Tony Scott
Anthony David Leighton Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was an English film director and producer. He was known for directing highly successful action and thriller films such as Top Gun (1986), Beverly Hills Cop II (1987), Days of Thunder (1990), The Last Boy Scout (1991), True Romance (1993), Crimson Tide (1995), Enemy of the State (1998), Man on Fire (2004), Déjà Vu (2006), and Unstoppable (2010).
Tony Scott | |
|---|---|
Scott in 2009 | |
| Born | Anthony David Leighton Scott 21 June 1944 Tynemouth, England |
| Died | 19 August 2012 (aged 68) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Hollywood Forever Cemetery |
| Alma mater | Royal College of Art |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1965–2012 |
| Spouse(s) | Glynis Staunton (m. 1986; div. 1987)Donna W. Wilson (m. 1994) |
| Children | 2 |
| Family | Sir Ridley Scott (brother) Jake Scott (nephew) Jordan Scott (niece) Luke Scott (nephew) |
Scott was the younger brother of film director Sir Ridley Scott. They both graduated from the Royal College of Art in London, and were among a generation of British film directors who were successful in Hollywood having started their careers making television commercials.[1] In 1995, both Tony and Ridley received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema.[2] In 2010, they received the BAFTA Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Filmed Entertainment.[3]
Early life
Scott was born in Tynemouth, Northumberland, North East England, the youngest of three sons of Elizabeth (née Williams) and Colonel Francis Percy Scott, who served in the Royal Engineers.[4][5][6][7] Dixon Scott, a grand uncle, was a pioneer of the cinema chain, opening cinemas around Tyneside. One Tyneside Cinema, in Newcastle, is the last remaining newsreel cinema operating in the United Kingdom.[8] Tony was a pupil at Rosebank School in Hartlepool, West Hartlepool College of Art and graduating from Sunderland Art School with a fine arts degree. At the age of 16, he appeared in the short film Boy and Bicycle, Ridley's directorial debut (he was 23).[9]
Tony Scott continued his studies in art in Leeds after failing to gain admission to the Royal College of Art in London (he would succeed in a later attempt). In 1969, he made a short film based on the Ambrose Bierce story One of the Missing. As Ridley had previously cast him in a film, Tony reciprocated by giving his brother a role in the production. "The film cost £1,000", he recalled in April 2012. While at the Royal College of Art, where he was taught by Raymond Durgnat, he starred in "Don't Walk", a film by fellow students Hank Onrust and Richard Stanley. The film credits state it was "made for BUNAC by MARCA films at the Royal College of Art". Again following in Ridley's footsteps, Tony graduated from the Royal College of Art, although he intended to become a painter.[10] Their eldest brother Frank had earlier joined the British Merchant Navy.[11]
Film career
Commercials
The success of his elder brother's fledgling television commercial production outfit, Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), drew Tony's attention to film. Ridley recounted, "Tony had wanted to do documentaries at first. I told him, 'Don't go to the BBC, come to me first.' I knew that he had a fondness for cars, so I told him, 'Come work with me and within a year you'll have a Ferrari.' And he did!"[12] Tony recalled, "I was finishing eight years at art school, and Ridley had opened Ridley Scott Associates and said, 'Come and make commercials and make some money' because I owed money left and right and centre."[10] He directed many television commercials for RSA while also overseeing the company's operation while his brother was developing his feature film career. "My goal was to make films but I got sidetracked into commercials and then I took off. I had 15 years [making them], and it was a blast. We were very prolific, and that was our training ground. You'd shoot 100 days in a year, then we gravitated from that to film," he said.[10] Developing his own distinctive visual style while making commercials, Scott states, "I cornered the market in sexy, rock'n'roll stuff."[1]
Scott took time out in 1975 to direct a television adaptation of the Henry James story The Author of Beltraffio.[13] After the feature film successes of fellow British directors Hugh Hudson, Alan Parker, Adrian Lyne and his elder brother during the late 1970s, all of whom had graduated from directing advertising commercials, he received initial overtures from Hollywood in 1980. His eldest brother Frank died, aged 45, of skin cancer during the same year.[14]
Early films
Scott reflected on his career in 2009:[15]
The '80s was a whole era. We were criticised, we being the Brits coming over, because we were out of advertising—Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Adrian Lyne, my brother—we were criticised about style over content. Jerry Bruckheimer was very bored of the way American films were very traditional and classically done. Jerry was always looking for difference. That's why I did six movies with Jerry. He always applauded the way I wanted to approach things. That period in the '80s was a period when I was constantly being criticised, and my press was horrible. I never read any press after The Hunger.
Scott persisted in trying to embark on a feature film career. Among the ideas interesting to him was an adaptation of the Anne Rice novel Interview with the Vampire then in development.[16] MGM was already developing the vampire film The Hunger, and hired Scott as director in 1982. Despite starring David Bowie, Susan Sarandon and Catherine Deneuve, and having elaborate photography and sumptuous production design, it failed to find an audience or to impress the critics although it later became a cult favourite.[17][18][19] Finding few film opportunities in Hollywood over the next two and a half years, Scott returned to commercials and music videos.[17]
In 1985, producers Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer approached Scott to direct Top Gun, having been impressed by The Hunger, and a commercial he had done for Swedish automaker Saab in 1983 featuring a Saab 900 turbo racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet.[1][20] Scott, initially reluctant, finally agreed to direct Top Gun. While the film received mixed critical reviews, it was a box office smash, becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1986, taking in more than $350 million, and making a star of its young protagonist, Tom Cruise.[17][21] Labelling Top Gun "the key 1980s movie made by the British ad invasion", Sam Delaney of The Guardian writes, "By the mid-80's, Hollywood was awash with British directors who had ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they'd honed in advertising. The vast resources and freedom made available to ad directors during advertising's boom era during the 1970's enabled them to innovate and experiment with new techniques that weren't then possible in TV or film."[1]
Hollywood success
Following the stellar success of Top Gun, Scott found himself on Hollywood's A-list of action directors.[21] He re-teamed with Simpson and Bruckheimer in 1987 to direct Eddie Murphy and Brigitte Nielsen in the highly anticipated sequel Beverly Hills Cop II. It left critics underwhelmed, but was among the year's highest-grossing films.[17] That year, in 1987, Tony Scott had signed a deal with Paramount Pictures to develop films for a non-exclusive agreement, which will serve as producers and directors on the studio.[22] His next feature, Revenge (1990), a thriller of adultery and revenge set in Mexico, starred Kevin Costner, Madeleine Stowe and Anthony Quinn. Once again directing Tom Cruise, Scott returned to the Simpson-Bruckheimer fold to helm the big-budget racing film Days of Thunder (1990). Scott later stated that it was difficult to find the drama in racing cars in circles, so he "stole from all race movies to date ... then tried to build on them."[23] Scott's next film was the cult action thriller The Last Boy Scout (1991) starring Bruce Willis and Damon Wayans and written by Shane Black.
In 1993, Scott directed True Romance costing just $13 million, from a script by Quentin Tarantino.[24] The cast included Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Christopher Walken, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Tom Sizemore, Chris Penn, Val Kilmer, James Gandolfini and Samuel L. Jackson. Although it received positive reviews from Janet Maslin and other critics, it earned less than it cost to make and was considered a box office failure, although it has since attained cult status.[17] For his next film, Crimson Tide (1995), Scott again teamed up with producers Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer. A submarine thriller starring Gene Hackman and Denzel Washington, it was critically and commercially well received.
In 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Tony and Ridley Scott, which extensively renovated the studios – located in Britain – while also expanding and improving its grounds.[25] In 1996, Scott directed The Fan, starring Robert De Niro, Wesley Snipes, Ellen Barkin and Benicio del Toro. His 1998 film Enemy of the State, a conspiracy thriller, starred Will Smith and Gene Hackman, and was his highest-grossing film of the decade.[17] Spy Game was released in November 2001, and garnered 63% positive reviews at Metacritic and topped $60 million at the U.S. box office. Scott subsequently directed another thriller starring Denzel Washington, Man on Fire, released in April 2004.
Tony teamed up with Ridley to co-produce the TV series Numb3rs, which aired from 2005 to 2010, with Tony directing the first episode of the fourth season.[23][26] In 2006, he contributed voice-over to a song called Dreamstalker on Hybrid's album I Choose Noise; Scott collaborated with Hybrid on several films through their mutual friend, the highly successful film score composer, Harry Gregson-Williams.
In 2005, Tony Scott directed Domino, starring Keira Knightley.[27] While notable for its use of experimental film techniques, it was drubbed by critics and rejected by audiences. In autumn 2006, Scott again worked with Denzel Washington, this time on a sci-fi action film, Déjà Vu.[28] The two collaborated again on The Taking of Pelham 123, a remake of the 1974 film of the same title, and which also starred John Travolta. It was released on 12 June 2009.[29] In 2009, Tony and Ridley Scott were executive producers for The Good Wife, a legal drama television series.[30]
In 2010, the Scott brothers produced the feature film adaptation of the television series The A-Team.[31] The same year, Scott collaborated again with Denzel Washington on Unstoppable, which also starred Chris Pine, and hit the screens in November.[32]
Shortly before his death, Tony Scott produced Coma, a medical thriller miniseries, the Coca-Cola short film The Polar Bears and the thrillers Stoker and The East, the latter two with his brother, Ridley.[33]
Unreleased projects
Scott developed a film adaptation of Clifford Irving's novel Tom Mix and Pancho Villa (1981) for over a decade. In November 2003, he scouted locations in Mexico, and Steven Zaillian was writing the screenplay. "This is Lawrence of Arabia meets The Wild Bunch, a huge film with trains, cavalry, thousands of soldiers in uniform and on horseback," Scott said.[34]
In late 2006, Scott announced a remake of the action thriller The Warriors (1979). "The original Warriors was New York in the 1970s, and everything went upwards, everything went vertically. And now I'm making it a contemporary thing and doing it in L.A., so everything is horizontal. So my vision of The Warriors is Los Angeles in 2007 and the gangs, instead of being 30, are going to be 3,000 or 5,000," he said.[35] Scott met with actual gang members for research: "I've met all the heads of all the different gangs, so I've already educated myself. They all said, 'Listen dude, if you get this on we'll sign a treaty and we'll all stand on the Long Beach Bridge. There'll be 150,000 members there. It'll look like the L.A. Marathon.'"[35] Scott was simultaneously developing a drama project titled Emma's War about British foreign aid worker Emma McCune.[36] Scott said in October 2006, "It's been a difficult piece to crack. We had one writer aboard who did a pass at the script and didn't get it, but we've got someone else onboard now who I'm going to make live down there and smell it, touch it, feel it. There's nothing that can compare to that kind of first-hand experience."[37]
Tom Cruise was with Scott just two days prior to the director's suicide, scouting locations for a sequel to Top Gun, scheduled for production in 2013.[38] In December 2012, Paramount announced that the project was officially cancelled, but they would go ahead with a 3D IMAX remastering of the original Top Gun, which was released on 8 February 2013.[39] In June 2013, it was confirmed by Bruckheimer that Top Gun 2 had been greenlighted once again, with director Joseph Kosinski taking over for Scott.[citation needed] The film, Top Gun: Maverick, was released on 27 May 2022, and was both a critical and financial success, and is the highest grossing film of 2022. Top Gun: Maverick was posthumously dedicated to Scott.
Scott was also slated to direct Narco Sub, from a script by David Guggenheim and Mark Bomback, about "a disgraced American naval officer forced to pilot a sub carrying a payload of cocaine to America."[38] Scott was also considering a remake of the classic western The Wild Bunch (1969).[38]
Directing style
Katey Rich of Cinema Blend wrote that Scott had a "trademark frenetic camera style",[40] which Scott spoke about in June 2009, in reference to The Taking of Pelham 123:
It's about energy and it's about momentum, and I think the movie's very exciting, and it's not one individual thing. The true excitement comes from the actors—that gives you the true drama—and whatever I can do with the camera, that's icing on the cake. I wanted the movie to grab you. I use four cameras and I maybe do three takes—so the actors love it. Maybe I move it more than I should, but that's the nature of the way I am.[15]
Scott also spoke about his career in general:
What always leads me in terms of my movies are characters. [I tell my production team] 'Go into the real world, cast these people in the real world, and find me role models for my writers.' Then I reverse-engineer. I don't change the structure of the script, but I use my research. That's always been my mantra, and that's what gets me excited, because I get to educate and entertain myself in terms of worlds I could never normally touch, other than the fact that I'm a director. [...] If you look at my body of work, there's always a dark side to my characters. They've always got a skeleton in the closet, they've always got a subtext. I like that. Whether it's Bruce Willis in Last Boy Scout or Denzel Washington in The Taking of Pelham 123. I think fear, and there's two ways of looking at fear. The most frightening thing I do in my life is getting up and shooting movies. Commercials, movies, every morning I'm bolt upright on one hour two hours sleep, before the alarm clock goes off. That's a good thing. That fear motivates me, and I enjoy that fear. I'm perverse in that way. I do other things. I've rock climbed all my life. Whenever I finish a movie, I do multi-day ascents, I go hang on a wall in Yosemite. That fear is tangible. That's black and white. I can make this hold or that hold. The other fear is intangible, it's very abstract, and that's more frightening.[15]
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that Scott was "one of the most influential film directors of the past 25 years, if also one of the most consistently and egregiously underloved by critics" and called him "[o]ne of the pop futurists of the contemporary blockbuster."[41] She felt that "[t]here was plenty about his work that was problematic and at times offensive, yet it could have terrific pop, vigour, beauty and a near pure cinema quality. These were, more than anything, films by someone who wanted to pull you in hard and never let you go."[41]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the propulsive, at times borderline preposterous popcorn-thriller storylines; the slice-and-dice editing and the images that somehow managed to glow with grit; the fireball violence, often glimpsed in smeary-techno telephoto shots; the way he had of making actors seem volatile and dynamic and, at the same time, lacking almost any subtext" were qualities of Scott's films that both "excited audiences about his work" and "kept him locked outside the gates of critical respectability."[42]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that after Top Gun, Scott "found his commercial niche as a brash, flashy, sometimes vulgar action painter on celluloid," citing Beverly Hills Cop II, Days of Thunder, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, and The Fan as examples.[43] McCarthy concluded that Unstoppable, Scott's final film, was one of his best. Apart from having "its director's fingerprints all over it—the commitment to extreme action, frenetic cutting, stripped-down dialogue"—McCarthy found "a social critique embedded in its guts; it was about disconnected working class stiffs living marginal lives on society's sidings, about the barely submerged anger of a neglected underclass," something which "always had been lacking from Tony Scott's work, some connection to the real world rather than just silly flyboy stuff and meaningful glances accompanied by this year's pop music hit."[43] Betsy Sharkey of The Los Angeles Times wrote that Denzel Washington—who starred in Crimson Tide, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123, and Unstoppable—was Scott's muse, and Scott "was at his best when Washington was in the picture. The characters the actor played are the archetype of the kind of men Scott made. At their core, and what guided all the actions that followed, was a fundamental decency. They were flawed men to be sure, some more than others, but men who accorded dignity to anyone who deserved it."[44]
Personal life
Scott married three times. His first marriage was to BAFTA Award-winning TV production designer Gerry Boldy (1944–2007) in 1967. They were divorced in 1974.[45] His second marriage was in 1986 to advertising executive Glynis Sanders.[46] They divorced a year later when his affair with Brigitte Nielsen (married to Sylvester Stallone at the time), whom he met on the set of Beverly Hills Cop II, became public.[citation needed] He subsequently met film and TV actress Donna Wilson, who was 24 years his junior, on the set of Days of Thunder in 1990; they married in 1994. She gave birth to their twin sons, Frank and Max, in 2000.[47]
Death
On 19 August 2012, at approximately 12:30 pm PDT, Scott jumped off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro port district of Los Angeles.[48] Investigators from the Los Angeles Police Department's Harbor Division found contact information in a note left in his car, parked on the bridge,[49] and a note at his office for his family.[50][51] One witness said he did not hesitate before jumping, but another said he looked nervous before climbing a fence, hesitating for two seconds before jumping. He landed beside a tour boat.[52][49][53] His body was recovered from the water by the Los Angeles Port Police.[6] On 22 August, Los Angeles County coroner's spokesman Ed Winters said the two notes Scott left behind made no mention of any health problems,[54] but neither the police nor the family disclosed the content of those notes.[55]
On 22 October 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office announced the cause of death as "multiple blunt force injuries". Therapeutic levels of the antidepressant mirtazapine and the sleep aid eszopiclone were in his system at the time of death.[56] A coroner's official said Scott "did not have any serious underlying medical conditions" and that there was "no anatomic evidence of neoplasia [cancer] identified".[57]
In a November 2014 interview with Variety, Ridley Scott described his brother's death as "inexplicable", saying that Tony had been "fighting a lengthy battle with cancer—a diagnosis the family elected to keep private during his treatments and in the immediate wake of his death", yet mentioning "his recovery".[58]
Funeral and legacy
A family press release on 22 August 2012, stated that "The family will announce plans after Labor Day for a gathering to celebrate the life and work of Tony Scott. Details will be forthcoming once they are formalised."[59] The family announced that they had established a scholarship fund at the American Film Institute in Scott's name, stating, "The family ask that in lieu of flowers, donations be made to the fund to help encourage and engage future generations of filmmakers."[60] He was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery on 24 August in Los Angeles. Subsequently, it was reported that he had left his estate to his family trust.[61][62]
Many actors paid tribute to him, including Tom Cruise, Christian Slater, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda and Keira Knightley,[63][64] as well as musical collaborators Hybrid.[65] Cruise complimented Scott as "a creative visionary whose mark on film is immeasurable."[63] Denzel Washington, Scott's most frequent acting collaborator, said, "Tony Scott was a great director, a genuine friend and it is unfathomable to think that he is now gone." Directors UK chairman Charles Sturridge said Scott was "a brilliant British director with an extraordinary ability to create energy on screen, both in action and in the creation of character."[66]
The first episode of Coma and the first episode of season 4 of The Good Wife were dedicated in his memory. His brother Ridley's films The Counselor and Exodus: Gods and Kings were also dedicated to his memory.[67] Ridley also paid tribute to Tony at the 2016 Golden Globes, after his film, The Martian, won Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.[68] Top Gun: Maverick (2022) is dedicated to Scott as well. He had been working on the film before his death.
Filmography
Films
- Feature films
| Year | Title | Director | Producer |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | The Hunger | Yes | No |
| 1986 | Top Gun | Yes | No |
| 1987 | Beverly Hills Cop II | Yes | No |
| 1990 | Revenge | Yes | No |
| Days of Thunder | Yes | No | |
| 1991 | The Last Boy Scout | Yes | No |
| 1993 | True Romance | Yes | No |
| 1995 | Crimson Tide | Yes | No |
| 1996 | The Fan | Yes | No |
| 1998 | Enemy of the State | Yes | No |
| 2001 | Spy Game | Yes | No |
| 2004 | Man on Fire | Yes | Yes |
| 2005 | Domino | Yes | Yes |
| 2006 | Déjà Vu | Yes | No |
| 2009 | The Taking of Pelham 123 | Yes | Yes |
| 2010 | The A-Team | No | Yes |
| Unstoppable | Yes | Yes |
Mid-length films
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Loving Memory | Yes | Yes | Also cinematographer and editor |
| 1976 | The Author of Beltraffio | Yes | No | Produced for the French television anthology series Nouvelles de Henry James |
Short films
| Year | Title | Director | Producer | Writer | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | One of the Missing | Yes | No | Yes | Also cinematographer and editor |
| 2002 | Beat the Devil | Yes | Executive | No | Segment of The Hire |
| 2004 | Agent Orange | Yes | No | No | Part of the Amazon Theater suite of short films |
| 2012 | The Polar Bears | No | Yes | No |
Television
Director
| Year | Title | Episodes |
|---|---|---|
| 1997–1999 | The Hunger | "The Swords" and "Sanctuary" |
Executive Producer
- AFP: American Fighter Pilot (2002)
- The Gathering Storm (2002)
- Numb3rs (2005–10)
- The Good Wife (2009–12)
- Gettysburg (2011)
- Labyrinth (2012)
- World Without End (2012)
- Killing Lincoln (2013)
Others
- Music videos
- "Danger Zone" – Kenny Loggins (1986)
- "One More Try" – George Michael (1988)
- "Father Figure" – George Michael (1987) directed by Andy Morahan, the love scene shot by Tony Scott
- Commercials
- DIM Underwear (1979)
- SAAB (1984) "Nothing on Earth Comes Close"
- Player, Achievements and Big Bang for Barclays Bank (2000)
- Telecom Italia (2000) (Starring Marlon Brando and Woody Allen)
- Ice Soldier for US Army (2002)
- One Man, One Land for Marlboro (2003)
See also
References
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- ^ "Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema". BAFTA. 13 October 2015.
- ^ Sullivan, Michael (17 September 2010). "BAFTA/LA to honor Scott Free Prods". Variety . Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^ "Anthony D L Scott: England and Wales Birth Registration Index". Family Search.org.
- ^ "Tony Scott: tragic illness behind Top Gun director's suicide". No. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ a b Blankenstein, Andrew; Horn, John (19 August 2012). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ . The Scotsman. 6 July 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Hodgson, Barbara (16 February 2018). "Who is Ridley Scott? Read our guide to the North East-born star as he receives top award". Chronicle. Newcastle: chroniclelive.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ "Tony Scott". The Telegraph. London. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b c Galloway, Stephen (22 August 2012). "Tony Scott's Unpublished Interview: 'My Family Is Everything to Me'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "Ten Things About... Ridley Scott". Digital Spy. 19 December 2016.
- ^ Ridley Scott's comment on The Directors—The Films of Ridley Scott.
- ^ Tony Scott obituary. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2012
- ^ Harper, Tom; Jury, Louise (20 August 2012). "Hollywood pays tribute to Top Gun director Tony Scott following suicide leap". Evening Standard. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ a b c Rich, Katey (12 June 2009). "Interview: Tony Scott". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ White, James (20 August 2012). "Tony Scott Dies". Empire. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Makinen, Julie; Boucher, Geoff (20 August 2012). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Tony Scott Obituary". The Guardian.
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- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "SAAB – 'Nothing On Earth Comes Close'". YouTube.
- ^ a b "Obituary: Tony Scott". BBC News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ "Paramount Signs Scott To Nonexclusive Deal". Variety. 14 October 1987. p. 4.
- ^ a b . The Washington Post. Associated Press. 19 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Shoard, Catherine (20 August 2012). "Tony Scott: a career in clips". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ (PDF). pinewoodgroup.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
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- ^ Marroquin, Art (19 August 2012). . Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Fleming, Michael; Bensinger, Ken (17 November 2003). "'Pancho' in Mexico mix". Variety. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ a b Collura, Scott (16 November 2006). "Helmer Talks Warriors Remake". IGN. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Bunbury, Stephanie (16 April 2005). "Nicole enters movie maelstrom". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Alter, Ethan (23 October 2006). "SCOTT, TONY". Film Journal International. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ a b c McClintock, Pamela (20 August 2012). "Tony Scott Spent Final Days Working With Tom Cruise on 'Top Gun 2'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "For the Very First Time TOP GUN to be Released In IMAX® 3D" 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. IMAX.com. Retrieved 29 June 2014
- ^ Rich, Katey (20 August 2012). "Remembering Tony Scott, In His Own Words". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b Dargis, Manohla (20 August 2012). "A Director Who Excelled in Excess". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Gleiberman, Owen (21 August 2012). "Was Tony Scott a good director? It depends on what your definition of good is". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ a b McCarthy, Todd (22 August 2012). "Todd McCarthy: How Tony Scott Finally Won Me Over". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Sharkey, Betsy (24 August 2012). "Tony Scott, a man of action who brought out the best in his men". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Stafford-Clark, Nigel (12 May 2007). "Obituary: Gerry Scott Foulds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Hough, Andrew; Allen, Nick (20 August 2012). "Top Gun director Tony Scott dies after jumping from Los Angeles bridge". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ "Hollywood pays tribute to Top Gun director Tony Scott following suicide leap". London Evening Standard. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Jessop, Andy (20 August 2012). . Lifestyleuncut.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ a b Blankstein, Andrew (19 August 2012). "'Top Gun' director Tony Scott dead after jumping off bridge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Tony Scott, Director of 'Top Gun,' Dies in Apparent Suicide". The Wrap. The Wrap News Inc. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ Geier, Thom (20 August 2012). . Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
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- ^ Louise Boyle (19 August 2012).
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- ^ Pelisek, Christine (22 October 2012). "Antidepressant, Sleep Aid Found in Director Tony Scott's Body". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ "Director Tony Scott had no serious medical conditions, coroner says". Los Angeles Times. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ Foundas, Scott (25 November 2014). "Exodus: Gods and Kings' Director Ridley Scott on Creating His Vision of Moses". Variety. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ Miller, Daniel (22 August 2012). "Tony Scott Funeral Plans and Memorial Announced". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Miller, Daniel (27 August 2012). "Tony Scott Family Establishes AFI Scholarship". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
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- ^ Tony Scott Laid to Rest in Los Angeles
- ^ a b "Tom Cruise leads tributes to director Tony Scott". BBC News; retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ "Hollywood reacts to the death of Tony Scott", Associated Press; retrieved 21 August 2012.
- ^ . Hybridsoundsystem.com. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
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- ^ Dayoub, Tony (27 October 2013). "Double Vision: Tony Scott's Spirit Possesses Ridley Scott's The Counselor". rogerebert.com.
- ^ "Golden Globes 2016 ceremony – in pictures". The Guardian. 9 February 2016.
Further reading
- Gerosa, Mario ed. (2014). Il cinema di Tony Scott. Il Foglio. ISBN 9788876064814.
External links
- Tony Scott at IMDb
- Tony Scott at AllMovie
- "Tony Scott". Find a Grave. Retrieved 11 June 2013.