fbpx
Wikipedia

Rusyns

September 18, 2023

For other uses, see Rusyn (disambiguation).
"Rusnak", "Rusins", "Russini", and "Russins" redirect here. For individuals with the last name of Rusnak, see Rusnak (surname). For the Latgalian duke, see Rūsiņš. For the surname, see Russini (surname). For the municipality in Switzerland, see Russins, Switzerland.
Not to be confused with Russians.

Rusyns (Rusyn: Русины, romanized: Rusynŷ), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns (Rusyn: Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины, romanized: Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ), or Rusnaks (Rusyn: Руснакы or Руснаци, romanized: Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy), are an East Slavic ethnic group from the Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe. They speak Rusyn, an East Slavic language variety, treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language. As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity, the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics, though a minority of Rusyns still practice Eastern Orthodoxy. Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia, where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are a branch of the Ukrainian people.[19]

Rusyns

Flag of Rusyns, approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2007 [1][a][1]


The Rusyn coat of arms, based on the coat of arms of Subcarpathian Rus[b][1]

The Greater coat of arms of Rusyns, approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2023[2]
Total population
110,000–1,762,500[c][3]
Regions with significant populations
 Slovakia63,556–250,000 (2021, 2012)[d][3][4]
 Serbia14,246–20,000 (2013, 2012)[3][5]
 Poland10,531–30,000 (2011, 2012)[e][3][6]
 Ukraine10,183
853,000 (2012 ancestry estimate)[f][3][7]
 United States7,583
620,000 (2012 ancestry estimate)[3][8]
 Romania834 (2022) [9] 4,090-14,000 (estimates)[3][10][11][12]
 Croatia1,343 (2021)[13][incomplete short citation][14]
 Hungary2,342–6,000 (2016, 2012)[3][15]
 Czech Republic608–10,000 (2021, 2012)[3][16]
 Russia225[17] (2010)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina32[18] (2019)
 Canadaest. 20,000 (2012)[3]
 Australiaest. 2,500 (2012)[3]
Languages
Rusyn · Ukrainian · Slovak
Polish · Serbian · Hungarian · Romanian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Catholic
(Ruthenian Greek Catholic  · Ukrainian Greek Catholic)
minority Eastern Orthodoxy
Related ethnic groups
Other East Slavs
(primarily Ukrainians)

Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos, Hutsuls and Lemkos.

Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent (c. 2012) national censuses.[3] This is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group.

Ethnonyms Edit

The term Rusyn (Rusyn: Русин, plural Русины, Rusynŷ) originates from the archaic ethnonym Rus'. The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi (руськый m., руська f., руське/руськое n.), though rusynʹskŷi (русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински) has also been used; even more so after 1989.[20][21]

In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications.[22]

Regional identifiers Edit

Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian (karpato-Rusyny) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpatsʹka Rusʹ), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia), the Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. Lemkŷ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s.[21]

The variant Rusnak (Руснак; plural: Rusnakŷ or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi) was also (and still is) used as an endonym;[20][21] particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina, Serbia and Slavonia, Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns (voivodianski Rusnatsi), Bachka-Srem Rusyns (bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi), or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns (iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi).[23]

Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that the terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes.[24]

Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn (Uhro-Rus) in the regions of Eperjes, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia.

Rus' Edit

Main article: Rus' (term)

Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through the life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi, Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs.[21][24][25]

Ruthenian Edit

Main article: Ruthenians

Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni (Ruthenes) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine.

After the Partitions of Poland, Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy" (and was used as an official designation in the Austrian Empire after 1843).[26] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people (Hungarian: rutén or ruszin) of Transcarpathia until 1945.[27] During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States", for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s.[26]

In some non-Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians, but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language. Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage.[28][29][30]

Russian Edit

In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, more accurately refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in the works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. Thus, the term Carpatho-Russian is still used today by some American Rusyns to self-identify (mostly among Eastern Orthodox practitioners).[21][g]

History Edit

Origins Edit

There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins.[31] According to Paul Robert Magocsi, the origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus'. The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec, the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia, and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania.[32] It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths.[33][34][35] George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes, more specifically, the Hutsuls, and possibly Boykos, argued to be the descendants of the Ulichs who were not native in the region.[36] As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia, has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats,[h] in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia, the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats.[i]

Anthropology Edit

According to anthropological studies, the Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda, V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in the Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut-Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs, while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks, Gorals of Poland, Romanians, some groups of Czechs and Hungarians, Northwestern Bulgarians, Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians.[50][51]

Population genetics Edit

The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos, Hutsuls and Lemkos people[52] – showed a common ancestry with other modern Europeans.[53] A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for a European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population.[52]

The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1, G2a, J2b, N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1, T, and H only in traces of less than 1%.[54] They cluster closest to the Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population".[55] The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans. It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations, the Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region.[56]

Early history Edit

The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus', which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of the Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples.[57]

Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by the 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians (Little Russians). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term "Ukrainian" to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains.[58]

Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well.[59] Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary.[60]

In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol-Tatar invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan, with populations exterminated and villages torched.[61] The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass, just to the north of Mukachevo.

In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich, son of the Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects.[62] This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons, a moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River.[63]

Modern history Edit

The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest, while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination.[64]

The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in the 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language.[42] During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council (Rusyn: Головна Руська Рада, Holovna Ruska Rada).[65] The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita).[65]

The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on the rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy".[66]

A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in the late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants.[67] Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina.

 
Stepan Klochurak

Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I: the Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic. Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky (Rusyn: Кость Леви́цький), future president of the West Ukrainian National Republic.[42][68] In the interwar period, the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania).[69] Hutsul Stepan Klochurak was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine.[42]

After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor.

 
Map of territories occupied by Ruthenes in the Carpathian region near Huszt, Munkács, Ungvár

During the Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918),[70] various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine.[71]

 
Polish map of 1927 indicating location of Rusyns and Ukrainians (labelled Rusini) and Belarusians (Bialo Rusini)

In the 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns.[42] In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' (Rusyn: Підкарпатьска Русь). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn, adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine.[71]

 
Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (1938)

That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of the Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (Czech: Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi), officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people (preamble), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of the Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine.[71]

 
Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939

The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kyiv.[citation needed] The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn, was an advocate of writing in Rusyn.[citation needed] The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity.[42]

Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews. In September 1944, while retreating from a Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century.

On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine.[72]

The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while the eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia.[73] After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia.[42]

In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by the Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia.[citation needed]

In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In the same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s.[42]

 
Sign reads "House of Subcarpathian Rusyns" (Dom Podkarpatskikh Rusinov) in Mukachevo

These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state".[74]

In former Yugoslavia, Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct national minority, and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia. In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82),[75][76] and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of Vojvodina (an autonomous province in Serbia) that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on, the Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67).[77]

Recent history Edit

After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1990, new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy.[78] But with the Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum.

In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations.[citation needed] Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only a sub-group of the Ukrainian people.[19] In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly.[79]

By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007 the Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov, Slovakia.[42]

In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh.[72] They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of the region.[72]

There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language. In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014.[80]

In 2021 while discussing the borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin recognized Rusyns as being distinct from Ukrainians.[citation needed] In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using the pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus" (Podkarpatska Rus) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic.[81]

Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe[82] and a healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in reality "acting to defend the interests of the Russian Empire the Carpathian Mountains".[83]

Autonomist and separatist movements Edit

See also: Regionalism in Ukraine

According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital.[84] The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in a 2:1:1 ratio.

 

Ukrainian academician, doctor of historical sciences, head of department of National Minorities of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute of Political and Ethno-national research, May Panchuk explained that soon after dissolution of the Soviet Union and during the 1991 Ukrainian referendum, there was provided additional question for Zakarpattia residents only whether they wish to obtain a self-governed territory within Ukraine.[85] It triggered Rusyns to create their own political parties and movements.[85] Already in March 1992 the recently created "Subcarpathian republican party" published its program with first elements of separatism: create independent, neutral "Republic Subcarpathian Ruthenia" just as Switzerland; receive full political and economic independence; recognize Rusyn people as a full-scale nationality among other nations.[85] The party contained a well expressed Kremlin orientation and did not hide its connections with pro-Russians elements.[85] In 1993 in Bratislava there was presented the "government of Subcarpathian Ruthenia" with an emphasized change – as "separate subject of the Commonwealth of Independent States".[85] The activity of the "government" was openly supported by "Russkiy dom", "Russkiy Mir Foundation", Association of Zakarpattia democrats, and other pro-Russian organizations.[85] In December 1994 so called "minister of foreign affairs" T. Ondyk appealed to the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin to cancel the 1945 treaty between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia about Zakarpattia Ukraine.[85] At that same time, Ondyk appealed to the presidents of the United States and Hungary accusing the Ukrainian government in the policy of extermination of Rusyns and Hungarians.[85]

A considerable controversy has arisen regarding the Rusyn separatist movement led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)), his relationship with the Russian Orthodox Church and funding for his activities.[86][87] Russia has, as a result of the Russian census of 2002, recognized the Rusyns as a separate ethnic group in 2004, and has been accused by the Ukrainian government of fueling ethnic tensions and separatism among Rusyns and Ukrainians.[88][89]

A criminal case under Part 2, Art. 110 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code was initiated after the 1st European Congress of Rusyns took place in Mukachevo on June 7, 2008. At that particular congress the reinstatement of the Zakarpattia's status as special "territory of Rusyns to the south of the Carpathians" with self-government under the constitutional name Subcarpathian Rus was recognized. On October 29, at the 2nd congress in Mukachevo, a memorandum was signed calling for the authorities to recognize the Subcarpathian Rus autonomy (by December 1). That same day, according to the Kommersant-Ukraine (Ukrainian edition) agents of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) questioned Dmytro Sydor and Yevgeniy Zhupan. They were summoned to SBU as witnesses in a criminal case "on the infringement on territorial integrity of Ukraine" initiated in June 2008.[90] According to internet publisher "Newsru", earlier in 2008 the Zakarpattia Rusyns appealed to Russia to recognize independence of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Ukraine.[91] In 2014 with the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, an activist of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement named Petro Hetsko, who claims to be prime minister of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia, asked the President of Russia to intervene and help "neutralize Galician Nazism in Zakarpattia".[85]

Research conducted by the University of Cambridge during the height of political Rusynism in the mid-1990s that focused on five specific regions within the Zakarpattia Oblast having the strongest pro-Rusyn cultural and political activism, found that only nine percent of the population of these areas claimed Rusyn ethnicity.[92][93] In the present day, according to the Ukrainian census, most – over 99% – of the local inhabitants consider themselves to be Ukrainians. (Ukrainian census numbers inflated since 1991 refer to local ones for accuracy)[7]

Religion Edit

Early history Edit

Religion and Rusyn history are deeply intertwined, often resulting in controversy. Many believe that when Rusyns first came to Christianity it was through the Orthodox faith, although this has been challenged by many others who assert the initial Christian influence actually came from Catholic Moravia. One of the earliest saints of the (Orthodox) Monastery of the Caves at Kyiv was the Rusyn Moses Uhrin (died 1043),[94] who prior to becoming a monk served Boris, the prince of Ancient Rus'. Moses and his brothers Efrem and Georgii stories are recorded in the noted 'Russian Primary Chronicle'. Also originating from this time is the unique Carpathian church Prostopinije (Plain Chant), which is closely related to the ancient chant of Kievan Rus' and has even preserved elements of it.[95]

For over 600 years, the Orthodox Church was the only Rusyn church in the Carpathians. But under the growing influence of the then ruling Austro-Hungarian Empire, Orthodox clergy were reduced over time to the legal status of peasant-serfs, and even the bishop of Mukachevo was at the mercy of the Hungarian lords. To improve their condition, some Orthodox priests attempted to form a new church under the Catholics. In 1614, 50 priests convened at the Krasni Brid Monastery with this intent, but a crowd of Orthodox protested and dispersed the group. A second attempt in the 1630s under Bishop Vasyl Tarasovych also failed. Finally in April 1646, Bishop Parfenii Petrovich (Petro Parfenii#Biography) was able to convene a meeting of 63 (out of a few hundred) priests who pledged their allegiance to the Pope of Rome. Their signed document became known as the Union of Uzhhorod, resulting in the formation of the Greek Catholic Church. This new Church was given greater material assistance from the Austro-Hungarian Empire while being allowed to maintain their Eastern Rite traditions, including married priests. From that time, the Rusyns had two bishops, one Greek Catholic and one Orthodox, until 1721 when the last remaining Orthodox priests in the western counties accepted the Union.[96] Some priests in the eastern counties of Bereg and Maramaros remained Orthodox until 1745.[97]

Recent history Edit

In the 1890s, 145 years after Orthodoxy had ceased to exist in the Carpathians, a so-called 'return to Orthodoxy' movement began, reaching a high point in the 1920s. Many Greek Catholics who became Orthodox were arrested for treason and a few were even executed by the government, with the Thalerhof internment camp and martyrdom (by firing squad) of the Orthodox priest Maxim Sandovich in 1914 being the best known incidents. Meanwhile, the Russian Bolshevik Revolution was forcing Russians of the nobility and middle class to flee, and many settled in the US. These Russians arrived and began joining the American Russian Orthodox Church (then called the Metropolia) at precisely the same time Carpatho-Russians in America were also 'returning' to the Orthodox faith. This mixing furthered Russophile leanings among many Rusyns. Leading the charge was Fr. Alexis Toth, a former Greek Catholic priest who led as many as 20,000 Rusyn Americans to Orthodoxy, for which he was canonized by the Orthodox Church (due to his efforts, perhaps 1/3rd of American Rusyns are Orthodox today). This American mixing further influenced events and persecutions back in the Carpathian homeland, where thousands of fleeing Orthodox Russians also settled, including monks who founded the Ladomirova Monastery.[98] Indeed, Laurus Škurla who was born in Ladomirova (now in Slovakia) rose to become Metropolitan Laurus, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.

Conversely, it was Greek Catholics of the Carpathians who suffered in the 1940s. By force, the Soviet government annulled the Union of Uzhhorod in 1946, and the Greek Catholic Church was liquidated exactly 300 years after its formation. The Greek Catholic Cathedral, Uzhhorod was transferred to the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church in 1948, and priests who refused to convert to Orthodoxy were sent to the Siberian and Arctic labor camps, where many died. Others were simply murdered in their home villages. A horrific example of this was the martyrdom (by assassination) of Greek Catholic Bishop Theodore Romzha. To add salt to the wound, in 1971 the Russian Orthodox Synod of Zagorsk, U.S.S.R. indirectly justified this violence by officially ratifying the annulment.[99]

And while no longer the case, from the early and even until the mid-1900s in America, religious and nationalist causes went together. Aside from Russian Orthodox/Greek Catholic struggle, the dislike of Ukrainians by Rusyn religious leaders was strong and expressed often, as Ukrainian nationalism was deemed a destructive force to Rusyn culture. The influential newspaper of the American Greek Catholic Church, the 'GCU Messenger', wrote in 1954: "To us Carpatho-Russian people here and in our native country under the green Carpathians, there can be no greater insult and offense then when someone calls us Ukrainians. We know not such people on the world's map."[100]

Europe Today

In Europe today, some tensions still exist. As an example, the aforementioned Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross in Uzhorod belonged to the Greek Catholics but after WWII had been given to the Russian Orthodox Church by the Communist government. With the pending fall of communism, a well-meaning visit to this cathedral in February 1990 by American Byzantine Catholic (Greek Catholic) Archbishop Stephen Kocisko, whose own Rusyn parents were born in the Carpathians, led to confrontation from Rusyn Orthodox protestors. Later in 1991, there were major protests, including physical attacks and hunger strikes when it was decided to transfer the cathedral back to the Greek Catholics.

 
Orthodox protest Greek Catholic Archbishop Kocisko's 1990 Uzhorod Cathedral visit.

The Orthodox immediately set about to build a new Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral, under the guidance of the Rusyn Fr. Dimitry Sydor, a Moscow Patriarchate priest, who is perhaps the most controversial cleric in today's Carpathians. In a nod to Moscow, the architecture of the new cathedral is based on the design of the famous and newly rebuilt 'Cathedral of Christ the Savior' in Moscow, which is the largest church in all of Russia.

At the parish level, numerous churches which had been forcibly Orthodox for decades switched back to the Greek Catholic jurisdiction, and new ones were also constructed. As well, in spite of continued pressure, the region's Greek Catholic Church steadfastly refuses to be included under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian oriented Lvov/Lviv Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy. Notably and in another example of Rusyns going against the tide and seen as a pushback against Ukrainianism, an estimated 542 of the existing 550 Transcarpathian Orthodox churches chose to remain under the (Russian) Moscow Patriarchate rather than join the (Ukrainian) Kiev/Kyiv Patriarchate.[101] And as of 2021 according to the Ukrainian government itself, Transcarpathia had one of the highest adherence levels in Ukraine to the Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate rather than the Kyiv Orthodox Patriarchate.[102]

However, there is one thing that neither church divisions nor communism has changed, and that is the traditional, formal Rusyn greeting, which can occasionally still be heard by both Orthodox and Catholics alike: Slava Isusu Kristu! – Glory to Jesus Christ![citation needed]

Greek Catholics Edit

Further information: Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
 
St Michael's Greek Catholic Church, Turja Pasika Transcarpathia Ukraine (built 1810)

Many Rusyns are Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite, who since the Union of Uzhhorod in 1646 have been in communion with the See of Rome.[103][104][105] This church, the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, is distinct from the Latin Catholic Church. It has retained the Byzantine Rite liturgy, sometimes including the Church Slavonic language, the liturgical forms of Byzantine or Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and married priests.

The Pannonian Rusyns of Croatia are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci, and those in the region of Vojvodina (northern Serbia), are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur, headed by bishop Đura Džudžar, who is an ethnic Rusyn. Those in the diaspora in the United States established the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh.[citation needed]

Eastern Orthodox Edit

Further information: Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov and American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
 
Saints Peter & Paul Orthodox Church, Mokra Transcarpathia Ukraine

Although originally associated with the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo, that diocese was suppressed after the Union of Uzhhorod. New Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo and Prešov was created in 1931 under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church.[106] That eparchy was divided in 1945, eastern part joining Russian Orthodox Church as the Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod, while western part was reorganized as Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Prešov of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church.

Many Rusyn Americans left Catholicism for Eastern Orthodoxy in the 19th century due to disputes with the Latin Church bishops, who viewed different practices in the Byzantine Rite (such as married clergy) with suspicion.

 
St Nicholas Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Church, Jacobs Creek Pennsylvania, USA

Another large segment of Rusyn Americans belong to the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, which is headquartered in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. From its early days, this group was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a self-governing diocese.

The affiliation of Eastern Orthodox Rusyns was adversely affected by the Communist revolution in the Russian Empire and the subsequent Iron Curtain which split the Orthodox diaspora from the Eastern Orthodox believers living in the ancestral homelands. A number of émigré communities have claimed to continue the Orthodox Tradition of the pre-revolution church while either denying or minimizing the validity of the church organization operating under Communist authority.

For example, the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) was granted autocephalous (self-governing) status by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1970. Although approximately 25% of the OCA was Rusyn in the early 1980s, an influx of Eastern Orthodox émigrés from other nations and new converts wanting to connect with the Eastern Church have lessened the impact of a particular Rusyn emphasis in favor of a new American Orthodoxy.

In 1994, the historian Paul Robert Magocsi stated that there were approximately 690,000 Carpatho-Rusyn church members in the United States, with 320,000 belonging to the largest Greek Catholic affiliations, 270,000 to the largest Eastern Orthodox affiliations, and 100,000 to various Protestant and other denominations.[107]

Location Edit

Main article: Places inhabited by Rusyns
 
Pannonian Rusyns in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)
 
Places inhabited by Rusyns

The traditional homeland of the Rusyn people, Carpathian Rus', lies at the heart of the Carpathian mountains, on the borders of modern-day Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia. Today, approximately three-quarters of Rusyns reside within Ukraine, specifically the geographic region known as Transcarpathia (historic Subcarpathian Rus').[108]

There also exists a multitude of Rusyn diaspora communities throughout neighboring countries in Europe and North America. The oldest of these diaspora communities is located located in the Pannonian Plain.[109] Since the mid-18th century, the resettled communities of Pannonia have existed in parts of present-day Serbia (particularly, Vojvodina, known historically as Bachka) and Croatia (in Vukovar-Srijem County).[42] The United States holds the largest population of Rusyns outside of Carpathian Rus', mostly within the former industrial centers of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, approximately 225,000 Rusyns emigrated here.[110] Within Europe, Rusyns also migrated and settled in Prnjavor, a town in the northern region of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.[42] The community in the Czech Republic is located in northern Moravia and the capital of Prague. Populations of Rusyns also migrated to Canada and Argentina in the 1920s and Canada, Australia, and Germany in the 1970s and 1980s.[111]

Demography Edit

Of the estimated 1.2 to 1.6 million people of Rusyn origins,[24][42] only around 90,000 individuals have been officially identified as such in recent national censuses (see infobox above). This is due, in part, to the refusal of some governments[which?] to count Rusyns and/or allow them to self-identify on census forms, especially in Ukraine.[112] The ethnic classification of Rusyns as a separate East Slavic ethnicity distinct from Russians, Ukrainians, or Belarusians is, consequently, politically controversial.[113][114][115] The claim that Rusyns are Ukrainian subgroup is disputed by some non-mainstream scholars,[116] as well as other scholars from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Canada, and the United States. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, thirty percent of Rusyns in Ukraine identified Ukrainian as their native language, while two thirds named the Rusyn language.[117] However, about 10 thousand people, or 0.8%, of Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Province) identified themselves as Rusyns; by contrast, over 1 million considered themselves Ukrainians.[7] According to the 2022 Romanian census, there were 834 people (0.004% of the population) who identified themselves officially as Rusyns, and 594 who declared that their language was Rusyn.[118]

The endonym Rusyn has frequently gone unrecognised by various governments, and has in other cases been prohibited.[24] Today, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia officially recognize contemporary Rusyns as an ethnic minority.[citation needed] In 2007, Carpatho-Rusyns were recognized as a separate ethnicity in Ukraine by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council on a regional level,[42] and in 2012 the Rusyn language gained official regional status in certain areas of the province, as well as nationwide based on the 2012 Law of Ukraine, "On the principles of the state language policy". However, most contemporary self-identified ethnic Rusyns live outside of Ukraine.[citation needed]

Ethnic subgroups Edit

Rusyns may be divided into two significant subgroups: Carpathian Rusyns and Pannonian Rusyns. While both groups are descendants of Rusyn populations from Carpathian Rus', Pannonian Rusyns migrated from the Carpathian to parts of modern-day Croatia and Serbia (Vojvodina) in the 19th century. Additionally, the two groups speak different dialects (or languages, depending on the author): the former group speaking Carpathian Rusyn[119] and the latter speaking Pannonian Rusyn.

Other more specific, regional subgroups (debatably) include Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls, and Dolinyans (lit. "lowlanders").[42] However, the Lemko-Boyko-Hutsul subdivision popular with Ukrainian scholars was only first promoted in the 1920s by the Lemko Committee and other contemporary Ukrainian scholars.[120] Furthermore, while Lemkos and Rusyns are recognized as distinct ethnic minorities in Poland and Slovakia (respectively), neither Boykos nor Hutsuls are formally recognized in any country; nor are any Rusyns for that matter recognized as such in Ukraine.[52][121][122][123]

Regarding these common ethnographic divisions, prominent Rusyn scholar, Paul Robert Magocsi, has said the following:

The tripartite Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema […] does not, however, respond to reality on the ground. For example, Carpatho-Rusyns on the southern slopes of the mountains have never referred to themselves as either Lemkos or Boikos, while the area inhabited by self-designated Hutsuls is for the most part outside Carpathian Rus'. Only 17 villages […] (a mere 3 percent of the total number of villages in historic Carpathian Rus') are inhabited by persons who may use Hutsul as a self-identifier. On the other hand, the name Hutsul has taken on a broader and vaguer meaning. Especially in today's Ukraine it is used as a kind of term of endearment to describe all the inhabitants of Ukraine's Transcarpathian oblast, who are viewed with nostalgia as pristine mountaineers […] [124]

See also Edit

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Boyko family, late 19th century

  •  

    Boyko family, early 20th century

  •  

    Hutsul family, 1925–1939

  •  

    Hutsul music band, 1918–1935

  •  

    Lemkos from Sanok in stylized highland folk-costumes from Mokre (Poland)

  •  

    Rusyns from Przemyśl

  •  

    Boykos from Prešov (left side) and Lemkos from Przemyśl

  •  

    Ruthenian costume from Petrovci, Croatia

Explanatory notes Edit

  1. ^ The blue represents the deep skies, a perspective representation of the Carpathian mountains, hope for a better future, the colour of rational reasoning, freshness of the spirit and the body and undying diligence. The white represents traditional peacefulness, hospitability, kindness, tolerance, peace, moral and physical purity, high culture and the natural pacifism of Rusyns. The red represents all that lives and is beautiful, with the aesthetic ideal of Rusyns, and it symbolises energy and health in man.
  2. ^ The red bear represents the Carpathian Mountains and the three gold bars the region's three major rivers: Uzh, Tysa and Latorytsia. Dark blue and gold are the region's traditional heraldic colors.
  3. ^ Magocsi estimated that as of 2012 there were 853,000 Rusyns in Ukraine (773,000 in Transcarpathia; 80,000 resettled Lemkos), 620,000 in the United States, 130,000 in Slovakia, 35,000 in Romania, 30,000 in Poland, 20,000 in Canada and Serbia respectively, 10,000 in Czechia, 6,000 in Hungary, 5,000 in Croatia, and 2,500 in Australia.
  4. ^ 63,556 people identified as Rusyn in the 2021 Slovak census. This includes 23,746 as primary ethnicity and 39,810 as secondary ethnicity.
  5. ^ According to the 2011 Polish census, 10,531 respondents identified as Lemkos, separately from Rusyns.
  6. ^ Of the 853,000 Rusyns Magocsi estimated to be in Ukraine as of 2012, 773,000 were in Transcarpathia and 80,000 were resettled Lemkos.
  7. ^ Magocsi (2002): "[Rus'] was and in some cases still is 'translated' as Russia, with the result that Carpathian Rus' and its Rusyn inhabitants are incorrectly described as Carpatho-Russia and Carpatho-Russians. By contast, Rusyn sources have almost always used the noun Rus' to describe all or part of the Carpathian homeland: Karpats'ka Rus', Podkarpats'ka Rus', Priashivs'ka Rus', or Uhors'ka Rus'."
  8. ^ [37][38][39][40][41]
  9. ^ [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

Citations Edit

  1. ^ a b "Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic: Rusyn Symbols". Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic. from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  2. ^ "At the 17th World Congress of Rusyns, the greater coat of arms of Rusyns was approved". At the 17th World Congress of Rusyns, the greater coat of arms of Rusyns was approved. 19 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Magocsi 2015, p. 1.
  4. ^ "Number of population by ethnicity in the Slovak Republic at 1 January 2021". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  5. ^ Становништво према националној припадности [Population by ethnicity] (in Serbian). Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16.
  6. ^ "Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno społeczna" [State and structure of the social demographics of the population] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office of Poland. 2013. p. 91. (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова [Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language]. ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 2001. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Карта говорiв української мови 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 10 October 2008; Энциклопедический словарь: В 86 томах с иллюстрациями и дополнительными материалами. Edited by Андреевский, И.Е. – Арсеньев, К.К. – Петрушевский, Ф.Ф. – Шевяков, В.Т., s.v. Русины. Online version. Вологда, Russia: Вологодская областная универсальная научная библиотека, 2001 (1890–1907) 2021-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, 10 October 2008; Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Edited by Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., s.v. Rusyn. Fifteenth edition. Online version. Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: SIL International, 2008 (2005) 2022-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, 10 October 2008; , 10 October 2008.
  8. ^ "B04006: PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY, 2019 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  9. ^ "Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021", at , p. 11.
  10. ^ Moser, Michael (2016). "Rusyn". In Tomasz Kamusella; Motoki Nomachi; Catherine Gibson (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. Basingstoke UK: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132.
  11. ^ "Populaţia după etnie" (PDF) (in Romanian). Institutul Naţional de Statistică. (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  12. ^ (in Romanian). Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  13. ^ Magocsi 2021, p. 1.
  14. ^ "STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI, PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2001" [Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities, 2001 Census] (in Croatian). State Institute for Statistics of the Republic of Croatia. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  15. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF). ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ "Národnost – Sčítání 2021". Czech Statistical Office. from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  17. ^ (PDF) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  18. ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina – ETHNICITY/NATIONAL AFFILIATION, RELIGION AND MOTHER TONGUE" (PDF). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  19. ^ a b Magocsi & Pop 2005.
  20. ^ a b Rusinko 2003, p. 7.
  21. ^ a b c d e Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 433–434.
  22. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 330, 423, 434, 481.
  23. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 433-434.
  24. ^ a b c d Paul Magocsi (1995). "The Rusyn Question". Political Thought. 2–3 (6). from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  25. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi (2015). "Rusyn". Rusyn | people | Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2022-02-17. Rusyn, Rusyn ruskyi, also called Ruthenian, Carpatho-Rusyn, Lemko, or Rusnak, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages
  26. ^ a b John-Paul Himka (2001) [1993]. Ruthenians. ISBN 978-1-4426-3289-9. from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  27. ^ Udvari, István (7 March 2017). "Kultúra és hagyományok". www.rusyn.hu. Országos Ruszin Önkormányzat - Вседержавноє Русинськоє Самосправованя. from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  28. ^ Himka 1999, p. 5-8, 135-138.
  29. ^ Magocsi 2011a, p. 177.
  30. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 2-5.
  31. ^ Motta, Giuseppe (2014). Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4438-5859-5. from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2018-11-11. There were different theories to explain the presence of Rusyns. In his The settlements, economy and history of the Rusyns of Subcarpathia (1923) A. Hodinka wondered if Russians arrived before the Magyars, at the same time or later? Were they White Croats? Slavs who mixed with nomad Vlachs?
  32. ^ Magocsi 2005, p. 5.
  33. ^ Gluhak, Alemko (1990), Porijeklo imena Hrvat [Origin of the name Croat] (in Croatian), Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak. pp 115–116
  34. ^ Paščenko, Jevgenij (2006), Nosić, Milan (ed.), Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina [The origin of Croats and Ukraine] (in Croatian), Maveda, pp 84–87. ISBN 953-7029-03-4
  35. ^ Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 444, 451, 501, 516. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
  36. ^ George Shevelov (2002) [1979]. "A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language" (in Ukrainian). from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-07-23. Говорячи про Україну, слід брати до уваги такі доісторичні слов'янські племена, перелічені та/або згадані в Київському Початковому літописі, як деревляни (Середнє Полісся), сіверяни (Східне Полісся), поляни (Київщина, цебто ядро Русі), бужани (називані також волинянами або дулібами), уличі або улучі, тиверці (Подністров'я) та хорвати (Карпати? Перемищина?). Дуліби востаннє згадуються в записі за 907 р., уличі за 922 р., поляни й тиверці за 944 р., деревляни за 990 р., хорвати за 992 р., сіверяни за 1024 р. Дивлячись суто географічно, середньополіські говірки можуть бути виведені від деревлян, східнополіські від сіверян, західноволинські від дулібів; висловлено також гіпотезу, обстоювану — з індивідуальними нюансами — низкою вчених (Шахматовим, Лєр-Сплавінським, Зілинським, Нідерле, Кобилянським та ін.), що гуцули, а можливо й бойки, є нащадками уличів, які під тиском печенігів залишили свої рідні землі над Богом, переселившися до цієї частини карпатського реґіону. Проте нам нічого не відомо про мовні особливості, якими відрізнялися між собою доісторичні слов'янські племена на Україні, а отже будь-які спроби пов'язати сучасні говірки зі згаданими племенами ані довести, ані, навпаки, спростувати незмога.
  37. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1995). "The Carpatho-Rusyns". Carpatho-Rusyn American. XVIII (4). from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17. The purpose of this somewhat extended discussion of early history is to emphasize the complex origins of the Carpatho-Rusyns. They were not, as is often asserted, exclusively associated with Kievan Rus', from which it is said their name Rusyn derives. Rather, the ancestors of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns are descendants of: (1) early Slavic peoples who came to the Danubian Basin with the Huns; (2) the White Croats; (3) the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia; and (4) the Vlachs of Transylvania.
  38. ^ Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 444, 451. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1. from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
  39. ^ Козак, В. Д. (1999). Етногенез та етнічна історія населення Українських Карпат (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Lviv: Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 483–502.
  40. ^ Magocsi 2002, p. 2–4.
  41. ^ Вортман Д.Я.; Косміна О.Ю. (2007). КАРПАТИ КРАЇНСЬКІ. ISBN 978-966-00-0692-8. from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2022-02-17. Не пізніше 6 ст. нас. Східнокарпатського регіону стає переважно слов'ян. Одне з літописних племен – білих хорватів (див. Хорвати) – локалізують у Передкарпатті. Наприкінці 10 ст. їх підкорив вел. кн. київ. Володимир Святославич і таким чином зх. кордони Київської Русі сягнули Карпат {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n М. Ю. Дронов (2016). РУСИ́НЫ. from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-06-20. В этногенезе Р. приняли участие потомки племени белых хорватов, выходцы из др. вост.–слав. земель и др. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  43. ^ И. А. Бойко (2016). ДОЛЫНЯ́НЕ. from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-06-21. Сформировались на основе вост.-слав. населения 7–9 вв. (хорваты, или белые хорваты), вошедшего в 10 в. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  44. ^ И. А. Бойко (2016). ЛЕ́МКИ. from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-06-21. Сформировались к 17 в. на основе потомков историч. хорватов и укр. переселенцев... {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  45. ^ Sofiia Rabii-Karpynska (2013) [1984]. Boikos. ISBN 978-0-8020-3362-8. from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2022-02-17. The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kyivan Rus' state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  46. ^ Nicolae Pavliuc; Volodymyr Sichynsky; Stanisław Vincenz (2001) [1989]. . Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3362-8. Archived from the original on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2022-02-17. The Slavic White Croatians inhabited the region in the first millennium AD; with the rise of Kyivan Rus', they became vassals of the new state.
  47. ^ Войналович В.А. (2003). БОЙКИ. p. 688. ISBN 966-00-0734-5. from the original on 2016-06-25. Retrieved 2022-02-17. Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Ковпак Л.В. (2004). ГУЦУЛИ. ISBN 966-00-0632-2. from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2022-02-17. Г. – нащадки давніх слов'ян. племен – білих хорватів, тиверців й уличів, які в 10 ст. входили до складу Київської Русі ... Питання походження назви "гуцули" остаточно не з'ясоване. Найпоширеніша гіпотеза – від волоського слова "гоц" (розбійник), на думку ін., від слова "кочул" (пастух). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Ivan Katchanovski; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-8108-7847-1. from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-20. In the opinion of some scholars, the ancestors of the Lemkos were the White Croatians, who settled the Carpathian region between the seventh and tenth centuries.
  50. ^ Segeda, Sergei Petrovich (1999). "Антропологічний склад українців Східних Карпат". Етногенез та етнічна історія населення Українських Карпат (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Lviv: Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 461–482.
  51. ^ Segeda, Sergei Petrovich (2001). "Антропологічний склад українського народу". Antropolohiíà: navchal'nyĭ posibnyk dlíà studentiv humanitarnykh spet́s̀ial'nosteĭ vyshchykh navchal'nykh zakladiv (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Lybid. ISBN 966-06-0165-4. from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  52. ^ a b c Nikitin, Alexey G.; Kochkin, Igor T.; June, Cynthia M.; Willis, Catherine M.; Mcbain, Ian; Videiko, Mykhailo Y. (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Boyko, Hutsul and Lemko populations of Carpathian highlands". Human Biology. 81 (1): 43–58. doi:10.3378/027.081.0104. PMID 19589018. S2CID 45791162.
  53. ^ Willis, Catherine (2006). "Study of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism". McNair Scholars Journal. 10 (1). from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  54. ^ Veselinovic; et al. (2014). "Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in the Rusyn population sample from Vojvodina Province, Serbia". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 128 (2): 273–274. doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0877-9. PMID 23729201. S2CID 29357585.
  55. ^ Rębała; et al. (2014). "Northern Slavs from Serbia do not show a founder effect at autosomal and Y-chromosomal STRs and retain their paternal genetic heritage". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 8 (1): 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.08.011. PMID 24315599. from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  56. ^ O. M. Utevska; M. I. Chukhraeva; A. T. Agdzhoyan; L. A. Atramentova; E. V. Balanovska; O. P. Balanovsky (2015). "Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions". Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems. 6 (2): 133–140. doi:10.15421/021524. PMID 23879710.
  57. ^ "The East Slavs". News From Ukraine, Kyiv, p. 2. December 1989.
  58. ^ "Carpatho-Rusyns". Byzantine-Ruthenian Diocese of Parma, Parma, Ohio. August 1981.
  59. ^ Benedek, Andras (2001). Gens fidelissima: The Rusyns. Budapest. p. 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  60. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 321-322, 481.
  61. ^ Bonkáló 1990, p. 12-13.
  62. ^ "Manifesto Of The Carpatho-Rusyns in Czechoslovakia". Rusyn Committee, Presov: 3–4. 1990.
  63. ^ Tymofelev, Ihor (1998). "Koriatovych". The Day – Ukrainian Daily Newspaper, Mukachevo.
  64. ^ "Spring Issue". Carpatho-Rusyn American, Pittsburgh: 3. 1993.
  65. ^ a b Ihor Melnyk. Main Ruthenian Council (Головна Руська Рада) 2019-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. Zbruc. 30 April 2013
  66. ^ "Aleksander Dukhnovich". Carpatho Rus' / Karpatska Rus', Yonkers. March 19, 1993.
  67. ^ "Rusyn Immigration". The New Rusyn Times, Pittsburgh: 11. May 1995.
  68. ^ Vavrik, Vasilij Romanowicz (2001). (in Russian). Moscow: Soft-izdat. OCLC 163170799. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  69. ^ Orest Subtelny, Ukraine. A History. Second edition, 1994. p. 350-351. Subtelny treats transcarpathian Rusyns as a group of Ukrainians
  70. ^ PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue – vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp. 87 – 89, 110 – 112, 124 – 128,140 – 148,184 – 209
  71. ^ a b c Rychlík & Rychlíková 2016.
  72. ^ a b c Nytka, V . Holos Ukrayiny. 30 November 2010
  73. ^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine – A History. Toronto. p. 487.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  74. ^ Masich, John (1967). "Highlights in the Glorious History of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA". Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA, Munhall PA: 263.
  75. ^ "Службени гласник (1963): Устав Социјалистичке Републике Србије". 1963. from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  76. ^ Катунин 2015, p. 232-233.
  77. ^ (Serbia), Vojvodina (1969). "Уставни закон Социјалистичке Аутономне Покрајине Војводине (1969)". from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  78. ^ "Rusyns in Transcarpathia". Byzantine Catholic World, Pittsburgh, p. 8. February 16, 1992.
  79. ^ Magocsi 2012, p. 12.
  80. ^ Csernicskó & Fedinec 2016, p. 560-582.
  81. ^ Putin, Vladimir (July 12, 2021). "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians". Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia. from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  82. ^ Custer, Richard D. "Rusyns, Washington, D.C.".
  83. ^ Myshanych, Oleksa (September 1997). "Political Ruthenianism – A Ukrainian Problem". The Ukrainian Quarterly, New York.
  84. ^ "Ruthenians (Ukraine)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hybrid war: ethnic factor of the Zakarpattia Rusyns. Analytics of IS (Гибридная война: этнический фактор русинов Закарпатья. Аналитика ИС) 2021-12-02 at the Wayback Machine. Svetlovodsk.com.ua. 21 April 2016
  86. ^ Дмитрий Сидор отказался давать показания СБУ и "наехал" на журналистов [Dmitry Sydorov refused to give evidence to a Ukrainian Security Services investigation and "struck back" at journalists]. ua-reporter.com (in Russian). 19 November 2008. from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  87. ^ ПОЛІТИЧНЕ РУСИНСТВО І ЙОГО СПОНСОРИ [Political Rusynism and its sponsors]. ua-reporter.com (in Ukrainian). 11 July 2009. from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  88. ^ Гвать, Іван (25 December 2011). Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб [Ukraine is in the grip of Russian secret services]. radiosvoboda.org (in Ukrainian). from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  89. ^ . 2001-11-02. Archived from the original on 2001-11-02. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  90. ^ [Leaders of Rusyns were questioned at the SBU]. ua.glavred.info (in Ukrainian). 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011.
  91. ^ . Newsru.ua. 20 March 2012
  92. ^ Taras Kuzio (2005). The Rusyn Question in Ukraine: Sorting Out Fact from Fiction. 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII
  93. ^ – by Natalya Belitser, Pylyp Orlyk Institute for Democracy, Kyiv, Ukraine
  94. ^ Barriger, Lawrence. "Saints Cyril & Methodios – Spiritual Insights". The Church Messenger (Johnstown, PA).
  95. ^ Gardner, Johann von (July 1979). "Orthodox Chant". Orthodox Life: 46.
  96. ^ Udvari, Istvan. The Rusyns – An East Slavic People. Budapest.
  97. ^ Benedek, Andras (2001). Gens fidelissima: The Rusyns. p. 41.
  98. ^ "Ladomirova". Carpatho-Rus' – Karpatska -Rus' Lemko Association (Allentown, PA): 1. April 11, 2003.
  99. ^ "Assail Russian Patriarch". Svoboda Ukrainian Weekly (Jersey City, NJ). November 20, 1971.
  100. ^ Warzeski, Walter (1971). Byzantine Rite Rusyns. Pittsburgh. pp. 248–249.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  101. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2005). "The Rusyn Question in Ukraine". Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: 10.
  102. ^ "Report on the Network of Religious Organizations for 2021". Civil Service of Ukraine on Ethnopolitics and Freedom of Conscience. December 2020. from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  103. ^ Pekar 1979.
  104. ^ Litwin 1987, p. 57–83.
  105. ^ Véghseő 2015, p. 147-181.
  106. ^ Eastern Churches Journal: A Journal of Eastern Christendom, vol. 4 (1997) 2021-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, p. 61
  107. ^ Magocsi 2005.
  108. ^ Magocsi, 2012
  109. ^ Magocsi, 2012
  110. ^ Magocsi, 2012
  111. ^ Magocsi, 2012
  112. ^ "Законодавство України не дозволяє визнати русинів Закарпаття окремою національністю". from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  113. ^ Ivan Pop: Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000. With support from Carpatho-Russian ethnic research center in the USA ISBN 9667838234
  114. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 280.
  115. ^ Tom Trier (1998), Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine
  116. ^ Trochanowski, Piotr (14 January 1992). "Lemkowszczyzna przebudzona" [Lemkivshchyna Awakened]. Gazeta Wyborcza (Krakowski dodatek) (in Polish). Cracow. p. 2.
  117. ^ "Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language" Чисельність осіб окремих етнографічних груп украінського етносу та їх рідна мова [Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language] (in Ukrainian). State Committee for Statistics of Ukraine: 2001 Census. from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  118. ^ "Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021", at , p. 11 (on ethnicity) and p. 12 (on language).
  119. ^ Дуличенко А. Д. (2005). "Малые славянские литературные языки. III. Восточнославянские малые литературные языки. IIIа. Карпаторусинский". Языки мира. Славянские языки. М.: Academia. pp. 610–611. ISBN 978-5-87444-216-3.
  120. ^ Pasieka, Agnieszka 2021 (August 2021). "Making an Ethnic Group: Lemko-Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic". European History Quarterly. 51 (3): 386–410. doi:10.1177/02656914211027121. S2CID 237155677.
  121. ^ "Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Hutsuls". from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  122. ^ Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, p. 1341.
  123. ^ Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8. from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  124. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 3.

General and cited sources Edit

  • Bonkáló, Alexander (1990). The Rusyns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-190-6. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Csernicskó, István; Fedinec, Csilla (2016). "Four Language Laws of Ukraine". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 23: 560–582. from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  • Himka, John-Paul (1999). Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine: The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1870–1900. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1812-4. from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  • Катунин, Дмитрий А. (2015). "Языковые права русинов, украинцев и других национальных меньшинств в законодательстве Республики Сербия". Русин: Международный исторический журнал. 39 (1): 229–238. from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  • Litwin, Henryk (1987). "Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes in the Ukraine during the Years 1569–1648" (PDF). Acta Poloniae Historica. 55: 57–83. (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  • Magocsi, Paul R.; Pop, Ivan I., eds. (2005) [2002]. Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture (2. rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4738-0. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2005) [1984]. Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in North America (4. rev. ed.). Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86516-611-0. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2011a). "The Fourth Rus': A New Reality in a New Europe" (PDF). Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 35-36 (2010–2011): 167–177. (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press. ISBN 9786155053467. from the original on 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Pekar, Athanasius B. (1979). The Bishops of the Eparchy of Mukachevo, with Historical Outlines. Pittsburgh: Byzantine Seminary Pres. from the original on 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
  • Rusinko, Elaine (2003). Straddling Borders: Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus'. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3711-4. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Rychlík, Jan; Rychlíková, Magdaléna (2016). Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa 1918–1946. Praha: Vyšehrad. ISBN 9788074297694. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
  • Véghseő, Tamás (2015). "Reflections on the Background to the Union of Uzhhorod / Ungvár (1646)" (PDF). Eastern Theological Journal. 1 (1): 147–181. (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2012). Carpatho-Rusyns. New York: Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center.

Further reading Edit

See also: List of Slavic studies journals
  • Bidermann, Hermann Ignaz (1862). Die ungarischen Ruthenen, ihr Wohngebiet, ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte. Vol. 1. Innsbruck: Wagnersche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Bidermann, Hermann Ignaz (1867). Die ungarischen Ruthenen, ihr Wohngebiet, ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte. Vol. 2. Innsbruck: Wagnersche Universitäts-Buchhandlung. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Chlebowski, Cezary (1983). Wachlarz: Monografia wydzielonej organizacji dywersyjnej Armii Krajowej: wrzesien 1941-marzec 1943. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. ISBN 9788321106786. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Dyrud, Keith P. (1992). The Quest for the Rusyn Soul: The Politics of Religion and Culture in Eastern Europe and in America, 1890-World War I. Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-944190-10-4. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Golovatsky, Yakov (1846). Zustände der Russinen in Gallizien: Ein Wort zur Zeit. Leipzig: Slawische Buchhandlung. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Kokaisl, Petr (2023). In the footsteps of the Rusyns in Europe: Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Poland and Hungary. Praha: Nostalgie. ISBN 978-80-908883-0-2. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
  • Lansdowne, Alan (2008). Is there a credible case for Rusyn National Self-Determination in Ukraine?. MA Thesis. London: School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies.
  • Mayer, Maria (1997). Rusyns of Hungary: Political and Social Developments, 1860–1910. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-387-0. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1973). (PDF). Austrian History Yearbook. 9: 201–265. doi:10.1017/S006723780001910X. S2CID 144778333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1975). (PDF). Slavic Review. 34 (2): 360–381. doi:10.2307/2495193. JSTOR 2495193. S2CID 155615547. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1978). The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848–1948. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-80579-8. from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1983). Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2482-4. from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1988). The Carpatho-Rusyn Americans (1. ed.). New York-Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87754-866-9.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1988). Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 1975–1984. Vol. 1. New York: Garland. ISBN 978-0-8240-1214-4. from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1998). Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 1985–1994. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-420-4. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2006). Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 1995–1999. Vol. 3. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-531-7. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2011b). Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 2000–2004. Vol. 4. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-684-0. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2013). Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, 2005–2009. Vol. 5. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-8240-5836-4. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1990). "Magyars and Carpatho-Rusyns: On the Seventieth Anniversary of the Founding of Czechoslovakia". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 14 (3–4): 427–460. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1993). The Rusyns of Slovakia: An Historical Survey. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-278-1. from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R., ed. (1996). A New Slavic Language is Born: The Rusyn Literary Language of Slovakia. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-331-3. from the original on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1999a). Of the Making of Nationalities There is No End. Vol. 1. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-438-9. from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (1999b). Of the Making of Nationalities There is No End. Vol. 2. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-438-9. from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2010) [1996]. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2. rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7. from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2013). "Carpathian Rus': Interethnic Coexistence without Violence". Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands. Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 449–462. ISBN 978-0-253-00631-8. from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2018) [1993]. Historical Atlas of Central Europe (3. rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-2331-2. from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Petrov, Aleksei L. (1998) [1930]. Magocsi, Paul R. (ed.). Medieval Carpathian Rus': The Oldest Documentation About the Carpatho-Rusyn Church and Eparchy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-388-7. from the original on 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  • Shandor, Vikenty (1997). Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rusyns.
  • The Carpathian Connection
  • The Carpatho-Rusyn Society
  • Carpatho Rusyn Knowledge Base
  • American Carpatho-Russian Diocese

September 18, 2023
rusyns, other, uses, rusyn, disambiguation, rusnak, rusins, russini, russins, redirect, here, individuals, with, last, name, rusnak, rusnak, surname, latgalian, duke, rūsiņš, surname, russini, surname, municipality, switzerland, russins, switzerland, confused,. For other uses see Rusyn disambiguation Rusnak Rusins Russini and Russins redirect here For individuals with the last name of Rusnak see Rusnak surname For the Latgalian duke see Rusins For the surname see Russini surname For the municipality in Switzerland see Russins Switzerland Not to be confused with Russians This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia s Manual of Style Please help improve it if you can August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Rusyns Rusyn Rusiny romanized Rusynŷ also known as Carpatho Rusyns Rusyn Karpatorusiny or Karpatsky Rusiny romanized Karpatorusynŷ or Karpatskŷ Rusynŷ or Rusnaks Rusyn Rusnaky or Rusnaci romanized Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy are an East Slavic ethnic group from the Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe They speak Rusyn an East Slavic language variety treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics though a minority of Rusyns still practice Eastern Orthodoxy Rusyns primarily self identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia Hungary Poland Romania Serbia and Slovakia where they have official minority status Alternatively some identify more closely with their country of residence i e Polish Slovak while others are a branch of the Ukrainian people 19 RusynsFlag of Rusyns approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2007 1 a 1 The Rusyn coat of arms based on the coat of arms of Subcarpathian Rus b 1 The Greater coat of arms of Rusyns approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2023 2 Total population110 000 1 762 500 c 3 Regions with significant populations Slovakia63 556 250 000 2021 2012 d 3 4 Serbia14 246 20 000 2013 2012 3 5 Poland10 531 30 000 2011 2012 e 3 6 Ukraine10 183853 000 2012 ancestry estimate f 3 7 United States7 583620 000 2012 ancestry estimate 3 8 Romania834 2022 9 4 090 14 000 estimates 3 10 11 12 Croatia1 343 2021 13 incomplete short citation 14 Hungary2 342 6 000 2016 2012 3 15 Czech Republic608 10 000 2021 2012 3 16 Russia225 17 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina32 18 2019 Canadaest 20 000 2012 3 Australiaest 2 500 2012 3 LanguagesRusyn Ukrainian SlovakPolish Serbian Hungarian RomanianReligionPredominantly Eastern Catholic Ruthenian Greek Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic minority Eastern OrthodoxyRelated ethnic groupsOther East Slavs primarily Ukrainians Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians In those regions there are several Rusyn groups including Dolinyans Boykos Hutsuls and Lemkos Of the estimated 1 7 million people of Rusyn origin only around 110 000 have been officially identified as such in recent c 2012 national censuses 3 This is largely because some census taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group Contents 1 Ethnonyms 1 1 Regional identifiers 1 2 Rus 1 3 Ruthenian 1 4 Russian 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 1 1 Anthropology 2 1 2 Population genetics 2 2 Early history 2 3 Modern history 2 4 Recent history 3 Autonomist and separatist movements 4 Religion 4 1 Early history 4 2 Recent history 4 3 Greek Catholics 4 4 Eastern Orthodox 5 Location 6 Demography 6 1 Ethnic subgroups 7 See also 8 Gallery 9 Explanatory notes 10 Citations 11 General and cited sources 12 Further reading 13 External linksEthnonyms EditThe term Rusyn Rusyn Rusin plural Rusiny Rusynŷ originates from the archaic ethnonym Rus The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi ruskyj m ruska f ruske ruskoe n though rusynʹskŷi rusinskyj rusinskyj rusinskij rusinskij rusinski has also been used even more so after 1989 20 21 In interwar Czechoslovakia Ruthenia was called Rusinsko in Czech sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American Rusyn publications 22 Regional identifiers Edit Carpatho Rusyn or Carpatho Ruthenian karpato Rusyny is the main regional designation for Rusyns The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia Karpatsʹka Rusʹ which is a historical cross border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine s Zakarpattia Oblast Presov Region in eastern Slovakia the Lemko Region in southeastern Poland and Maramures in north central Romania In the Lemko region the endonym Lemko pl Lemkŷ became more common in the twentieth century along with Lemko Rusyn since the 1990s 21 The variant Rusnak Rusnak plural Rusnakŷ or Pannonian Rusyn Rusnatsi was also and still is used as an endonym 20 21 particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina Serbia and Slavonia Croatia However they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns voivodianski Rusnatsi Bachka Srem Rusyns bachvansʹko srimski rusnatsi or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi 23 Other terms such as Ruthene Rusniak Lemak Lyshak and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic local or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia Others hold that the terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes 24 Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro Rusyn Uhro Rus in the regions of Eperjes Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia Rus Edit Main article Rus term Several endonyms such as Rus and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus during the medieval period Common endonymic use of those terms continued through the life of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Parallel medieval Latin terms such as Rusi Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs 21 24 25 Ruthenian Edit Main article Ruthenians Since the end of the 11th century the exonymic term Rutheni Ruthenes was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs During the rule of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine After the Partitions of Poland Rutheni came to be associated primarily with those East Slavs who lived under the Habsburg monarchy and was used as an official designation in the Austrian Empire after 1843 26 In the Kingdom of Hungary Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people Hungarian ruten or ruszin of Transcarpathia until 1945 27 During the early twentieth century the term became even more restricted it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s 26 In some non Slavic languages Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho Ruthenes or Carpatho Ruthenians but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage 28 29 30 Russian Edit In older literature and speech both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho Russians or Carpathian Russians These terms however more accurately refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region The use of several imprecise Russian ethnonyms in a Rusyn context are also present in the works of some older authors including foreign authors as well as those native to the region This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora Thus the term Carpatho Russian is still used today by some American Rusyns to self identify mostly among Eastern Orthodox practitioners 21 g History EditOrigins Edit There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins 31 According to Paul Robert Magocsi the origin of the present day Carpatho Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania 32 It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd 4th century under pressure by invading Huns and Goths 33 34 35 George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes more specifically the Hutsuls and possibly Boykos argued to be the descendants of the Ulichs who were not native in the region 36 As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats h in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries and the Great Russian Encyclopedia the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats i Anthropology Edit According to anthropological studies the Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub regional clines of the Ukrainian population which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants In the study by M S Velikanova 1975 the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population and according to S P Segeda V Dyachenko and T I Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in the Middle Ages or earlier as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut Dniester rivers possibly with some Thracian component According to the data the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks Gorals of Poland Romanians some groups of Czechs and Hungarians Northwestern Bulgarians Central and Northern Serbians and most of Croatians 50 51 Population genetics Edit The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders Boykos Hutsuls and Lemkos people 52 showed a common ancestry with other modern Europeans 53 A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations Belarusian Croatian Czech Hungarian Polish Romanian Russian Ukrainian the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H 20 and J 5 for a European population while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian 0 17 population and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian 0 11 and Ukrainian 0 16 population 52 The 2014 Y DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina Serbia found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a 43 I2 20 E V13 12 5 and R1b 8 5 while I1 G2a J2b N1 between 2 5 and 4 5 and J1 T and H only in traces of less than 1 54 They cluster closest to the Ukrainian and Slovakian population providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population 55 The 2015 Y DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast Bukovina found they mostly belong to R1a1a1 M198 I2a R37 2 R1a1a1 M458 ranging around and less than 30 with E1b1b1a1 M78 R1b1b2 M269 and I1 M253 ranging between 4 14 The sampled population is most similar to other Ukrainians while the Bukovina population slightly differs from the typical Ukrainian population because it has the highest percentage of I2a gt 30 and the lowest percentage of R1a 30 in Ukraine Bukovina s percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations the Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c M178 R1a M198 from the region and northward of E1b M78 R1b M269 J M304 and G M201 to the region 56 Early history Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2021 The general usage of Rusyn by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century The Carpathian Rusyns Ukrainians once called Ruthenians or Little Russians Belarusians once called White Russians and Russians Great Russians are descendants of the Russichi the people of Rus that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples in the west with Baltic peoples in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples 57 Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names The inhabitants of northern Rus were known as Great Russians by the 17th century The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians Little Russians Later in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century many Little Russians began using the term Ukrainian to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus So by the mid 20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains 58 Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus were there as well 59 Even so as late as the 11th century this mountainous area was still a sparsely inhabited No Man s Land border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus and Hungary 60 In 1241 the Carpathians fell to Mongol Tatar invasions led by Genghis Khan s grandson Batu Khan with populations exterminated and villages torched 61 The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass just to the north of Mukachevo In 1395 Orthodox Rus Prince Feodor Koriatovich son of the Duke of Novgorod brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns substantially improving the region s administrative ecclesiastical and cultural aspects 62 This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons a moat workers and artisans and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River 63 Modern history Edit The Austro Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918 With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination 64 The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers but in the 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language 42 During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg today Lviv was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns the Main Ruthenian Council Rusyn Golovna Ruska Rada Holovna Ruska Rada 65 The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek Catholic clergy see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita 65 The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe and a pro Moscow view became popular The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population who came into close contact with an almost 200 000 man Russian army This interaction had an impact on the rising national consciousness of that time Aleksander Dukhnovich 1803 1865 who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem I was am and will be a Rusyn and who by some is considered to be a sort of George Washington of the Rusyns reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets he danced and cried with joy 66 A few decades later when economic conditions and repression worsened in the late 19th century massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place beginning in the early 1870s Between 1899 and 1931 Ellis Island listed 268 669 Rusyn immigrants 67 Most settled in the northeastern states but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota Colorado Alabama Washington and Montana Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada Brazil and Argentina nbsp Stepan KlochurakRusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I the Lemko Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic Prior to this time some of the founders of the Lemko Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky Rusyn Kost Levi ckij future president of the West Ukrainian National Republic 42 68 In the interwar period the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania 69 Hutsul Stepan Klochurak was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People s Republic but was overran by the Hungarian troops later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho Ukraine 42 After World War I the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture as they were permitted their own schools theater anthem and even their own governor nbsp Map of territories occupied by Ruthenes in the Carpathian region near Huszt Munkacs UngvarDuring the Dissolution of Austro Hungarian Monarchy 1918 70 various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary Romania and Czechoslovakia On the other hand those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine 71 nbsp Polish map of 1927 indicating location of Rusyns and Ukrainians labelled Rusini and Belarusians Bialo Rusini In the 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns 42 In October 1938 a series of political reforms were initiated leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic consisting of three autonomous political entities one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus Rusyn Pidkarpatska Rus On 11 October 1938 first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus was appointed headed by prime minister Andrej Brody Soon after a crisis occurred between pro Rusyn and pro Ukrainian fractions leading to the fall of Brody government on 26 October New regional government headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn adopted a pro Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name from Subcarpathian Rus to Carpathian Ukraine 71 nbsp Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus 1938 That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality On 22 November 1938 authorities of the Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus Czech Ustavni zakon o autonomii Podkarpatske Rusi officially reaffirming the right of self determination of Rusyn people preamble and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus with its own assembly and government In the constitutional system of the Second Czechoslovak Republic the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine 71 nbsp Carpatho Ukraine in 1939The Republic of Carpatho Ukraine which existed for one day on March 15 1939 before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary is sometimes considered to have been a self determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kyiv citation needed The Republic s president Avgustyn Voloshyn was an advocate of writing in Rusyn citation needed The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity 42 Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction beginning with the Hungarian government s 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews In September 1944 while retreating from a Soviet Red Army offensive the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod including one built in the 14th century On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine 72 The Soviets occupied the Carpathians and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland while the eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia 73 After World War II Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia 42 In Poland the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region sending many east to Ukraine and others to the far west of the country In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented In Ukraine many Rusyns who owned land or livestock often funded via their own family members in America were now branded by the Soviets as kulaks or rich peasants Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes collectivized farms were built with people being forced to work on their own former land employed by the Communist government Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia citation needed In 1947 under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c 150 000 Lemkos Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine In the same time some 8 500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine but more than half of them returned during the 1960s 42 nbsp Sign reads House of Subcarpathian Rusyns Dom Podkarpatskikh Rusinov in MukachevoThese acts were protested for years but to no avail In the US the Greek Catholic Union s 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act so that Carpatho Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state 74 In former Yugoslavia Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct national minority and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia In the Constitution of Serbia that was adopted in 1963 Rusyns were designated as one of seven explicitly named national minorities Article 82 75 76 and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of Vojvodina an autonomous province in Serbia that was adopted in the same year Article 32 Further on the Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina Article 67 77 Recent history Edit After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1990 new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self rule With an 89 voter turnout 78 voted Yes to autonomy 78 But with the Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote the Ukrainian government fearing secession has refused to honor this referendum In terms of minority rights the question of Rusyn self identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions as well as the United Nations citation needed Nationally Rusyns are considered by both state and cultural authorities only a sub group of the Ukrainian people 19 In spite of this Ukraine s Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a distinct nationality within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly 79 By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia Hungary and Romania published their own press and in 2007 the Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Presov Slovakia 42 In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event F Sabov O Lohoida M Moldavchuk and J Matlakh 72 They shared their experience about first years of the People s Council in revival of the region 72 There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language In several countries it is recognized as a distinct minority language Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012 that law was revoked in 2014 80 In 2021 while discussing the borders of modern Ukraine Russian President Vladimir Putin recognized Rusyns as being distinct from Ukrainians citation needed In writing about the Soviet Union s post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region Putin stated that quote Rusyns Rusiny made up a considerable share of the local population unquote Then using the pre World War II term to describe the region he asserted that the population of Subcarpathian Rus Podkarpatska Rus voted to join the Soviet Union either as either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities ignored the choice of the people and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic 81 Today there are estimated to be approximately 1 5 million Rusyns in Europe 82 and a healthy pro Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern Rusyn movement is in reality acting to defend the interests of the Russian Empire the Carpathian Mountains 83 Autonomist and separatist movements EditSee also Regionalism in UkraineAccording to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi Bardos the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital 84 The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in a 2 1 1 ratio nbsp Ukrainian academician doctor of historical sciences head of department of National Minorities of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute of Political and Ethno national research May Panchuk explained that soon after dissolution of the Soviet Union and during the 1991 Ukrainian referendum there was provided additional question for Zakarpattia residents only whether they wish to obtain a self governed territory within Ukraine 85 It triggered Rusyns to create their own political parties and movements 85 Already in March 1992 the recently created Subcarpathian republican party published its program with first elements of separatism create independent neutral Republic Subcarpathian Ruthenia just as Switzerland receive full political and economic independence recognize Rusyn people as a full scale nationality among other nations 85 The party contained a well expressed Kremlin orientation and did not hide its connections with pro Russians elements 85 In 1993 in Bratislava there was presented the government of Subcarpathian Ruthenia with an emphasized change as separate subject of the Commonwealth of Independent States 85 The activity of the government was openly supported by Russkiy dom Russkiy Mir Foundation Association of Zakarpattia democrats and other pro Russian organizations 85 In December 1994 so called minister of foreign affairs T Ondyk appealed to the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin to cancel the 1945 treaty between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia about Zakarpattia Ukraine 85 At that same time Ondyk appealed to the presidents of the United States and Hungary accusing the Ukrainian government in the policy of extermination of Rusyns and Hungarians 85 A considerable controversy has arisen regarding the Rusyn separatist movement led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor now Archbishop of Uzhorod in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate his relationship with the Russian Orthodox Church and funding for his activities 86 87 Russia has as a result of the Russian census of 2002 recognized the Rusyns as a separate ethnic group in 2004 and has been accused by the Ukrainian government of fueling ethnic tensions and separatism among Rusyns and Ukrainians 88 89 A criminal case under Part 2 Art 110 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code was initiated after the 1st European Congress of Rusyns took place in Mukachevo on June 7 2008 At that particular congress the reinstatement of the Zakarpattia s status as special territory of Rusyns to the south of the Carpathians with self government under the constitutional name Subcarpathian Rus was recognized On October 29 at the 2nd congress in Mukachevo a memorandum was signed calling for the authorities to recognize the Subcarpathian Rus autonomy by December 1 That same day according to the Kommersant Ukraine Ukrainian edition agents of the Security Service of Ukraine SBU questioned Dmytro Sydor and Yevgeniy Zhupan They were summoned to SBU as witnesses in a criminal case on the infringement on territorial integrity of Ukraine initiated in June 2008 90 According to internet publisher Newsru earlier in 2008 the Zakarpattia Rusyns appealed to Russia to recognize independence of Subcarpathian Ruthenia from Ukraine 91 In 2014 with the start of the Russo Ukrainian War an activist of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement named Petro Hetsko who claims to be prime minister of the Subcarpathian Ruthenia asked the President of Russia to intervene and help neutralize Galician Nazism in Zakarpattia 85 Research conducted by the University of Cambridge during the height of political Rusynism in the mid 1990s that focused on five specific regions within the Zakarpattia Oblast having the strongest pro Rusyn cultural and political activism found that only nine percent of the population of these areas claimed Rusyn ethnicity 92 93 In the present day according to the Ukrainian census most over 99 of the local inhabitants consider themselves to be Ukrainians Ukrainian census numbers inflated since 1991 refer to local ones for accuracy 7 Religion EditEarly history Edit Religion and Rusyn history are deeply intertwined often resulting in controversy Many believe that when Rusyns first came to Christianity it was through the Orthodox faith although this has been challenged by many others who assert the initial Christian influence actually came from Catholic Moravia One of the earliest saints of the Orthodox Monastery of the Caves at Kyiv was the Rusyn Moses Uhrin died 1043 94 who prior to becoming a monk served Boris the prince of Ancient Rus Moses and his brothers Efrem and Georgii stories are recorded in the noted Russian Primary Chronicle Also originating from this time is the unique Carpathian church Prostopinije Plain Chant which is closely related to the ancient chant of Kievan Rus and has even preserved elements of it 95 For over 600 years the Orthodox Church was the only Rusyn church in the Carpathians But under the growing influence of the then ruling Austro Hungarian Empire Orthodox clergy were reduced over time to the legal status of peasant serfs and even the bishop of Mukachevo was at the mercy of the Hungarian lords To improve their condition some Orthodox priests attempted to form a new church under the Catholics In 1614 50 priests convened at the Krasni Brid Monastery with this intent but a crowd of Orthodox protested and dispersed the group A second attempt in the 1630s under Bishop Vasyl Tarasovych also failed Finally in April 1646 Bishop Parfenii Petrovich Petro Parfenii Biography was able to convene a meeting of 63 out of a few hundred priests who pledged their allegiance to the Pope of Rome Their signed document became known as the Union of Uzhhorod resulting in the formation of the Greek Catholic Church This new Church was given greater material assistance from the Austro Hungarian Empire while being allowed to maintain their Eastern Rite traditions including married priests From that time the Rusyns had two bishops one Greek Catholic and one Orthodox until 1721 when the last remaining Orthodox priests in the western counties accepted the Union 96 Some priests in the eastern counties of Bereg and Maramaros remained Orthodox until 1745 97 Recent history Edit In the 1890s 145 years after Orthodoxy had ceased to exist in the Carpathians a so called return to Orthodoxy movement began reaching a high point in the 1920s Many Greek Catholics who became Orthodox were arrested for treason and a few were even executed by the government with the Thalerhof internment camp and martyrdom by firing squad of the Orthodox priest Maxim Sandovich in 1914 being the best known incidents Meanwhile the Russian Bolshevik Revolution was forcing Russians of the nobility and middle class to flee and many settled in the US These Russians arrived and began joining the American Russian Orthodox Church then called the Metropolia at precisely the same time Carpatho Russians in America were also returning to the Orthodox faith This mixing furthered Russophile leanings among many Rusyns Leading the charge was Fr Alexis Toth a former Greek Catholic priest who led as many as 20 000 Rusyn Americans to Orthodoxy for which he was canonized by the Orthodox Church due to his efforts perhaps 1 3rd of American Rusyns are Orthodox today This American mixing further influenced events and persecutions back in the Carpathian homeland where thousands of fleeing Orthodox Russians also settled including monks who founded the Ladomirova Monastery 98 Indeed Laurus Skurla who was born in Ladomirova now in Slovakia rose to become Metropolitan Laurus the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia Conversely it was Greek Catholics of the Carpathians who suffered in the 1940s By force the Soviet government annulled the Union of Uzhhorod in 1946 and the Greek Catholic Church was liquidated exactly 300 years after its formation The Greek Catholic Cathedral Uzhhorod was transferred to the Moscow based Russian Orthodox Church in 1948 and priests who refused to convert to Orthodoxy were sent to the Siberian and Arctic labor camps where many died Others were simply murdered in their home villages A horrific example of this was the martyrdom by assassination of Greek Catholic Bishop Theodore Romzha To add salt to the wound in 1971 the Russian Orthodox Synod of Zagorsk U S S R indirectly justified this violence by officially ratifying the annulment 99 And while no longer the case from the early and even until the mid 1900s in America religious and nationalist causes went together Aside from Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic struggle the dislike of Ukrainians by Rusyn religious leaders was strong and expressed often as Ukrainian nationalism was deemed a destructive force to Rusyn culture The influential newspaper of the American Greek Catholic Church the GCU Messenger wrote in 1954 To us Carpatho Russian people here and in our native country under the green Carpathians there can be no greater insult and offense then when someone calls us Ukrainians We know not such people on the world s map 100 Europe TodayIn Europe today some tensions still exist As an example the aforementioned Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Cross in Uzhorod belonged to the Greek Catholics but after WWII had been given to the Russian Orthodox Church by the Communist government With the pending fall of communism a well meaning visit to this cathedral in February 1990 by American Byzantine Catholic Greek Catholic Archbishop Stephen Kocisko whose own Rusyn parents were born in the Carpathians led to confrontation from Rusyn Orthodox protestors Later in 1991 there were major protests including physical attacks and hunger strikes when it was decided to transfer the cathedral back to the Greek Catholics nbsp Orthodox protest Greek Catholic Archbishop Kocisko s 1990 Uzhorod Cathedral visit The Orthodox immediately set about to build a new Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral under the guidance of the Rusyn Fr Dimitry Sydor a Moscow Patriarchate priest who is perhaps the most controversial cleric in today s Carpathians In a nod to Moscow the architecture of the new cathedral is based on the design of the famous and newly rebuilt Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow which is the largest church in all of Russia At the parish level numerous churches which had been forcibly Orthodox for decades switched back to the Greek Catholic jurisdiction and new ones were also constructed As well in spite of continued pressure the region s Greek Catholic Church steadfastly refuses to be included under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian oriented Lvov Lviv Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy Notably and in another example of Rusyns going against the tide and seen as a pushback against Ukrainianism an estimated 542 of the existing 550 Transcarpathian Orthodox churches chose to remain under the Russian Moscow Patriarchate rather than join the Ukrainian Kiev Kyiv Patriarchate 101 And as of 2021 according to the Ukrainian government itself Transcarpathia had one of the highest adherence levels in Ukraine to the Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate rather than the Kyiv Orthodox Patriarchate 102 However there is one thing that neither church divisions nor communism has changed and that is the traditional formal Rusyn greeting which can occasionally still be heard by both Orthodox and Catholics alike Slava Isusu Kristu Glory to Jesus Christ citation needed Greek Catholics Edit Further information Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church nbsp St Michael s Greek Catholic Church Turja Pasika Transcarpathia Ukraine built 1810 Many Rusyns are Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite who since the Union of Uzhhorod in 1646 have been in communion with the See of Rome 103 104 105 This church the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church is distinct from the Latin Catholic Church It has retained the Byzantine Rite liturgy sometimes including the Church Slavonic language the liturgical forms of Byzantine or Eastern Orthodox Christianity and married priests The Pannonian Rusyns of Croatia are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Krizevci and those in the region of Vojvodina northern Serbia are organized under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur headed by bishop Đura Dzudzar who is an ethnic Rusyn Those in the diaspora in the United States established the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh citation needed Eastern Orthodox Edit Further information Eparchy of Mukachevo and Presov and American Carpatho Russian Orthodox Diocese nbsp Saints Peter amp Paul Orthodox Church Mokra Transcarpathia UkraineAlthough originally associated with the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo that diocese was suppressed after the Union of Uzhhorod New Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo and Presov was created in 1931 under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church 106 That eparchy was divided in 1945 eastern part joining Russian Orthodox Church as the Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod while western part was reorganized as Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Presov of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church Many Rusyn Americans left Catholicism for Eastern Orthodoxy in the 19th century due to disputes with the Latin Church bishops who viewed different practices in the Byzantine Rite such as married clergy with suspicion nbsp St Nicholas Carpatho Russian Orthodox Church Jacobs Creek Pennsylvania USAAnother large segment of Rusyn Americans belong to the American Carpatho Russian Orthodox Diocese which is headquartered in Johnstown Pennsylvania From its early days this group was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a self governing diocese The affiliation of Eastern Orthodox Rusyns was adversely affected by the Communist revolution in the Russian Empire and the subsequent Iron Curtain which split the Orthodox diaspora from the Eastern Orthodox believers living in the ancestral homelands A number of emigre communities have claimed to continue the Orthodox Tradition of the pre revolution church while either denying or minimizing the validity of the church organization operating under Communist authority For example the Orthodox Church in America OCA was granted autocephalous self governing status by the Moscow Patriarchate in 1970 Although approximately 25 of the OCA was Rusyn in the early 1980s an influx of Eastern Orthodox emigres from other nations and new converts wanting to connect with the Eastern Church have lessened the impact of a particular Rusyn emphasis in favor of a new American Orthodoxy In 1994 the historian Paul Robert Magocsi stated that there were approximately 690 000 Carpatho Rusyn church members in the United States with 320 000 belonging to the largest Greek Catholic affiliations 270 000 to the largest Eastern Orthodox affiliations and 100 000 to various Protestant and other denominations 107 Location EditMain article Places inhabited by Rusyns nbsp Pannonian Rusyns in Vojvodina Serbia 2002 census nbsp Places inhabited by RusynsThe traditional homeland of the Rusyn people Carpathian Rus lies at the heart of the Carpathian mountains on the borders of modern day Ukraine Poland and Slovakia Today approximately three quarters of Rusyns reside within Ukraine specifically the geographic region known as Transcarpathia historic Subcarpathian Rus 108 There also exists a multitude of Rusyn diaspora communities throughout neighboring countries in Europe and North America The oldest of these diaspora communities is located located in the Pannonian Plain 109 Since the mid 18th century the resettled communities of Pannonia have existed in parts of present day Serbia particularly Vojvodina known historically as Bachka and Croatia in Vukovar Srijem County 42 The United States holds the largest population of Rusyns outside of Carpathian Rus mostly within the former industrial centers of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries approximately 225 000 Rusyns emigrated here 110 Within Europe Rusyns also migrated and settled in Prnjavor a town in the northern region of present day Bosnia and Herzegovina 42 The community in the Czech Republic is located in northern Moravia and the capital of Prague Populations of Rusyns also migrated to Canada and Argentina in the 1920s and Canada Australia and Germany in the 1970s and 1980s 111 Demography EditOf the estimated 1 2 to 1 6 million people of Rusyn origins 24 42 only around 90 000 individuals have been officially identified as such in recent national censuses see infobox above This is due in part to the refusal of some governments which to count Rusyns and or allow them to self identify on census forms especially in Ukraine 112 The ethnic classification of Rusyns as a separate East Slavic ethnicity distinct from Russians Ukrainians or Belarusians is consequently politically controversial 113 114 115 The claim that Rusyns are Ukrainian subgroup is disputed by some non mainstream scholars 116 as well as other scholars from the Czech Republic Slovakia Canada and the United States According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census thirty percent of Rusyns in Ukraine identified Ukrainian as their native language while two thirds named the Rusyn language 117 However about 10 thousand people or 0 8 of Ukraine s Zakarpattia Oblast Province identified themselves as Rusyns by contrast over 1 million considered themselves Ukrainians 7 According to the 2022 Romanian census there were 834 people 0 004 of the population who identified themselves officially as Rusyns and 594 who declared that their language was Rusyn 118 The endonym Rusyn has frequently gone unrecognised by various governments and has in other cases been prohibited 24 Today Slovakia Poland Hungary the Czech Republic Serbia and Croatia officially recognize contemporary Rusyns as an ethnic minority citation needed In 2007 Carpatho Rusyns were recognized as a separate ethnicity in Ukraine by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council on a regional level 42 and in 2012 the Rusyn language gained official regional status in certain areas of the province as well as nationwide based on the 2012 Law of Ukraine On the principles of the state language policy However most contemporary self identified ethnic Rusyns live outside of Ukraine citation needed Ethnic subgroups Edit Rusyns may be divided into two significant subgroups Carpathian Rusyns and Pannonian Rusyns While both groups are descendants of Rusyn populations from Carpathian Rus Pannonian Rusyns migrated from the Carpathian to parts of modern day Croatia and Serbia Vojvodina in the 19th century Additionally the two groups speak different dialects or languages depending on the author the former group speaking Carpathian Rusyn 119 and the latter speaking Pannonian Rusyn Other more specific regional subgroups debatably include Lemkos Boykos Hutsuls and Dolinyans lit lowlanders 42 However the Lemko Boyko Hutsul subdivision popular with Ukrainian scholars was only first promoted in the 1920s by the Lemko Committee and other contemporary Ukrainian scholars 120 Furthermore while Lemkos and Rusyns are recognized as distinct ethnic minorities in Poland and Slovakia respectively neither Boykos nor Hutsuls are formally recognized in any country nor are any Rusyns for that matter recognized as such in Ukraine 52 121 122 123 Regarding these common ethnographic divisions prominent Rusyn scholar Paul Robert Magocsi has said the following The tripartite Lemko Boiko Hutsul schema does not however respond to reality on the ground For example Carpatho Rusyns on the southern slopes of the mountains have never referred to themselves as either Lemkos or Boikos while the area inhabited by self designated Hutsuls is for the most part outside Carpathian Rus Only 17 villages a mere 3 percent of the total number of villages in historic Carpathian Rus are inhabited by persons who may use Hutsul as a self identifier On the other hand the name Hutsul has taken on a broader and vaguer meaning Especially in today s Ukraine it is used as a kind of term of endearment to describe all the inhabitants of Ukraine s Transcarpathian oblast who are viewed with nostalgia as pristine mountaineers 124 See also EditGorals Polish UplandersGallery Edit nbsp Boyko family late 19th century nbsp Boyko family early 20th century nbsp Hutsul family 1925 1939 nbsp Hutsul music band 1918 1935 nbsp Lemkos from Sanok in stylized highland folk costumes from Mokre Poland nbsp Rusyns from Przemysl nbsp Boykos from Presov left side and Lemkos from Przemysl nbsp Ruthenian costume from Petrovci CroatiaExplanatory notes Edit The blue represents the deep skies a perspective representation of the Carpathian mountains hope for a better future the colour of rational reasoning freshness of the spirit and the body and undying diligence The white represents traditional peacefulness hospitability kindness tolerance peace moral and physical purity high culture and the natural pacifism of Rusyns The red represents all that lives and is beautiful with the aesthetic ideal of Rusyns and it symbolises energy and health in man The red bear represents the Carpathian Mountains and the three gold bars the region s three major rivers Uzh Tysa and Latorytsia Dark blue and gold are the region s traditional heraldic colors Magocsi estimated that as of 2012 there were 853 000 Rusyns in Ukraine 773 000 in Transcarpathia 80 000 resettled Lemkos 620 000 in the United States 130 000 in Slovakia 35 000 in Romania 30 000 in Poland 20 000 in Canada and Serbia respectively 10 000 in Czechia 6 000 in Hungary 5 000 in Croatia and 2 500 in Australia 63 556 people identified as Rusyn in the 2021 Slovak census This includes 23 746 as primary ethnicity and 39 810 as secondary ethnicity According to the 2011 Polish census 10 531 respondents identified as Lemkos separately from Rusyns Of the 853 000 Rusyns Magocsi estimated to be in Ukraine as of 2012 773 000 were in Transcarpathia and 80 000 were resettled Lemkos Magocsi 2002 Rus was and in some cases still is translated as Russia with the result that Carpathian Rus and its Rusyn inhabitants are incorrectly described as Carpatho Russia and Carpatho Russians By contast Rusyn sources have almost always used the noun Rus to describe all or part of the Carpathian homeland Karpats ka Rus Podkarpats ka Rus Priashivs ka Rus or Uhors ka Rus 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Citations Edit a b Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic Rusyn Symbols Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 10 March 2021 At the 17th World Congress of Rusyns the greater coat of arms of Rusyns was approved At the 17th World Congress of Rusyns the greater coat of arms of Rusyns was approved 19 August 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c d e f g h i j k l Magocsi 2015 p 1 Number of population by ethnicity in the Slovak Republic at 1 January 2021 Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Archived from the original on 21 January 2022 Retrieved 21 January 2022 Stanovnishtvo prema nacionalnoј pripadnosti Population by ethnicity in Serbian Serbian Republic Institute of Statistics Archived from the original on 2013 04 16 Ludnosc Stan i struktura demograficzno spoleczna State and structure of the social demographics of the population PDF in Polish Central Statistical Office of Poland 2013 p 91 Archived PDF from the original on 17 April 2013 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b c Chiselnist osib okremih etnografichnih grup ukrainskogo etnosu ta yih ridna mova Number of persons individual ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language ukrcensus gov ua in Ukrainian 2001 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Karta govoriv ukrayinskoyi movi Archived 2021 02 25 at the Wayback Machine 10 October 2008 Enciklopedicheskij slovar V 86 tomah s illyustraciyami i dopolnitelnymi materialami Edited by Andreevskij I E Arsenev K K Petrushevskij F F Shevyakov V T s v Rusiny Online version Vologda Russia Vologodskaya oblastnaya universalnaya nauchnaya biblioteka 2001 1890 1907 Archived 2021 08 19 at the Wayback Machine 10 October 2008 Ethnologue Languages of the World Edited by Gordon Raymond G Jr s v Rusyn Fifteenth edition Online version Dallas Texas U S A SIL International 2008 2005 Archived 2022 01 11 at the Wayback Machine 10 October 2008 Eurominority Peoples in search of freedom Edited by Bodlore Penlaez Mikael s v Ruthenians Quimper France Organization for the European Minorities 1999 2008 10 October 2008 B04006 PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY 2019 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau Retrieved 31 August 2022 Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensămantul Populației și Locuințelor runda 2021 at https web archive org web 20221230125029 https insse ro cms sites default files com presa com pdf cp date provizorii rpl 2 pdf p 11 Moser Michael 2016 Rusyn In Tomasz Kamusella Motoki Nomachi Catherine Gibson eds The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages Identities and Borders Basingstoke UK Palgrave Macmillan p 132 Populaţia după etnie PDF in Romanian Institutul Naţional de Statistică Archived PDF from the original on 2012 01 11 Retrieved 2011 10 28 Date naţionale in Romanian Erdelyi Magyar Adatbank Archived from the original on 2011 09 29 Retrieved 2011 10 28 Magocsi 2021 p 1 sfn error no target CITEREFMagocsi2021 help STANOVNISTVO PREMA NARODNOSTI PO GRADOVIMA OPCINAMA POPIS 2001 Population by ethnicity in cities and municipalities 2001 Census in Croatian State Institute for Statistics of the Republic of Croatia Archived from the original on 2023 05 05 Retrieved 2023 05 05 Vukovich Gabriella 2018 Mikrocenzus 2016 12 Nemzetisegi adatok 2016 microcensus 12 Ethnic data PDF ISBN 978 963 235 542 9 Archived PDF from the original on 9 January 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2019 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Narodnost Scitani 2021 Czech Statistical Office Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 Retrieved 7 February 2022 NASELENIE PO NACIONALNOSTI I VLADENIYu RUSSKIM YaZYKOM PDF in Russian Federal State Statistics Service of Russia Archived from the original PDF on 2015 04 03 Retrieved 30 August 2022 Census of Population Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina ETHNICITY NATIONAL AFFILIATION RELIGION AND MOTHER TONGUE PDF Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina Retrieved 30 August 2022 a b Magocsi amp Pop 2005 a b Rusinko 2003 p 7 a b c d e Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 433 434 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 330 423 434 481 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 433 434 a b c d Paul Magocsi 1995 The Rusyn Question Political Thought 2 3 6 Archived from the original on 2022 02 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Paul Robert Magocsi 2015 Rusyn Rusyn people Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 2008 06 22 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Rusyn Rusyn ruskyi also called Ruthenian Carpatho Rusyn Lemko or Rusnak any of several East Slavic peoples modern day Belarusians Ukrainians and Carpatho Rusyns and their languages a b John Paul Himka 2001 1993 Ruthenians ISBN 978 1 4426 3289 9 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Udvari Istvan 7 March 2017 Kultura es hagyomanyok www rusyn hu Orszagos Ruszin Onkormanyzat Vsederzhavnoye Rusinskoye Samospravovanya Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2022 Himka 1999 p 5 8 135 138 Magocsi 2011a p 177 Magocsi 2015 p 2 5 Motta Giuseppe 2014 Less than Nations Central Eastern European Minorities after WWI Volumes 1 and 2 Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 156 ISBN 978 1 4438 5859 5 Archived from the original on 2019 07 29 Retrieved 2018 11 11 There were different theories to explain the presence of Rusyns In his The settlements economy and history of the Rusyns of Subcarpathia 1923 A Hodinka wondered if Russians arrived before the Magyars at the same time or later Were they White Croats Slavs who mixed with nomad Vlachs Magocsi 2005 p 5 Gluhak Alemko 1990 Porijeklo imena Hrvat Origin of the name Croat in Croatian Zagreb Cakovec Alemko Gluhak pp 115 116 Pascenko Jevgenij 2006 Nosic Milan ed Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina The origin of Croats and Ukraine in Croatian Maveda pp 84 87 ISBN 953 7029 03 4 Sedov Valentin Vasilyevich 2013 1995 Slavyane v rannem Srednevekove Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku Slavs in Early Middle Ages Novi Sad Akademska knjiga pp 444 451 501 516 ISBN 978 86 6263 026 1 George Shevelov 2002 1979 A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language in Ukrainian Archived from the original on 2008 06 15 Retrieved 2008 07 23 Govoryachi pro Ukrayinu slid brati do uvagi taki doistorichni slov yanski plemena perelicheni ta abo zgadani v Kiyivskomu Pochatkovomu litopisi yak derevlyani Serednye Polissya siveryani Shidne Polissya polyani Kiyivshina cebto yadro Rusi buzhani nazivani takozh volinyanami abo dulibami ulichi abo uluchi tiverci Podnistrov ya ta horvati Karpati Peremishina Dulibi vostannye zgaduyutsya v zapisi za 907 r ulichi za 922 r polyani j tiverci za 944 r derevlyani za 990 r horvati za 992 r siveryani za 1024 r Divlyachis suto geografichno serednopoliski govirki mozhut buti vivedeni vid derevlyan shidnopoliski vid siveryan zahidnovolinski vid dulibiv vislovleno takozh gipotezu obstoyuvanu z individualnimi nyuansami nizkoyu vchenih Shahmatovim Lyer Splavinskim Zilinskim Niderle Kobilyanskim ta in sho guculi a mozhlivo j bojki ye nashadkami ulichiv yaki pid tiskom pechenigiv zalishili svoyi ridni zemli nad Bogom pereselivshisya do ciyeyi chastini karpatskogo regionu Prote nam nichogo ne vidomo pro movni osoblivosti yakimi vidriznyalisya mizh soboyu doistorichni slov yanski plemena na Ukrayini a otzhe bud yaki sprobi pov yazati suchasni govirki zi zgadanimi plemenami ani dovesti ani navpaki sprostuvati nezmoga Magocsi Paul Robert 1995 The Carpatho Rusyns Carpatho Rusyn American XVIII 4 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 The purpose of this somewhat extended discussion of early history is to emphasize the complex origins of the Carpatho Rusyns They were not as is often asserted exclusively associated with Kievan Rus from which it is said their name Rusyn derives Rather the ancestors of the present day Carpatho Rusyns are descendants of 1 early Slavic peoples who came to the Danubian Basin with the Huns 2 the White Croats 3 the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia and 4 the Vlachs of Transylvania Sedov Valentin Vasilyevich 2013 1995 Slavyane v rannem Srednevekove Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku Slavs in Early Middle Ages Novi Sad Akademska knjiga pp 444 451 ISBN 978 86 6263 026 1 Archived from the original on 2020 07 27 Retrieved 2018 11 10 Kozak V D 1999 Etnogenez ta etnichna istoriya naselennya Ukrayinskih Karpat in Ukrainian Vol 1 Lviv Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine pp 483 502 Magocsi 2002 p 2 4 Vortman D Ya Kosmina O Yu 2007 KARPATI KRAYiNSKI ISBN 978 966 00 0692 8 Archived from the original on 2016 03 08 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Ne piznishe 6 st nas Shidnokarpatskogo regionu staye perevazhno slov yan Odne z litopisnih plemen bilih horvativ div Horvati lokalizuyut u Peredkarpatti Naprikinci 10 st yih pidkoriv vel kn kiyiv Volodimir Svyatoslavich i takim chinom zh kordoni Kiyivskoyi Rusi syagnuli Karpat a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b c d e f g h i j k l m n M Yu Dronov 2016 RUSI NY Archived from the original on 2019 06 20 Retrieved 2019 06 20 V etnogeneze R prinyali uchastie potomki plemeni belyh horvatov vyhodcy iz dr vost slav zemel i dr a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help I A Bojko 2016 DOLYNYa NE Archived from the original on 2019 06 20 Retrieved 2019 06 21 Sformirovalis na osnove vost slav naseleniya 7 9 vv horvaty ili belye horvaty voshedshego v 10 v a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help I A Bojko 2016 LE MKI Archived from the original on 2019 06 20 Retrieved 2019 06 21 Sformirovalis k 17 v na osnove potomkov istorich horvatov i ukr pereselencev a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Sofiia Rabii Karpynska 2013 1984 Boikos ISBN 978 0 8020 3362 8 Archived from the original on 2021 10 22 Retrieved 2022 02 17 The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kyivan Rus state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Nicolae Pavliuc Volodymyr Sichynsky Stanislaw Vincenz 2001 1989 Hutsuls Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol 2 University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 3362 8 Archived from the original on 2021 10 09 Retrieved 2022 02 17 The Slavic White Croatians inhabited the region in the first millennium AD with the rise of Kyivan Rus they became vassals of the new state Vojnalovich V A 2003 BOJKI p 688 ISBN 966 00 0734 5 Archived from the original on 2016 06 25 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Gadayut sho B nashadki davnogo slov yan plemeni bilih horvativ yakih Volodimir Svyatoslavich priyednav do Kiyivskoyi Rusi a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Kovpak L V 2004 GUCULI ISBN 966 00 0632 2 Archived from the original on 2016 04 14 Retrieved 2022 02 17 G nashadki davnih slov yan plemen bilih horvativ tiverciv j ulichiv yaki v 10 st vhodili do skladu Kiyivskoyi Rusi Pitannya pohodzhennya nazvi guculi ostatochno ne z yasovane Najposhirenisha gipoteza vid voloskogo slova goc rozbijnik na dumku in vid slova kochul pastuh a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Ivan Katchanovski Kohut Zenon E Nebesio Bohdan Y Yurkevich Myroslav 2013 Historical Dictionary of Ukraine Scarecrow Press p 321 ISBN 978 0 8108 7847 1 Archived from the original on 2017 06 15 Retrieved 2019 06 20 In the opinion of some scholars the ancestors of the Lemkos were the White Croatians who settled the Carpathian region between the seventh and tenth centuries Segeda Sergei Petrovich 1999 Antropologichnij sklad ukrayinciv Shidnih Karpat Etnogenez ta etnichna istoriya naselennya Ukrayinskih Karpat in Ukrainian Vol 1 Lviv Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine pp 461 482 Segeda Sergei Petrovich 2001 Antropologichnij sklad ukrayinskogo narodu Antropolohiia navchal nyĭ posibnyk dlia studentiv humanitarnykh spet s ial nosteĭ vyshchykh navchal nykh zakladiv in Ukrainian Kyiv Lybid ISBN 966 06 0165 4 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 a b c Nikitin Alexey G Kochkin Igor T June Cynthia M Willis Catherine M Mcbain Ian Videiko Mykhailo Y 2009 Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Boyko Hutsul and Lemko populations of Carpathian highlands Human Biology 81 1 43 58 doi 10 3378 027 081 0104 PMID 19589018 S2CID 45791162 Willis Catherine 2006 Study of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism McNair Scholars Journal 10 1 Archived from the original on 2010 06 22 Retrieved 2009 06 21 Veselinovic et al 2014 Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in the Rusyn population sample from Vojvodina Province Serbia International Journal of Legal Medicine 128 2 273 274 doi 10 1007 s00414 013 0877 9 PMID 23729201 S2CID 29357585 Rebala et al 2014 Northern Slavs from Serbia do not show a founder effect at autosomal and Y chromosomal STRs and retain their paternal genetic heritage Forensic Science International Genetics 8 1 126 131 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2013 08 011 PMID 24315599 Archived from the original on 17 February 2022 Retrieved 10 November 2018 O M Utevska M I Chukhraeva A T Agdzhoyan L A Atramentova E V Balanovska O P Balanovsky 2015 Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 6 2 133 140 doi 10 15421 021524 PMID 23879710 The East Slavs News From Ukraine Kyiv p 2 December 1989 Carpatho Rusyns Byzantine Ruthenian Diocese of Parma Parma Ohio August 1981 Benedek Andras 2001 Gens fidelissima The Rusyns Budapest p 12 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 321 322 481 Bonkalo 1990 p 12 13 Manifesto Of The Carpatho Rusyns in Czechoslovakia Rusyn Committee Presov 3 4 1990 Tymofelev Ihor 1998 Koriatovych The Day Ukrainian Daily Newspaper Mukachevo Spring Issue Carpatho Rusyn American Pittsburgh 3 1993 a b Ihor Melnyk Main Ruthenian Council Golovna Ruska Rada Archived 2019 08 04 at the Wayback Machine Zbruc 30 April 2013 Aleksander Dukhnovich Carpatho Rus Karpatska Rus Yonkers March 19 1993 Rusyn Immigration The New Rusyn Times Pittsburgh 11 May 1995 Vavrik Vasilij Romanowicz 2001 Terezin i Talergof k 50 letnej godovscine tragedii galic rus naroda in Russian Moscow Soft izdat OCLC 163170799 Archived from the original on 2010 12 23 Retrieved 2009 06 21 Orest Subtelny Ukraine A History Second edition 1994 p 350 351 Subtelny treats transcarpathian Rusyns as a group of Ukrainians PRECLIK Vratislav Masaryk a legie Masaryk and legions vaz kniha 219 pages first issue vydalo nakladatelstvi Paris Karvina Zizkova 2379 734 01 Karvina Czech Republic ve spolupraci s Masarykovym demokratickym hnutim Masaryk Democratic Movement Prague 2019 ISBN 978 80 87173 47 3 pp 87 89 110 112 124 128 140 148 184 209 a b c Rychlik amp Rychlikova 2016 a b c Nytka V Zakarpattia celebrated the 66th Anniversary of the Manifest about the Union Zakarpattya vidznachilo 66 i rokovini Manifestu pro vozz yednannya Holos Ukrayiny 30 November 2010 Subtelny Orest 1988 Ukraine A History Toronto p 487 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Masich John 1967 Highlights in the Glorious History of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA Munhall PA 263 Sluzhbeni glasnik 1963 Ustav Sociјalistichke Republike Srbiјe 1963 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Katunin 2015 p 232 233 Serbia Vojvodina 1969 Ustavni zakon Sociјalistichke Autonomne Pokraјine Voјvodine 1969 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Rusyns in Transcarpathia Byzantine Catholic World Pittsburgh p 8 February 16 1992 Magocsi 2012 p 12 Csernicsko amp Fedinec 2016 p 560 582 Putin Vladimir July 12 2021 On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia Archived from the original on February 16 2022 Retrieved February 17 2022 Custer Richard D Rusyns Washington D C Myshanych Oleksa September 1997 Political Ruthenianism A Ukrainian Problem The Ukrainian Quarterly New York Ruthenians Ukraine www crwflags com Retrieved 2022 10 28 a b c d e f g h i Hybrid war ethnic factor of the Zakarpattia Rusyns Analytics of IS Gibridnaya vojna etnicheskij faktor rusinov Zakarpatya Analitika IS Archived 2021 12 02 at the Wayback Machine Svetlovodsk com ua 21 April 2016 Dmitrij Sidor otkazalsya davat pokazaniya SBU i naehal na zhurnalistov Dmitry Sydorov refused to give evidence to a Ukrainian Security Services investigation and struck back at journalists ua reporter com in Russian 19 November 2008 Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 Retrieved 20 March 2015 POLITIChNE RUSINSTVO I JOGO SPONSORI Political Rusynism and its sponsors ua reporter com in Ukrainian 11 July 2009 Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 Retrieved 19 March 2015 Gvat Ivan 25 December 2011 Ukrayina v leshatah rosijskih specsluzhb Ukraine is in the grip of Russian secret services radiosvoboda org in Ukrainian Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 3 March 2016 Unpo Rusyn People 2001 11 02 Archived from the original on 2001 11 02 Retrieved 2022 10 28 Lideriv rusiniv dopitali v SBU Leaders of Rusyns were questioned at the SBU ua glavred info in Ukrainian 30 October 2008 Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 The leader of Zakarpattia Rusyns a priest of UOC MP received three years conditionally for separatism Lideru zakarpatskih rusinov svyashenniku UPC MP dali tri goda uslovno za separatizm Newsru ua 20 March 2012 Taras Kuzio 2005 The Rusyn Question in Ukraine Sorting Out Fact from Fiction Archived 2009 03 27 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism XXXII Political and Ethno Cultural Aspects of the Rusyns problem A Ukrainian Perspective by Natalya Belitser Pylyp Orlyk Institute for Democracy Kyiv Ukraine Barriger Lawrence Saints Cyril amp Methodios Spiritual Insights The Church Messenger Johnstown PA Gardner Johann von July 1979 Orthodox Chant Orthodox Life 46 Udvari Istvan The Rusyns An East Slavic People Budapest Benedek Andras 2001 Gens fidelissima The Rusyns p 41 Ladomirova Carpatho Rus Karpatska Rus Lemko Association Allentown PA 1 April 11 2003 Assail Russian Patriarch Svoboda Ukrainian Weekly Jersey City NJ November 20 1971 Warzeski Walter 1971 Byzantine Rite Rusyns Pittsburgh pp 248 249 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kuzio Taras 2005 The Rusyn Question in Ukraine Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 10 Report on the Network of Religious Organizations for 2021 Civil Service of Ukraine on Ethnopolitics and Freedom of Conscience December 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 11 13 Retrieved 2021 11 13 Pekar 1979 Litwin 1987 p 57 83 Veghseo 2015 p 147 181 Eastern Churches Journal A Journal of Eastern Christendom vol 4 1997 Archived 2021 12 02 at the Wayback Machine p 61 Magocsi 2005 Magocsi 2012 Magocsi 2012 Magocsi 2012 Magocsi 2012 Zakonodavstvo Ukrayini ne dozvolyaye viznati rusiniv Zakarpattya okremoyu nacionalnistyu Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 Retrieved 18 March 2015 Ivan Pop Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi Uzhhorod 2000 With support from Carpatho Russian ethnic research center in the USA ISBN 9667838234 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 280 Tom Trier 1998 Inter Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine Trochanowski Piotr 14 January 1992 Lemkowszczyzna przebudzona Lemkivshchyna Awakened Gazeta Wyborcza Krakowski dodatek in Polish Cracow p 2 Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language Chiselnist osib okremih etnografichnih grup ukrainskogo etnosu ta yih ridna mova Number of persons of individual ethnic groups other than those of Ukrainian ethnicity and their native language in Ukrainian State Committee for Statistics of Ukraine 2001 Census Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 Retrieved 18 March 2015 Comunicat de presă Primele date provizorii pentru Recensămantul Populației și Locuințelor runda 2021 at https web archive org web 20221230125029 https insse ro cms sites default files com presa com pdf cp date provizorii rpl 2 pdf p 11 on ethnicity and p 12 on language Dulichenko A D 2005 Malye slavyanskie literaturnye yazyki III Vostochnoslavyanskie malye literaturnye yazyki IIIa Karpatorusinskij Yazyki mira Slavyanskie yazyki M Academia pp 610 611 ISBN 978 5 87444 216 3 Pasieka Agnieszka 2021 August 2021 Making an Ethnic Group Lemko Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic European History Quarterly 51 3 386 410 doi 10 1177 02656914211027121 S2CID 237155677 Encyclopedia of Ukraine Hutsuls Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Richard T Schaefer ed 2008 Encyclopedia of Race Ethnicity and Society Volume 1 SAGE Publications p 1341 Olson James Stuart Pappas Lee Brigance Pappas Nicholas Charles Pappas Nicholas C J 1994 An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires Greenwood Publishing Group pp 135 136 ISBN 978 0 313 27497 8 Archived from the original on 2019 12 11 Retrieved 2018 11 11 Magocsi 2015 p 3 General and cited sources EditBonkalo Alexander 1990 The Rusyns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 190 6 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Csernicsko Istvan Fedinec Csilla 2016 Four Language Laws of Ukraine International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 23 560 582 Archived from the original on 2022 02 17 Retrieved 2021 07 08 Himka John Paul 1999 Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia 1870 1900 Montreal amp Kingston McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 1812 4 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Katunin Dmitrij A 2015 Yazykovye prava rusinov ukraincev i drugih nacionalnyh menshinstv v zakonodatelstve Respubliki Serbiya Rusin Mezhdunarodnyj istoricheskij zhurnal 39 1 229 238 Archived from the original on 2021 08 07 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Litwin Henryk 1987 Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes in the Ukraine during the Years 1569 1648 PDF Acta Poloniae Historica 55 57 83 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 07 06 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Magocsi Paul R Pop Ivan I eds 2005 2002 Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture 2 rev ed Toronto University of Toronto Press Magocsi Paul R 2002 The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism Galicia as Ukraine s Piedmont Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 4738 0 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2005 1984 Our people Carpatho Rusyns and their Descendants in North America 4 rev ed Wauconda Bolchazy Carducci Publishers ISBN 978 0 86516 611 0 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2011a The Fourth Rus A New Reality in a New Europe PDF Journal of Ukrainian Studies 35 36 2010 2011 167 177 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 07 17 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Magocsi Paul R 2015 With Their Backs to the Mountains A History of Carpathian Rus and Carpatho Rusyns Budapest New York Central European University Press ISBN 9786155053467 Archived from the original on 2020 12 08 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Pekar Athanasius B 1979 The Bishops of the Eparchy of Mukachevo with Historical Outlines Pittsburgh Byzantine Seminary Pres Archived from the original on 2020 11 19 Retrieved 2019 03 14 Rusinko Elaine 2003 Straddling Borders Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 3711 4 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Rychlik Jan Rychlikova Magdalena 2016 Podkarpatska Rus v dejinach Ceskoslovenska 1918 1946 Praha Vysehrad ISBN 9788074297694 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 18 Veghseo Tamas 2015 Reflections on the Background to the Union of Uzhhorod Ungvar 1646 PDF Eastern Theological Journal 1 1 147 181 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 07 06 Retrieved 2022 02 17 Magocsi Paul R 2012 Carpatho Rusyns New York Carpatho Rusyn Research Center Further reading EditSee also List of Slavic studies journals Bidermann Hermann Ignaz 1862 Die ungarischen Ruthenen ihr Wohngebiet ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte Vol 1 Innsbruck Wagnersche Universitats Buchhandlung Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Bidermann Hermann Ignaz 1867 Die ungarischen Ruthenen ihr Wohngebiet ihr Erwerb und ihre Geschichte Vol 2 Innsbruck Wagnersche Universitats Buchhandlung Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Chlebowski Cezary 1983 Wachlarz Monografia wydzielonej organizacji dywersyjnej Armii Krajowej wrzesien 1941 marzec 1943 Warszawa Instytut Wydawniczy Pax ISBN 9788321106786 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Dyrud Keith P 1992 The Quest for the Rusyn Soul The Politics of Religion and Culture in Eastern Europe and in America 1890 World War I Philadelphia Balch Institute Press ISBN 978 0 944190 10 4 Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Golovatsky Yakov 1846 Zustande der Russinen in Gallizien Ein Wort zur Zeit Leipzig Slawische Buchhandlung Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Kokaisl Petr 2023 In the footsteps of the Rusyns in Europe Ukraine Slovakia Serbia Poland and Hungary Praha Nostalgie ISBN 978 80 908883 0 2 Retrieved 2023 07 25 Lansdowne Alan 2008 Is there a credible case for Rusyn National Self Determination in Ukraine MA Thesis London School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies Mayer Maria 1997 Rusyns of Hungary Political and Social Developments 1860 1910 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 387 0 Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 23 Magocsi Paul R 1973 An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus PDF Austrian History Yearbook 9 201 265 doi 10 1017 S006723780001910X S2CID 144778333 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 05 Retrieved 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R 1975 The Ruthenian Decision to Unite with Czechoslovakia PDF Slavic Review 34 2 360 381 doi 10 2307 2495193 JSTOR 2495193 S2CID 155615547 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 04 28 Retrieved 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R 1978 The Shaping of a National Identity Subcarpathian Rus 1848 1948 Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 80579 8 Archived from the original on 2020 07 27 Retrieved 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R 1983 Galicia A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 2482 4 Archived from the original on 2020 07 27 Retrieved 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R 1988 The Carpatho Rusyn Americans 1 ed New York Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 978 0 87754 866 9 Magocsi Paul R 1988 Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 1975 1984 Vol 1 New York Garland ISBN 978 0 8240 1214 4 Archived from the original on 2020 07 27 Retrieved 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R 1998 Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 1985 1994 Vol 2 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 420 4 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2006 Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 1995 1999 Vol 3 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 531 7 Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2011b Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 2000 2004 Vol 4 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 684 0 Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2013 Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 2005 2009 Vol 5 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 8240 5836 4 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 1990 Magyars and Carpatho Rusyns On the Seventieth Anniversary of the Founding of Czechoslovakia Harvard Ukrainian Studies 14 3 4 427 460 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 1993 The Rusyns of Slovakia An Historical Survey New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 278 1 Archived from the original on 2019 09 30 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R ed 1996 A New Slavic Language is Born The Rusyn Literary Language of Slovakia Boulder East European Monographs ISBN 978 0 88033 331 3 Archived from the original on 2021 08 22 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Magocsi Paul R 1999a Of the Making of Nationalities There is No End Vol 1 Boulder East European Monographs ISBN 978 0 88033 438 9 Archived from the original on 2021 06 16 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Magocsi Paul R 1999b Of the Making of Nationalities There is No End Vol 2 Boulder East European Monographs ISBN 978 0 88033 438 9 Archived from the original on 2021 06 17 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Magocsi Paul R 2010 1996 A History of Ukraine The Land and Its Peoples 2 rev ed Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 1021 7 Archived from the original on 2020 08 19 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2013 Carpathian Rus Interethnic Coexistence without Violence Shatterzone of Empires Coexistence and Violence in the German Habsburg Russian and Ottoman Borderlands Bloomington Indianapolis Indiana University Press pp 449 462 ISBN 978 0 253 00631 8 Archived from the original on 2019 05 14 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Magocsi Paul R 2018 1993 Historical Atlas of Central Europe 3 rev ed Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4875 2331 2 Archived from the original on 2020 08 19 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Petrov Aleksei L 1998 1930 Magocsi Paul R ed Medieval Carpathian Rus The Oldest Documentation About the Carpatho Rusyn Church and Eparchy New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 88033 388 7 Archived from the original on 2019 05 15 Retrieved 2019 03 22 Shandor Vikenty 1997 Carpatho Ukraine in the Twentieth Century A Political and Legal History Cambridge Harvard University Press External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rusyns The Carpathian Connection The Carpatho Rusyn Society Carpatho Rusyn Knowledge Base American Carpatho Russian Diocese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rusyns amp oldid 1174574413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.