fbpx
Wikipedia

Haole

December 27, 2022

Haole (/ˈhaʊliː/; Hawaiian [ˈhɔule])[1] is a Hawaiian term for individuals who are not Native Hawaiian, and is applied to people primarily of European ancestry.[2][3][4]

Background

The origins of the word predate the 1778 arrival of Captain James Cook, as recorded in several chants stemming from that time. [4][5] The term was generally given to people of European descent however, as more distinct terms began to be applied to individual European cultures and other non-European nations, the word haole began to refer mostly to Americans, including American Blacks who were referred to as haole ʻele ʻele, meaning; "black haole".[4] Its connotations range from positive, neutral and descriptive to invective, depending on the context in which it is used.[6] Of the Polynesian race, Robert Louis Stevenson said; "God's best-at least God's sweetest works..." and then wrote of the; "beastly haoles". In correspondence to a friend, he stated, "What is a haole? You are one; and so, I am sorry to so say am I".[7][8]

Etymology

 
Professor Fred Beckley

A newspaper challenge in 1929 offered one hundred dollars to anyone that could satisfactorily explain what the word meant to Dr. Theodore Richards. James K. Keola stated that he believed the term only referred to white foreigners, giving as his own references such figures as Stephen Desha and Joseph M. Poepoe. Mr. Keola also believed the origins of the word came from the name Howell, part of Vancouver's team however, today the name would be pronounced ha-wela.[7][8] John M. Bright also stated that the term meant white and was in use as early as 1736. He also defines the term to mean, "without husk or waif". W.O Smith stated that, in his youth, he was told the term came from a fish called ahole. Lorrin Andrews, writes in his dictionary that the term only refers to white foreigners and that for Blacks the term haole eleele was used.[7][8]

"Without breath"

A popular fable is that the word means "without breath". This meaning was attributed to Native Hawaiian Professor, Frederick William Kahapula Beckley Jr. by Charles W. Kenn in his 1944 article in the publication; "Paradise of the Pacific". According to that author, Beckley states; "The white people came to be known as ha-ole (without breath) because after they said their prayers, they did not breathe three times as was customary in ancient Hawaii."[9][7][8]

Kenn wrote, "In the primary and esoteric meaning, haole indicates a race that has no relation to one's own; an outsider, one who does not conform to the mores of the group; one that is void of the life element because of inattention to natural laws which make for the goodness in man."[7][8]

Albert J. Schütz, former professor of linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, believes that there is no documentation the ha-ole etymology is accurate and, based on that states; "Thus, as far as we know, the word haole cannot be separated into shorter words".[9]

Kahiki

According to Juri Mykkanen of the Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies in his book; "Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom", Hawaiians, in trying to understand and make sense of changing alii, projected an entire cosmology onto everything they did and then passed down this narration to descendants. Under this belief, the origins of the term come from Kahiki the ancestral lands of Hawaiians, stemming from the mele chant; "Kūkanaloa". In this chant a demi-god/hero from Kahiki is described as haole and is referenced to Samuel Kamakau's book; "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (1991), pages 114-115. As a symbol of origin, Kahiki had great significance to Hawaiians who saw themselves as descendants of a divine haole.[10]

Use of the word

Among Hawaiian residents who have descended from various ethnic groups who worked on the plantations (often known as "locals"), "haole" is a term used to describe people of European ancestry.[11] The term itself can be merely descriptive, but some argue that it can be used in a way that is pejorative or discriminatory. Haole is only one of several words commonly used in Hawaii to describe various ethnicities. Technically, haole means someone who is foreign, as opposed to someone who is local. Haole has come to be a term for those of European ancestry. Also, it is associated with peoples who exhibit traditions, accents, and habits of the continental United States, as opposed to those which are prevalent in the Hawaiian islands.[12] For example, if someone goes to the continental US and returns speaking with an accent typical of that area, people might say he is "haole-fied."[13] Certain foods typical of the continental US could be called "haole food," and if someone does something in a way that is not typical of what is done in Hawaii, that could be called "haole style."

Some from other ethnic groups have used the word "haole" as an insult or as part of a racial pejorative in incidents of harassment and physical assault towards white people in Hawaii.[14][15][16] Hawaiian nationalists and language advocates, including Haunani-Kay Trask, have argued that the word cannot be understood apart from the history of racial oppression in Hawaii, with Trask saying, "It’s not pejorative — it’s descriptive.”[17][18][19]

See also

 
Look up haole in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ "Definition of HAOLE". Definition of Haole by Merriam-Webster. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  2. ^ Lind, Andrew W. (1980). Hawaii's people. University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/39974. ISBN 978-0-8248-0704-7.
  3. ^ Rohrer, Judy (July 22, 2010). Haoles in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8248-6042-4. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Kimura, Larry; Wilson, William H. (1983). Native Hawaiians Study Commission: Report on the Culture, Needs, and ... - United States. Native Hawaiians Study Commission - Google Books. United States Department of the Interior. p. 216. Retrieved August 21, 2022. Haole originally meant any foreigner, and is clearly an old precontact word, since it occurs in old chants. Marquesan has a cognate, Hao'e, with a similar meaning. Captain Cook and even early Chinese visitors were termed haole
  5. ^ Rohrer, Judy (2010). "Haoles in Hawaii - Judy Rohrer - Google Books". University of Hawaii Press. p. 59. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  6. ^ "Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society". Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e Kenn, Charles W. (August 1944). "What is a Haole?". Paradise of the Pacific: 16.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kenn, Charles W. (1961). The Hawaii Book: Story of Our Island Paradise - Google Books. What is a Haole?. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company. p. 136. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Schütz, Albert J. (January 1, 1995). The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies. University of Hawaii Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8248-1637-7. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  10. ^ Mykkanen, Juri (2003). "Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom - Juri Mykkanen - Google Books". University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. p. 34. ISBN 9780824814861. OCLC 473477780. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  11. ^ "Denby Fawcett: Can A White Person Ever Be 'Local' In Hawaii?". Honolulu Civil Beat. February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  12. ^ "Haole: Is it a Bad Word?". Big Island Now. June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  13. ^ "Hawaiian English". Encyclopedia.com. April 15, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  14. ^ "Hawaii Suffering from Racial Prejudice". Southern Poverty Law Center. August 30, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  15. ^ Rohrer, Judy (July 22, 2010). Haoles in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-8248-6042-4. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  16. ^ McAvoy, Audrey (May 2, 2021). "2 Hawaii men indicted in 2014 hate crime case on Maui". AP NEWS. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  17. ^ Ladao, Mark; Boylan, Peter (July 4, 2021). "Activist, retired University of Hawaii professor Haunani-Kay Trask fought for Hawaiian rights, causes". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  18. ^ Essoyan, Susan (November 28, 1990). "RACE RELATIONS: Aloha Spirit of Love Gives Way to 'Yankee Go Home' : Professor's anti-whites stand sets off debate on racism in Hawaii". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  19. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "Haunani-Kay Trask Interview: Haole and the Colonization of Hawaii". YouTube.

Further reading

  • Elvi Whittaker (1986). The Mainland Haole: The White Experience in Hawaiʻi. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ohnuma, Keiko (2002). "Local Haole - A Contradiction in Terms? The dilemma of being white, born and raised in Hawai'i". Cultural Values. 6 (3): 273–285. doi:10.1080/1362517022000007211. S2CID 144729410.
  • Rohrer, Judy (1997). "Haole Girl: Identity and White Privilege in Hawaiʻi". Social Process in Hawaiʻi. 38: 140–161.
  • Rohrer, Judy (2006). ""Got Race?" The Production of Haole and the Distortion of Indigeneity in the Rice Decision". The Contemporary Pacific. 18 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1353/cp.2005.0102.

December 27, 2022
haole, hawaiian, ˈhɔule, hawaiian, term, individuals, native, hawaiian, applied, people, primarily, european, ancestry, contents, background, etymology, without, breath, kahiki, word, also, references, further, readingbackground, editthe, origins, word, predat. Haole ˈ h aʊ l iː Hawaiian ˈhɔule 1 is a Hawaiian term for individuals who are not Native Hawaiian and is applied to people primarily of European ancestry 2 3 4 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Etymology 1 1 1 Without breath 1 1 2 Kahiki 2 Use of the word 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingBackground EditThe origins of the word predate the 1778 arrival of Captain James Cook as recorded in several chants stemming from that time 4 5 The term was generally given to people of European descent however as more distinct terms began to be applied to individual European cultures and other non European nations the word haole began to refer mostly to Americans including American Blacks who were referred to as haole ʻele ʻele meaning black haole 4 Its connotations range from positive neutral and descriptive to invective depending on the context in which it is used 6 Of the Polynesian race Robert Louis Stevenson said God s best at least God s sweetest works and then wrote of the beastly haoles In correspondence to a friend he stated What is a haole You are one and so I am sorry to so say am I 7 8 Etymology Edit Professor Fred Beckley A newspaper challenge in 1929 offered one hundred dollars to anyone that could satisfactorily explain what the word meant to Dr Theodore Richards James K Keola stated that he believed the term only referred to white foreigners giving as his own references such figures as Stephen Desha and Joseph M Poepoe Mr Keola also believed the origins of the word came from the name Howell part of Vancouver s team however today the name would be pronounced ha wela 7 8 John M Bright also stated that the term meant white and was in use as early as 1736 He also defines the term to mean without husk or waif W O Smith stated that in his youth he was told the term came from a fish called ahole Lorrin Andrews writes in his dictionary that the term only refers to white foreigners and that for Blacks the term haole eleele was used 7 8 Without breath Edit A popular fable is that the word means without breath This meaning was attributed to Native Hawaiian Professor Frederick William Kahapula Beckley Jr by Charles W Kenn in his 1944 article in the publication Paradise of the Pacific According to that author Beckley states The white people came to be known as ha ole without breath because after they said their prayers they did not breathe three times as was customary in ancient Hawaii 9 7 8 Kenn wrote In the primary and esoteric meaning haole indicates a race that has no relation to one s own an outsider one who does not conform to the mores of the group one that is void of the life element because of inattention to natural laws which make for the goodness in man 7 8 Albert J Schutz former professor of linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa believes that there is no documentation the ha ole etymology is accurate and based on that states Thus as far as we know the word haole cannot be separated into shorter words 9 Kahiki Edit According to Juri Mykkanen of the Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies in his book Inventing Politics A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom Hawaiians in trying to understand and make sense of changing alii projected an entire cosmology onto everything they did and then passed down this narration to descendants Under this belief the origins of the term come from Kahiki the ancestral lands of Hawaiians stemming from the mele chant Kukanaloa In this chant a demi god hero from Kahiki is described as haole and is referenced to Samuel Kamakau s book Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii 1991 pages 114 115 As a symbol of origin Kahiki had great significance to Hawaiians who saw themselves as descendants of a divine haole 10 Use of the word EditAmong Hawaiian residents who have descended from various ethnic groups who worked on the plantations often known as locals haole is a term used to describe people of European ancestry 11 The term itself can be merely descriptive but some argue that it can be used in a way that is pejorative or discriminatory Haole is only one of several words commonly used in Hawaii to describe various ethnicities Technically haole means someone who is foreign as opposed to someone who is local Haole has come to be a term for those of European ancestry Also it is associated with peoples who exhibit traditions accents and habits of the continental United States as opposed to those which are prevalent in the Hawaiian islands 12 For example if someone goes to the continental US and returns speaking with an accent typical of that area people might say he is haole fied 13 Certain foods typical of the continental US could be called haole food and if someone does something in a way that is not typical of what is done in Hawaii that could be called haole style Some from other ethnic groups have used the word haole as an insult or as part of a racial pejorative in incidents of harassment and physical assault towards white people in Hawaii 14 15 16 Hawaiian nationalists and language advocates including Haunani Kay Trask have argued that the word cannot be understood apart from the history of racial oppression in Hawaii with Trask saying It s not pejorative it s descriptive 17 18 19 See also Edit Look up haole in Wiktionary the free dictionary Europeans in Oceania Greeks in Hawaii Kamaʻaina List of ethnic slurs Palagi a term in Samoan sometimes used to describe foreigners Portuguese immigration to Hawaii Pakeha the equivalent term in the Maori language primarily for European New Zealanders Spanish immigration to HawaiiReferences Edit Definition of HAOLE Definition of Haole by Merriam Webster October 29 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 Lind Andrew W 1980 Hawaii s people University of Hawaii Press hdl 10125 39974 ISBN 978 0 8248 0704 7 Rohrer Judy July 22 2010 Haoles in Hawaii University of Hawaii Press p 59 ISBN 978 0 8248 6042 4 Retrieved July 12 2021 a b c Kimura Larry Wilson William H 1983 Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report on the Culture Needs and United States Native Hawaiians Study Commission Google Books United States Department of the Interior p 216 Retrieved August 21 2022 Haole originally meant any foreigner and is clearly an old precontact word since it occurs in old chants Marquesan has a cognate Hao e with a similar meaning Captain Cook and even early Chinese visitors were termed haole Rohrer Judy 2010 Haoles in Hawaii Judy Rohrer Google Books University of Hawaii Press p 59 Retrieved August 22 2022 Encyclopedia of Race Ethnicity and Society Retrieved August 22 2022 a b c d e Kenn Charles W August 1944 What is a Haole Paradise of the Pacific 16 a b c d e Kenn Charles W 1961 The Hawaii Book Story of Our Island Paradise Google Books What is a Haole J G Ferguson Publishing Company p 136 Retrieved August 23 2022 a b Schutz Albert J January 1 1995 The Voices of Eden A History of Hawaiian Language Studies University of Hawaii Press p 213 ISBN 978 0 8248 1637 7 Retrieved July 9 2021 Mykkanen Juri 2003 Inventing Politics A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom Juri Mykkanen Google Books University of Hawaii Press Honolulu p 34 ISBN 9780824814861 OCLC 473477780 Retrieved August 23 2022 Denby Fawcett Can A White Person Ever Be Local In Hawaii Honolulu Civil Beat February 4 2020 Retrieved February 28 2020 Haole Is it a Bad Word Big Island Now June 10 2016 Retrieved May 17 2021 Hawaiian English Encyclopedia com April 15 2021 Retrieved May 17 2021 Hawaii Suffering from Racial Prejudice Southern Poverty Law Center August 30 2009 Retrieved May 17 2021 Rohrer Judy July 22 2010 Haoles in Hawaii University of Hawaii Press p 73 74 ISBN 978 0 8248 6042 4 Retrieved July 12 2021 McAvoy Audrey May 2 2021 2 Hawaii men indicted in 2014 hate crime case on Maui AP NEWS Retrieved July 12 2021 Ladao Mark Boylan Peter July 4 2021 Activist retired University of Hawaii professor Haunani Kay Trask fought for Hawaiian rights causes Honolulu Star Advertiser Retrieved July 9 2021 Essoyan Susan November 28 1990 RACE RELATIONS Aloha Spirit of Love Gives Way to Yankee Go Home Professor s anti whites stand sets off debate on racism in Hawaii Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 9 2021 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Haunani Kay Trask Interview Haole and the Colonization of Hawaii YouTube Further reading EditElvi Whittaker 1986 The Mainland Haole The White Experience in Hawaiʻi New York Columbia University Press Ohnuma Keiko 2002 Local Haole A Contradiction in Terms The dilemma of being white born and raised in Hawai i Cultural Values 6 3 273 285 doi 10 1080 1362517022000007211 S2CID 144729410 Rohrer Judy 1997 Haole Girl Identity and White Privilege in Hawaiʻi Social Process in Hawaiʻi 38 140 161 Rohrer Judy 2006 Got Race The Production of Haole and the Distortion of Indigeneity in the Rice Decision The Contemporary Pacific 18 1 1 31 doi 10 1353 cp 2005 0102 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haole amp oldid 1127788482, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.