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Wikipedia

Rusyn language

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Ruthenian language or Russian language.
For other uses, see Rusyn.

Rusyn (/ˈruːsɪn/ ROO-sin;[16] Carpathian Rusyn: русиньскый язык, romanized: rusîn'skyj jazyk; Pannonian Rusyn: руски язик, romanized: ruski jazik)[17][18] is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and written in the Cyrillic script.[19] The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia, westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland.[20] There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina, Serbia,[20] as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout the world.[21][22] Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (as Lemko), Serbia, and Slovakia.[12]

Rusyn
русинськый язык; руски язик
rusîns'kyj jazyk; ruski jazik
EthnicityRusyns
Native speakers
70,000 (2001–2013)[1]
Slovakia – 38,679[2]
Serbia – 15,626[3]
Poland – 10,000[4]
Ukraine – 6,725[5]
Croatia – 2,337[6]
Hungary – 1,113[7]
Czech Republic – 777[8]
Early forms
Dialects
Cyrillic script (Rusyn alphabets)
Latin script (Slovakia)[11]
Official status
Official language in
 Serbia (in Vojvodina)[12][13]
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3rue
Glottologrusy1239
Linguasphere53-AAA-ec < 53-AAA-e
(varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc)
Rusyn is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
[citation needed]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy.[23] Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language[24][needs update] (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian.[25][needs update]

Name edit

In the English language, the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO.[26] Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene (UK: /rʊˈθiːn/ RUUTH-een, US: /ruːˈθiːn/ ROO-theen),[27] that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene.[28]

Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred as руснацькый язык, rusnac'kyj jazyk, 'Rusnak language',[18][29] or simply referred to as speaking our way (Carpathian Rusyn: по-нашому, romanized: po-nashomu).[30]

Classification edit

The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding the classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary, and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. From those questions, three main theories emerged:[31]

  • Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of the Russian language.
  • Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctive Ukrainian language.
  • A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language.

In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities, the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language (German: ruthenische Sprache, Hungarian: Rutén nyelv), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918.[32]

Geographic distribution edit

In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and the second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn.[33]

Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in:

Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia).

Varieties edit

Carpathian Rusyn varieties edit

The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia, forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia. As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology, morphology, and syntax, and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko, and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak.[35]

Literary languages edit

Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."[36]

Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij[a] (Karpatorusskij bukvar'[b]),[37] Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol;[c] 1935),[38][39] and Ivan Harajda (1941).[22] Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic furvor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod, Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard.

  1. ^ Rusyn: Дмитрий Вислоцкий
  2. ^ Rusyn: Карпаторусский букварь
  3. ^ Rusyn: Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ.

Prešov Rusyn edit

In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995[40] when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.[citation needed] Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia.

Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages of Osadne, Hostovice, Parihuzovce, Čukalovce, Pcoline, Pichne, Nechvalova Polianka, Zubne, Nizna Jablonka, Vysna Jablonka, Svetlice, and Zbojne). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.[19]

Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka,[citation needed] a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet.

Lemko-Rusyn edit

In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego, 'Grammar of the Lemko Language' (Rusyn: Ґраматыка лемківского языка, romanized: Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka), was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Henryk Fontański [pl; rue], with a second edition issued in 2004.[41][42]

Subcarpathian Rusyn edit

In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка, Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka, serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.[43][44]

Common usage edit

Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat'); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Wikipedia (although parts of the articles are written using other standards).

Pannonian Rusyn edit

Main article: Pannonian Rusyn

Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Slovak: východoslovenský, Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски, lit. 'East Slovak' ],[i] ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])."[45]

Literary language edit

The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.[citation needed] It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.[citation needed] The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.[citation needed]

History edit

The Rusyn Language in History

One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity ... A good example is Ukrainian itself ... It was not recognized by ... the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment ... leading to a continued perception ... that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian ... Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars ... to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian ... The desire to see the beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc.

S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009[46]

The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758, is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century.[47][48]

By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion".[46]

The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop of Mukachevo, Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students.[49]

Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa's Urbarium was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn.[50][51]

Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic. [52]

19th century edit

By the 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena, of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on the proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis, 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. [47][53]

In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners).[54] Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society, in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns.[55]

20th century edit

After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at the Budapest University.[56]

By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters.[57]

In March 1939, the region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine, but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union, and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR,[58] which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies,[59] using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions (Operation Vistula),[60] and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school.

During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia.[61]

Post-Soviet developments edit

 
Official usage of Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina, Serbia

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language.[62]

Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.[63] These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[64]

Contemporary status edit

Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014.[65]

Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002).[12]

It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands.[citation needed]

ISO 639-9 Identifiers edit

Part of this section is transcluded from Pannonian Rusyn#ISO 639-3 Identifier. (edit | history)

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned the ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn.[66]

On January 20, 2022, the ISO 639-3 identifier, rsk, and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian, were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO. The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including Aleksandr Dulichenko) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it the new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak).[67][68]

This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue, and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language (Carpathian Rusyn) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected the request.[69]

As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak, also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus').[18][70] The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen.

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  1. ^ The [w] sound only exists within alteration of [v]. However, in the Lemko variety, the [w] sound also represents the non-palatalized L, as is the case with the Polish ł.

A soft consonant combination sound [ʃʲt͡ʃʲ] exists more among the northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ʃʲʃʲ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ʃʲ].[71]

Vowels edit

  • /ɪ/ and /ɤ/ tend to be more towards centralized as [ɪ̈], [ɤ̈].[72]

Grammar edit

Noun declension edit

Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number, gender, and case. Like English, only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural. And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses a seven-case system of nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental, and vocative cases.[73]

One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates, the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case.[73]

Grammatical cases edit

As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances.[73]

Cases in Rusyn
Full name (Rusyn) Case General Usage
номінатів nominative Subjects
акузатів accusative Direct objects
ґенітів genitive Possession or belonging (i.e. "of" or English possessive suffix -'s)
датів dative Indirect objects (i.e. "to" or "for")
локал locative Concerning location. Only used with prepositions such as "in", "on", etc.
інштрументал instrumental Concerning "means by which".
вокатів vocative Used to address another.

Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types".

  • Type I: feminine nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular
  • Type II:
    • masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular
    • neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or -o in the nominative singular
    • neuters ending in -e or -а/-я in the nominative singular
  • Type III:
    • feminine nouns ending in a paired consonant (-cons.+ь),[ii] an unpaired palato-alveolar consonant (-ш, -ч, щ, -ж, or -дж),[iii] or -ов in the nominative singular
    • the feminine noun мати, maty, 'mother'
  • Type IV: neuter nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular

Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-я edit

This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я (soft) in the nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm.

It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as сирота, orphan. In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is maintained.[74]

Feminine Nouns Ending in -а/-я in the Nominative Singular[74]
Archetypal Feminine Common/Two-Fold Gender
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Sg. Nominative школа земля староста судця
Accusative школу землю старосту судцю
Genitive школы землї старосты судцї
Dative школї землї старостови судцёви
Locative школї земли старостови судцёви
Instrumental школов [a] землёв [a] старостов
старостом		 судцём
Vocative школо землё старосто судцё
Pl. Nominative школы землї старостове
старосты		 судцёве
судцї
Accusative школы землї старостів судцїв
Genitive школ земль старост
старостів		 судцїв
Dative школам землям старостам
старостім		 судцям
судцїм
Locative школам землях старостах
старостох		 судцях
Instrumental школами землями старостами судцями
English school earth elder judge
  1. ^ a b -ов is pronounced as in English owe.

Declension type II: masculines and neuters edit

This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders, hard and soft stems, as well as animate and inanimate beings (for the masculine gender).[75]

Masculines ending in consonants edit

This declension contains a large amount of identical forms (syncretism) between cases. Depending on the noun, the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6. For singular animate nouns, there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases, as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases. Similarly, singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases.[76]

Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative Singular[76]
Animate Inanimate
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Sg. Nominative сын учітель стіл край
Accusative сына учітеля
Genitive [a][76] стола краю
Dative сынови учітелёви столу краю
Locative столї краю
Instrumental сыном учітелём стілом краём
Vocative сыну учітелю столе краю
Pl. Nominative сынове учітелї столы краї
Accusative сынів учітелїв столы краї
Genitive сынів учітелїв столів країв
Dative сынам
сынім 		учітелям
учітелїм 		столам
столім 		краям
країм
Locative сынох
сынах 		учітелях
учітелёх 		столох
столах 		краях
краёх
Instrumental сынами учітелями столами краями
English son teacher table area, region
  1. ^ For this declension, nouns may decline with either -u or -a. Use of one or the other depends on whether the concept or object is (very generally) abstract or tangible in nature. For instance, Pugh provides the following examples for the former: "anger, pain, reason, sugar, tea"; and the following for the latter: "table, nose, knife, et al."
Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я edit

The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in -o in the nominative case. Though there are some masculine nouns in this category, these nouns are predominantly neuter.

Neuter or Masculine Nouns (with Hard Stems) Ending in -o in the Nominative Singular[77]
Masculine Neuter
Inanimate Animate
Sg. Nominative домиско дїдо село
Accusative домиско дїда[a] село
Genitive домиска дїда села
Dative домиску дїдови селу
Locative[b] домиску дїдови селї
Instrumental домиском дїдом селом
Vocative домиско дїду село
Pl. Nominative домиска дїдове села
Accusative домиска дїдів села
Genitive домиск дїдів сел
Dative домискам дїдам селам
Locative домисках/

домискох

дїдах/

дїдох

селах
Instrumental домисками дїдами селами
English large house, building grandfather village
  1. ^ This follows the typical masculine animate paradigm where the genitive takes the place of the accusative.
  2. ^ For the locative case, there are three possible suffixes: -ovy for animates, -i for inanimates (either masculine or neuter), and -u for stems ending in velar or soft consonants.
Neuter Nouns (with Soft Stems) Ending in -e and -а/-я in the Nominative Singular[78]
Soft in Nominative Hard in Nominative [a]
Sg. Nominative условіє значіня[b] поле сердце
Accusative условіє значіня поле сердце
Genitive условія значіня поля сердця
Dative условію значіню полю сердцю
Locative условію
условії		 значіню
значінї		 полю
полї		 сердцю
сердцї
Instrumental условіём значінём полём сердцём
Pl. Nominative условія значіня поля сердця
Accusative условія значіня поля сердця
Genitive условій значінь поль сердець
сердць
Dative условіям значіням полям сердцям
Locative условіях значінях полях сердцях
Instrumental условіями значінями полями сердцями
English condition meaning field heart
  1. ^ Over time, soft consonants before -e have hardened in Rusyn.
  2. ^ This suffix changed over time from -e to -a.

Declension type III: other feminines edit

All nouns in this type are feminine. The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case: a paired consonant (-cons.+ь),[ii] an unpaired palato-alveolar consonant (-ш, -ч, щ, -ж, or -дж),[iii] or the suffix -ов. Additionally, the noun мати, maty, 'mother' is also part of this type.

Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and 'Mati'[80]
Paired Cons. Palato-Alveolar Cons. -ов мати
Sg. Nominative тїнь ніч мыш церков мати/ матїрь
Accusative тїнь ніч мыш церков матїрь
Genitive тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Dative тїни ночі мыші церкви матери
Locative тїни ночі мыші церкви матери
Instrumental [a] тїнёв ночов мышов церковлёв матїрёв
Pl. Nominative тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Accusative тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Genitive тїней ночей мышей церквей матерей
Dative тїням ночам мышам церквам матерям
Locative тїнях ночах мышах церквах матерях
Instrumental тїнями ночами мышами церквами матерями
English shadow night mouse church mother
  1. ^ The declension for all feminine nouns in the instrumental case is the same (-ов) across all declension types.

Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-я edit

This declension paradigm is used very rarely. It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns. This paradigm can be identified by the -a suffix in the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the appearance of the affix -t- between the stem and suffix in other cases. There is no variation in this paradigm: all nouns decline in an identical manner.[81]

Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans. However, this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns which historically declined differently (e.g. вымя, vŷmja, 'udder' and горня, hornja, 'cup, mug'), now decline according to this paradigm instead.[81]

Neuter Nouns Ending in -a and -я[82]
Sg. Nominative гуся гача вымя/ вымня
Accusative гуся гача вымя/ вымня
Genitive гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Dative гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Locative гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Instrumental гусятём гачатём вымятём/ вымнятём
Pl. Nominative гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Accusative гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Genitive гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Dative гусятам гачатам вымятам/ вымнятам
Locative гусятах гачатах вымятах/ вымнятах
Instrumental гусятами гачатами вымятами/ вымнятами
English gosling colt, foal udder

Verbal conjugation edit

Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the "stem-marker" that appears during conjugation. The infinitive verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is no general system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e. -ути, -овати, -нути, etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.[83]

Conjugation type I edit

Type I may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are the vowel+j stem-markers: -uj-, -ij-, -yj-, etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant, -j-, is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g. бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty.[84]

UJ stem markers edit

The -uj- set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers -ova- or -uj- in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.[84]

Conjugation of Verbs with -UJ- Stem Marker[85]
-OVA- -UTY
Hard Soft Hard
Infinitive бісїдова́ти оно́влёвати чути
Sg. 1st Person (I) бісїду́ю оно́влюю чу́ю
2nd Person (you) бісїду́єш оно́влюєш чу́єш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бісїду́є оно́влює чу́є
Pl. 1st Person (we) бісїду́єме оно́влюєме чу́єме
2nd Person (you all) бісїду́єте оно́влюєте чу́єте
3rd Person (they) бісїду́ють оно́влюють чу́ють
English to speak to renew to hear
IJ stem markers edit

Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e. зеленый, zelenŷj, 'green' → зеленї́ти, zelenjity, 'to (turn) green'. In the infinitive, these verbs are identical to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.[86]

Conjugation of Verbs with -IJ- Stem Marker[86]
Infinitive зеленї́ти молодїти
Sg. 1st Person (I) зеленї́ю молодїю
2nd Person (you) зеленї́єш молодїєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) зеленї́є молодїє
Pl. 1st Person (we) зеленї́єме молодїєме
2nd Person (you all) зеленї́єте молодїєте
3rd Person (they) зеленї́ють молодїють
English to turn green to grow young
YJ stem markers edit

There are very few verbs in this category, but the members that do belong to it, tend to be commonly used.[87]

Conjugation of Verbs with -YJ- Stem Marker[87]
Infinitive ви́ти пи́ти[a]
Sg. 1st Person (I) ви́ю пи́ю, пю
2nd Person (you) ви́єш пи́єш, пєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) ви́є пи́є, пє
Pl. 1st Person (we) ви́єме пи́єме, пємє́
2nd Person (you all) виєте пи́єте, пєтє́
3rd Person (they) виють пи́ють, пють
English to wind to drink
  1. ^ There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb пити. The first is the codified variant; the second variant is found regularly in common speech.[87]
ЫJ stem markers edit

This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one.[88]

Conjugation of Verbs with -ЫJ- Stem Marker[88]
Infinitive кры́ти шы́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) кры́ю шы́ю
2nd Person (you) кры́єш шы́єш
3rd Person (he, she, it) кры́є шы́є
Pl. 1st Person (we) кры́єме шы́єме
2nd Person (you all) кры́єте шы́єте
3rd Person (they) кры́ють шы́ють
English to cover to sew
AJ stem markers edit

The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic.

In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect.

In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.[89]

A(J) stem markers edit

While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.[90]

This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.[91]

Conjugation of Verbs with -A(J)- Stem Marker[90]
-ATY -ЫVA-
Infinitive чі́та́ти ма́ти одкрыва́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) чі́там мам одкры́вам
2nd Person (you) чі́таш маш одкры́ваш
3rd Person (he, she, it) чі́тать мать одкры́вать
Pl. 1st Person (we) чіта́ме ма́ме одкрыва́ме
2nd Person (you all) чіта́те ма́те одкрыва́те
3rd Person (they) чіта́ють ма́ють одкрыва́ють
English to read to have to discover
AVA stem markers edit

This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.[92]

Conjugation of Verbs with -AVA- Stem Marker[92]
-AVA- -AJ- -AVA- -AJ-
Infinitive дава́ти узнава́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) да́вам даю́ узна́вам узнаю
2nd Person (you) даваш даєш узнаваш узнаєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) давать дає узнавать узнає
Pl. 1st Person (we) даваме даме узнаваме узнаме
2nd Person (you all) давате дате узнавате узнате
3rd Person (they) давають дають узнавають узнають
English to give
A stem markers edit
Conjugation of Verbs with -A- Stem Marker[93]
Infinitive писа́ти указа́ти скака́ти посла́ти насы́пати
Sg. 1st Person (I) пи́шу ука́жу ска́чу по́шлю насы́плю
2nd Person (you) пи́шеш ука́жеш ска́чеш по́шлеш насы́плеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) пи́ше ука́же ска́че по́шле насы́пле
Pl. 1st Person (we) пи́шеме ука́жеме ска́чеме по́шлеме насы́племе
2nd Person (you all) пи́шете ука́жете ска́чете по́шлете насы́плете
3rd Person (they) пи́шуть ука́жуть ска́чуть по́шлють насы́плють
English to write to show to hop or jump to send to strew
NU stem markers edit
Conjugation of Verbs with -NU- Stem Marker[94]
Infinitive верну́ти привы́кнути
Sg. 1st Person (I) ве́рну привы́кну
2nd Person (you) ве́рнеш привы́кнеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) ве́рне привы́кне
Pl. 1st Person (we) ве́рнеме привы́кнеме
2nd Person (you all) ве́рнете привы́кнете
3rd Person (they) ве́рнуть привы́кнуть
English to return to become accustomed to
Non-syllabic stem markers edit
Conjugation of Verbs with Non-Syllabic Stem Markers[95]
CCV-ty > CVC- CCV-ty > CVCC- CV-ty > CC- CVC-ty > CC- CCV-ty > CC-
Infinitive бра́ти взяти́ жа́ти зачати́ вы́няти де́рти рва́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) беру́ во́зьму жну за́чну вы́йму дру рву
2nd Person (you) бере́ш во́зьмеш жнеш за́чнеш вы́ймеш дреш рвеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бере́ во́зьме жне за́чне вы́йме дре рве
Pl. 1st Person (we) бере́ме во́зьмем жнеме́ за́чнеме вы́ймеме дреме́ рвеме́
2nd Person (you all) бере́те во́зьмете жнете́ за́чнете вы́ймете дрете́ рвете́
3rd Person (they) беру́ть во́зьмуть жнуть за́чнуть вы́ймуть друть рвуть
English to take to take to reap to begin to draw or pull out to thrash or whip to tear
Consonant stems edit
Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in Consonants[96]
Infinitive не́сти ве́сти течі́ мочі́ іти́ лячі́
Sg. 1st Person (I) не́су ве́ду течу́ мо́жу іду́ ля́жу
2nd Person (you) не́сеш ве́деш тече́ш мо́жеш іде́ш ля́жеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) не́се ве́де тече́ мо́же іде́ ля́же
Pl. 1st Person (we) не́семе ве́деме течеме́ мо́жеме ідеме́ ля́жеме
2nd Person (you all) не́сете ве́дете течете́ мо́жете ідете́ ля́жете
3rd Person (they) не́суть ве́дуть течу́ть мо́жуть іду́ть ля́жуть
English to carry to lead to flow to be able to go to lie down

Conjugation type II edit

Y-type I edit
Conjugation of Y(1) Type Verbs[97]
Infinitive говори́ти пили́ти глушы́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) гово́рю пи́лю глу́шу
2nd Person (you) гово́риш пи́лиш глу́шыш
3rd Person (he, she, it) гово́рить пи́лить глу́шыть
Pl. 1st Person (we) гово́риме пилиме́ глу́шыме
2nd Person (you all) гово́рите пилите́ глу́шыте
3rd Person (they) гово́рять пиля́ть глу́шать
English to say or speak to saw (wood) to muffle, stifle or make quiet
Y-type II edit
Conjugation of Y(2) Type Verbs[98]
Infinitive вози́ти гаси́ти гати́ти пусти́ти ходи́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) во́жу га́шу га́чу пу́щу хо́джу
2nd Person (you) во́зиш га́сиш га́тиш пу́стиш хо́диш
3rd Person (he, she, it) во́зить га́сить га́тить пу́стить хо́дить
Pl. 1st Person (we) во́зиме га́симе га́тиме пу́стиме хо́диме
2nd Person (you all) во́зите га́сите га́тите пу́стите хо́дите
3rd Person (they) во́зять га́тять га́тять пу́стять хо́дять
English to take by vehicle to put out or extinguish to erect a dam or barrier to admit or allow in to go or walk
I-type edit
Conjugation of І-Type Verbs[99]
Infinitive трубі́ти шелесті́ти вертї́ти летї́ти свистї́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) трублю́ шелещу́ верчу лечу́ сви́щу
2nd Person (you) труби́ш шелести́ш вертиш лети́ш сви́стиш
3rd Person (he, she, it) труби́ть шелести́ть вертить лети́ть сви́стить
Pl. 1st Person (we)8 трубиме́ шелестиме́ вертиме летиме́ свистиме́
2nd Person (you all) трубите́ шелестите́ вертите летите́ свистите́
3rd Person (they) трубля́ть шелестя́ть вертять летя́ть свистя́ть
English to trumpet to rustle to drill or turn to fly to whistle
Palato-Alveolar Stems edit
Conjugation of 'Palato-Alveolar'-А Verbs[100]
Infinitive бурча́ти вереща́ти лежа́ти крича́ти боя́ти ся стоя́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) бурчу́ вере́щу лежу́ кричу́ бою́ ся стою́
2nd Person (you) бурчі́ш вере́щіш лежы́ш кричі́ш бої́ш ся стої́ш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бурчі́ть вере́щіть лежы́ть кричі́ть бої́ть ся стої́ть
Pl. 1st Person (we) бурчі́ме вере́щіме лежыме́ кричіме́ боїме́ ся стої́ме
2nd Person (you all) бурчі́те вере́щіте лежыте́ кричіте́ боїте́ ся стої́те
3rd Person (they) бурча́ть вере́щать лежа́ть крича́ть боя́ть ся стоя́ть
English to mutter to screech or squeal to lie on something to scream to fear to stand

Irregular Verbs edit

Conjugation of Irregular Verbs[101]
Infinitive ї́сти дати́ бы́ти пові́сти
Sg. 1st Person (I) їм дам єм пові́м
2nd Person (you) їш даш єсь пові́ш
3rd Person (he, she, it) їсть дасть є пові́сть
Pl. 1st Person (we) їме́ даме́ сьме повіме́
2nd Person (you all) їсте́ дате́, дасте́ сьте повісте́
3rd Person (they) їдя́ть даду́ть суть повідя́ть
English to eat to give to be to tell

Orthography edit

Each of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own Cyrillic alphabet. The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the Prešov Standard, with notes on other varieties. The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties, Lemko Rusyn and Subcarpathian Rusyn, differ from the Prešov Standard in lacking ё and ї. For the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, see Pannonian Rusyn language § Alphabet.[citation needed]

Romanization (transliteration) is given according to ALA-LC,[102] BGN/PCGN,[103] generic European,[citation needed] ISO/R9 1968 (IDS),[104] and ISO 9.

Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets[105]
Capital Small Name Romanization Pronunciation
ALA BGN Euro IDS ISO
А а a a a a a a /a/ ⓘ
Б б бы b b b b b /b/ ⓘ
В в вы v v v v v /v/ ⓘ
Г г гы h h h h ǧ /ɦ/ ⓘ
Ґ ґ ґы g g g g g /ɡ/ ⓘ
Д д ды d d d d d /d/ ⓘ
Е е e e e e e e /ɛ/ ⓘ
Є є є i͡e je je/'e je ê /je, ʲe/
Ё [a][b] ё ё ë jo jo/'o jo ô /jo, ʲo/
Ж ж жы z͡h ž ž ž ž /ʒ/ ⓘ
З з зы z z z z z /z/ ⓘ
І [b] і i i i i i ì /i/ ⓘ
Ї [a] ї ї ï ji ji/'i ï ï /ji, ʲi/
И [c] и и i/y y î i i /ɪ/ ⓘ
Ы [b] ы ы ŷ y y y/ŷ y /ɨ/ ⓘ
Й й йы ĭ j j j j /j/ ⓘ
К к кы k k k k k /k/ ⓘ
Л л лы l l l l l /l/ ⓘ
М м мы m m m m m /m/ ⓘ
Н н ны n n n n n /n/ ⓘ
О о o o o o o o /ɔ/ ⓘ
П п пы p p p p p /p/ ⓘ
Р р ры r r r r r /r/ ⓘ
С с сы s s s s s /s/ ⓘ
Т т ты t t t t t /t/ ⓘ
У у у u u u u u /u/ ⓘ
Ф ф фы f f f f f /f/ ⓘ
Х х хы k͡h ch ch ch h /x/ ⓘ
Ц ц цы t͡s c c c c /t͡s/ ⓘ
Ч ч чы ch č č č č /t͡ʃ/ ⓘ
Ш ш шы s͡h š š š š /ʃ/ ⓘ
Щ щ щы shch šč šč šč ŝ /ʃt͡ʃ/
Ю ю ю і͡u ju ju/'u ju û /ju, ʲu/
Я я я i͡a ja ja/'a ja â /ja, ʲa/
Ь [d] ь мнягкый знак
(English: soft sign)
or ірь 		′ ’ ' ′ ′ /ʲ/
Ъ [b][e] ъ твердый знак (ір) ″ ’ " – ″

Usage notes edit

  1. 1 2 Not used in Lemko.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Not used in Pannonian Rusyn.
  3. 1 The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after з, like the Ukrainian alphabet. According to ALA–LC romanization, it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise.
  4. 1 "Soft Sign": marks the preceding consonant as palatalized (soft)
  5. 1 "Hard Sign": marks the preceding consonant as NOT palatalized (hard).
  6. In Ukraine, usage is found of the letters о̄ and ӯ.[106][107][108]
  7. Until World War II, the letter ѣ (їть or yat') was used, and was pronounced /ji, ʲi/ or /i/ ⓘ. This letter is still used in part of the articles in the Rusyn Wikipedia.
  8. The letters о̂ and ӱ are used formally.[109]

Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet edit

The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet plus ё, ы, and ъ.

The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of ї, plus ы and ъ.

The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except і.

Alphabetical order edit

The Rusyn alphabets all place ь after я, as the Ukrainian alphabet did until 1990. The vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place ь before э (if present), ю, and я.

The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place ъ at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after щ. They also place ы before й, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after ш, щ (if present), and ъ (if present).

In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, і and ї come before и, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї.

Sample text edit

  Lemko Rusyn
Того року одбыла ся уж друга стрича габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитав староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомины давных часив, Габури, родини і традициї были не лем на стричи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно-суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує».

  Prešov Rusyn
Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющік. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.»

  Pannonian Rusyn
Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує».

  Standard Ukrainian
Того року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, котрих на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющік. Щирі слова подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави свого села, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомини давніх часів, Габури, родини і традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків, але й на дводенному культурно-суспільному і спортивному святі, яке відбувалася під назвою «Габура співає і займається спортом».

See also edit

 
Rusyn edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Newspapers edit

  • Amerikansky Russky Viestnik (defunct)
  • Besida, a Lemko journal
  • Karpatska Rus'
  • Lem.fm,[110] Gorlice, Poland
  • Lemko, Philadelphia, US (defunct)
  • Narodnȳ novynkȳ (Народны новинкы)
  • Podkarpatská Rus (Подкарпатська Русь)
  • Ruske slovo (Руске слово),[111] Ruski Krstur, Serbia
  • Rusnatsi u Shvetse (Руснаци у Швеце)[112]
  • Rusynska besida (Русинська бесіда)

Notes edit

  1. ^ Original text: "Vchodnoslovensky [sic] (віходняски)"
  2. ^ a b The terms "paired" and "unpaired" refer to a consonant's use with the soft sign, the letter ь. Consonants that can be palatalized with the soft sign are referred to as "paired consonants", as in the case of н/нь. Others that are inherently hard or soft and never appear with ь are referred to as "unpaired consonants", as in the cases of the letters к or ч.[79]
  3. ^ a b Pugh refers to these collectively as "hushers".

References edit

  1. ^ Rusyn at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ "Number of population by mother tongue in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
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  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Council of Europe 2021.
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  36. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 4, 6.
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  47. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 5.
  48. ^ Rusinko 2003, p. 5.
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  54. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 105.
  55. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 145.
  56. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 46, 521.
  57. ^ Csernicskó & Fedinec 2015, p. 93–113.
  58. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 495-497.
  59. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 73.
  60. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 531-532.
  61. ^ Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 75.
  62. ^ "Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs. from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  63. ^ Іван Гвать (25 December 2011). "Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб". Радіо Свобода. Radiosvoboda.org. from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  64. ^ Slovenskej Republiky, Národná Rada (1999). (in Slovak). Zbierka zákonov. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  65. ^ Csernicskó & Fedinec 2016, p. 560-582.
  66. ^ "ISO 639-3: 639 Identifier Documentation: Rusyn (rue)". from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  67. ^ ISO 639-3: Change Request Documentation: 2021-005
  68. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: rsk". ISO 639-3. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  69. ^ ISO 639-3: Change Request Documentation: 2019-016
  70. ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 3, 5, 134, 154, 222-224.
  71. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 476.
  72. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 24.
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  74. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 43-49.
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  76. ^ a b c Pugh 2009, p. 50.
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  79. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 33.
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  83. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 110.
  84. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 111.
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  86. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 114.
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  88. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 115-116.
  89. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 118-120.
  90. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 116-118.
  91. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 117.
  92. ^ a b Pugh 2009, p. 120.
  93. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 122.
  94. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 123.
  95. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 124-126.
  96. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 125-129.
  97. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 129.
  98. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 133-134.
  99. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 132=133.
  100. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 133.
  101. ^ Pugh 2009, p. 135.
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  104. ^ (PDF). Informationsverbund Deutchschweiz (IDS) (Version 15.10.01 ed.). 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
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  106. ^ Кушницькый, Мигаль (27 May 2020). "Carpatho-Rusyn Phonetics ep3 – О/Ō | Карпаторусинська фонетика №3". YouTube. from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  107. ^ Кушницькый, Мигаль (1 May 2020). "Carpatho-Rusyn phonetics. Ep#2 – і, ї, ӯ | Карпаторусинська фонетика. Другый епізод". YouTube. from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  108. ^ "ruegrammatica". rueportal.eu. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  109. ^ Ecolinguist (16 March 2020). "Carpatho Rusyn Language | Can Ukrainian speakers understand? | #1| feat. @myhal-k". Youtube.
  110. ^ "Хыжа | lem.fm – Радийо Руской Бурсы". lem.fm – Радийо Руской Бурсы. from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  111. ^ "Руске слово". Руске слово. from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  112. ^ "Rusnaci u svece". tripod.lycos.com. from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.

Sources edit

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External links edit

 
Rusyn edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Rusyn test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rusyn language.
  • The World Academy of Rusyn Culture: 'Language of Carpatho-Rusyn'
  • Rusyn-Ukrainian Dictionary
  • Lemko-Rusyn Language Course (in Polish and Lemko)

January 01, 1970
rusyn, language, confused, with, ruthenian, language, russian, language, other, uses, rusyn, rusyn, carpathian, rusyn, русиньскый, язык, romanized, rusîn, skyj, jazyk, pannonian, rusyn, руски, язик, romanized, ruski, jazik, east, slavic, language, spoken, rusy. Not to be confused with Ruthenian language or Russian language For other uses see Rusyn Rusyn ˈ r uː s ɪ n ROO sin 16 Carpathian Rusyn rusinskyj yazyk romanized rusin skyj jazyk Pannonian Rusyn ruski yazik romanized ruski jazik 17 18 is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe and written in the Cyrillic script 19 The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia westward into eastern Slovakia and south east Poland 20 There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina Serbia 20 as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout the world 21 22 Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Hungary Romania Poland as Lemko Serbia and Slovakia 12 Rusynrusinskyj yazyk ruski yazik rusins kyj jazyk ruski jazikEthnicityRusynsNative speakers70 000 2001 2013 1 Slovakia 38 679 2 Serbia 15 626 3 Poland 10 000 4 Ukraine 6 725 5 Croatia 2 337 6 Hungary 1 113 7 Czech Republic 777 8 Language familyIndo European Balto SlavicSlavicEast SlavicRusynEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Balto Slavic Proto Slavic Old East Slavic 9 RuthenianDialectsLemko 10 Presov 10 Subcarpathian 10 PannonianWriting systemCyrillic script Rusyn alphabets Latin script Slovakia 11 Official statusOfficial language in Serbia in Vojvodina 12 13 Recognised minoritylanguage in Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 Croatia 12 Czech Republic 12 Hungary 12 14 Poland 12 15 Romania 12 Slovakia 12 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code rue class extiw title iso639 3 rue rue a Glottologrusy1239Linguasphere53 AAA ec lt a href East Slavic languages html title East Slavic languages 53 AAA e a br varieties 53 AAA eca to 53 AAA ecc Rusyn is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger citation needed This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy 23 Czech Slovak and Hungarian as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language 24 needs update with its own ISO 639 3 code whereas other scholars in Ukraine Poland Serbia and Romania treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian 25 needs update Contents 1 Name 2 Classification 3 Geographic distribution 4 Varieties 4 1 Carpathian Rusyn varieties 4 1 1 Literary languages 4 1 2 Presov Rusyn 4 1 3 Lemko Rusyn 4 1 4 Subcarpathian Rusyn 4 1 4 1 Common usage 4 2 Pannonian Rusyn 4 2 1 Literary language 5 History 5 1 19th century 5 2 20th century 5 2 1 Post Soviet developments 5 3 Contemporary status 5 3 1 ISO 639 9 Identifiers 6 Phonology 6 1 Consonants 6 2 Vowels 7 Grammar 7 1 Noun declension 7 1 1 Grammatical cases 7 1 2 Declension type I feminines ending in a ya 7 1 3 Declension type II masculines and neuters 7 1 3 1 Masculines ending in consonants 7 1 3 2 Neuters or masculines ending in o neuters ending in e or a ya 7 1 4 Declension type III other feminines 7 1 5 Declension type IV neuters ending in a ya 7 2 Verbal conjugation 7 2 1 Conjugation type I 7 2 1 1 UJ stem markers 7 2 1 2 IJ stem markers 7 2 1 3 YJ stem markers 7 2 1 4 YJ stem markers 7 2 1 5 AJ stem markers 7 2 1 5 1 A J stem markers 7 2 1 6 AVA stem markers 7 2 1 7 A stem markers 7 2 1 8 NU stem markers 7 2 1 9 Non syllabic stem markers 7 2 1 10 Consonant stems 7 2 2 Conjugation type II 7 2 2 1 Y type I 7 2 2 2 Y type II 7 2 2 3 I type 7 2 2 4 Palato Alveolar Stems 7 2 3 Irregular Verbs 8 Orthography 8 1 Usage notes 8 2 Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet 8 3 Alphabetical order 9 Sample text 10 See also 10 1 Newspapers 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 14 External linksName editIn the English language the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO 26 Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene UK r ʊ ˈ 8 iː n RUUTH een US r uː ˈ 8 iː n ROO theen 27 that have more general meanings and thus by adding regional adjectives some specific designations are formed such as Carpathian Ruthenian Ruthene or Carpatho Ruthenian Ruthene 28 Within the Rusyn community the language is also referred as rusnackyj yazyk rusnac kyj jazyk Rusnak language 18 29 or simply referred to as speaking our way Carpathian Rusyn po nashomu romanized po nashomu 30 Classification editThe classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial During the 19th century several questions were raised among linguists regarding the classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern Carpathian regions of the Kingdom of Hungary and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria From those questions three main theories emerged 31 Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of the Russian language Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctive Ukrainian language A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language In spite of these linguistic disputes official terminology used by the Austro Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged For Austro Hungarian state authorities the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language German ruthenische Sprache Hungarian Ruten nyelv an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918 32 Geographic distribution editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2021 In terms of geographic distribution Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho Rusyn varieties and the second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn 33 Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in the Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine northeastern regions of Slovakia southeastern regions of Poland The variety of Rusyn spoken in Poland is generally known as Lemko language lemkivskij yazyk lemkivskij jazyk 34 northeastern regions of Hungary northern regions of Romania in Maramureș Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina in Serbia and in a nearby region of Slavonia in Croatia Varieties editCarpathian Rusyn varieties edit The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia As with any language all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology morphology and syntax and have various features unique to themselves while of course also containing their own more local sub varieties The continuum of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety which is not included in the Rusyn continuum per se but represent s a linguistic variant better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features unique to East Slavic languages due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak 35 Literary languages edit Today there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto Subcarpathian Rusyn These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor during which a literary Rusyn language was desired discussed and addressed time and again by a dedicated intelligentsia Linguist Stefan M Pugh notes at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance primarily for reasons of a political nature and of course logistical practicalities 36 Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij a Karpatorusskij bukvar b 37 Vanja Hunjanky 1931 Metodyj Trochanovskij Bukvar Persa knyzecka dlja narodnix skol c 1935 38 39 and Ivan Harajda 1941 22 Harajda s grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five year linguistic furvor for Carpatho Rusyn From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1 500 to 3 000 Rusyn language publications mostly centered around Uzhhorod Ukraine entered print and from 1941 onward Harajda s grammar was the accepted standard Rusyn Dmitrij Vislockij Rusyn Karpatorusskij bukvar Rusyn Bukvar Persha knizhechka dlya narodnyh shkol Presov Rusyn edit In Slovakia the Presov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995 40 when first published by Vasyl Jabur Anna Pliskova and Kvetoslava Koporova citation needed Its namesakes are both the city and region of Presov Slovakia historically each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia Presov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Presov Region Specifically the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects even more specifically a line along the towns and villages of Osadne Hostovice Parihuzovce Cukalovce Pcoline Pichne Nechvalova Polianka Zubne Nizna Jablonka Vysna Jablonka Svetlice and Zbojne And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably and already did thrive 19 Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka citation needed a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet Lemko Rusyn edit In Poland a standard Lemko Rusyn grammar and dictionary Gramatyka jezyka lemkowskiego Grammar of the Lemko Language Rusyn Gramatyka lemkivskogo yazyka romanized Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka was published in 2000 by Miroslawa Chomiak and Henryk Fontanski pl rue with a second edition issued in 2004 41 42 Subcarpathian Rusyn edit In Transcarpathia Ukraine M Almasij s and Igor Kerca s Materinskyj yazyk Pisemnicya rusinskogo yazyka Materyns kyj jazyk pysemnycja rusyns koho jazyka serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian though unofficial Published in 1999 with a second edition in 2004 and a 58 000 word Rusyn Russian dictionary in 2007 Kerca s work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhorod albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language 43 44 Common usage edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message Despite the above codified varieties many Carpatho Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia There have even attempts to revitalize the pre war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography i e usage of the letter ѣ or yat the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties And while somewhat archaic used of Harajda s grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Wikipedia although parts of the articles are written using other standards Pannonian Rusyn edit Main article Pannonian Rusyn Pannonian Rusyn has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether In the ISO 639 9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn or Ruthenian as it is referred to in that document the authors note that Ruthenian is closest to a linguistic entity sometimes called Slovak vychodoslovensky Pan Rusyn vihodnyarski lit East Slovak i the speeches of Trebisov and Presov districts 45 Literary language edit The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is again significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar citation needed It was first standardized in 1923 by G Kostelnik citation needed The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramac Helena Međesi and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia and Mihaly Kapraly of Hungary citation needed History editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2022 The Rusyn Language in History One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to see its history go back as far as possible This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity A good example is Ukrainian itself It was not recognized by the 19th century great Russian establishment leading to a continued perception that Ukrainian was a dialect of Russian Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars to refer to the language of those earliest features as not only old Ukrainian but proto Ukrainian The desire to see the beginnings of Rusyn as existing before say the 18th century is entirely natural it was clearly in evidence in that century so the beginnings must have been earlier In fact it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as Rusyn in documents in very early texts but this is not to say that these texts were written in Old Rusyn It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion in terms of modern Rusyn by the 18th century Of course given the political and social histories of the region and especially religious history documents differ according to the region time and the socio linguistic milieu in which they were composed e g Church Slavonic Russian Latin etc S M Pugh The Rusyn Language 2009 46 The Niagovo Postilla Njagovskie poucenija dated to 1758 is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn specifically the Subcarpathian variant and is potentially linguistically traceable to the 16th century 47 48 By the 18th century the Rusyn language was clearly in evidence and quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion 46 The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop of Mukachevo Joseph Decamillis r 1690 1706 Under his direction the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem 1698 and an elementary language primer Boukvar iazyka slaven ska 1699 For decades these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students 49 Later in 1767 Maria Theresa s Urbarium was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages including Rusyn 50 51 Finally under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi s tenure r 1773 1809 in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo new texts for Rusyn student readership were published These several editions of Ioann Kutka s primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic 52 19th century edit By the 19th century attempts to write in a form of Russo Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor or a type of Subcarpathian Russian with Rusyn phonetic features began to be made Notably Myxajlo Luckaj s grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic Grammatica Slavo Ruthena of 1830 had a distinctly Rusyn flavor And while Luckaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language commenting on the proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people in his Praefatio he did include examples of Rusyn paradigms in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic Luckaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor 47 53 In 1847 Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh A Reader for Beginners 54 Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852 as well as the establishment of the first Carpatho Rusyn cultural organization the Presov Literary Society in 1850 Over the next four years of its existence the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works including Dukhnovych s Virtue is More Important than Riches the very first play written in Carpatho Rusyn as well Carpatho Rusyn s first literary anthologies in 1850 1851 and 1852 titled Greetings to the Rusyns 55 20th century edit After the dissolution of Austria Hungary 1918 the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created at the beginning of 1919 a department for Rusyn language and literature at the Budapest University 56 By the end of 1919 the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state as its easternmost province During the next twenty years linguistic debates were continued between the same three options pro Russian pro Ukrainian and local Rusyn with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters 57 In March 1939 the region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho Ukraine but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary The region was later occupied 1944 and annexed 1945 by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR 58 which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards In Soviet Ukraine Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language Poland employed similar policies 59 using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions Operation Vistula 60 and switch their language to Polish and Ukrainian at school During that period the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia 61 Post Soviet developments edit nbsp Official usage of Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina Serbia After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language As successors of Yugoslavia Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language 62 Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992 and trained specialists to study the language 63 These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences Since 1995 Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn 64 Contemporary status edit Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity regardless of Rusyn self identification Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian In 2012 Ukraine adopted a new law recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages but that law was revoked in 2014 65 Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected minority language by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 Croatia 1997 Hungary 1998 Romania 2008 Poland as Lemko 2009 Serbia 2006 and Slovakia 2002 12 It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn however their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands citation needed ISO 639 9 Identifiers edit Part of this section is transcluded from Pannonian Rusyn ISO 639 3 Identifier edit history The International Organization for Standardization ISO has assigned the ISO 639 3 code rue for Carpathian Rusyn 66 On January 20 2022 the ISO 639 3 identifier rsk and language names Rusyn and Ruthenian were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists including Aleksandr Dulichenko in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it the new ISO 639 3 identifier Ruthenian language with the additional name Rusnak 67 68 This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code rue and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages the East Rusyn language Carpathian Rusyn and the South Rusyn language Pannonian Rusyn However in January 2020 ISO authorities rejected the request 69 As explained earlier term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well established meaning However the additional term Rusnak also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus 18 70 The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO if any remain to be seen Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Velar Glottal hard soft hard soft Nasal m n nʲ Stop voiceless p t tʲ k voiced b d dʲ ɡ Affricate voiceless t s t sʲ t ʃ voiced d z d zʲ d ʒ Fricative voiceless f s sʲ ʃ ʃʲ x h voiced v z zʲ ʒ ʒʲ Rhotic r rʲ Approximant lateral l lʲ central w a j The w sound only exists within alteration of v However in the Lemko variety the w sound also represents the non palatalized L as is the case with the Polish l A soft consonant combination sound ʃʲt ʃʲ exists more among the northern and western dialects In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as ʃʲʃʲ including the area on which the standard dialect is based It is noted that a combination sound like this one could have evolved into a soft fricative sound ʃʲ 71 Vowels edit Front Central Back Close i u ɪ ɤ Mid ɛ o Open a ɪ and ɤ tend to be more towards centralized as ɪ ɤ 72 Grammar editNoun declension edit This section is missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian declension Please expand the section to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page January 2022 Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number gender and case Like English only two types of grammatical number are expressed singular and plural And like other Slavic languages Rusyn has three grammatical genders feminine masculine and neuter Furthermore like those languages Rusyn uses a seven case system of nominative accusative genitive dative locative instrumental and vocative cases 73 One final point of note is that the masculine gender and only the masculine gender is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types While there are no suffixes specific to animacy declension between the two differs in that for animates the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case 73 Grammatical cases edit As mentioned in the preceding section Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages A very general summary of usage is given in the table below though proper usage depends on a particular situation prepositions and verbs used as well as other extenuating circumstances 73 Cases in Rusyn Full name Rusyn Case General Usage nominativ nominative Subjects akuzativ accusative Direct objects genitiv genitive Possession or belonging i e of or English possessive suffix s dativ dative Indirect objects i e to or for lokal locative Concerning location Only used with prepositions such as in on etc inshtrumental instrumental Concerning means by which vokativ vocative Used to address another Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case e g English they them their theirs Based on how they decline nouns can be grouped into one of four types Type I feminine nouns ending in a ya in the nominative singular Type II masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or o in the nominative singular neuters ending in e or a ya in the nominative singular Type III feminine nouns ending in a paired consonant cons ii an unpaired palato alveolar consonant sh ch sh zh or dzh iii or ov in the nominative singular the feminine noun mati maty mother Type IV neuter nouns ending in a ya in the nominative singular Declension type I feminines ending in a ya edit This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in a hard or ya soft in the nominative case The table below includes four examples of such nouns The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm while the second two represent a common or two fold gender paradigm It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative locative and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male neuter declension paradigm visible later in this article According to Pugh this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of judge and elder being traditionally patriarchal This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male oriented such as sirota orphan In these cases the typical feminine paradigm is maintained 74 Feminine Nouns Ending in a ya in the Nominative Singular 74 Archetypal Feminine Common Two Fold Gender Hard Soft Hard Soft Sg Nominative shkola zemlya starosta sudcya Accusative shkolu zemlyu starostu sudcyu Genitive shkoly zemlyi starosty sudcyi Dative shkolyi zemlyi starostovi sudcyovi Locative shkolyi zemli starostovi sudcyovi Instrumental shkolov a zemlyov a starostov starostom sudcyom Vocative shkolo zemlyo starosto sudcyo Pl Nominative shkoly zemlyi starostove starosty sudcyove sudcyi Accusative shkoly zemlyi starostiv sudcyiv Genitive shkol zeml starost starostiv sudcyiv Dative shkolam zemlyam starostam starostim sudcyam sudcyim Locative shkolam zemlyah starostah starostoh sudcyah Instrumental shkolami zemlyami starostami sudcyami English school earth elder judge a b ov is pronounced as in English owe Declension type II masculines and neuters edit This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders hard and soft stems as well as animate and inanimate beings for the masculine gender 75 Masculines ending in consonants edit This declension contains a large amount of identical forms syncretism between cases Depending on the noun the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6 For singular animate nouns there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases Similarly singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases 76 Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative Singular 76 Animate Inanimate Hard Soft Hard Soft Sg Nominative syn uchitel stil kraj Accusative syna uchitelya Genitive a 76 stola krayu Dative synovi uchitelyovi stolu krayu Locative stolyi krayu Instrumental synom uchitelyom stilom krayom Vocative synu uchitelyu stole krayu Pl Nominative synove uchitelyi stoly krayi Accusative syniv uchitelyiv stoly krayi Genitive syniv uchitelyiv stoliv krayiv Dative synam synim uchitelyam uchitelyim stolam stolim krayam krayim Locative synoh synah uchitelyah uchitelyoh stoloh stolah krayah krayoh Instrumental synami uchitelyami stolami krayami English son teacher table area region For this declension nouns may decline with either u or a Use of one or the other depends on whether the concept or object is very generally abstract or tangible in nature For instance Pugh provides the following examples for the former anger pain reason sugar tea and the following for the latter table nose knife et al Neuters or masculines ending in o neuters ending in e or a ya edit The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in o in the nominative case Though there are some masculine nouns in this category these nouns are predominantly neuter Neuter or Masculine Nouns with Hard Stems Ending in o in the Nominative Singular 77 Masculine Neuter Inanimate Animate Sg Nominative domisko dyido selo Accusative domisko dyida a selo Genitive domiska dyida sela Dative domisku dyidovi selu Locative b domisku dyidovi selyi Instrumental domiskom dyidom selom Vocative domisko dyidu selo Pl Nominative domiska dyidove sela Accusative domiska dyidiv sela Genitive domisk dyidiv sel Dative domiskam dyidam selam Locative domiskah domiskoh dyidah dyidoh selah Instrumental domiskami dyidami selami English large house building grandfather village This follows the typical masculine animate paradigm where the genitive takes the place of the accusative For the locative case there are three possible suffixes ovy for animates i for inanimates either masculine or neuter and u for stems ending in velar or soft consonants Neuter Nouns with Soft Stems Ending in e and a ya in the Nominative Singular 78 Soft in Nominative Hard in Nominative a Sg Nominative usloviye znachinya b pole serdce Accusative usloviye znachinya pole serdce Genitive usloviya znachinya polya serdcya Dative usloviyu znachinyu polyu serdcyu Locative usloviyu usloviyi znachinyu znachinyi polyu polyi serdcyu serdcyi Instrumental usloviyom znachinyom polyom serdcyom Pl Nominative usloviya znachinya polya serdcya Accusative usloviya znachinya polya serdcya Genitive uslovij znachin pol serdec serdc Dative usloviyam znachinyam polyam serdcyam Locative usloviyah znachinyah polyah serdcyah Instrumental usloviyami znachinyami polyami serdcyami English condition meaning field heart Over time soft consonants before e have hardened in Rusyn This suffix changed over time from e to a Declension type III other feminines edit All nouns in this type are feminine The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case a paired consonant cons ii an unpaired palato alveolar consonant sh ch sh zh or dzh iii or the suffix ov Additionally the noun mati maty mother is also part of this type Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and Mati 80 Paired Cons Palato Alveolar Cons ov mati Sg Nominative tyin nich mysh cerkov mati matyir Accusative tyin nich mysh cerkov matyir Genitive tyini nochi myshy cerkvi materi Dative tyini nochi myshi cerkvi materi Locative tyini nochi myshi cerkvi materi Instrumental a tyinyov nochov myshov cerkovlyov matyiryov Pl Nominative tyini nochi myshy cerkvi materi Accusative tyini nochi myshy cerkvi materi Genitive tyinej nochej myshej cerkvej materej Dative tyinyam nocham mysham cerkvam materyam Locative tyinyah nochah myshah cerkvah materyah Instrumental tyinyami nochami myshami cerkvami materyami English shadow night mouse church mother The declension for all feminine nouns in the instrumental case is the same ov across all declension types Declension type IV neuters ending in a ya edit This declension paradigm is used very rarely It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns This paradigm can be identified by the a suffix in the nominative and accusative cases as well as the appearance of the affix t between the stem and suffix in other cases There is no variation in this paradigm all nouns decline in an identical manner 81 Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans However this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns which historically declined differently e g vymya vŷmja udder and gornya hornja cup mug now decline according to this paradigm instead 81 Neuter Nouns Ending in a and ya 82 Sg Nominative gusya gacha vymya vymnya Accusative gusya gacha vymya vymnya Genitive gusyati gachati vymyati vymnyati Dative gusyati gachati vymyati vymnyati Locative gusyati gachati vymyati vymnyati Instrumental gusyatyom gachatyom vymyatyom vymnyatyom Pl Nominative gusyata gachata vymyata vymnyata Accusative gusyata gachata vymyata vymnyata Genitive gusyata gachata vymyata vymnyata Dative gusyatam gachatam vymyatam vymnyatam Locative gusyatah gachatah vymyatah vymnyatah Instrumental gusyatami gachatami vymyatami vymnyatami English gosling colt foal udder Verbal conjugation edit This section is missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian conjugation Please expand the section to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page January 2022 Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types which may be identified based on the stem marker that appears during conjugation The infinitive verb forms are often ambiguous and as such there is no general system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II Some infinitive suffixes however are unique to at least Type I i e uti ovati nuti etc In the following sections the stem markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms 83 Conjugation type I edit Type I may be divided into several sub types the most notable of which are the vowel j stem markers uj ij yj etc It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant j is truncated when followed by another consonant e g bisyiduv aj ty bisyiduv a ty 84 UJ stem markers edit The uj set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers ova or uj in the infinitive The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type 84 Conjugation of Verbs with UJ Stem Marker 85 OVA UTY Hard Soft Hard Infinitive bisyidova ti ono vlyovati chuti Sg 1st Person I bisyidu yu ono vlyuyu chu yu 2nd Person you bisyidu yesh ono vlyuyesh chu yesh 3rd Person he she it bisyidu ye ono vlyuye chu ye Pl 1st Person we bisyidu yeme ono vlyuyeme chu yeme 2nd Person you all bisyidu yete ono vlyuyete chu yete 3rd Person they bisyidu yut ono vlyuyut chu yut English to speak to renew to hear IJ stem markers edit Verbs with stem formant IJ are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i e zelenyj zelenŷj green zelenyi ti zelenjity to turn green In the infinitive these verbs are identical to those of Conjugation II Type I However these two types of verbs are conjugated differently 86 Conjugation of Verbs with IJ Stem Marker 86 Infinitive zelenyi ti molodyiti Sg 1st Person I zelenyi yu molodyiyu 2nd Person you zelenyi yesh molodyiyesh 3rd Person he she it zelenyi ye molodyiye Pl 1st Person we zelenyi yeme molodyiyeme 2nd Person you all zelenyi yete molodyiyete 3rd Person they zelenyi yut molodyiyut English to turn green to grow young YJ stem markers edit There are very few verbs in this category but the members that do belong to it tend to be commonly used 87 Conjugation of Verbs with YJ Stem Marker 87 Infinitive vi ti pi ti a Sg 1st Person I vi yu pi yu pyu 2nd Person you vi yesh pi yesh pyesh 3rd Person he she it vi ye pi ye pye Pl 1st Person we vi yeme pi yeme pyemye 2nd Person you all viyete pi yete pyetye 3rd Person they viyut pi yut pyut English to wind to drink There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb piti The first is the codified variant the second variant is found regularly in common speech 87 YJ stem markers edit This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one 88 Conjugation of Verbs with YJ Stem Marker 88 Infinitive kry ti shy ti Sg 1st Person I kry yu shy yu 2nd Person you kry yesh shy yesh 3rd Person he she it kry ye shy ye Pl 1st Person we kry yeme shy yeme 2nd Person you all kry yete shy yete 3rd Person they kry yut shy yut English to cover to sew AJ stem markers edit The AJ stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions In the Presov Rusyn community the A J type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern However in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities a full fledged AJ type conjugation exists resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic In the Presov Rusyn community the A J conjugation is recommended for the written system while the AJ type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like maj znaj and staj Both forms may coexist in speech and writing but the A J type is more prevalent in the Presov dialect In Lemko Rusyn the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Presov Rusyn a fully fledged AJ conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems mati znati and poznati In Subcarpathian Rusyn however the AJ type is predominant and the element aj can appear in all persons in the non past paradigm 89 A J stem markers edit While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages it is completely unique in that j normally in the form of suffixes yu yesh ye yeme yete yut is truncated except for in the 3rd person plural The absence of the connector vowel e in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature likely influenced by West Slavic languages The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages particularly Slovak 90 This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix yvati a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs 91 Conjugation of Verbs with A J Stem Marker 90 ATY YVA Infinitive chi ta ti ma ti odkryva ti Sg 1st Person I chi tam mam odkry vam 2nd Person you chi tash mash odkry vash 3rd Person he she it chi tat mat odkry vat Pl 1st Person we chita me ma me odkryva me 2nd Person you all chita te ma te odkryva te 3rd Person they chita yut ma yut odkryva yut English to read to have to discover AVA stem markers edit This conjugation type is marked by the presence of AVA in the infinitive The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously discussed AJ stem type A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below The AJ conjugation scheme is preferred by the Presov standard 92 Conjugation of Verbs with AVA Stem Marker 92 AVA AJ AVA AJ Infinitive dava ti uznava ti Sg 1st Person I da vam dayu uzna vam uznayu 2nd Person you davash dayesh uznavash uznayesh 3rd Person he she it davat daye uznavat uznaye Pl 1st Person we davame dame uznavame uzname 2nd Person you all davate date uznavate uznate 3rd Person they davayut dayut uznavayut uznayut English to give A stem markers edit Conjugation of Verbs with A Stem Marker 93 Infinitive pisa ti ukaza ti skaka ti posla ti nasy pati Sg 1st Person I pi shu uka zhu ska chu po shlyu nasy plyu 2nd Person you pi shesh uka zhesh ska chesh po shlesh nasy plesh 3rd Person he she it pi she uka zhe ska che po shle nasy ple Pl 1st Person we pi sheme uka zheme ska cheme po shleme nasy pleme 2nd Person you all pi shete uka zhete ska chete po shlete nasy plete 3rd Person they pi shut uka zhut ska chut po shlyut nasy plyut English to write to show to hop or jump to send to strew NU stem markers edit Conjugation of Verbs with NU Stem Marker 94 Infinitive vernu ti privy knuti Sg 1st Person I ve rnu privy knu 2nd Person you ve rnesh privy knesh 3rd Person he she it ve rne privy kne Pl 1st Person we ve rneme privy kneme 2nd Person you all ve rnete privy knete 3rd Person they ve rnut privy knut English to return to become accustomed to Non syllabic stem markers edit Conjugation of Verbs with Non Syllabic Stem Markers 95 CCV ty gt CVC CCV ty gt CVCC CV ty gt CC CVC ty gt CC CCV ty gt CC Infinitive bra ti vzyati zha ti zachati vy nyati de rti rva ti Sg 1st Person I beru vo zmu zhnu za chnu vy jmu dru rvu 2nd Person you bere sh vo zmesh zhnesh za chnesh vy jmesh dresh rvesh 3rd Person he she it bere vo zme zhne za chne vy jme dre rve Pl 1st Person we bere me vo zmem zhneme za chneme vy jmeme dreme rveme 2nd Person you all bere te vo zmete zhnete za chnete vy jmete drete rvete 3rd Person they beru t vo zmut zhnut za chnut vy jmut drut rvut English to take to take to reap to begin to draw or pull out to thrash or whip to tear Consonant stems edit Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in Consonants 96 Infinitive ne sti ve sti techi mochi iti lyachi Sg 1st Person I ne su ve du techu mo zhu idu lya zhu 2nd Person you ne sesh ve desh teche sh mo zhesh ide sh lya zhesh 3rd Person he she it ne se ve de teche mo zhe ide lya zhe Pl 1st Person we ne seme ve deme techeme mo zheme ideme lya zheme 2nd Person you all ne sete ve dete techete mo zhete idete lya zhete 3rd Person they ne sut ve dut techu t mo zhut idu t lya zhut English to carry to lead to flow to be able to go to lie down Conjugation type II edit Y type I edit Conjugation of Y 1 Type Verbs 97 Infinitive govori ti pili ti glushy ti Sg 1st Person I govo ryu pi lyu glu shu 2nd Person you govo rish pi lish glu shysh 3rd Person he she it govo rit pi lit glu shyt Pl 1st Person we govo rime pilime glu shyme 2nd Person you all govo rite pilite glu shyte 3rd Person they govo ryat pilya t glu shat English to say or speak to saw wood to muffle stifle or make quiet Y type II edit Conjugation of Y 2 Type Verbs 98 Infinitive vozi ti gasi ti gati ti pusti ti hodi ti Sg 1st Person I vo zhu ga shu ga chu pu shu ho dzhu 2nd Person you vo zish ga sish ga tish pu stish ho dish 3rd Person he she it vo zit ga sit ga tit pu stit ho dit Pl 1st Person we vo zime ga sime ga time pu stime ho dime 2nd Person you all vo zite ga site ga tite pu stite ho dite 3rd Person they vo zyat ga tyat ga tyat pu styat ho dyat English to take by vehicle to put out or extinguish to erect a dam or barrier to admit or allow in to go or walk I type edit Conjugation of I Type Verbs 99 Infinitive trubi ti shelesti ti vertyi ti letyi ti svistyi ti Sg 1st Person I trublyu sheleshu verchu lechu svi shu 2nd Person you trubi sh shelesti sh vertish leti sh svi stish 3rd Person he she it trubi t shelesti t vertit leti t svi stit Pl 1st Person we 8 trubime shelestime vertime letime svistime 2nd Person you all trubite shelestite vertite letite svistite 3rd Person they trublya t shelestya t vertyat letya t svistya t English to trumpet to rustle to drill or turn to fly to whistle Palato Alveolar Stems edit Conjugation of Palato Alveolar A Verbs 100 Infinitive burcha ti veresha ti lezha ti kricha ti boya ti sya stoya ti Sg 1st Person I burchu vere shu lezhu krichu boyu sya stoyu 2nd Person you burchi sh vere shish lezhy sh krichi sh boyi sh sya stoyi sh 3rd Person he she it burchi t vere shit lezhy t krichi t boyi t sya stoyi t Pl 1st Person we burchi me vere shime lezhyme krichime boyime sya stoyi me 2nd Person you all burchi te vere shite lezhyte krichite boyite sya stoyi te 3rd Person they burcha t vere shat lezha t kricha t boya t sya stoya t English to mutter to screech or squeal to lie on something to scream to fear to stand Irregular Verbs edit Conjugation of Irregular Verbs 101 Infinitive yi sti dati by ti povi sti Sg 1st Person I yim dam yem povi m 2nd Person you yish dash yes povi sh 3rd Person he she it yist dast ye povi st Pl 1st Person we yime dame sme povime 2nd Person you all yiste date daste ste poviste 3rd Person they yidya t dadu t sut povidya t English to eat to give to be to tellOrthography editEach of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own Cyrillic alphabet The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the Presov Standard with notes on other varieties The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties Lemko Rusyn and Subcarpathian Rusyn differ from the Presov Standard in lacking yo and yi For the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet see Pannonian Rusyn language Alphabet citation needed Romanization transliteration is given according to ALA LC 102 BGN PCGN 103 generic European citation needed ISO R9 1968 IDS 104 and ISO 9 Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets 105 Capital Small Name Romanization Pronunciation ALA BGN Euro IDS ISO A a a a a a a a a B b by b b b b b b V v vy v v v v v v G g gy h h h h ǧ ɦ G g gy g g g g g ɡ D d dy d d d d d d E e e e e e e e ɛ Ye ye ye i e je je e je e je ʲe Yo a b yo yo e jo jo o jo o jo ʲo Zh zh zhy z h z z z z ʒ Z z zy z z z z z z I b i i i i i i i i Yi a yi yi i ji ji i i i ji ʲi I c i i i y y i i i ɪ Y b y y ŷ y y y ŷ y ɨ J j jy ĭ j j j j j K k ky k k k k k k L l ly l l l l l l M m my m m m m m m N n ny n n n n n n O o o o o o o o ɔ P p py p p p p p p R r ry r r r r r r S s sy s s s s s s T t ty t t t t t t U u u u u u u u u F f fy f f f f f f H h hy k h ch ch ch h x C c cy t s c c c c t s Ch ch chy ch c c c c t ʃ Sh sh shy s h s s s s ʃ Sh sh shy shch sc sc sc ŝ ʃt ʃ Yu yu yu i u ju ju u ju u ju ʲu Ya ya ya i a ja ja a ja a ja ʲa d mnyagkyj znak English soft sign or ir ʲ b e tverdyj znak ir Usage notes edit 1 2 Not used in Lemko 1 2 3 4 Not used in Pannonian Rusyn 1 The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after z like the Ukrainian alphabet According to ALA LC romanization it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise 1 Soft Sign marks the preceding consonant as palatalized soft 1 Hard Sign marks the preceding consonant as NOT palatalized hard In Ukraine usage is found of the letters o and ӯ 106 107 108 Until World War II the letter ѣ yit or yat was used and was pronounced ji ʲi or i This letter is still used in part of the articles in the Rusyn Wikipedia The letters o and ӱ are used formally 109 Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet edit The Presov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters It includes all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet plus yo y and The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of yi plus y and The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters namely all the Ukrainian letters except i Alphabetical order edit The Rusyn alphabets all place after ya as the Ukrainian alphabet did until 1990 The vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place before e if present yu and ya The Lemko and Presov Rusyn alphabets place at the very end while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after sh They also place y before j while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after sh sh if present and if present In the Presov Rusyn alphabet i and yi come before i and likewise i comes before i in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet which does not have yi In the Ukrainian alphabet however i precedes i and yi and the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet which does not have i follows this precedent by placing i before yi Sample text edit nbsp Lemko Rusyn Togo roku odbyla sya uzh druga stricha gaburskyh rodakiv kotryh na Silskomu uryadi v Gaburi 8 lipcya 2006 na ridni zemli privitav starosta sela M Yushik Shiry slova podyaky i gordosti za shyrinya dobroj slavy svogo sela vitanya medzhe dovgo nevidzhenyma rodakami spominy davnyh chasiv Gaburi rodini i tradiciyi byli ne lem na strichi rodakiv ale i na cilim dvodnovim kulturno suspilnim i sportovim svyati yake sya odbylo pid nazvom Gabura spivaye i sportuye nbsp Presov Rusyn Togo roku sya odbyla uzh druga stricha gaburskyh rodakiv kotryh na Selskim uryadi v Gaburi 8 yula 2006 na rodnim grunti privitav starosta sela M Yushik Slova do dushy podyaky i gordosti za shyrinya dobrogo hyru o svoyim seli vitanya dovgo nevidzhenyh rodakiv spominanya na davny chasy na Gaburu na rodinu i tradiciyi mali svij prostor nelem na strichi rodakiv ale i na cilij dvadnovij kulturno spolochenskij i shportovij akciyi yaka sya odbyvala pid nazvom Gabura spivaye i shportuye nbsp Pannonian Rusyn Togo roku she odbulo uzh druge stretnuce gaburchanoh po pohodzenyu htorih u Valalskim uryadu u Gaburi 8 yuliya 2006 roku na rodnej grudi privital starosta valalu M Yushik Shiri slova podzekovnosc piha i gordosc pre dobri glas o svoyim valalu vitanya dlugo nyevidzenej rodzini zdogadovanya na davni chasi na Gaburu na rodzinu i tradiciyu mali svojo mesto nye lyem na stretnucoh rodzini alye i na calej dvodnovej kulturno umetnyickej i sportovej programi htora she odbuvala pod nazvu Gabura shpiva i shportuye nbsp Standard Ukrainian Togo roku vidbulasya druga zustrich gaburskih zemlyakiv kotrih na Silskomu uryadi v Gaburi 8 lipnya 2006 roku na ridnij zemli privitav starosta sela M Yushik Shiri slova podyaki j gordosti za poshirennya dobroyi slavi svogo sela vitannya dovgo ne bachenih zemlyakiv spomini davnih chasiv Gaburi rodini i tradicij mali misce ne lishe na zustrichi zemlyakiv ale j na dvodennomu kulturno suspilnomu i sportivnomu svyati yake vidbuvalasya pid nazvoyu Gabura spivaye i zajmayetsya sportom See also edit nbsp Rusyn edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Alexander Duchnovic s Theatre Eastern Slovak dialects Petro Trochanowski contemporary Rusyn poet Metodyj Trochanovskij Lemko Grammarian Iazychie Rusyn was added to Minecraft as an interface language option Newspapers edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message Amerikansky Russky Viestnik defunct Besida a Lemko journal Karpatska Rus Lem fm 110 Gorlice Poland Lemko Philadelphia US defunct Narodnȳ novynkȳ Narodny novinky Podkarpatska Rus Podkarpatska Rus Ruske slovo Ruske slovo 111 Ruski Krstur Serbia Rusnatsi u Shvetse Rusnaci u Shvece 112 Rusynska besida Rusinska besida Notes edit Original text Vchodnoslovensky sic vihodnyaski a b The terms paired and unpaired refer to a consonant s use with the soft sign the letter Consonants that can be palatalized with the soft sign are referred to as paired consonants as in the case of n n Others that are inherently hard or soft and never appear with are referred to as unpaired consonants as in the cases of the letters k or ch 79 a b Pugh refers to these collectively as hushers References edit Rusyn at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Number of population by mother tongue in the Slovak Republic at 1 1 2021 Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Archived from the original on 21 January 2022 Retrieved 21 January 2022 Republic of Serbia Republic Statistical Office 24 December 2002 Final results of the census 2002 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2009 Retrieved 16 December 2010 Home PDF Central Statistical Office of Poland Archived from the original PDF on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 22 March 2012 State Statistics Committee of Ukraine About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All Ukrainian population census 2001 data Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 Retrieved 16 December 2010 Republic of Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics Crostat Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 Retrieved 5 September 2010 1 28 Population by mother tongue nationality and sex 1900 2001 Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2001 Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 28 February 2012 Obyvatelstvo podle veku materskeho jazyka a pohlavi Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 Retrieved 2 November 2012 Biggam Carole P 2022 A Cultural History of Color in the Medieval Age London Bloomsbury Publishing Plc p 124 ISBN 9781350193499 a b c Pugh 2009 p vii Rusyn at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 nbsp a b c d e f g h i j Council of Europe 2021 The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina Serbia Skupstinavojvodine gov rs Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Implementation of the Charter in Hungary Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 Retrieved 16 June 2014 I Raport dla Sekretarza Rady Europy z realizacji przez Rzeczpospolita Polska postanowien Europejskiej karty jezykow regionalnych lub mniejszosciowych PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 July 2014 Retrieved 28 April 2019 Home Oxford English Dictionary www oed com Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 20 February 2021 http theses gla ac uk 2781 1 2011BaptieMPhil 1 pdf Archived 23 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine p 8 a b c Plishkova 2009 p 17 37 67 a b Pugh 2009 p 7 a b Pugh 2009 p 3 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 267 281 a b Kushko 2007 p 111 132 Moser 2016 p 124 139 Bernard Comrie Slavic Languages International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 1992 Oxford Vol 3 pp 452 456 Ethnologue 16th edition George Y Shevelov Ukrainian The Slavonic Languages ed Bernard Comrie and Greville G Corbett 1993 Routledge pp 947 998 ISO 639 3 639 Identifier Documentation Rusyn rue Archived from the original on 20 July 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Home Oxford English Dictionary www oed com Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 20 February 2021 Renoff amp Reynolds 1975 p 35 51 79 80 Magocsi 2015 p 3 5 Pugh 2009 p 2 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 276 281 Moser 2018 p 87 104 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 267 269 275 Gavin Baptie 2011 Issues in Rusyn language standardisation p 8 9 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 23 May 2018 Retrieved 22 May 2018 Pugh 2009 p 3 4 Pugh 2009 p 4 6 Vyslockyj Dmytryj 1931 Karpatorusskij bukvar Karpatorusskij bukvar in Rusyn Cleveland a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Trochanovskij Metodyj 1935 Bukvar Persha knizhechka dlya narodnyh shkol Bukvar Persa knyzecka dlja narodnix skol in Rusyn Lviv a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Bogdan Horbal 2005 Custer Richard D ed The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos PDF Rusyn American Almanac of the Carpatho Rusyn Society 10th Anniversary 2004 2005 Pittsburgh Archived PDF from the original on 4 January 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Taras Kuzio 2005 The Rusyn question in Ukraine sorting out fact from fiction PDF Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism XXXII Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2009 Retrieved 3 December 2009 Pugh 2009 p 9 http theses gla ac uk 2781 1 2011BaptieMPhil 1 pdf Archived 23 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine p 52 Magosci p 87 Pugh 2009 p 10 Dulichenko Aleksander D 17 November 2020 SO 639 3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639 3 PDF SIL International Archived PDF from the original on 3 June 2021 a b Pugh 2009 p 4 5 a b Pugh 2009 p 5 Rusinko 2003 p 5 Magocsi 2015 p 84 Magocsi 2015 p 99 Udvari Istvan 2004 The Urbarium of Maria Theresa in the languages of the South Slavic peoples of the Hungarian Kingdom Studia Slavica 49 1 2 103 119 doi 10 1556 sslav 49 2004 1 2 7 Magocsi 2015 p 101 DANYLENKO ANDRII 2009 Myxajlo Luckaj A Dissident Forerunner of Literary Rusyn The Slavonic and East European Review 87 2 201 226 doi 10 1353 see 2009 0132 JSTOR 40650354 S2CID 152082970 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Magocsi 2015 p 105 Magocsi 2015 p 145 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 46 521 Csernicsko amp Fedinec 2015 p 93 113 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 495 497 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 73 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 531 532 Magocsi amp Pop 2005 p 75 Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina Skupstinavojvodine gov rs Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Ivan Gvat 25 December 2011 Ukrayina v leshatah rosijskih specsluzhb Radio Svoboda Radiosvoboda org Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Slovenskej Republiky Narodna Rada 1999 Zakon 184 1999 Z z o pouzivani jazykov narodnostnych mensin in Slovak Zbierka zakonov Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 18 May 2010 Csernicsko amp Fedinec 2016 p 560 582 ISO 639 3 639 Identifier Documentation Rusyn rue Archived from the original on 20 July 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 ISO 639 3 Change Request Documentation 2021 005 639 Identifier Documentation rsk ISO 639 3 Retrieved 11 February 2022 ISO 639 3 Change Request Documentation 2019 016 Magocsi 2015 p 3 5 134 154 222 224 Pugh 2009 p 476 Pugh 2009 p 24 a b c Pugh 2009 p 43 44 a b Pugh 2009 p 43 49 Pugh 2009 p 49 50 a b c Pugh 2009 p 50 Pugh 2009 p 53 54 Pugh 2009 p 54 55 Pugh 2009 p 33 Pugh 2009 p 57 59 a b Pugh 2009 p 60 Pugh 2009 p 60 61 Pugh 2009 p 110 a b Pugh 2009 p 111 Pugh 2009 p 111 113 a b Pugh 2009 p 114 a b c Pugh 2009 p 115 a b Pugh 2009 p 115 116 Pugh 2009 p 118 120 a b Pugh 2009 p 116 118 Pugh 2009 p 117 a b Pugh 2009 p 120 Pugh 2009 p 122 Pugh 2009 p 123 Pugh 2009 p 124 126 Pugh 2009 p 125 129 Pugh 2009 p 129 Pugh 2009 p 133 134 Pugh 2009 p 132 133 Pugh 2009 p 133 Pugh 2009 p 135 Rusyn Carpatho Rusyn ALA LC Romanization Tables PDF The Library of Congress Archived PDF from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 10 October 2010 Romanization of Rusyn BGN PCGN 2016 System PDF NGA GEOnet Names Server October 2017 Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 10 October 2020 IDS G Transliterationstabellen 4 Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete PDF Informationsverbund Deutchschweiz IDS Version 15 10 01 ed 2001 Archived from the original PDF on 1 March 2017 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Gavin Baptie 2011 Issues In Rusyn Language Standardisation PDF MPhil thesis University of Glasgow Archived PDF from the original on 23 May 2018 Retrieved 22 May 2018 Kushnickyj Migal 27 May 2020 Carpatho Rusyn Phonetics ep3 O Ō Karpatorusinska fonetika 3 YouTube Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Kushnickyj Migal 1 May 2020 Carpatho Rusyn phonetics Ep 2 i yi ӯ Karpatorusinska fonetika Drugyj epizod YouTube Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 Retrieved 31 July 2020 ruegrammatica rueportal eu Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Ecolinguist 16 March 2020 Carpatho Rusyn Language Can Ukrainian speakers understand 1 feat myhal k Youtube Hyzha lem fm Radijo Ruskoj Bursy lem fm Radijo Ruskoj Bursy Archived from the original on 19 May 2018 Retrieved 3 June 2018 Ruske slovo Ruske slovo Archived from the 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240 Magocsi Paul R 1996 The Rusyn language question revisited PDF International Journal of the Sociology of Language 120 63 84 doi 10 1515 ijsl 1996 120 63 S2CID 56325995 Archived PDF from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Magocsi Paul R 2015 With Their Backs to the Mountains A History of Carpathian Rus and Carpatho Rusyns Budapest New York Central European University Press ISBN 9786155053467 Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Magocsi Paul R Pop Ivan I eds 2005 2002 Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture 2 rev ed Toronto University of Toronto Press Magocsi Paul R The Rusyn Language Recent Achievements and Challenges PDF Toronto University of Toronto Archived PDF from the original on 17 December 2021 Retrieved 17 December 2021 Moser Michael A 2018 The Fate of the Ruthenian or Little Russian Ukrainian Language in Austrian Galicia 1772 1867 Harvard Ukrainian Studies 35 2017 2018 1 4 87 104 JSTOR 44983536 Archived from the original on 5 May 2021 Retrieved 28 June 2021 Moser Michael A 2016 Rusyn A New Old Language In between Nations and States The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages Identities and Borders London Palgrave Macmillan pp 124 139 doi 10 1007 978 1 137 34839 5 7 ISBN 978 1 349 57703 3 Archived from the original on 14 January 2020 Retrieved 16 October 2019 Pliskova Anna 2007 Rusinsky jazyk na Slovensku Nacrt vyvoja a sucasne problemy PDF Presov Metodicko pedagogicke centrum Archived PDF from the original on 20 April 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Plishkova Anna 2009 Language and National Identity Rusyns South of Carpathians Boulder East European Monographs Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Pugh Stefan M 2009 The Rusyn Language Munich Germany LINCOM GmbH ISBN 978 3 89586 940 2 Archived from the original on 15 December 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2021 Renoff Richard Reynolds Stephen eds 1975 Proceedings of the Conference on Carpatho Ruthenian Immigration 8 June 1974 Cambridge Mass Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute ISBN 9780916458003 Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Rusinko Elaine 2003 Straddling Borders Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 9780802037114 Archived from the original on 15 May 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2021 Zatkovich Gregory The Rusin Question in a Nutshell OCLC 22065508 External links edit nbsp Rusyn edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia nbsp Rusyn test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rusyn language The World Academy of Rusyn Culture Language of Carpatho Rusyn Rusyn Ukrainian Dictionary Lemko Rusyn Language Course in Polish and Lemko Rusyn Greco Catholic Church in Novi Sad Vojvodina Serbia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rusyn language amp oldid 1218028789, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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