living Entirely on the Water". The New York Times. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Regarding the number of foreign residents as of the end of 2022". Immigration Services Agency. 24 March 2023. from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  5. ^ Phạm, Hạnh (31 March 2018). "Người Việt trẻ ở Pháp níu giữ thế hệ thứ hai với nguồn cội". VnExpress. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  6. ^ Thanh Binh Minh, Tran (2002). Étude de la Transmission Familiale et de la Practique du Parler Franco-Vietnamien dans les communautés Niçoise et Lyonnaise (PDF). International Symposium on Bilingualism (in French). University of Vigo. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  7. ^ "SPÉCIAL TÊT 2017 – Les célébrations du Têt en France par la communauté vietnamienne". Le Petit Journal (in French). 30 January 2017. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  8. ^ . Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  9. ^ . Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  10. ^ "2022.4 Foreign Residents by Nationality". National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 30 April 2022. from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  11. ^ 統計資料 [Statistics]. National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 30 April 2022. from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  12. ^ 統計資料 [Statistics]. National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2022. from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  13. ^ "國籍之歸化取得人數". Ministry of the Interior (Taiwan). from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  14. ^ "Cô dâu Việt ở Đài Loan và muôn nẻo kiếm tìm hạnh phúc". Voice of Vietnam. 24 January 2014. from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  15. ^ McKinsey, Kitty (14 February 2007). "Divorce leaves some Vietnamese women broken-hearted and stateless". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  16. ^ "Những cô dâu dạy tiếng Việt ở xứ Đài". Voice of Vietnam. 26 March 2014. from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  17. ^ 109 學年度 各級學校新住民子女就學概況 (PDF) (Report). Department of Statistics - Ministry of Education, Taiwan. November 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  18. ^ 108 學年度 各級學校新住民子女就學概況 (PDF) (Report). Department of Statistics - Ministry of Education, Taiwan. December 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  19. ^ Nguyen, Rosie (19 August 2022). "Vietnamese Culture Promoted in Taiwan". VietnamTimes. Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations. from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  20. ^ Nguyễn, Lucy (20 February 2017). "Lao động Việt ở Đài Loan: Nhọc nhằn đổi giọt mồ hôi". Thanh Niên. from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  21. ^ "Number of foreigners staying in S. Korea decreased 3.9% in 2021 amid pandemic". The Korea Herald. Yonhap News Agency. 26 January 2022. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt). 20 April 2023. from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  23. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  24. ^ L. Anh Hoang; Cheryll Alipio (2019). Money and Moralities in Contemporary Asia. Amsterdam University Press. p. 64. ISBN 9789048543151. It is estimated that there are up to 150,000 Vietnamese migrants in Russia, but the vast majority of them are undocumented.
  25. ^ Đình Nam (22 May 2022). "Phó Thủ tướng Vũ Đức Đam gặp gỡ cộng đồng người Việt tại Thái Lan". Báo điện tử Chính phủ. from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  26. ^ Hoàng Hoa; Ngọc Quang (25 August 2019). "Chủ tịch Quốc hội gặp gỡ cộng đồng người Việt Nam tại Thái Lan". Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper. Vietnam News Agency. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  27. ^ Xuân Nguyên (25 November 2015). "Người Việt bán hàng rong ở Thái Lan". Radio Free Asia. from the original on 25 May 2022.
  28. ^ "Chủ tịch nước thăm cộng đồng người Việt tại Lào". Voice of Vietnam. 10 August 2021. from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  29. ^ Barber, Tamsin (2020). "Differentiated embedding among the Vietnamese refugees in London and the UK: fragmentation, complexity, and 'in/visibility'". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Taylor & Francis. 47 (21): 4835–4852. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1724414. S2CID 224863821.
  30. ^ "PM meets Vietnamese community in UK". VietnamPlus. Vietnam News Agency. 1 November 2021. from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
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Further reading

  • Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51110-0.
  • Lockhart, Bruce M.; Duiker, William J. (14 April 2010). The A to Z of Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-3192-4.
  • Ray, Nick; et al. (2010), Vietnam, Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-17-42203898
  • McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001). Culture and Customs of Vietnam. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-361135.
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
  • Amer, Ramses (1996). Vietnam's Policies and Ethnic Chinese since 1975, Sojourn, Vol. 11, Issue 1: 76–104.
  • Andaya, Barbara Watson (2006). The flaming womb: repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-8248-2955-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  • Bob Baulch; Truong Thi Kim Chuyen; Dominique Haughton; Jonathan Haughton (May 2002). Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam –A Socioeconomic Perspective (PDF) (Report). Vol. WPS 2836. The World Bank–Development Research Group. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  • Chen, King C. (1987). China's War With Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions, and Implications. Hoover Press. ISBN 0817985727. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  • Cœdès, George. (1966). The Making of South East Asia (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0520050614. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  • Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James, eds. (2011). The Tongking Gulf Through History (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812243369. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana (2004). Water Frontier: Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750–1880. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742530833. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  • Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of South-East Asia (3 ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 082480368X. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8. 2003. ISBN 0-85229-961-3.
  • Contributor: Far-Eastern Prehistory Association Asian Perspectives, Volume 28, Issue 1. (1990) University Press of Hawaii. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  • Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (2, illustrated, revised, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521497817.
  • Hall, Kenneth R., ed. (2008). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400–1800. Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739128353. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  • Hall, Kenneth R. (2010). A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500 (illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742567627. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Gibney, Matthew J; Hansen, Randall (30 June 2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 664. ISBN 1576077969. Retrieved 26 April 2012. hoa refugee -wikipedia.
  • Heng, Derek (2009). Sino-Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth Through the Fourteenth Century. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-271-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  • "Journal of Southeast Asian studies". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 37 (1). 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Khánh, Trâǹ (1993). The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813016675. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  • Lai, H. Mark (2004). On Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0759104581.
  • Diana Lary, ed. (2007). The Chinese State at the Borders (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774813334. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
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September 30, 2023
vietnamese, people, viet, redirects, here, other, uses, viet, disambiguation, viets, disambiguation, vietnamese, disambiguation, người, việt, redirects, here, california, newspaper, nguoi, viet, daily, news, vietnamese, người, việt, việt, people, việt, humans,. Viet redirects here For other uses see Viet disambiguation Viets disambiguation and Vietnamese disambiguation Người Việt redirects here For the California newspaper see Nguoi Viet Daily News The Vietnamese people Vietnamese Người Việt lit Việt people or Việt humans or the Kinh people Vietnamese người Kinh lit Metropolitan people also recognized as the Viet people 68 or the Viets are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern day Northern Vietnam and Southern China Jing Islands Dongxing Guangxi The native language is Vietnamese the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language Vietnamese people Kinh peopleVietngười Việt người KinhTotal populationc 89 millionRegions with significant populations Vietnam82 085 826 2019 1 United States2 183 000 2019 2 Cambodia400 000 1 000 000 3 Japan489 312 2022 4 France300 000 5 400 000 6 7 Australia334 781 2021 8 Canada275 530 2021 9 Taiwan215 491 2022 a 470 000 19 20 South Korea208 000 2021 21 Germany207 000 2022 22 Russia13 954 23 150 000 24 Thailand100 000 25 26 500 000 27 Laos100 000 28 United Kingdom90 000 29 100 000 30 31 Malaysia80 000 32 Czech Republic60 000 80 000 33 Poland40 000 50 000 33 Angola40 000 34 35 Mainland China42 000 36 37 303 000 38 b 33 112 2020 39 c Norway28 114 2022 40 Netherlands24 594 2021 41 Sweden21 528 2021 42 Macau20 000 2018 43 United Arab Emirates20 000 44 Saudi Arabia20 000 45 46 47 Slovakia7 235 48 20 000 49 Denmark16 141 2022 50 Singapore15 000 51 Belgium12 000 15 000 52 Finland13 291 2021 53 Cyprus12 000 54 55 New Zealand10 086 2018 56 Switzerland8 000 57 Hungary7 304 2016 58 Ukraine7 000 59 60 Ireland5 000 61 Italy5 000 62 Austria5 000 63 64 Romania3 000 65 Bulgaria2 500 66 LanguagesVietnameseReligionPredominantly Vietnamese folk religion syncretized with Mahayana Buddhism Minorities of Christians mostly Roman Catholics and other groups 67 Related ethnic groupsOther Vietic ethnic groups Gin Muong Chứt Thổ peoples This article contains Vietnamese text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of chữ Nom chữ Han and chữ Quốc ngữ Vietnamese Kinh people account for just over 85 32 of the population of Vietnam in the 2019 census and are officially designated and recognized as the Kinh people người Kinh to distinguish them from the other minority groups residing in the country such as the Hmong Cham or Mường The Vietnamese are one of the four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam the others being the Mường Thổ and Chứt people They are related to the Gin people a minority ethnic group in China Contents 1 Terminology 1 1 Việt 1 2 Kinh 2 History 2 1 Origins and pre history 2 2 Early history and Chinese rule 2 3 Medieval and early modern period 2 4 16th century Modern period 3 Religions 4 Diaspora 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 8 1 Books 8 2 Journal articles and theses 8 3 Web sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksTerminologyAccording to Churchman 2010 all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese such as Viet related to ancient Chinese geographical imagination Kinh related to medieval administrative designation or Keeu and Kaew derived from Jiao 交 ancient Chinese toponym for Northern Vietnam Old Chinese kraw by Kra Dai speaking peoples are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination Most of the time the Austroasiatic speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical social self designation inherent in the modern Vietnamese first person pronoun ta us we I to differentiate themselves with other groups In the older colloquial usage ta corresponded to ours as opposed to theirs and during colonial time they were nước ta our country and tiếng ta our language in contrast to nước tay western countries and tiếng tay western languages 69 Việt The term Việt Yue Chinese 越 pinyin Yue Cantonese Yale Yuht Wade Giles Yueh4 Vietnamese Việt in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph 戉 for an axe a homophone in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty c 1200 BC and later as 越 70 At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang 71 72 In the early 8th century BC a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue a term later used for peoples further south 71 Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people 70 71 From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam with particular ethnic groups called Minyue Ouyue Vietnamese Au Việt Luoyue Vietnamese Lạc Việt etc collectively called the Baiyue Bach Việt Chinese 百越 pinyin Bǎiyue Cantonese Yale Baak Yuet Vietnamese Bach Việt Hundred Yue Viet 70 71 The term Baiyue Bach Việt first appeared in the book Lushi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC 73 74 By the 17th and 18th centuries AD educated Vietnamese referred to themselves as người Việt 𠊛越 Viet people or người Nam 𠊛南 southern people 75 According to Ye Wenxian 1990 apud Wan 2013 the ethnonym of the Yuefang in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Baiyue in southeastern China 76 Kinh Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries a strand of Viet Muong northern Vietic language with influence from a hypothetic Chinese dialect in northern Vietnam dubbed as Annamese Middle Chinese started to become what is now the Vietnamese language 77 78 79 Its speakers called themselves the Kinh people meaning people of the metropolitan centered around the Red River Delta with Hanoi as its capital Historic and modern Chữ Nom scripture classically uses the Han character 京 pronounced Jing in Mandarin and Kinh with Sino Vietnamese pronunciation Other variants of Proto Viet Muong were driven from the lowlands by the Kinh and were called Trại 寨 Mandarin Zhai or outpost people by the 13th century These became the modern Mường people 80 According to Victor Lieberman người Kinh Chữ Nom 𠊛京 may be a colonial era term for Vietnamese speakers inserted anachronistically into translations of pre colonial documents but literature on 18th century ethnic formation is lacking 75 HistoryOrigins and pre history The forerunners of the ethnic Vietnamese were Proto Vietic people who descended from Proto Austroasiatic people who may have originated from somewhere in Southern China Yunnan the Lingnan or the Yangtze River or mainland Southeast Asia together with the Monic who settled further to the west and the Khmeric migrated further south Most archaeologists and linguists and other specialists like Sinologists and crop experts believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BC bringing with them the practice of riverine agriculture and in particular the cultivation of wet rice 81 82 83 84 85 Some linguists James Chamberlain Joachim Schliesinger suggested that the Vietic speaking people migrated from North Central Region to the Red River Delta which had originally been inhabited by Tai speakers 86 87 88 89 However Michael Churchman found no records of population shifts in Jiaozhi centered around the Red River Delta in Chinese sources indicating that a fairly stable population of Austroasiatic speakers ancestral to modern Vietnamese inhabited in the delta during the Han Tang periods 90 Other proposes that Northern Vietnam and Southern China were never homogeneous in term of ethnicity and languages but peoples shared some customs These ancient tribes did not have any kind of defined ethnic boundary and could not be described as Vietnamese Kinh in any satisfactory sense 91 Any attempt to identify an ethnic group in ancient Vietnam is problematic and inaccurate 92 Another theory based upon linguistic diversity locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Binh Province in Vietnam In the 1930s clusters of Vietic speaking communities were discovered in the hills of eastern Laos are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of that region 93 Archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the Dong Son period the Red River Delta s inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic genetic data from Phung Nguyen culture s Man Bạc burial site dated 1 800 BC have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri 94 95 meanwhile mixed genetics from Đong Sơn culture s Nui Nấp site showed affinity to Dai from China Tai Kadai speakers from Thailand and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam including the Kinh 96 According to Vietnamese legend The Tale the Hồng Bang Clan Hồng Bang thị truyện written in the 15th century the first Vietnamese descended from the dragon lord Lạc Long Quan and the tien Au Cơ They married and had one hundred eggs from which hatched one hundred children Their eldest son ruled as the Hung king 97 The Hung kings were claimed to be descended from the mythical figure Shen Nong 98 Early history and Chinese rule The earliest reference of the proto Vietnamese in Chinese annals was the Lạc Chinese Luo Lạc Việt or the Dongsonian 99 an ancient tribal confederacy of perhaps polyglot Austroasiatic and Kra Dai speakers occupied the Red River Delta 100 101 The Lạc developed the metallurgical Đong Sơn Culture and the Văn Lang chiefdom ruled by the semi mythical Hung kings 102 To the south of the Dongsonians was the Sa Huỳnh Culture of the Austronesian Chamic people 103 Around 400 200 BC the Lạc came to contact with the Au Việt a splinter group of Tai people and the Sinitic people from the north 104 According to a late third or early fourth century AD Chinese chronicle the leader of the Au Việt Thục Phan conquered Văn Lang and deposed the last Hung king 105 Having submissions of Lạc lords Thục Phan proclaimed himself King An Dương of Au Lạc kingdom 102 In 179 BC Zhao Tuo a Chinese general who has established the Nanyue state in modern day Southern China annexed Au Lạc and began the Sino Vietic interaction that lasted in a millennium 106 In 111 BC the Han Empire conquered Nanyue brought the Northern Vietnam region under Han rule 107 By the 7th century to 9th century AD as the Tang Empire ruled over the region historians such as Henri Maspero proposed that Vietnamese speaking people became separated from other Vietic groups such as the Mường and Chứt due to heavier Chinese influences on the Vietnamese 108 Other argue that a Vietic migration from north central Vietnam to the Red River Delta in the seventh century replaced the original Tai speaking inhabitants 109 In the mid 9th century local rebels aided by Nanzhao tore the Tang Chinese rule to nearly collapse 110 The Tang reconquered the region in 866 causing half of the local rebels to flee into the mountains which historians believe that was the separation between the Mường and the Vietnamese took at the end of Tang rule in Vietnam 108 111 In 938 the Vietnamese leader Ngo Quyền who was a native of Thanh Hoa led Viet forces defeated the Chinese Southern Han armada at Bạch Đằng River and proclaimed himself king became the first Viet king of polity that now could be perceived as Vietnamese 112 Medieval and early modern period nbsp One of the traditional costumes of Vietnamese people Ngo Quyền died in 944 and his kingdom collapsed into chaos and disturbances between twelve warlords and chiefs 113 In 968 a leader named Đinh Bộ Lĩnh united them and established the Đại Việt Great Việt kingdom 114 With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks Đinh Bộ Lĩnh chose Hoa Lư in the southern edge of the Red River Delta as the capital instead of Tang era Đại La adopted Chinese style imperial titles coinage and ceremonies and tried to preserve the Chinese administrative framework 115 The independence of Đại Việt according to Andrew Chittick allows it to develop its own distinctive political culture and ethnic consciousness 116 In 979 Emperor Đinh Tien Hoang was assassinated and Queen Dương Van Nga married with Dinh s general Le Hoan appointed him as Emperor Disturbances in Đại Việt attracted attentions from neighbouring Chinese Song dynasty and Champa Kingdom but they were defeated by Le Hoan 117 A Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants Yuon in Angkor 118 Chinese writers Song Hao Fan Chengda and Zhou Qufei both reported that the inhabitants of Đại Việt tattooed their foreheads crossed feet black teeth bare feet and blacken clothing 119 The early 11th century Cham inscription of Chien Đan My Son erected by king of Champa Harivarman IV r 1074 1080 mentions that he had offered Khmer Kmira Kmir and Viet Yvan prisoners as slaves to various local gods and temples of the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon 120 Successive Vietnamese royal families from the Đinh Early Le Ly dynasties and Hoa Chinese ancestry Trần and Hồ dynasties ruled the kingdom peacefully from 968 to 1407 Emperor Ly Thai Tổ r 1009 1028 relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Đại La the center of the Red River Delta in 1010 121 They practiced elitist marriage alliances between clans and nobles in the country Mahayana Buddhism became state religion Vietnamese music instruments dancing and religious worshipping were influenced by both Cham Indian and Chinese styles 122 while Confucianism slowly gained attention and influence 123 The earliest surviving corpus and text in Vietnamese language dated early 12th century and surviving Chữ Nom script inscriptions dated early 13th century showcasing enormous influences of Chinese culture among the early Vietnamese elites 124 The Mongol Yuan dynasty unsuccessfully invaded Đại Việt in the 1250s and 1280s though they sacked Hanoi 125 The Ming dynasty of China conquered Đại Việt in 1406 brought the Vietnamese under Chinese rule for 20 years before they were driven out by Vietnamese leader Le Lợi 126 The fourth grandson of Le Lợi Emperor Le Thanh Tong r 1460 1497 is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative military education and fiscal reforms he instituted and a cultural revolution that replaced the old traditional aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars adopted Confucianism and transformed a Đại Việt from a Southeast Asian style polity to a bureaucratic state and flourished Thanh Tong s forces armed with gunpowder weapons overwhelmed the long term rival Champa in 1471 then launched an unsuccessful invasion against the Laotian and Lan Na kingdoms in the 1480s 127 16th century Modern period nbsp Vietnamese soldiers in 1828 nbsp Vietnamese bureaucrat officials 1883 1886 nbsp Vietnamese farmers in 1921With the death of Thanh Tong in 1497 the Đại Việt kingdom swiftly declined Climate extremes failing crops regionalism and factionism tore the Vietnamese apart 128 From 1533 to 1790s four powerful Vietnamese families Mạc Le Trịnh and Nguyễn each ruled on their own domains In northern Vietnam Đang Ngoai outer realm the Le Emperors barely sat on the throne while the Trịnh lords held power of the court The Mạc controlled northeast Vietnam The Nguyễn lords ruled the southern polity of Đang Trong inner realm 129 Thousands of ethnic Vietnamese migrated south settled on the old Cham lands 130 European missionaries and traders from the sixteenth century brought new religion ideas and crops to the Vietnamese Annamese By 1639 there were 82 500 Catholic converts throughout Vietnam In 1651 Alexandre de Rhodes published a 300 pages catechism in Latin and romanized Vietnamese chữ Quốc Ngữ or the Vietnamese alphabet 131 The Vietnamese Fragmentation period ended in 1802 as Emperor Gia Long who was aided by French mercenaries defeated the Tay Son kingdoms and reunited Vietnam Through assimilation and brutal subjugation in the 1830s by Minh Mang a large chunk of indigenous Cham had been assimilated into Vietnamese By 1847 the Vietnamese state under Emperor Thiệu Trị people that identified them as người Việt Nam accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country s population 132 This demographic model continues to persist through the French Indochina Japanese occupation and modern day Between 1862 and 1867 the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina 133 By 1884 the entire country had come under French rule with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887 134 135 The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society 136 A Western style system of modern education introduced new humanist values into Vietnam 137 Despite having a long recorded history of the Vietnamese language and people the identification and distinction of ethnic Vietnamese or ethnic Kinh as well as other ethnic groups in Vietnam were only begun by colonial administration in the late 19th and early 20th century Following colonial government s efforts of ethnic classificating nationalism especially ethnonationalism and eugenic Social Darwinism were encouraged among the new Vietnamese intelligentsia s discourse Ethnic tensions sparked by Vietnamese ethnonationalism peaked during the late 1940s at the beginning phase of the First Indochina War 1946 1954 which resulted in violence between Khmer and Vietnamese in the Mekong Delta 138 Later North Vietnam s Soviet style social integrational and ethnic classification tried to build an image of diversity under the harmony of Socialism promoting the idea of the Vietnamese nation as a great single family comprised by many different ethnic groups and Vietnamese ethnic chauvinism was officially discouraged ReligionsMain article Religion in Vietnam Religion in Vietnam 2019 1 Vietnamese folk religion or non religious 86 32 Catholicism 6 1 Buddhism 4 79 Hoahaoism 1 02 Protestantism 1 Others 0 77 According to the 2019 Census the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows 1 86 32 Vietnamese folk religion or non religious 6 1 Catholicism 4 79 Buddhism mainly Mahayana 1 02 Hoahaoism 1 Protestantism lt 1 Caodaism 0 77 OthersIt is worth noting here that the data is highly skewered as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism 139 Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew Research Center 140 Vietnamese folk religion 45 3 Unaffiliated 29 6 Buddhism 16 4 Christianity 8 2 Other 0 5 DiasporaMain article Overseas Vietnamese nbsp Map of the countries with a significant Vietnamese population nbsp Vietnamese New Year parade San Jose California United StatesOriginally from northern Vietnam and southern China the Vietnamese have expanded south and conquered much of the land belonging to the former Champa Kingdom and Khmer Empire over the centuries They are the dominant ethnic group in most provinces of Vietnam and constitute a small percentage of the population in neighbouring Cambodia Beginning around the sixteenth century groups of Vietnamese migrated to Cambodia and China for commerce and political purposes Descendants of Vietnamese migrants in China form the Gin ethnic group in the country and primarily reside in and around Guangxi Province Vietnamese form the largest ethnic minority group in Cambodia at 5 of the population 141 Under the Khmer Rouge they were heavily persecuted and survivors of the regime largely fled to Vietnam During French colonialism Vietnam was regarded as the most important colony in Asia by the French colonial powers and the Vietnamese had a higher social standing than other ethnic groups in French Indochina 142 As a result educated Vietnamese were often trained to be placed in colonial government positions in the other Asian French colonies of Laos and Cambodia rather than locals of the respective colonies There was also a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France during this period primarily consisting of members of the elite class A large number of Vietnamese also migrated to France as workers especially during World War I and World War II when France recruited soldiers and locals of its colonies to help with war efforts in Metropolitan France The wave of migrants to France during World War I formed the first major presence of the Vietnamese in France and the Western world 143 nbsp Congregation Of The Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage MissouriWhen Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954 a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government also migrated to France During the partition of Vietnam into North and South a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France which was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam 143 nbsp Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast AsiaForced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between 250 000 and 300 000 in 1969 to a reported 56 000 in 1984 144 The Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War prompted the start of the Vietnamese diaspora which saw millions of Vietnamese fleeing the country from the new communist regime Recognizing an international humanitarian crisis many countries accepted Vietnamese refugees primarily the United States France Australia and Canada 145 Meanwhile under the new communist regime tens of thousands of Vietnamese were sent to work or study in Eastern Bloc countries of Central and Eastern Europe as development aid to the Vietnamese government and for migrants to acquire skills that were to be brought home to help with development 146 However after the fall of the Berlin Wall a vast majority of these overseas Vietnamese decided to remain in their host nations citation needed See also nbsp Vietnam portalBaiyue Lạc Việt Au Lạc Vietnamese language List of Vietnamese people Overseas Vietnamese Known as Việt Kiều Vietnamese culture Vietnamese cuisine Vietnamese music Vietnamese name List of ethnic groups in Vietnam History of Vietnam Southeast Asia Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia Vietnamese clothing Culture of VietnamNotes The number of Vietnamese citizens currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 215 491 as of 30 April 2022 127 033 males 88 458 females 10 The number of Vietnamese citizens with a valid residence permit in Taiwan including those currently not in Taiwan was 240 986 as of 30 April 2022 140 372 males 100 614 females 11 The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111 529 as of April 2022 2 383 males 109 146 females 12 According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior between 1993 and 2021 94 015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China 13 It was also estimated that 70 of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014 14 with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization in accordance with Taiwanese law 15 An estimated 200 000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014 16 According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education in 2020 108 037 children of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were attending an educational institution in Taiwan 5 168 in kindergartens 25 752 in primary schools 22 462 in secondary schools 33 430 in high schools and 21 225 in universities colleges 17 a decrease of more than 2 000 students from the previous year which was 110 176 students 6 348 in kindergartens 29 074 in primary schools 27 363 in secondary schools 32 982 in high schools and 14 409 in universities colleges 18 This data only included Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan this data only included Gin people in Mainland China References a b c General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2019 Kết quả Toan bộ Tổng điều tra dan số 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Ao luon hướng về Tổ quốc Bao Quan đội Nhan dan Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 Retrieved 26 May 2022 Condiții inumane pentru muncitorii vietnamezi din Romania Digi24 in Romanian 21 March 2019 Archived from the original on 27 May 2022 Retrieved 27 May 2022 Lấy quốc tịch Chau Au thong qua con đường Bulgaria Tuổi Trẻ 13 March 2019 Archived from the original on 27 May 2022 Retrieved 27 May 2022 Pew Research Center The Global Religious Landscape 2010 Viet people the majority ethnic group of Vietnam VOVWorld Voice of Vietnam 1 April 2013 Retrieved 6 May 2023 Churchman 2010 p 33 a b c Norman Jerry Mei Tsu lin 1976 The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China Some Lexical Evidence Monumenta Serica 32 274 301 doi 10 1080 02549948 1976 11731121 a b c d Meacham William 1996 Defining the Hundred Yue Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 15 93 100 doi 10 7152 bippa v15i0 11537 Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 Theobald Ulrich 2018 Shang Dynasty Political History in ChinaKnowledge de An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History Literature and Art quote Enemies of the Shang state were called fang 方 regions like the Tufang 土方 which roamed the northern region of Shanxi the Guifang 鬼方 and Gongfang 𢀛方 in the northwest the Qiangfang 羌方 Suifang 繐方 Yuefang 戉方 Xuanfang 亘方 and Zhoufang 周方 in the west as well as the Yifang 夷方 and Renfang 人方 in the southeast The Annals of Lu Buwei translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel Stanford University Press 2000 p 510 ISBN 978 0 8047 3354 0 For the most part there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes Lushi Chunqiu Examination on Relying on Rulers Relying on Rulers text 揚 漢之南 百越之際 敝凱諸 夫風 餘靡之地 縛婁 陽禺 驩兜之國 多無君 translation South of the Yang and Han rivers among the Hundred Yue the lands of Bikaizhu Fufeng Yumi the nations of Fulou Yang ou Huandou most had no rulers a b Lieberman 2003 p 405 Wan Xiang 2013 A Reevaluation of Early Chinese Script The Case of Yue 戉 and Its Cultural Connotations Speech at The First Annual Conference of Society for the Study of Early China Slide 36 of 70 Phan John 2010 Re Imagining Annam A New Analysis of Sino Viet Muong Linguistic Contact PDF Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 4 Archived from the original PDF on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Taylor 2013 p 5 Viet Nam A History from Earliest Times to the Present Oxford University Press 10 February 2017 ISBN 978 0 19 062730 0 Taylor 2013 pp 4 6 Blench Roger 2018 Waterworld lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiatic In Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics 174 193 Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Special Publication No 3 University of Hawaiʻi Press Blench Roger 2017 Waterworld lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiatic Presented at ICAAL 7 Kiel Germany Sidwell Paul 2015b Phylogeny innovations and correlations in the prehistory of Austroasiatic Paper presented at the workshop Integrating inferences about our past new findings and current issues in the peopling of the Pacific and South East Asia 22 23 June 2015 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany Reconstructing Austroasiatic prehistory In P Sidwell amp M Jenny Eds The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages Leiden Brill Page 1 Sagart 2011 and Bellwood 2013 favour the middle Yangzi Peiros Ilia 2011 Some thoughts on the problem of the Austro Asiatic homeland PDF Journal of Language Relationship Retrieved 4 August 2019 Chamberlain 2000 p 40 Schliesinger 2018a pp 21 97 Schliesinger 2018b pp 3 4 22 50 54 Kiernan 2019 pp 46 47 Churchman 2010 p 36 Churchman 2010 pp 27 29 31 32 33 Churchman 2010 p 25 Kiernan 2019 p 52 Lipson Mark Cheronet Olivia Mallick Swapan Rohland Nadin Oxenham Marc Pietrusewsky Michael Pryce Thomas Oliver Willis Anna Matsumura Hirofumi Buckley Hallie Domett Kate Hai Nguyen Giang Hiep Trinh Hoang Kyaw Aung Aung Win Tin Tin Pradier Baptiste Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Candilio Francesca Changmai Piya Fernandes Daniel Ferry Matthew Gamarra Beatriz Harney Eadaoin Kampuansai Jatupol Kutanan Wibhu Michel Megan Novak Mario Oppenheimer Jonas Sirak Kendra Stewardson Kristin Zhang Zhao Flegontov Pavel Pinhasi Ron Reich David 17 May 2018 Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory Science American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS 361 6397 92 95 Bibcode 2018Sci 361 92L bioRxiv 10 1101 278374 doi 10 1126 science aat3188 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 6476732 PMID 29773666 Corny Julien et al 2017 Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia Journal of Human Evolution 112 2017 41 56 cited in Alves Mark 2019 05 10 Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture Conference Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China s South 221 BCE 1700 CE At Pennsylvania State University McColl et al 2018 Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia Preprint Published in Science https www biorxiv org content 10 1101 278374v1 cited in Alves Mark 2019 05 10 Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture Conference Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China s South 221 BCE 1700 CE At Pennsylvania State University Kelley 2016 pp 165 167 Kelley 2016 p 175 Kiernan 2019 pp 41 42 Kiernan 2019 p 42 Kelley Liam C Hong Hai Dinh 2021 Competing Imagined Ancestries The Lạc Việt the Vietnamese and the Zhuang in Gillen Jamie Kelley Liam C Le Ha Pahn eds Vietnam at the Vanguard New Perspectives Across Time Space and Community Springer Singapore pp 88 107 ISBN 978 9 81165 055 0 a b Kiernan 2019 p 53 Kiernan 2019 p 56 Schafer 1967 p 14 Kelley 2016 pp 167 168 Kiernan 2019 p 69 Kiernan 2019 p 75 a b Maspero 1912 p 10 Kiernan 2019 p 43 Schafer 1967 p 63 Taylor 1983 p 248 Kiernan 2019 pp 127 131 Quote p 131 From the tenth century Vietnamese history comes into its own After millennia of undocumented prehistory and a thousand years of imperial rule documented only in Chinese new indigenous historical sources throw increasing light on political economic and cultural developments in the territory that had comprised the Protectorate of Annam How new were these developments A tenth century ruler revived for a second time the ancient name of the kingdom of Nan Yue in its Vietnamese form Nam Việt But this new kingdom would then adopt a new name Đại Việt Great Việt and unlike its classical Yue predecessors and short lived tenth century counterparts in south China it successfully resisted reintegration into the empire The new autonomous Việt realm inherited both the Sino Vietnamese hereditary aristocracy and the provincial geography of Tang Annam From north to south it was a diverse region of five provinces and border marches Restive ethnic Tai and other upland groups formerly allied to the defunct Nanzhao kingdom straddled the mountainous northern frontier Lowland Jiao province in the central plain of the Red and Bạch Đằng rivers was the most Sinicized region home to most of the northern settlers and traders and an influential Sino Vietnamese Buddhist community as well as Vietic speaking rice farmers Here the Vietnamese language was emerging as settlers adopted the Proto Việt Mường tongue of their indigenous neighbors infusing it with much of their Annamese Middle Chinese vocabulary Kiernan 2019 p 139 Kiernan 2019 p 141 Lieberman 2003 p 352 Andrew Chittick 2020 The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History Oxford University Press p 340 ISBN 978 0 19093 754 6 Kiernan 2019 pp 144 145 Kiernan 2019 p 157 Marsh 2016 pp 84 85 Golzio Karl Heinz 2004 Inscriptions of Campa based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne Etienne Aymonier Louis Finot Edouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R C Majumdar Newly presented with minor corrections of texts and translations together with calculations of given dates Shaker Verlag pp 163 164 Original Old Cam text pa ka ra vuḥ kmira yvan si mak nan di yam hajai tralauṅ svon dadam n sthana tra ra vuḥ uram dinan pajem karada yam di nagara campa Kiernan 2019 p 148 Kiernan 2019 pp 153 154 Kiernan 2019 p 155 Kiernan 2019 pp 135 138 Kiernan 2019 pp 169 170 Kiernan 2019 pp 194 197 Kiernan 2019 pp 204 211 Kiernan 2019 pp 213 214 Kiernan 2019 pp 221 223 Kiernan 2019 pp 224 225 Kiernan 2019 pp 233 234 Lieberman 2003 p 433 McLeod 1991 p 61 Ooi 2004 p 520 Cook 2001 p 396 Frankum 2011 p 172 Nhu Nguyen 2016 p 37 McHale Frederick Shawn 2013 Ethnicity Violence and Khmer Vietnamese Relations The Significance of the Lower Mekong Delta 1757 1954 Journal of Asian Studies 72 2 367 390 doi 10 1017 S0021911813000016 S2CID 162830836 via Cambridge University Press Hong Van Vu 2020 From Religious Heritage to Cultural Heritage Study the Heritage of Buddhism in Vietnam doi 10 20944 preprints202003 0092 v1 S2CID 216247654 Retrieved 4 March 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Pew Research Center 1 CIA The World Factbook Cambodia retrieved 11 December 2012 Carine Hahn Le Laos Karthala 1999 page 77 a b La Diaspora Vietnamienne en France un cas particulier Archived 2013 12 03 at the Wayback Machine in French Cambodia Population Library of Congress Country Studies Online Exhibitions Exhibitions Canadian Museum of History www civilization ca Hillmann 2005 p 87harvnb error no target CITEREFHillmann2005 help BibliographyBooks Akazawa Takeru Aoki Kenichi Kimura Tasuku 1992 The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia Hokusen sha ISBN 978 4 938424 41 1 Anderson David 2005 The Vietnam War Twentieth Century Wars Palgrave ISBN 978 0333963371 Alterman Eric 2005 When Presidents Lie A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 303604 3 Anderson James A Whitmore John K 2014 China s Encounters on the South and Southwest Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 28248 3 Bellwood Peter Glover Ian eds 2004 Southeast Asia From Prehistory to History Routledge ISBN 9780415297776 Brigham Robert Kendall 1998 Guerrilla Diplomacy The NLF s Foreign Relations and the Viet Nam War Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 3317 7 Brindley Erica 2015 Ancient China and the Yue Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier C 400 BCE 50 CE Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1107084780 Buttinger Joseph 1958 The Smaller Dragon A Political History of Vietnam Praeger Publishers Buttinger Joseph 1968 Vietnam A Political History Praeger Chua Amy 2003 World On Fire Knopf Doubleday Publishing ISBN 978 0385721868 Chua Amy 2018 Political Tribes Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations Penguin Press ISBN 978 0399562853 Cima Ronald J 1987 Vietnam A Country Study United States Library of Congress ISBN 978 0160181436 Cook Bernard A 2001 Europe Since 1945 An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 8153 4057 7 Cortada James W 1994 Spain in the Nineteenth century World Essays on Spanish Diplomacy 1789 1898 Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 27655 2 Cottrell Robert C 2009 Vietnam Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 1 4381 2147 5 Đao Duy Anh 2016 First published 1964 Đất nước Việt Nam qua cac đời nghien cứu địa ly học lịch sử Việt Nam in Vietnamese Nha Nam ISBN 978 604 94 8700 2 Dennell Robin Porr Martin 2014 Southern Asia Australia and the Search for Human Origins Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 72913 1 van Dijk Ruud Gray William Glenn Savranskaya Svetlana Suri Jeremi et al 2013 Encyclopedia of the Cold War Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 92311 2 DK 2017 The Vietnam War The Definitive Illustrated History Dorling Kindersley Limited ISBN 978 0 241 30868 4 Dohrenwend Bruce P Turse Nick Wall Melanie M Yager Thomas J 2018 Surviving Vietnam Psychological Consequences of the War for US Veterans Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 090444 9 Duy Hinh Nguyen Dinh Tho Tran 2015 The South Vietnamese Society Normanby Press ISBN 978 1 78625 513 6 Eggleston Michael A 2014 Exiting Vietnam The Era of Vietnamization and American Withdrawal Revealed in First Person Accounts McFarland Publishing ISBN 978 0 7864 7772 2 Elliott Mai 2010 RAND in Southeast Asia A History of the Vietnam War Era RAND Corporation ISBN 978 0 8330 4915 5 Fitzgerald C P 1972 The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People Barrie amp Jenkins Frankum Ronald B Jr 2011 Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 7956 0 Gettleman Marvin E Franklin Jane Young Marilyn B Franklin H Bruce 1995 Vietnam and America A Documented History Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 3362 5 Gibbons William Conrad 2014 The U S Government and the Vietnam War Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships Part III 1965 1966 Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 6153 8 Gilbert Adrian 2013 Encyclopedia of Warfare From the Earliest Times to the Present Day Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 135 95697 4 Gravel Mike 1971 The Pentagon Papers The Defense Department History of United States Decision making on Vietnam Beacon Press ISBN 978 0 8070 0526 2 Gunn Geoffrey C 2014 Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1 4422 2303 5 Hampson Fen Osler 1996 Nurturing Peace Why Peace Settlements Succeed Or Fail US Institute of Peace Press ISBN 978 1 878379 55 9 Heneghan George Martin 1969 Nationalism Communism and the National Liberation Front of Vietnam Dilemma for American Foreign Policy Department of Political Science Stanford University Hiẻ n Le Năng 2003 Three victories on the Bach Dang river Nha xuất bản Văn hoa thong tin Hoang Anh Tuấn 2007 Silk for Silver Dutch Vietnamese Relations 1637 1700 Brill Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 15601 2 Holmgren Jennifer 1980 Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tonking Delta First To Sixth Centuries A D Australian National University Press Hong Lien Vu Sharrock Peter 2014 Descending Dragon Rising Tiger A History of Vietnam Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 78023 388 8 Howe Brendan M 2016 Post Conflict Development in East Asia Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 07740 4 Hyunh Kim Khanh 1986 Vietnamese Communism 1925 1945 Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801493973 Isserman Maurice Bowman John Stewart 2009 Vietnam War Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 1 4381 0015 9 Jamieson Neil L 1995 Understanding Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 9780520201576 Joes Anthony James 1992 Modern Guerrilla Insurgency ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 275 94263 2 Jukes Geoffrey 1973 The Soviet Union in Asia University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 02393 2 Karlstrom Anna Kallen Anna 2002 Southeast Asian Archaeology ISBN 978 91 970616 0 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Keith Charles 2012 Catholic Vietnam A Church from Empire to Nation University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 95382 6 Kelley Liam C 2014 Constructing Local Narratives Spirits Dreams and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta In Anderson James A Whitmore John K eds China s Encounters on the South and Southwest Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia United States Brills pp 78 106 ISBN 978 9 004 28248 3 Kelley Liam C 2016 Inventing Traditions in Fifteenth century Vietnam in Mair Victor H Kelley Liam C eds Imperial China and its southern neighbours Institute of Southeast Asian Studies pp 161 193 ISBN 978 9 81462 055 0 Keyes Charles F 1995 The Golden Peninsula Culture and Adaptation in Mainland Southeast Asia University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1696 4 Khanh Huỳnh Kim 1986 Vietnamese Communism 1925 1945 Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 9397 3 Khoo Nicholas 2011 Collateral Damage Sino Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino Vietnamese Alliance Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 15078 1 Kiernan Ben 2017 Việt Nam A History from Earliest Times to the Present Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 516076 5 Kiernan Ben 2019 Việt Nam a history from earliest time to the present Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0190053796 Kissi Edward 2006 Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 1263 2 Kleeman Terry F 1998 Ta Chʻeng Great Perfection Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 1800 8 Kort Michael 2017 The Vietnam War Re Examined Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 04640 5 Largo V 2002 Vietnam Current Issues and Historical Background Nova Science ISBN 978 1590333686 Leonard Jane Kate 1984 Wei Yuan and China s Rediscovery of the Maritime World Harvard Univ Asia Center ISBN 978 0 674 94855 6 Lewy Guenter 1980 America in Vietnam Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 991352 7 Li Tana 1998 Cornell University Southeast Asia Program ed Nguyễn Cochinchina Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Vol 23 of Studies on Southeast Asia illustrated ed SEAP Publications ISBN 0877277222 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Li Xiaobing 2012 China at War An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 415 3 Lieberman Victor 2003 Strange Parallels Integration of the Mainland Southeast Asia in Global Context c 800 1830 Vol 1 Cambridge University Press Lim David 2014 Economic Growth and Employment in Vietnam Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 81859 5 Lockard Craig A 2010 Societies Networks and Transitions Volume 2 Since 1450 Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 4390 8536 3 Marsh Sean 2016 CLOTHES MAKE THE MAN Body Culture and Ethnic Boundaries on the Lingnan Frontier in the Southern Song in Mair Victor H Kelley Liam C eds Imperial China and its southern neighbours Institute of Southeast Asian Studies pp 80 110 McLeod Mark W 1991 The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention 1862 1874 Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 275 93562 7 Meggle Georg 2004 Ethics of Humanitarian Interventions Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 032773 1 Miksic John Norman Yian Go Geok 2016 Ancient Southeast Asia Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 27903 7 Miller Robert Hopkins 1990 United States and Vietnam 1787 1941 DIANE Publishing ISBN 978 0 7881 0810 5 Moise Edwin E 2017 Land Reform in China and North Vietnam Consolidating the Revolution at the Village Level University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 7445 5 Muehlenbeck Philip Emil Muehlenbeck Philip 2012 Religion and the Cold War A Global Perspective Vanderbilt University Press ISBN 978 0 8265 1852 1 Murphey Rhoads 1997 East Asia A New History Pearson ISBN 978 0205695225 Murray Geoffrey 1997 Vietnam Dawn of a New Market St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 17392 0 Neville Peter 2007 Britain in Vietnam Prelude to Disaster 1945 46 Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 24476 8 Olsen Mari 2007 Soviet Vietnam Relations and the Role of China 1949 64 Changing Alliances Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 17413 3 Olson Gregory A 2012 Mansfield and Vietnam A Study in Rhetorical Adaptation MSU Press ISBN 978 0 87013 941 3 Ooi Keat Gin 2004 Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 770 2 Ooi Keat Gin Anh Tuan Hoang 2015 Early Modern Southeast Asia 1350 1800 Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 55919 1 Oxenham Marc Buckley Hallie 2015 The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 53401 3 Oxenham Marc Tayles Nancy 2006 Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82580 1 Page Melvin Eugene Sonnenburg Penny M 2003 Colonialism An International Social Cultural and Political Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 335 3 Phan Huy Le Nguyễn Quang Ngọc Nguyễn Đinh Lễ 1997 The Country Life in the Red River Delta Phuong Linh Huynh Thi 2016 State Society Interaction in Vietnam LIT Verlag Munster ISBN 978 3 643 90719 6 Pike Francis 2011 Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II I B Tauris ISBN 978 0 85773 029 9 Rabett Ryan J 2012 Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic Hominin Dispersal and Behaviour During the Late Quaternary Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 01829 7 Ramsay Jacob 2008 Mandarins and Martyrs The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth century Vietnam Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 7954 8 Richardson John 1876 A school manual of modern geography Physical and political Publisher not identified Schafer Edward Hetzel 1967 The Vermilion Bird T ang Images of the South Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 9780520011458 Smith T 2007 Britain and the Origins of the Vietnam War UK Policy in Indo China 1943 50 Palgrave Macmillan UK ISBN 978 0 230 59166 0 Taylor Keith Weller 1983 The Birth of the Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07417 0 Taylor Keith W 2013 A History of the Vietnamese Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107244351 Thomas Martin 2012 Rubber coolies and communists In Violence and Colonial Order Police Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires 1918 1940 Critical Perspectives on Empire from Part II Colonial case studies French British and Belgian pp 141 176 doi 10 1017 CBO9781139045643 009 ISBN 978 1 139 04564 3 Tonnesson Stein 2011 Vietnam 1946 How the War Began University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 26993 4 Tran Anh Q 2017 Gods Heroes and Ancestors An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth Century Vietnam Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 067760 2 Tucker Spencer 1999 Vietnam University of Kentucky Press ISBN 978 0813121215 Tucker Spencer C 2011 The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political Social and Military History 2nd Edition 4 volumes A Political Social and Military History ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 85109 961 0 Turner Robert F 1975 Vietnamese communism its origins and development Hoover Institution Press Stanford University ISBN 978 0 8179 6431 3 Vo Nghia M 2011 Saigon A History McFarland amp Company ISBN 978 0 7864 8634 2 Waite James 2012 The End of the First Indochina War A Global History Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 27334 6 Walker Hugh Dyson 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1477265161 Willbanks James H 2013 Vietnam War Almanac An In Depth Guide to the Most Controversial Conflict in American History Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 978 1 62636 528 5 Woods L Shelton 2002 Vietnam a global studies handbook ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 416 9 Yu Ying shih 1986 Han foreign relations in Twitchett Denis C Fairbank John King eds The Cambridge History of China Volume 1 The Ch in and Han Empires 221 BC AD 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 377 463 Journal articles and theses Crozier Brian 1955 The Diem Regime in Southern Vietnam Far Eastern Survey 24 4 49 56 doi 10 2307 3023970 JSTOR 3023970 Gallup John Luke 2002 The wage labor market and inequality in Viet Nam in the 1990s Policy Research Working Paper Series World Bank Policy Research Working Papers doi 10 1596 1813 9450 2896 hdl 10986 19272 S2CID 18598221 via Research Papers in Economics Gittinger J Price 1959 Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam Far Eastern Survey 28 8 113 126 doi 10 2307 3024603 JSTOR 3024603 Goodkind Daniel 1995 Rising Gender Inequality in Vietnam Since Reunification Pacific Affairs 68 3 342 359 doi 10 2307 2761129 JSTOR 2761129 Hirschman Charles Preston Samuel Manh Loi Vu 1995 Vietnamese Casualties During the American War A New Estimate Population and Development Review 21 4 783 812 doi 10 2307 2137774 JSTOR 2137774 Matsumura Hirofumi Lan Cuong Nguyen Kim Thuy Nguyen Anezaki Tomoko 2001 Dental Morphology of the Early Hoabinian the Neolithic Da But and the Metal Age Dong Son Civilized Peoples in Vietnam Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie 83 1 59 73 doi 10 1127 zma 83 2001 59 JSTOR 25757578 PMID 11372468 Matsumura Hirofumi Yoneda Minoru Yukio Dodo Oxenham Marc et al 2008 Terminal Pleistocene human skeleton from Hang Cho Cave northern Vietnam implications for the biological affinities of Hoabinhian people Anthropological Science 116 3 201 217 doi 10 1537 ase 070416 Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2018 Retrieved 16 October 2018 via J STAGE Maspero Henri 1912 Etudes sur la phonetique historique de la langue annamite Studies on the phonetic history of the Annamite language Bulletin de l Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient in French 12 1 doi 10 3406 befeo 1912 2713 Ngo Lan A 2016 Nguyễn Catholic History 1770s 1890s and the Gestation of Vietnamese Catholic National Identity PDF Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Thesis Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2018 Retrieved 16 October 2018 via DigitalGeorgetown Nhu Nguyen Quynh Thi 2016 The Vietnamese Values System A Blend of Oriental Western and Socialist Values PDF International Education Studies 9 12 Archived from the original PDF on 15 October 2018 via Institute of Education Sciences Obermeyer Ziad Murray Christopher J L Gakidou Emmanuela 2008 Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia analysis of data from the world health survey programme Table 3 BMJ 336 7659 1482 6 doi 10 1136 bmj a137 PMC 2440905 PMID 18566045 Odell Andrew L Castillo Marlene F 2008 Vietnam in a Nutshell An Historical Political and Commercial Overview PDF NYBSA International Law Practicum 21 2 Archived from the original PDF on 12 October 2018 via Duane Morris Quach Langlet Tam 1991 Charles Fourniau Annam Tonkin 1885 1896 Lettres et paysans vietnamiens face a la conquete coloniale Travaux du Centre d Histoire et Civilisations de la peninsule Indochinoise Bulletin de l Ecole Francaise d Extreme Orient in French 78 via Persee nbsp Taylor Keith 1980 An Evaluation of the Chinese Period in Vietnamese History The Journal of Asiatic Studies 23 1 Wagstaff Adam van Doorslaer Eddy Watanabe Naoko 2003 On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam PDF Journal of Econometrics 112 1 207 223 doi 10 1016 S0304 4076 02 00161 6 hdl 10986 19426 S2CID 122165846 Zinoman Peter 2000 Colonial Prisons and Anti Colonial Resistance in French Indochina The Thai Nguyen Rebellion 1917 Modern Asian Studies 34 1 57 98 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00003590 JSTOR 313112 S2CID 145191678 Web sources BBC News 1997 Vietnam changing of the guard BBC News Gillet Kit 2011 Riding Vietnam s Ho Chi Minh trail The Guardian McKinney Brennan 2009 The Human Migration Homo Erectus and the Ice Age Yahoo Voices Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 Retrieved 22 January 2013 The New York Times 3 July 1976 2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited Leadership Chosen The New York Times Shenon Philip 23 April 1995 20 Years After Victory Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate The New York Times Spokesman Review 1977 Vietnam outlines collectivization goals The Spokesman Review Thanh Nien 2015 Horrific photos recall Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Vo An Ninh Thanh Nien Vietnam Net 2015 Rare photos of Vietnam s famine in 1945 Vo An Ninh Vietnam Net Archived from the original on 16 October 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Further readingDutton George Werner Jayne Whitmore John K eds 2012 Sources of Vietnamese Tradition Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 51110 0 Lockhart Bruce M Duiker William J 14 April 2010 The A to Z of Vietnam Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 1 4617 3192 4 Ray Nick et al 2010 Vietnam Lonely Planet ISBN 978 17 42203898 McLeod Mark Nguyen Thi Dieu 2001 Culture and Customs of Vietnam Greenwood ISBN 978 0 313 361135 Taylor Keith Weller 1983 The Birth of the Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07417 0 Taylor Keith Weller 2013 A History of the Vietnamese Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 87586 8 Amer Ramses 1996 Vietnam s Policies and Ethnic Chinese since 1975 Sojourn Vol 11 Issue 1 76 104 Andaya Barbara Watson 2006 The flaming womb repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia University of Hawaii Press p 146 ISBN 0 8248 2955 7 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Bob Baulch Truong Thi Kim Chuyen Dominique Haughton Jonathan Haughton May 2002 Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam A Socioeconomic Perspective PDF Report Vol WPS 2836 The World Bank Development Research Group Retrieved 13 December 2012 Chen King C 1987 China s War With Vietnam 1979 Issues Decisions and Implications Hoover Press ISBN 0817985727 Retrieved 8 May 2012 Cœdes George 1966 The Making of South East Asia illustrated reprint ed University of California Press ISBN 0520050614 Retrieved 7 August 2013 Cooke Nola Li Tana Anderson James eds 2011 The Tongking Gulf Through History illustrated ed University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0812243369 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Cooke Nola Li Tana 2004 Water Frontier Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region 1750 1880 Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 0742530833 Retrieved 28 June 2012 Cœdes George 1968 The Indianized States of South East Asia 3 ed University of Hawaii Press ISBN 082480368X Retrieved 4 January 2013 The New Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 8 2003 ISBN 0 85229 961 3 Contributor Far Eastern Prehistory Association Asian Perspectives Volume 28 Issue 1 1990 University Press of Hawaii Retrieved 7 August 2013 Gernet Jacques 1996 A History of Chinese Civilization 2 illustrated revised reprint ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521497817 Hall Kenneth R ed 2008 Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm C 1400 1800 Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies Lexington Books ISBN 0739128353 Retrieved 7 August 2013 Hall Kenneth R 2010 A History of Early Southeast Asia Maritime Trade and Societal Development 100 1500 illustrated ed Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 0742567627 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Gibney Matthew J Hansen Randall 30 June 2005 Immigration and Asylum From 1900 to the Present ABC CLIO p 664 ISBN 1576077969 Retrieved 26 April 2012 hoa refugee wikipedia Heng Derek 2009 Sino Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth Through the Fourteenth Century Ohio University Press ISBN 978 0 89680 271 1 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Journal of Southeast Asian studies Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 37 1 2006 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Khanh Traǹ 1993 The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 9789813016675 Retrieved 26 April 2012 Lai H Mark 2004 On Becoming Chinese American A History of Communities and Institutions Rowman Altamira ISBN 0759104581 Diana Lary ed 2007 The Chinese State at the Borders illustrated ed UBC Press ISBN 978 0774813334 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Logan William Stewart 2000 Hanoi Biography of a City UNSW Press ISBN 0868404438 Retrieved 13 December 2012 MacKerras Colin 2003 Ethnicity in Asia Routledge Curzon ISBN 0415258170 Retrieved 26 April 2012 Marr David G White Christine Pelzer 1988 Postwar Vietnam Dilemmas in Socialist Development Issue 3 of Southeast Asia Program Series SEAP Publications ISBN 0877271208 Retrieved 6 May 2012 Marr David G 2010 Vietnamese Chinese and Overseas Chinese during the Chinese Occupation of Northern Indochina 1945 1946 Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies Vol 4 129 139 Stratton Eric 2002 Evolution Of Indian Stupa Architecture In East Asia illustrated ed Vedams eBooks P Ltd ISBN 8179360067 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Suryadinata Leo 15 September 1997 Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0312175760 Retrieved 21 October 2012 Taylor Keith Weller Whitmore John K eds 1995 Essays Into Vietnamese Pasts SEAP Publications ISBN 0877277184 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Taylor Philip 2007 Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta place and mobility in the cosmopolitan periphery NUS Press ISBN 978 9971 69 361 9 Retrieved 9 January 2011 Tetsudosho 1917 An Official Guide to Eastern Asia East Indies Vol 5 Imperial Japanese Government Railways Tong Chee Kiong 2010 Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia Racializing Chineseness Springer ISBN 978 9048189083 Retrieved 28 June 2012 Tsai Shih Shan Henry 1996 The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty Ming Tai Huan Kuan illustrated ed SUNY Press ISBN 0791426874 Retrieved 5 January 2013 Ungar E S 1988 The Struggle Over the Chinese Community in Vietnam 1946 1986 Pacific Affairs Vol 60 Issue 4 596 614 Wade Geoff 2005 Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi lu an open access resource Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E Press National University of Singapore retrieved 6 November 2012 West Barbara A 19 May 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing ISBN 9781438119137 Wicks Robert S 1992 Money markets and trade in early Southeast Asia the development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400 SEAP Publications p 215 ISBN 0 87727 710 9 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Santasombat Yos 2017 Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia Cultures and Practices Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 9811046957 Kiernan Ben 2019 Việt Nam a history from earliest time to the present Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 190 05379 6 Dutton George Werner Jayne Whitmore John K eds 2012 Sources of Vietnamese Tradition Introduction to Asian Civilizations Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 13862 8 Chapuis Oscar 1995 A History of Vietnam From Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Press ISBN 0313296227 Kim Nam Lai Van Toi Trinh Hoang Hiep 2010 Co Loa an investigation of Vietnam s ancient capital Antiquity 84 326 1011 1027 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00067041 S2CID 162065918 Nam C Kim 2015 The Origins of Ancient Vietnam Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199980895 McLeod Mark Nguyen Thi Dieu 2001 Culture and Customs of Vietnam Greenwood published 30 June 2001 ISBN 978 0 313 36113 5 Miksic John Norman Yian Goh Geok 2016 Ancient Southeast Asia Routledge ISBN 978 0415735544 Huang Lan Xiang 黃蘭翔 本院台灣史研究所副研究員 December 2004 華人聚落在越南的深植與變遷 以會安為例 PDF Report Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences Academica Sinica Archived from the original PDF on 1 August 2013 Retrieved 10 February 2014 Lee Qingxin 李庆新 30 November 2010 越南明香与明乡社 PDF 广东省社会科学院 历史研究所广东 广州 510610 Archived from the original PDF on 8 January 2021 Retrieved 27 June 2012 Nguyen Xuan Tinh et al 2007 Thong bao văn hoa dan gian 2006 Vietnam Nha xua t bản Khoa học xa hội Retrieved 13 December 2010 Goscha Christopher 2016 Vietnam A New History Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 09436 3 Dror Olga 2018 Making Two Vietnams War and Youth Identities 1965 1975 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 47012 4 Nguyen Duy Lap 2020 The Unimagined Community Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam Manchester University Press ISBN 978 1 5261 4396 9 Nguyen Lien Hang T 2012 Hanoi s War An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 3551 7 Thai Nguyen Văn Mừng Nguyẽ n Văn 1958 A Short History of Viet Nam Vietnamese American Association Chesneaux Jean 1966 The Vietnamese Nations Contribution to a History Current Book Distributors Peasant and Labour 1972 Yue Hashimoto Oi kan 1972 Phonology of Cantonese Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 08442 0 Phan Khoang 1976 Việt sử xứ đang trong 1558 1777 Cuộc nam tie n của dan tộc Việt Nam a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Vu Tu Lap 1979 Vietnam Geographical Data Foreign 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Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation 1995 de Laet Sigfried J Herrmann Joachim 1996 History of Humanity From the seventh century B C to the seventh century A D Routledge ISBN 978 92 3 102812 0 Tonnesson Stein Antlov Hans 1996 Asian Forms of the Nation Routledge ISBN 978 0 7007 0442 2 Jones John R 1998 Guide to Vietnam Bradt Publications ISBN 978 1 898323 67 9 Li Tana 1998 Nguyễn Cochinchina Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries SEAP Publications ISBN 978 0 87727 722 4 Vietnam Selected Issues International Monetary Fund 1999 ISBN 978 1 4519 8721 8 Litvack Jennie Litvack Jennie Ilene Rondinelli Dennis A 1999 Market Reform in Vietnam Building Institutions for Development Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 56720 288 5 Đức Trần Hồng Thư Ha Anh 2000 A Brief Chronology of Vietnam s History Thế Giới Publishers Selections from Regional Press Vol 20 Institute of Regional Studies 2001 Green Thomas A 2001 Martial Arts of the World A Q ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 150 2 Levinson David Christensen Karen 2002 Encyclopedia of Modern Asia Charles Scribner s Sons ISBN 978 0 684 31247 7 Pelley Patricia M 2002 Postcolonial Vietnam New Histories of the National Past Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 2966 4 Largo V 2002 Vietnam Current Issues and Historical Background Nova Publishers ISBN 978 1 59033 368 6 Dodd Jan Lewis Mark 2003 Vietnam Rough Guides ISBN 978 1 84353 095 4 Protected Areas and Development Partnership 2003 Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Four Countries of the Lower Mekong River Region ICEM ISBN 978 0 9750332 4 1 Smith Anthony L 2005 Southeast Asia and New Zealand A History of Regional and Bilateral Relations Victoria University Press ISBN 978 0 86473 519 5 Anderson Wanni Wibulswasdi Lee Robert G 2005 Displacements and Diasporas Asians in the Americas Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 3611 8 Englar Mary 2006 Vietnam A Question and Answer Book Capstone Publishers ISBN 978 0 7368 6414 5 Tran Nhung Tuyet Reid Anthony eds 2006 Viet Nam Borderless Histories University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 21773 0 Jeffries Ian 2007 Vietnam A Guide to Economic and Political Developments Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 16454 7 Koskoff Ellen 2008 The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music The Middle East South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 99404 0 Calo Ambra 2009 Trails of Bronze Drums Across Early Southeast Asia Exchange Routes and Connected Cultural Spheres Archaeopress ISBN 978 1 4073 0396 3 Sharma Gitesh 2009 Traces of Indian Culture in Vietnam Rajkamal Prakashan ISBN 978 81 905401 4 8 Koblitz Neal 2009 Random Curves Journeys of a Mathematician Springer Science Business Media ISBN 978 3 540 74078 0 Asian Development Bank 2010 Asian Development Outlook 2010 Update Asian Development Bank ISBN 978 92 9092 181 3 Gustafsson Mai Lan 2010 War and Shadows The Haunting of Vietnam Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 5745 6 Jones Daniel 2011 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 76575 6 Lewandowski Elizabeth J 2011 The Complete Costume Dictionary Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 4004 1 Vierra Kimberly Vierra Brian 2011 Vietnam Business Guide Getting Started in Tomorrow s Market Today John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 17881 2 Cooke Nola Li Tana Anderson James 2011 The Tongking Gulf Through History University of Pennsylvania Press Incorporated ISBN 978 0 8122 4336 9 Zwartjes Otto 2011 Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia Africa and Brazil 1550 1800 John Benjamins Publishing Company ISBN 978 90 272 4608 0 Kỳ Phương Trần Lockhart Bruce M 2011 The Cham of Vietnam History Society and Art NUS Press ISBN 978 9971 69 459 3 Thaker Aruna Barton Arlene 2012 Multicultural Handbook of Food Nutrition and Dietetics John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 35046 1 Vo Nghia M 2012 Legends of Vietnam An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales McFarland amp Company ISBN 978 0 7864 9060 8 Chico Beverly 2013 Hats and Headwear around the World A Cultural Encyclopedia A Cultural Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 61069 063 8 Boobbyer Claire Spooner Andrew 2013 Vietnam Cambodia amp Laos Footprint Handbook Footprint Travel Guides ISBN 978 1 907263 64 4 Frohlich Holger L Schreinemachers Pepijn Stahr Karl Clemens Gerhard 2013 Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas Springer Science Business Media ISBN 978 3 642 33377 4 Choy Lee Khoon 2013 Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix The Chinese And Their Multi ethnic Descendants In Southeast Asia World Scientific ISBN 978 981 4518 49 9 Cosslett Tuyet L Cosslett Patrick D 2013 Water Resources and Food Security in the Vietnam Mekong Delta Springer Science Business Media ISBN 978 3 319 02198 0 de Mora Javier Calvo Wood Keith 2014 Practical Knowledge in Teacher Education Approaches to teacher internship programmes Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 80333 1 Yao Alice 2016 The Ancient Highlands of Southwest China From the Bronze Age to the Han Empire Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 936734 4 Thanh Hai Do 2016 Vietnam and the South China Sea Politics Security and Legality Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 39820 2 Ozolins Janis Talivaldis 2016 Religion and Culture in Dialogue East and West Perspectives Springer Publishing ISBN 978 3 319 25724 2 Howard Michael C 2016 Textiles and Clothing of Việt Nam A History McFarland amp Company ISBN 978 1 4766 2440 2 Travel DK 2017 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Vietnam and Angkor Wat Dorling Kindersley Limited ISBN 978 0 241 30136 4 Hinchey Jane 2017 Vietnam Discover the Country Culture and People Redback Publishing ISBN 978 1 925630 02 2 Trieu Dan Nguyen 2017 A Vietnamese Family Chronicle Twelve Generations on the Banks of the Hat River McFarland Publishing ISBN 978 0 7864 8779 0 Tran Tri C Le Tram 2017 Vietnamese Stories for Language Learners Traditional Folktales in Vietnamese and English Text MP3 Downloadable Audio Included Tuttle Publishing ISBN 978 1 4629 1956 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International Health 10 4 357 365 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3156 2005 01387 x PMID 15807800 S2CID 22083432 Berg M Stengel C Pham TK Pham HV et al 2007 Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas Cambodia and Vietnam a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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