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Viet Cong

February 16, 2024

"Vietcong" redirects here. For other uses, see Viet Cong (disambiguation).
This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. For the government formed by this organization, see Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam.

The Viet Cong[nb 1] was an epithet to call the communist movement and united front organization in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam,[nb 2] it fought under the direction of North Vietnam against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the Vietnam War. The organization had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. During the war, communist fighters and some anti-war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. It was later conceded by the modern Vietnamese communist leadership that the movement was actually under the North Vietnamese political and military leadership, aiming to unify Vietnam under a single banner.[9]

National Liberation Front
of South Vietnam
Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng
miền Nam Việt Nam
The flag of the Viet Cong, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam.[1] Sometimes the lower stripe was green.[2][3]
Also known asViệt Cộng (VC)
pronunciationⓘ
Leaders Liberation Front:[4]
Liberation Army:
Central Office:
Governance:
Dates of operation1954–1959 (as southern Viet Minh cadres)
December 20, 1960 – February 4, 1977 (1960-12-20 – 1977-02-04)
Merged into Vietnamese Fatherland Front
Allegiance Vietnamese Fatherland Front

 Republic of South Vietnam

Group(s)
Headquarters
Active regionsIndochina, with a focus on South Vietnam
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
AlliesState allies:

Non-state allies:

OpponentsState opponents:

Non-state opponents:

Battles and warsSee full list
Preceded by
Viet Minh
Succeeded by
Vietnam Fatherland Front
This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.

North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20, 1960, at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh Province to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the Viet Cong's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern Viet Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord (1954). Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American backed South Vietnamese government. The Viet Cong's best-known action was the Tet Offensive, an assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968, including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the Viet Cong. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization officially merged with the Fatherland Front of Vietnam on February 4, 1977, after North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government.

Names

The term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956.[8] It is a contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist).[8] The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957.[10] American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or V-C. "Victor" and "Charlie" are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet. "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both Viet Cong and North Vietnamese.

The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV; Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam).[11][nb 3] Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF).[nb 4] In 1969, the Viet Cong created the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" (Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam), abbreviated PRG.[nb 5] Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created. Members generally referred to the Viet Cong as "the Front" (Mặt trận).[8] Today's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the "Liberation Army of South Vietnam" (Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam) .[12]

History

Origin

 
Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail (1959)

By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Viet Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh.

About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.[8] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Viet Cong front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.[8] Other front names used by the Viet Cong in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, "Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front", which suggested affiliation with the Hòa Hảo sect, or "Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association".[8] Front groups were favored by the Viet Cong to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression "the faceless Viet Cong".[8]

 
US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964

Led by Ngô Đình Diệm, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the Bình Xuyên organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the Viet Cong.[13] Within a few months, the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps.[14] The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957.[14] France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.[15]

In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi.[16] He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification.[17] But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle.[16] Leadership divided into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by Trường Chinh, and a "South first" faction led by Lê Duẩn.

As the Sino-Soviet split widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956.[18] Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959.[19] President Hồ Chí Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort.[20] Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South,[21] replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp, who was defense minister.[17]

 
A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp.[22]

An assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors" [23] or "armed propaganda" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines.[8] Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Châu Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight.[8] In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.[8]

In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the "North first" line of economic struggle.[24] The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line.[25] In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of "Inter-zone V" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas.[25] In June 1958, the Viet Cong created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta.[26] French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.[8]

Launches armed struggle

The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March.[15] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[27] The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959.[28]

Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam (Trung ương Cục miền Nam), a unified communist party headquarters for the South.[15] COSVN was initially located in Tây Ninh Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the Viet Cong killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa, the first American dead of the Vietnam War.[nb 6] The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war.[8] This was considered the beginning of the "armed struggle" in communist accounts.[8] A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created "liberated zones", models of Viet Cong-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of "long-hair troops" (women).[29] The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos (1960–61).[30] Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency.[nb 7] Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November.[8]

 
Brinks Hotel, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.

To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda. The Viet Cong created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a "united front", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists.[31] The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration."[8] Thọ, a lawyer and the Viet Cong's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes "against the security of the state" and featured prominently in Viet Cong propaganda.[32] Violence between the Viet Cong and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September.[33][34]

By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort.[35] For Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences.[36] About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63.[37] The Viet Cong grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in "liberation associations" (affiliated groups) by early 1962.[8] The ratio of Viet Cong to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later.[38]

 
A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.

The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October.[39] U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam.[40] The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam.[41] The "special war" and "strategic hamlets" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the Viet Cong regained the military initiative.[38] The Viet Cong won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963.

A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare).[42] After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964.[42] The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China.[43][nb 8] Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization.[43] The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Viet Cong, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse.[44] Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965.[45] Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles.[45] The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.[46]

 
A U.S. Air Force Douglas Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966.

In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN.[47] Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Viet Cong bases near the border along the "Sihanouk Trail", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Many Liberation Army of South Vietnam units operated at night,[48] and employed terror as a standard tactic.[49] Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong.[50] Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas.[51] Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets, including clinics and medical personnel.[51] Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965[52] and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers.[53] Viet Cong death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967–72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Viet Cong atrocities.[54] Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century".[55]

 
Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968

Logistics and equipment

Main article: Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment
 
Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an AK-47 rifle.

Tet Offensive

Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement.[56] Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory, General Nguyễn Chí Thanh, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers.[57][nb 9] He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967.[57] After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the Tet Offensive. The Parrot's Beak, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations.[58] Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon.[58] Viet Cong entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết.[58] The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven-day truce would be observed during Vietnam's main holiday.

 
A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the Chiêu Hồi Program.

At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam,[46] as well as 900,000 allied forces.[58] General William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh, a remote U.S. base near the DMZ.[59] In January and February 1968, some 80,000 Viet Cong struck more than 100 towns with orders to "crack the sky" and "shake the Earth."[60] The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents.[61] House-to-house fighting between Viet Cong and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The Viet Cong used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders.[62] A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war.[63] In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a "stalemate" and could be ended only by negotiation.[64]

The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Viet Cong anticipated. About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded, according to Trần Văn Trà, commander of the "B-2" district, which consisted of southern South Vietnam.[65] "We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires", Trà concluded.[66] Earle G. Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead[67] (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). "It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng.[67] Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war.[68] U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.[69]

Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the Viet Cong failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. CIA.[70] The breakup of larger Viet Cong units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's Phoenix Program (1967–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the Chiêu Hồi Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or "liberated zones", in South Vietnam, according to the official communist military history.[71] There were no predominantly southern units left and 70 percent of communist troops in the South were northerners.[72]

The Viet Cong created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces.[73] The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that "national reunification cannot be achieved overnight."[73] In June 1969, the alliance merged with the Viet Cong to form a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" (PRG).

Vietnamization

The Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Viet Cong could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits.[72] In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" fraction may have revived at this time.[74] COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination."[75] The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh.[76] After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970, the Viet Cong faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail.[77] Although 1970 was a much better year for the Viet Cong than 1969,[77] it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN. The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South.[78] Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon.[79]

 
Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.[80]

Fall of Saigon

Further information: Fall of Saigon

In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974.[81] With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Viet Cong headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the monsoon.[82] Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now-excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war matériel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.[71]

The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on Phước Bình in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at Buôn Ma Thuột in March, was a communist walkover. After the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier.[72] The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to re-education camps, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng.[83] Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975.[84] North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The Viet Cong was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front on February 4, 1977.[83]

Relationship with North Vietnam

Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South.[85] They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties—the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party[4]—and that Viet Cong chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist.[86]

Anti-communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi.[85] They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi.[85] According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo.[nb 10] Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South.[87] The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam [Viet Cong] is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam".[11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Vietnamese: Việt Cộng, pronounced [vîət kə̂wŋmˀ] ⓘ; contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist / Viet-communist)[8]
  2. ^ Sometimes simply National Liberation Front (NLF)
    Vietnamese: Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam
    French: Front national de libération [du Sud Viêt Nam] (FNL)
  3. ^ Radio Hanoi called it the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. In his memoirs, Võ Nguyên Giáp called the group the "South Vietnam National Liberation Front" (Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. ISBN 9780853451297.). See also the . Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. (1967).
  4. ^ The terminology "liberation front" is adapted from the earlier Greek and Algerian National Liberation Fronts.
  5. ^ This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (Provisional Democratic Government) and Algeria (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic).
  6. ^ Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Charles Ovnand, the first names to appear on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
  7. ^ This is sometimes referred to as the "Genoa Policy" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989). Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader. MIT Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-262-62066-9.)
  8. ^ There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964.
  9. ^ Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election, the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968. Desiring "businesslike" relations, the Kremlin favored incumbent Richard Nixon against left-wing challenger George McGovern in 1972. (Lynn-Jones, p. 29).
  10. ^ Trà begins, "How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee?" (Trần Văn Trà (1982), , archived from the original on June 2, 2011)

References

  1. ^ . www.fotw.info. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
  2. ^ Berg, Nicole M. (July 29, 2020). Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films. McFarland. ISBN 9781476639925 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Gibson, Karen Bush (February 4, 2020). The Vietnam War. Mitchell Lane. ISBN 9781545749463 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b Burchett, Wilfred (1963): "Liberation Front: Formation of the NLF", The Furtive War, International Publishers, New York. ()
  5. ^ Possibly a pseudonym for Trần Văn Trà. . February 2, 1973. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.
  6. ^ Bolt, Dr. Ernest. . University of Richmond. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  7. ^ Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q . The Pentagon Papers. 1971. pp. 242–314. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  9. ^ Nguyen, Thanh Huu (December 18, 2015). "National Liberation Front for South Vietnam in resistance war against the U.S., for national salvation". National Defence Journal. Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  10. ^ "Viet Cong", Oxford English Dictionary
  11. ^ a b Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. p. 68. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4.
  12. ^ See, for example, in Viet Nam News, the official English-language newspaper.
  13. ^ Karnow, p. 238.
  14. ^ a b Karnow, p. 245.
  15. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  16. ^ a b Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 16. ISBN 0-7007-1615-7.
  17. ^ a b Ang, p. 21
  18. ^ Olson, James; Randy Roberts (1991). "Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990". New York: St. Martin's Press: 67. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee.
  19. ^ Ang, p. 19
  20. ^ Võ Nguyên Giáp. The Political and Military Line of Our Party. pp. 179–80. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Ang, p. 20.
  22. ^ U.S. Information Agency. (August 24, 1982 – January 10, 1999) (1966). . Series: Master File Photographs of U.S. And Foreign Personalities, World Events, and American Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, 1900 – 2003. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999). Argument Without End. PublicAffairs. p. 35. ISBN 1-891620-22-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Ang, p. 23.
  25. ^ a b Ang, pp. 24-25.
  26. ^ Karnow, p. 693.
  27. ^ Victory in Vietnam, p. xi.
  28. ^ Prados, John, (2006) "The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail", Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land, editor By Andrew A. Wiest, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84603-020-X.
  29. ^ Gettleman, Marvin E.; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (1995). Vietnam and America. Grove Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.
  30. ^ Ang, p. 7.
  31. ^ Ang, p. 58.
  32. ^ Gettleman, p. 156.
  33. ^ Kelly, Francis John (1989) [1973]. . Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  34. ^ Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 – Page 140 "... on December 19 to 20, 1960, Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a Saigon lawyer, Trương Như Tảng, chief comptroller of a bank, Drs. Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phùng Văn Cung, along with other dissidents, met with communists to form the National Liberation Front..."
  35. ^ Zhai, Qiang (2000). China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-8078-4842-5.
  36. ^ Zhai, p. 5.
  37. ^ Ang, p. 76.
  38. ^ a b Victory in Vietnam, p. xii.
  39. ^ Ang, p. 113.
  40. ^ Pribbenow, Merle (August 1999). . Vietnam. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023.
  41. ^ Karnow, p.694
  42. ^ a b Ang, p. 74-75.
  43. ^ a b Zhai, p. 128.
  44. ^ Victory in Vietnam, p. xiii.
  45. ^ a b Karnow, p. 427.
  46. ^ a b . libcom. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
  47. ^ "VC Tunnels". Digger History.
  48. ^ Zumbro, Ralph (1986). Tank Sergeant. Presidio Press. pp. 27–28, 115. ISBN 978-0-517-07201-1. The Viet Cong were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as "night bandits" or the "night government".
  49. ^ Zumbro, pp. 25, 33
  50. ^ Zumbro, p. 32.
  51. ^ a b U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam" (1972), p. 8-49.
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    Jones, C. Don, Massacre at Dak Son November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, United States Information Service, 1967
    . Time. December 5, 1969. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
    . Time. December 15, 1967. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed here February 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ^ Guenter Lewy, America in Vietnam, (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp272-3, 448–9.
  55. ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2006), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, Taylor & Francis, p.116.
  56. ^ Ang, p. 115.
  57. ^ a b Ang, pp. 116–117.
  58. ^ a b c d Westmoreland, William. "The Year of Decision—1968". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Gettleman, Marvin E (1995). Marvin E. Gettleman; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (eds.). Vietnam and America. Grove Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.
  59. ^ Westmoreland, p. 344 (editor's note).
  60. ^ Dougan, Clark; Stephen Weiss (1983). Nineteen Sixty-Eight. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. pp. 8, 10. ISBN 9780939526062.
  61. ^ . Time. October 31, 1969. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007.
    Pike, Douglas. . pp. 23–39. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022.
  62. ^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj) (1997). "Jungle Snafus...and Remedies". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine: 327. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  63. ^ Lee, Nathan (April 10, 2009). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
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  65. ^ Tran Van Tra. "Tet". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in Warner, Jayne S. Warner (1993). Luu Doan Huynh (ed.). The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 49–50..
  66. ^ Tran Van Tra. . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.
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  68. ^ Crowell, Todd Crowell (October 29, 2006). . Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.
  69. ^ Aron, Paul (November 7, 2005). Mysteries in History. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 404. ISBN 1-85109-899-2.
  70. ^ . Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War. February 22, 1991. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021.
  71. ^ a b Whitcomb, Col Darrel (Summer 2003). . Air & Space Power Journal. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009.
  72. ^ a b c Porter, Gareth (1993). Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism. Cornell University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8014-2168-6.
  73. ^ a b Porter, pp. 27–29
  74. ^ Ang, p. 138.
  75. ^ Ang, p. 139.
  76. ^ Ang, p. 53.
  77. ^ a b Ang, p. 52.
  78. ^ . www.vietnampix.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022.
  79. ^ Karnow, p. 673.
  80. ^ Tran Van Tra. . Archived from the original on May 28, 2009.
  81. ^ Karnow, pp 644–645.
  82. ^ Karnow. pp. 672–74.
  83. ^ a b Porter, p. 29
  84. ^ Porter, p. 28.
  85. ^ a b c Ruane, Kevin (1998), War and Revolution in Vietnam, 1930–75, p. 51, ISBN 1-85728-323-6
  86. ^ Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A history. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4., p. 255.
  87. ^ Bolt, Dr. Ernest. . Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.

Further reading

  • U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam (1972) .
  • Marvin Gettleman, et al. Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Grove Press. 1995. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2. See especially Part VII: The Decisive Year.
  • Truong Nhu Tang. A Vietcong Memoir. Random House. ISBN 0-394-74309-1. 1985. See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong, and Chapter 21 on the communist take-over in 1975.
  • Frances Fitzgerald. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972. ISBN 0-316-28423-8. See Chapter 4. "The National Liberation Front".
  • Douglas Valentine. The Phoenix Program. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1990. ISBN 0-688-09130-X.
  • Merle Pribbenow (translation). Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas. 2002 ISBN 0-7006-1175-4
  • Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives, McFarland & Co Inc.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietcong.
  • . CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive.
  • . A tribute to the dead of Huế by Trịnh Công Sơn, one of wartime Vietnam's most prominent composers.
  • . Primary documents concerning the Vietnam War, including peace proposals, treaties, and platforms.
  • Digger History, . At one point, Viet Cong tunnels stretched from the Cambodia border to Saigon.
  • and . What was it like to be a Viet Cong? This recruiting video shows one perspective.
  • "" (Forward to Saigon.) This propaganda video features singing Viet Cong and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive.

February 16, 2024
viet, cong, vietcong, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, about, organization, formally, named, national, liberation, front, south, vietnam, government, formed, this, organization, provisional, revolutionary, government, republic, sout. Vietcong redirects here For other uses see Viet Cong disambiguation This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam For the government formed by this organization see Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam The Viet Cong nb 1 was an epithet to call the communist movement and united front organization in South Vietnam Laos and Cambodia Formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam nb 2 it fought under the direction of North Vietnam against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the Vietnam War The organization had both guerrilla and regular army units as well as a network of cadres who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled During the war communist fighters and some anti war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South while the U S and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam It was later conceded by the modern Vietnamese communist leadership that the movement was actually under the North Vietnamese political and military leadership aiming to unify Vietnam under a single banner 9 National Liberation Frontof South VietnamMặt trận Dan tộc Giải phongmiền Nam Việt NamThe flag of the Viet Cong adopted in 1960 is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam 1 Sometimes the lower stripe was green 2 3 Also known asViệt Cộng VC pronunciation LeadersLiberation Front 4 Nguyễn Hữu Thọ chairmanHuỳnh Tấn Phat secretary general and vice chairmanPhung Van Cung vice chairmanVo Chi Cong vice chairman Liberation Army Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến 1961 1963 Trần Văn Tra 1963 1967 1973 1975 Hoang Văn Thai 1967 1973 Central Office Nguyễn Văn Linh 1961 1964 Nguyễn Chi Thanh 1964 1967 Phạm Hung 1967 1975 Governance Nguyễn Hữu Thọ presidentHuỳnh Tấn Phat prime ministerMme Nguyễn Thị Binh foreign ministerTrần Nam Trung 5 defense ministerTrương Như Tảng justice minister 6 Dates of operation1954 1959 as southern Viet Minh cadres December 20 1960 February 4 1977 1960 12 20 1977 02 04 Merged intoVietnamese Fatherland FrontAllegianceVietnamese Fatherland Front Workers Party of Vietnam via Central Office for South Vietnam Republic of South Vietnam People s Revolutionary Party of VietnamGroup s National Liberation Front of South Vietnam Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Central Office for South Vietnam Liberation Army of South Vietnam Alliance of National Democratic and Peace ForcesHeadquartersTay Ninh 1960 1966 Memot Cambodia 1966 1972 Lộc Ninh South Vietnam 1972 1975 Saigon 1975 1977 Active regionsIndochina with a focus on South VietnamIdeologyCommunism Marxism Leninism Left wing nationalism Anti imperialism Revolutionary socialismPolitical positionFar leftAlliesState allies North Vietnam People s Republic of China Soviet Union Albania North Korea East Germany Cuba Romania Sweden alleged 7 Non state allies Khmer Rouge Pathet LaoOpponentsState opponents South Vietnam Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Australia South Korea New Zealand Philippines Republic of China Taiwan Thailand United StatesNon state opponents FULROBattles and warsSee full listPreceded by Viet MinhSucceeded by Vietnam Fatherland FrontThis article contains Vietnamese text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of chữ Nom chữ Han and chữ Quốc ngữ North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20 1960 at Tan Lập village in Tay Ninh Province to foment insurgency in the South Many of the Viet Cong s core members were volunteer regroupees southern Viet Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord 1954 Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the late 1950s and early 1960s The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American backed South Vietnamese government The Viet Cong s best known action was the Tet Offensive an assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968 including an attack on the U S embassy in Saigon The offensive riveted the attention of the world s media for weeks but also overextended the Viet Cong Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese The organization officially merged with the Fatherland Front of Vietnam on February 4 1977 after North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government Contents 1 Names 2 History 2 1 Origin 2 2 Launches armed struggle 2 3 Logistics and equipment 2 4 Tet Offensive 2 5 Vietnamization 2 6 Fall of Saigon 3 Relationship with North Vietnam 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksNamesThe term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956 8 It is a contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản Vietnamese communist 8 The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957 10 American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or V C Victor and Charlie are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet Charlie referred to communist forces in general both Viet Cong and North Vietnamese The official Vietnamese history gives the group s name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam NLFSV Mặt trận Dan tộc Giải phong miền Nam Việt Nam 11 nb 3 Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front NLF nb 4 In 1969 the Viet Cong created the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Chinh Phủ Cach Mạng Lam Thời Cộng Hoa Miền Nam Việt Nam abbreviated PRG nb 5 Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977 the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created Members generally referred to the Viet Cong as the Front Mặt trận 8 Today s Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam Quan Giải phong Miền Nam Việt Nam 12 HistoryOrigin nbsp Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail 1959 By the terms of the Geneva Accord 1954 which ended the Indochina War France and the Viet Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam and military forces of the communists regrouped there Military forces of the non communists regrouped in South Vietnam which became a separate state Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956 A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists but it made the country less of a threat to China Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh About 90 000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5 000 to 10 000 cadre remained in the South most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation 8 The Saigon Cholon Peace Committee the first Viet Cong front was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group 8 Other front names used by the Viet Cong in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes for example Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front which suggested affiliation with the Hoa Hảo sect or Vietnam Cambodia Buddhist Association 8 Front groups were favored by the Viet Cong to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over prompting the expression the faceless Viet Cong 8 nbsp US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964Led by Ngo Đinh Diệm South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist held territory Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held After subduing the Binh Xuyen organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955 and the Hoa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956 Diệm turned his attention to the Viet Cong 13 Within a few months the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps 14 The success of this campaign inspired U S President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the miracle man when he visited the U S in May 1957 14 France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956 15 In March 1956 southern communist leader Le Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled The Road to the South to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi 16 He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification 17 But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time Le Duẩn s plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle 16 Leadership divided into a North first or pro Beijing faction led by Trường Chinh and a South first faction led by Le Duẩn As the Sino Soviet split widened in the following months Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956 18 Le Duẩn s blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army which was expected to take at least until 1959 19 President Hồ Chi Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort 20 Nguyễn Hữu Xuyen was assigned military command in the South 21 replacing Le Duẩn who was appointed North Vietnam s acting party boss This represented a loss of power for Hồ who preferred the more moderate Vo Nguyen Giap who was defense minister 17 nbsp A photo from the U S Information Agency allegedly showing a 23 year old Le Van Than who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp 22 An assassination campaign referred to as extermination of traitors 23 or armed propaganda in communist literature began in April 1957 Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines 8 Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Chau Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight 8 In October 1957 a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded 8 In a speech given on September 2 1957 Hồ reiterated the North first line of economic struggle 24 The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence In November Hồ traveled to Moscow with Le Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line 25 In early 1958 Le Duẩn met with the leaders of Inter zone V northern South Vietnam and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas 25 In June 1958 the Viet Cong created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta 26 French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun 8 Launches armed struggle The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a people s war on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March 15 In May 1959 Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail at this time a six month mountain trek through Laos About 500 of the regroupees of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation 27 The first arms delivery via the trail a few dozen rifles was completed in August 1959 28 Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam Trung ương Cục miền Nam a unified communist party headquarters for the South 15 COSVN was initially located in Tay Ninh Province near the Cambodian border On July 8 the Viet Cong killed two U S military advisors at Bien Hoa the first American dead of the Vietnam War nb 6 The 2d Liberation Battalion ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959 the first large unit military action of the war 8 This was considered the beginning of the armed struggle in communist accounts 8 A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created liberated zones models of Viet Cong style government Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of long hair troops women 29 The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos 1960 61 30 Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960 as it was election year for the U S presidency nb 7 Despite this 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam with pro democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November 8 nbsp Brinks Hotel Saigon following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24 1964 Two American officers were killed To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda The Viet Cong created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tan Lập village in Tay Ninh as a united front or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non communists 31 The group s formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten point manifesto called for overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration and to form a national and democratic coalition administration 8 Thọ a lawyer and the Viet Cong s neutralist chairman was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers South Vietnam s Law 10 59 approved in May 1959 authorized the death penalty for crimes against the security of the state and featured prominently in Viet Cong propaganda 32 Violence between the Viet Cong and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September 33 34 By 1960 the Sino Soviet split was a public rivalry making China more supportive of Hanoi s war effort 35 For Chinese leader Mao Zedong aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his anti imperialist credentials for both domestic and international audiences 36 About 40 000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961 63 37 The Viet Cong grew rapidly an estimated 300 000 members were enrolled in liberation associations affiliated groups by early 1962 8 The ratio of Viet Cong to government soldiers jumped from 1 10 in 1961 to 1 5 a year later 38 nbsp A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U S Army awaits interrogation The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961 from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October 39 U S President John F Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam 40 The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961 By mid 1962 there were 12 000 U S military advisors in Vietnam 41 The special war and strategic hamlets policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962 but in 1963 the Viet Cong regained the military initiative 38 The Viet Cong won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963 A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963 shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of quick victory vs protracted war guerrilla warfare 42 After this meeting the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the People s Army of Vietnam PAVN increased from 174 000 at the end of 1963 to 300 000 in 1964 42 The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi s ties to China 43 nb 8 Even as Hanoi embraced China s international line it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management as opposed to mass mobilization 43 The winter of 1964 1965 was a high water mark for the Viet Cong with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse 44 Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965 45 Hanoi was soon receiving up to date surface to air missiles 45 The U S would have 200 000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year 46 nbsp A U S Air Force Douglas Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966 In January 1966 Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN 47 Six thousand documents were captured revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966 weapons for the Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Viet Cong bases near the border along the Sihanouk Trail which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail Many Liberation Army of South Vietnam units operated at night 48 and employed terror as a standard tactic 49 Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong 50 Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas 51 Government employees especially village and district heads were the most common targets But there were a wide variety of targets including clinics and medical personnel 51 Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3 000 unarmed civilians at Huế 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965 52 and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers 53 Viet Cong death squads assassinated at least 37 000 civilians in South Vietnam the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967 72 They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps in the peak war years nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Viet Cong atrocities 54 Ami Pedahzur has written that the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century 55 nbsp Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha RVN 1968Logistics and equipment Main article Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment nbsp Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an AK 47 rifle Tet Offensive Major reversals in 1966 and 1967 as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967 While Beijing urged a fight to the finish Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement 56 Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory General Nguyễn Chi Thanh suggested an all out offensive against urban centers 57 nb 9 He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967 57 After Thanh s death in July Giap was assigned to implement this plan now known as the Tet Offensive The Parrot s Beak an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon was prepared as a base of operations 58 Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon 58 Viet Cong entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết 58 The U S and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven day truce would be observed during Vietnam s main holiday nbsp A U S propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the Chieu Hồi Program At this point there were about 500 000 U S troops in Vietnam 46 as well as 900 000 allied forces 58 General William Westmoreland the U S commander received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh a remote U S base near the DMZ 59 In January and February 1968 some 80 000 Viet Cong struck more than 100 towns with orders to crack the sky and shake the Earth 60 The offensive included a commando raid on the U S Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3 500 residents 61 House to house fighting between Viet Cong and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon a section of Saigon in ruins The Viet Cong used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders 62 A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war 63 In an influential broadcast on February 27 newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a stalemate and could be ended only by negotiation 64 The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Viet Cong anticipated About 75 000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded according to Trần Văn Tra commander of the B 2 district which consisted of southern South Vietnam 65 We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors but on an illusion based on our subjective desires Tra concluded 66 Earle G Wheeler chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff estimated that Tet resulted in 40 000 communist dead 67 compared to about 10 600 U S and South Vietnamese dead It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng 67 Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war 68 U S President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated 69 Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta the Viet Cong failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet according to an assessment of captured documents by the U S CIA 70 The breakup of larger Viet Cong units increased the effectiveness of the CIA s Phoenix Program 1967 72 which targeted individual leaders as well as the Chieu Hồi Program which encouraged defections By the end of 1969 there was little communist held territory or liberated zones in South Vietnam according to the official communist military history 71 There were no predominantly southern units left and 70 percent of communist troops in the South were northerners 72 The Viet Cong created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National Democratic and Peace Forces 73 The group s manifesto called for an independent non aligned South Vietnam and stated that national reunification cannot be achieved overnight 73 In June 1969 the alliance merged with the Viet Cong to form a Provisional Revolutionary Government PRG VietnamizationThe Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U S to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese a process called Vietnamization Pushed into Cambodia the Viet Cong could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits 72 In May 1968 Trường Chinh urged protracted war in a speech that was published prominently in the official media so the fortunes of his North first fraction may have revived at this time 74 COSVN rejected this view as lacking resolution and absolute determination 75 The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam Beginning in February 1970 Le Duẩn s prominence in the official media increased suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh 76 After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970 the Viet Cong faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U S offensive against its bases in April However the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail 77 Although 1970 was a much better year for the Viet Cong than 1969 77 it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South 78 Despite the Paris Peace Accords signed by all parties in January 1973 fighting continued In March Tra was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon 79 nbsp Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973 The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat rubber sandals and green fatigues without rank or insignia 80 Fall of Saigon Further information Fall of Saigon In response to the anti war movement the U S Congress passed the Case Church Amendment to prohibit further U S military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974 81 With U S bombing ended communist logistical preparations could be accelerated An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Viet Cong headquarters in Lộc Ninh about 75 miles northwest of Saigon COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive The Ho Chi Minh Trail beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war was upgraded throughout the war first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season and finally into paved all weather roads that could be used year round even during the monsoon 82 Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975 with now excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction the communists delivered nearly 365 000 tons of war materiel to battlefields 2 6 times the total for the previous 13 years 71 The success of the 1973 74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable When there was no U S response to a successful communist attack on Phước Binh in January 1975 South Vietnamese morale collapsed The next major battle at Buon Ma Thuột in March was a communist walkover After the fall of Saigon on April 30 1975 the PRG moved into government offices there At the victory parade Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing replaced by northerners years earlier 72 The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to re education camps despite the protests of the non communist PRG members including Tạng 83 Without consulting the PRG North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975 84 North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved The Viet Cong was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front on February 4 1977 83 Relationship with North VietnamActivists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South 85 They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties the People s Revolutionary Party the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party 4 and that Viet Cong chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist 86 Anti communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi 85 They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi 85 According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Tra the Viet Cong s top commander and PRG defense minister he followed orders issued by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee in Hanoi which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo nb 10 Tra himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South 87 The official Vietnamese history of the war states that The Liberation Army of South Vietnam Viet Cong is a part of the People s Army of Vietnam 11 See alsoViet Cong and PAVN strategy organization and structure Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics Kit Carson Scouts former Viet Cong who worked with U S Marines People s Army of Vietnam the North Vietnamese army Viet Cong and People s Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam WarNotes Vietnamese Việt Cộng pronounced viet ke wŋmˀ contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản Vietnamese communist Viet communist 8 Sometimes simply National Liberation Front NLF Vietnamese Mặt trận Dan tộc Giải phong miền Nam Việt NamFrench Front national de liberation du Sud Viet Nam FNL Radio Hanoi called it the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group s formation In his memoirs Vo Nguyen Giap called the group the South Vietnam National Liberation Front Nguyen Giap Vo Russell Stetler 1970 The Military Art of People s War Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap Monthly Review Press pp 206 208 210 ISBN 9780853451297 See also the Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet Nam Archived from the original on June 26 2010 1967 The terminology liberation front is adapted from the earlier Greek and Algerian National Liberation Fronts This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece Provisional Democratic Government and Algeria Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic Major Dale R Buis and Master Sergeant Charles Ovnand the first names to appear on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial This is sometimes referred to as the Genoa Policy and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy s election Lynn Jones Sean M Steven E Miller Stephen Van Evera 1989 Soviet Military Policy An International Security Reader MIT Press p 28 ISBN 0 262 62066 9 There was also a U S presidential election in 1964 Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U S presidential election the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968 Desiring businesslike relations the Kremlin favored incumbent Richard Nixon against left wing challenger George McGovern in 1972 Lynn Jones p 29 Tra begins How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee Trần Văn Tra 1982 Vietnam History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre archived from the original on June 2 2011 References National Liberation Front Viet Cong www fotw info Archived from the original on April 18 2023 Berg Nicole M July 29 2020 Discovering Kubrick s Symbolism The Secrets of the Films McFarland ISBN 9781476639925 via Google Books Gibson Karen Bush February 4 2020 The Vietnam War Mitchell Lane ISBN 9781545749463 via Google Books a b Burchett Wilfred 1963 Liberation Front Formation of the NLF The Furtive War International Publishers New York Archive Possibly a pseudonym for Trần Văn Tra Man in the News Lt Gen Tran Van Tra February 2 1973 Archived from the original on August 23 2009 Bolt Dr Ernest Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam 1969 1975 University of Richmond Archived from the original on October 26 2014 Retrieved June 28 2008 Logevall Fredrik 1993 The Swedish American Conflict over Vietnam Diplomatic History 17 3 421 445 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7709 1993 tb00589 x JSTOR 24912244 Retrieved July 29 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam 1954 1960 The Pentagon Papers 1971 pp 242 314 Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved June 13 2008 Nguyen Thanh Huu December 18 2015 National Liberation Front for South Vietnam in resistance war against the U S for national salvation National Defence Journal Ministry of Defence Vietnam Retrieved December 22 2023 Viet Cong Oxford English Dictionary a b Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002 Victory in Vietnam The Official History of the People s Army of Vietnam 1954 1975 translated by Merle L Pribbenow University Press of Kansas p 68 ISBN 0 7006 1175 4 See for example this story in Viet Nam News the official English language newspaper Karnow p 238 a b Karnow p 245 a b c The History Place Vietnam War 1945 1960 Archived from the original on March 12 2023 Retrieved June 11 2008 a b Ang Cheng Guan 2002 The Vietnam War from the Other Side RoutledgeCurzon p 16 ISBN 0 7007 1615 7 a b Ang p 21 Olson James Randy Roberts 1991 Where the Domino Fell America and Vietnam 1945 1990 New York St Martin s Press 67 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee Ang p 19 Vo Nguyen Giap The Political and Military Line of Our Party pp 179 80 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Ang p 20 U S Information Agency August 24 1982 January 10 1999 1966 The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23 year old Le Van Than who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately starved Series Master File Photographs of U S And Foreign Personalities World Events and American Economic Social and Cultural Life 1900 2003 Archived from the original on May 4 2023 Retrieved August 14 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link McNamera Robert S Blight James G Brigham Robert K 1999 Argument Without End PublicAffairs p 35 ISBN 1 891620 22 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Ang p 23 a b Ang pp 24 25 Karnow p 693 Victory in Vietnam p xi Prados John 2006 The Road South The Ho Chi Minh Trail Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land editor By Andrew A Wiest Osprey Publishing ISBN 1 84603 020 X Gettleman Marvin E Jane Franklin Marilyn Young 1995 Vietnam and America Grove Press p 187 ISBN 0 8021 3362 2 Ang p 7 Ang p 58 Gettleman p 156 Kelly Francis John 1989 1973 History of Special Forces in Vietnam 1961 1971 Washington D C United States Army Center of Military History p 4 CMH Pub 90 23 Archived from the original on February 12 2014 Retrieved August 5 2010 Nghia M Vo Saigon A History 2011 Page 140 on December 19 to 20 1960 Nguyễn Hữu Thọ a Saigon lawyer Trương Như Tảng chief comptroller of a bank Drs Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phung Văn Cung along with other dissidents met with communists to form the National Liberation Front Zhai Qiang 2000 China and the Vietnam Wars 1950 1975 Univ of North Carolina Press p 83 ISBN 0 8078 4842 5 Zhai p 5 Ang p 76 a b Victory in Vietnam p xii Ang p 113 Pribbenow Merle August 1999 North Vietnam s Master Plan Vietnam Archived from the original on April 9 2023 Karnow p 694 a b Ang p 74 75 a b Zhai p 128 Victory in Vietnam p xiii a b Karnow p 427 a b 1957 1975 The Vietnam War libcom Archived from the original on May 17 2022 VC Tunnels Digger History Zumbro Ralph 1986 Tank Sergeant Presidio Press pp 27 28 115 ISBN 978 0 517 07201 1 The Viet Cong were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as night bandits or the night government Zumbro pp 25 33 Zumbro p 32 a b U S Senate Judiciary Committee The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam 1972 p 8 49 The My Canh Restaurant bombing Archived from the original on November 25 2010 Retrieved July 30 2008 Krohn Charles A The Last Battalion Controversies and Casualties of the Battle of Hue pg 30 Westport 1993 Jones C Don Massacre at Dak Son Archived November 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine United States Information Service 1967 On the Other Side Terror as Policy Time December 5 1969 Archived from the original on May 22 2013 Retrieved July 17 2008 The Massacre of Dak Son Time December 15 1967 Archived from the original on July 21 2013 Retrieved June 15 2008 Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed here Archived February 19 2020 at the Wayback Machine Guenter Lewy America in Vietnam Oxford University Press 1978 pp272 3 448 9 Pedahzur Ami 2006 Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism The Globalization of Martyrdom Taylor amp Francis p 116 Ang p 115 a b Ang pp 116 117 a b c d Westmoreland William The Year of Decision 1968 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Gettleman Marvin E 1995 Marvin E Gettleman Jane Franklin Marilyn Young eds Vietnam and America Grove Press p 345 ISBN 0 8021 3362 2 Westmoreland p 344 editor s note Dougan Clark Stephen Weiss 1983 Nineteen Sixty Eight Boston Boston Publishing Company pp 8 10 ISBN 9780939526062 The Massacre of Hue Time October 31 1969 Archived from the original on December 4 2007 Pike Douglas Viet Cong Strategy of Terror pp 23 39 Archived from the original on December 6 2022 Kearny Cresson H Maj 1997 Jungle Snafus and Remedies Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine 327 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Lee Nathan April 10 2009 A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams s Camera The New York Times Archived from the original on June 15 2018 Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive archived from the original on July 19 2008 Tran Van Tra Tet a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help in Warner Jayne S Warner 1993 Luu Doan Huynh ed The Vietnam War Vietnamese and American Perspectives Armonk NY M E Sharpe pp 49 50 Tran Van Tra Comments on Tet 68 Archived from the original on August 7 2011 a b Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform Archived from the original on February 26 2009 Crowell Todd Crowell October 29 2006 The Tet Offensive and Iraq Archived from the original on August 23 2009 Aron Paul November 7 2005 Mysteries in History Bloomsbury Academic p 404 ISBN 1 85109 899 2 Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War February 22 1991 Archived from the original on March 7 2021 a b Whitcomb Col Darrel Summer 2003 Victory in Vietnam The Official History of the People s Army of Vietnam 1954 1975 book review Air amp Space Power Journal Archived from the original on February 7 2009 a b c Porter Gareth 1993 Vietnam The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism Cornell University Press p 26 ISBN 978 0 8014 2168 6 a b Porter pp 27 29 Ang p 138 Ang p 139 Ang p 53 a b Ang p 52 The Vietcong www vietnampix com Archived from the original on October 5 2022 Karnow p 673 Tran Van Tra Vietnam History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre Archived from the original on May 28 2009 Karnow pp 644 645 Karnow pp 672 74 a b Porter p 29 Porter p 28 a b c Ruane Kevin 1998 War and Revolution in Vietnam 1930 75 p 51 ISBN 1 85728 323 6 Karnow Stanley 1991 Vietnam A history Penguin Books ISBN 0 670 84218 4 p 255 Bolt Dr Ernest Who is Tran Van Tra Archived from the original on July 10 2011 Retrieved April 7 2009 Further readingU S Senate Judiciary Committee The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam 1972 Marvin Gettleman et al Vietnam and America A Documented History Grove Press 1995 ISBN 0 8021 3362 2 See especially Part VII The Decisive Year Truong Nhu Tang A Vietcong Memoir Random House ISBN 0 394 74309 1 1985 See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong and Chapter 21 on the communist take over in 1975 Frances Fitzgerald Fire in the Lake The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam Boston Little Brown and Company 1972 ISBN 0 316 28423 8 See Chapter 4 The National Liberation Front Douglas Valentine The Phoenix Program New York William Morrow and Company 1990 ISBN 0 688 09130 X Merle Pribbenow translation Victory in Vietnam The Official History of the People s Army of Vietnam University Press of Kansas 2002 ISBN 0 7006 1175 4 Morris Virginia and Hills Clive 2018 Ho Chi Minh s Blueprint for Revolution In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives McFarland amp Co Inc External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietcong Tet Offensive 1968 US Embassy amp Saigon fighting CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive Vietnam War Hue Massacre 1968 A tribute to the dead of Huế by Trịnh Cong Sơn one of wartime Vietnam s most prominent composers The Wars for Vietnam 1945 1975 Primary documents concerning the Vietnam War including peace proposals treaties and platforms Digger History VC Tunnels At one point Viet Cong tunnels stretched from the Cambodia border to Saigon The Viet Cong 1965 1967 part 1 and The Viet Cong 1965 1967 part 2 What was it like to be a Viet Cong This recruiting video shows one perspective Tien ve Sai Gon Forward to Saigon This propaganda video features singing Viet Cong and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Viet Cong amp oldid 1202316309, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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