Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The region can be defined both geographically and ethnographically.
Frequent minimum definition of Northwestern Europe, excluding certain nations often defined as Northwestern Europe, such as Austria, Switzerland, and Finland
Germanic languages are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including Romance languages in Northern France, Southern Belgium, Luxembourg, and some parts of Switzerland; Celtic languages along the western fringes of the British Isles and in Brittany; and Uralic languages in parts of the Nordic countries. The region also has a strong history of Protestantism that differentiates it from its Catholic and Orthodox neighbors to the South and East.[15][16][17] The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe mostly leads to the same definition as the geographical one above, but would tend to exclude northern France, Belgium, much of the southern Netherlands, much of Southern Germany, Luxembourg, Liechenstein, Austria, Finland, and Ireland. This, in part, is because northern France, despite its historical Protestant Huguenot populations (currently, however, only 2% of the French population),[18] is traditionally and demographically[19] considered a CatholicRomance language region, while Southern Germany, much of the southern Netherlands, Austria, Luxembourg, Liechenstein, and Ireland, though largely containing Germanic language speakers, are historically Roman Catholic; meanwhile, Finland, while overwhelmingly majority Protestant and containing a significant Germanic population, is largely a Uralic-speaking country. Belgium is unique in that it is a majority Catholic country, with both German-speaking and Romance-speaking regions. Consequently, although Northwestern Europe has a strong history of Protestantism and an overall majority Protestant and Germanic-speaking population, there are considerable Catholic and non-Germanic language populations, partially because of the majority Catholic populations indigenous to Southern Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Lichenstein, Belgium, and Northern France.[20]
A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists, eugenicists, and Nordicists, who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the Nordic race were concentrated, in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained Mediterranean peoples, Slavs, Balts and other non-Nordic peoples.[21][22][23][24][25][26] Under this racialist view, all of the Germanic countries and areas such as northern France, which historically contains large numbers of people of Gaulish, Norman, and Germanic Frankish descent, would be included as Northwestern Europe, due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas.[17][27][28]
In military history, especially in Commonwealth countries, the battle honourNorth-West Europe has been used to refer to the two land campaigns in that approximate area during World War II. Two separate battle honours were awarded to regiments who took part in these campaigns. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 during the Battle of France, was restricted to Belgium and the French Channel ports. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945 started with the landings in Normandy and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, north-west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath in north-west Germany. It was fought by the British 21st Army Group. In the First campaign the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland, as were the American 12th Army and 6th Army Groups during the second campaign.
Units of the First Canadian Army fought in five major campaigns in North-West Europe, including the Battle of Normandy, the battles for the Channel Ports, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland fighting in February and March 1945, and the final operations east of the River Rhine. A period of static warfare existed from 1 November 1944 to 8 February 1945 during which time the First Canadian Army manned positions in the Nijmegen Salient.[29]
Genetics
There is very close genetic affinity among Northwest European populations.[30] This is largely due to these populations descending from closely related Corded Ware and Bell Beaker populations carrying large amounts of steppe ancestry. The Beaker people of the lower Rhine for example, overturned 90% of Great Britain and Ireland's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.[31][32]
^Barnes, R. J.; Barnes, Richard S. K. (1994). The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe. Cambridge University. ISBN9780521455565.
^Lachmann, Richard (2000). Capitalists in Spite of Themselves: Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195360509. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^Blondel, Jean (2006). Political Cultures in Asia and Europe: Citizens, States and Societal Values. Routledge.
^Loveluck, Christopher (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781107037632.
^ abBoje, David M. (2015). Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. Routledge. ISBN9781317633105.
^ abBlinkhorn, Martin (2014). Fascism and the Right in Europe 1919-1945. Routledge. ISBN9781317898047. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^The World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2014.
^Lachmann, Richard (2000). Capitalists in Spite of Themselves : Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195360509.
^Kono, Shigemi (2008). The Demographic Challenge: A Handbook about Japan. BRILL. ISBN9789047428114. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
^Ward, Deborah E. (2004). The White Welfare State: The Racialization of U.S. Welfare Policy. University of Michigan Press. ISBN0472024884.
^American Academy of Political and Social Science (1936). The American people: studies in population. American Academy of Political and Social Science.
^Rutter, Frank Roy (1908). Cereal production of Europe. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics. p. 49. austria northwestern europe.
^Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn (2007). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. ISBN9780495115410. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary (1955). Current antitrust problems: Hearings before Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5). U.S. Govt Print Off.
^J. Richard, Carl (2006). The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN9780742534360. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^Berkhof, Hendrikus (2010). Christian Faith. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN9780802805485.
^ abCiment, James; Radzilowski, John (2015). American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. Routledge. ISBN9781317477174.
^Special Eurobarometer 493, pages 229-230, European Commission. September, 2019.
^Populations legales de Mayotte en 2017 (France), www.Worldometers.info (Germany) and Demographics of Germany
^Deutsche Bischofskonferenz. Needless to say, demographically, the Catholic and Protestant populations of this region are equal, certainly in Germany. And Catholics in Northern France, Austria, Ireland, Belgium, etc., exceed the combined contemporary Protestant populations of UK, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. See "Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded," Pew Research Center, www.pewforum.org/22017/08/31.
^Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN9780313392030.
^Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. ISBN9780912646374. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. ISBN9780745631776. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^d'Alroy Jones, Peter (1975). Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. Heinemann. ISBN9780435315252. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1938). Fundamentals of Sociology. Ronald Press.
^Lynn, Richard (2001). Eugenics: A Reassessment. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 35–37. ISBN9780275958220.
^Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators. McKinley Publishing Company. 1946. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. ISBN9781317345558.
^"North-West Europe". Canadian Soldiers. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; Boyko, Adam R.; Auton, Adam; Indap, Amit; King, Karen S.; Bergmann, Sven; Nelson, Matthew R.; Stephens, Matthew; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC2735096. PMID 18758442.
^"Dutch Beakers: Like no other Beakers". 19 January 2019.
February 04, 2023
northwestern, europe, northwest, europe, loosely, defined, subregion, europe, overlapping, northern, western, europe, region, defined, both, geographically, ethnographically, frequent, minimum, definition, excluding, certain, nations, often, defined, such, aus. Northwestern Europe or Northwest Europe is a loosely defined subregion of Europe overlapping Northern and Western Europe The region can be defined both geographically and ethnographically Frequent minimum definition of Northwestern Europe excluding certain nations often defined as Northwestern Europe such as Austria Switzerland and Finland Contents 1 Geographic definitions 2 Ethnographic definitions 3 World War II Theatre 4 Genetics 5 See also 6 ReferencesGeographic definitions EditGeographically Northwestern Europe usually consists of the United Kingdom Ireland Belgium the Netherlands Luxembourg Northern France Germany Denmark Norway Sweden and Iceland 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Switzerland Finland and Austria are also often considered part of Northwestern Europe 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Southern France is not regarded as northwestern as it is usually geographically and culturally considered part of the Mediterranean region or Southern Europe 13 14 Ethnographic definitions EditGermanic languages are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe although other languages are also present including Romance languages in Northern France Southern Belgium Luxembourg and some parts of Switzerland Celtic languages along the western fringes of the British Isles and in Brittany and Uralic languages in parts of the Nordic countries The region also has a strong history of Protestantism that differentiates it from its Catholic and Orthodox neighbors to the South and East 15 16 17 The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe mostly leads to the same definition as the geographical one above but would tend to exclude northern France Belgium much of the southern Netherlands much of Southern Germany Luxembourg Liechenstein Austria Finland and Ireland This in part is because northern France despite its historical Protestant Huguenot populations currently however only 2 of the French population 18 is traditionally and demographically 19 considered a Catholic Romance language region while Southern Germany much of the southern Netherlands Austria Luxembourg Liechenstein and Ireland though largely containing Germanic language speakers are historically Roman Catholic meanwhile Finland while overwhelmingly majority Protestant and containing a significant Germanic population is largely a Uralic speaking country Belgium is unique in that it is a majority Catholic country with both German speaking and Romance speaking regions Consequently although Northwestern Europe has a strong history of Protestantism and an overall majority Protestant and Germanic speaking population there are considerable Catholic and non Germanic language populations partially because of the majority Catholic populations indigenous to Southern Germany Ireland Austria Luxembourg Lichenstein Belgium and Northern France 20 A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists eugenicists and Nordicists who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the Nordic race were concentrated in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained Mediterranean peoples Slavs Balts and other non Nordic peoples 21 22 23 24 25 26 Under this racialist view all of the Germanic countries and areas such as northern France which historically contains large numbers of people of Gaulish Norman and Germanic Frankish descent would be included as Northwestern Europe due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas 17 27 28 World War II Theatre EditFurther information North West Europe Campaign In military history especially in Commonwealth countries the battle honour North West Europe has been used to refer to the two land campaigns in that approximate area during World War II Two separate battle honours were awarded to regiments who took part in these campaigns The North West Europe Campaign of 1940 during the Battle of France was restricted to Belgium and the French Channel ports The North West Europe Campaign of 1944 1945 started with the landings in Normandy and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands north west Germany and Denmark on Luneburg Heath in north west Germany It was fought by the British 21st Army Group In the First campaign the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland as were the American 12th Army and 6th Army Groups during the second campaign Units of the First Canadian Army fought in five major campaigns in North West Europe including the Battle of Normandy the battles for the Channel Ports the Battle of the Scheldt the Rhineland fighting in February and March 1945 and the final operations east of the River Rhine A period of static warfare existed from 1 November 1944 to 8 February 1945 during which time the First Canadian Army manned positions in the Nijmegen Salient 29 Genetics EditThere is very close genetic affinity among Northwest European populations 30 This is largely due to these populations descending from closely related Corded Ware and Bell Beaker populations carrying large amounts of steppe ancestry The Beaker people of the lower Rhine for example overturned 90 of Great Britain and Ireland s gene pools replacing the Basque like neolithic populations present prior 31 32 See also EditGermanic speaking Europe North Sea Region White Anglo Saxon ProtestantReferences Edit Barnes R J Barnes Richard S K 1994 The Brackish Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe Cambridge University ISBN 9780521455565 Lachmann Richard 2000 Capitalists in Spite of Themselves Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195360509 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Blondel Jean 2006 Political Cultures in Asia and Europe Citizens States and Societal Values Routledge Loveluck Christopher 2013 Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages c AD 600 1150 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107037632 a b Boje David M 2015 Organizational Change and Global Standardization Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations Routledge ISBN 9781317633105 a b Blinkhorn Martin 2014 Fascism and the Right in Europe 1919 1945 Routledge ISBN 9781317898047 Retrieved 15 April 2015 The World and Its Peoples Marshall Cavendish 2014 Lachmann Richard 2000 Capitalists in Spite of Themselves Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195360509 Kono Shigemi 2008 The Demographic Challenge A Handbook about Japan BRILL ISBN 9789047428114 Retrieved 18 February 2016 Ward Deborah E 2004 The White Welfare State The Racialization of U S Welfare Policy University of Michigan Press ISBN 0472024884 American Academy of Political and Social Science 1936 The American people studies in population American Academy of Political and Social Science Rutter Frank Roy 1908 Cereal production of Europe U S Dept of Agriculture Bureau of Statistics p 49 austria northwestern europe Goyan Kittler Pamela Sucher Kathryn 2007 Food and Culture Cengage Learning ISBN 9780495115410 Retrieved 15 April 2015 United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary 1955 Current antitrust problems Hearings before Antitrust Subcommittee Subcommittee No 5 U S Govt Print Off J Richard Carl 2006 The Battle for the American Mind A Brief History of a Nation s Thought Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 9780742534360 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Berkhof Hendrikus 2010 Christian Faith Wm B Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 9780802805485 a b Ciment James Radzilowski John 2015 American Immigration An Encyclopedia of Political Social and Cultural Change Routledge ISBN 9781317477174 Special Eurobarometer 493 pages 229 230 European Commission September 2019 Populations legales de Mayotte en 2017 France www Worldometers info Germany and Demographics of Germany Deutsche Bischofskonferenz Needless to say demographically the Catholic and Protestant populations of this region are equal certainly in Germany And Catholics in Northern France Austria Ireland Belgium etc exceed the combined contemporary Protestant populations of UK Denmark Iceland Norway and Sweden See Five Centuries After Reformation Catholic Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded Pew Research Center www pewforum org 22017 08 31 Hayes Patrick J 2012 The Making of Modern Immigration An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas ABC CLIO ISBN 9780313392030 Porterfield Austin Larimore 1953 Wait the Withering Rain Leo Potishman Foundation ISBN 9780912646374 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Hutton Christopher 2005 Race and the Third Reich Linguistics Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk Polity ISBN 9780745631776 Retrieved 15 April 2015 d Alroy Jones Peter 1975 Since Columbus Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas Heinemann ISBN 9780435315252 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Boettiger Louis Angelo 1938 Fundamentals of Sociology Ronald Press Lynn Richard 2001 Eugenics A Reassessment Greenwood Publishing Group pp 35 37 ISBN 9780275958220 Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators McKinley Publishing Company 1946 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Baradat Leon P 2015 Political Ideologies Routledge ISBN 9781317345558 North West Europe Canadian Soldiers Retrieved 9 August 2012 Novembre John Johnson Toby Bryc Katarzyna Kutalik Zoltan Boyko Adam R Auton Adam Indap Amit King Karen S Bergmann Sven Nelson Matthew R Stephens Matthew Bustamante Carlos D 2008 Genes mirror geography within Europe Nature 456 7218 98 101 Bibcode 2008Natur 456 98N doi 10 1038 nature07331 PMC 2735096 PMID 18758442 Olalde Inigo Brace Selina Allentoft Morten E Armit Ian Kristiansen Kristian Booth Thomas Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Szecsenyi Nagy Anna Mittnik Alissa Altena Eveline Lipson Mark Lazaridis Iosif Harper Thomas K Patterson Nick Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Diekmann Yoan Faltyskova Zuzana Fernandes Daniel Ferry Matthew Harney Eadaoin De Knijff Peter Michel Megan Oppenheimer Jonas Stewardson Kristin Barclay Alistair Alt Kurt Werner Liesau Corina Rios Patricia et al 2018 The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe Nature 555 7695 190 196 Bibcode 2018Natur 555 190O doi 10 1038 nature25738 PMC 5973796 PMID 29466337 Dutch Beakers Like no other Beakers 19 January 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northwestern Europe amp oldid 1133522716, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
