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Lateral consonant

January 13, 2023

A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English L, as in Larry. Lateral consonants contrast with central consonants, in which the airstream flows through the center of the mouth.

For the most common laterals, the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth (see dental consonant) or the upper gum (see alveolar consonant), but there are many other possible places for laterals to be made. The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids, but lateral fricatives and affricates are also common in some parts of the world. Some languages, such as the Iwaidja and Ilgar languages of Australia, have lateral flaps, and others, such as the Xhosa and Zulu languages of Africa, have lateral clicks.

When pronouncing the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], the lip blocks the airflow in the centre of the vocal tract, so the airstream proceeds along the sides instead. Nevertheless, they are not considered lateral consonants because the airflow never goes over the side of the tongue. No known language makes a distinction between lateral and non-lateral labiodentals. Plosives are never lateral, but they may have lateral release. Nasals are never lateral either, but some languages have lateral nasal clicks. For consonants articulated in the throat (laryngeals), the lateral distinction is not made by any language, although pharyngeal and epiglottal laterals are reportedly possible.[1]

Examples

English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/, which in many accents has two allophones. One, found before vowels as in lady or fly, is called clear l, pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant [l] with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other variant, so-called dark l, found before consonants or word-finally, as in bold or tell, is pronounced as the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a [w]- or [ʟ]-like resonance. In some languages, like Albanian, those two sounds are different phonemes. East Slavic languages contrast [ɫ] and [lʲ] but do not have [l].

In many British accents (e.g. Cockney), dark [ɫ] may undergo vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide. This process turns tell into [tɛɰ], as must have happened with talk [tɔːk] or walk [wɔːk] at some stage. A similar process happened during the development of many other languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, Old French, and Polish, in all three of these resulting in voiced velar approximant [ɰ] or voiced labio-velar approximant [w], whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa, or Polish Wisła (pronounced [viswa]) as compared with English Vistula.

In central and Venice dialects of Venetian, intervocalic /l/ has turned into a semivocalic [e̯], so that the written word ła bała is pronounced [abae̯a]. The orthography uses the letter ł to represent this phoneme (it specifically represents not the [e̯] sound but the phoneme that is, in some dialects, [e̯] and, in others, [l]).

Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of Irish. Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in many languages of India[citation needed] and in some Swedish dialects, and the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, found in many Native North American languages, Welsh and Zulu. In Adyghe and some Athabaskan languages like Hän, both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricatives occur, but there is no approximant. Many of these languages also have lateral affricates. Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates, such as Dahalo and Zulu, but the IPA has no symbols for such sounds. However, appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below). Also, a devoicing diacritic may be added to the approximant.

Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However, there are a number of exceptions, many of them located in the Pacific Northwest area of the United States. For example, Tlingit has /tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬʼ, ɬ, ɬʼ/ but no /l/.[a] Other examples from the same area include Nuu-chah-nulth and Kutenai, and elsewhere, Chukchi and Kabardian.

Standard Tibetan has a voiceless lateral approximant, usually romanized as lh, as in the name Lhasa.

A uvular lateral approximant has been reported to occur in some speakers of American English.[2]

Pashto has a retroflex lateral flap that becomes voiced retroflex approximant when it is at the end of a syllable and a word.[citation needed]

There are a large number of lateral click consonants; 17 occur in !Xóõ.

Lateral trills are also possible, but they do not occur in any known language. They may be pronounced by initiating [ɬ] or [ɮ] with an especially forceful airflow. There is no symbol for them in the IPA. They are sometimes used to imitate bird calls, and they are a component of Donald Duck talk.

List of laterals

Approximants

Fricatives

Only the alveolar lateral fricatives have dedicated letters in the IPA. However, others appear in the extIPA.

Affricates

Flaps

Ejective

Fricatives

Only the alveolar [ɬ’] has been attested in natural languages.

Affricates

Clicks

Ambiguous centrality

The IPA requires sounds to be defined as to centrality, as either central or lateral. However, languages may be ambiguous as to some consonants' laterality.[4] A well-known example is the liquid consonant in Japanese, represented in common transliteration systems as ⟨r⟩, which can be recognized as a (post)alveolar tap,[5] alveolar lateral flap, (post)alveolar lateral approximant, (post)alveolar approximant,[5] voiced retroflex stop,[6] and various less common forms.

Lateralized consonants

A superscript ⟨ˡ⟩ is defined as lateral release.

Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. This is well-known from speech pathology with a lateral lisp. However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern Arabic dialects and possibly some Modern South Arabian languages, which have pharyngealized nonsibilant /ʪ̪ˤ/ and /ʫ̪ˤ/ (simultaneous [θ͜ɬˤ] and [ð͡ɮˤ]) and possibly a sibilant /ʪ/ (simultaneous [s͜ɬ]). Examples are /θˡˤaim/ 'pain' in the dialect of Al-Rubu'ah and /ðˡˤahr/ 'back' and /ðˡˤabʕ/ 'hyena' in Rijal Almaʽa.[7][8] (Here the ⟨ˡ⟩ indicates simultaneous laterality rather than lateral release.) Old Arabic has been analyzed as having the emphatic central–lateral fricatives [θ͜ɬˤ], [ð͡ɮˤ] and [ʃ͡ɬˤ].[9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some older Tlingit speakers have [l], as an allophone of /n/. This can also be analyzed as phonemic /l/ with an allophone [n].

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 191.
  2. ^ Gimson (2014), p. 221.
  3. ^ Mosonyi & Esteban (2000), pp. 594–661.
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 243.
  5. ^ a b Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
  6. ^ Arai, Takayuki; Warner, Natasha; Greenberg, Steven (2007), "Analysis of spontaneous Japanese in a multi-language telephone-speech corpus", Acoustical Science and Technology, 28 (1): 46–48, doi:10.1250/ast.28.46
  7. ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
  8. ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  9. ^ Potet (2013) Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog, p. 89 ff.

Sources

January 13, 2023
lateral, consonant, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Lateral consonant news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth An example of a lateral consonant is the English L as in Larry Lateral consonants contrast with central consonants in which the airstream flows through the center of the mouth For the most common laterals the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth see dental consonant or the upper gum see alveolar consonant but there are many other possible places for laterals to be made The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids but lateral fricatives and affricates are also common in some parts of the world Some languages such as the Iwaidja and Ilgar languages of Australia have lateral flaps and others such as the Xhosa and Zulu languages of Africa have lateral clicks When pronouncing the labiodental fricatives f and v the lip blocks the airflow in the centre of the vocal tract so the airstream proceeds along the sides instead Nevertheless they are not considered lateral consonants because the airflow never goes over the side of the tongue No known language makes a distinction between lateral and non lateral labiodentals Plosives are never lateral but they may have lateral release Nasals are never lateral either but some languages have lateral nasal clicks For consonants articulated in the throat laryngeals the lateral distinction is not made by any language although pharyngeal and epiglottal laterals are reportedly possible 1 Contents 1 Examples 2 List of laterals 2 1 Approximants 2 2 Fricatives 2 3 Affricates 2 4 Flaps 2 5 Ejective 2 5 1 Fricatives 2 5 2 Affricates 2 6 Clicks 3 Ambiguous centrality 4 Lateralized consonants 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 SourcesExamples EditEnglish has one lateral phoneme the lateral approximant l which in many accents has two allophones One found before vowels as in lady or fly is called clear l pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant l with a neutral position of the body of the tongue The other variant so called dark l found before consonants or word finally as in bold or tell is pronounced as the velarized alveolar lateral approximant ɫ with the tongue assuming a spoon like shape with its back part raised which gives the sound a w or ʟ like resonance In some languages like Albanian those two sounds are different phonemes East Slavic languages contrast ɫ and lʲ but do not have l In many British accents e g Cockney dark ɫ may undergo vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge becoming a rounded back vowel or glide This process turns tell into tɛɰ as must have happened with talk tɔːk or walk wɔːk at some stage A similar process happened during the development of many other languages including Brazilian Portuguese Old French and Polish in all three of these resulting in voiced velar approximant ɰ or voiced labio velar approximant w whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa or Polish Wisla pronounced viswa as compared with English Vistula In central and Venice dialects of Venetian intervocalic l has turned into a semivocalic e so that the written word la bala is pronounced abae a The orthography uses the letter l to represent this phoneme it specifically represents not the e sound but the phoneme that is in some dialects e and in others l Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants as do various dialects of Irish Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in many languages of India citation needed and in some Swedish dialects and the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative ɬ found in many Native North American languages Welsh and Zulu In Adyghe and some Athabaskan languages like Han both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricatives occur but there is no approximant Many of these languages also have lateral affricates Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates such as Dahalo and Zulu but the IPA has no symbols for such sounds However appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral fricative belt to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant see below Also a devoicing diacritic may be added to the approximant Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant However there are a number of exceptions many of them located in the Pacific Northwest area of the United States For example Tlingit has tɬ tɬʰ tɬʼ ɬ ɬʼ but no l a Other examples from the same area include Nuu chah nulth and Kutenai and elsewhere Chukchi and Kabardian Standard Tibetan has a voiceless lateral approximant usually romanized as lh as in the name Lhasa A uvular lateral approximant has been reported to occur in some speakers of American English 2 Pashto has a retroflex lateral flap that becomes voiced retroflex approximant when it is at the end of a syllable and a word citation needed There are a large number of lateral click consonants 17 occur in Xoo Lateral trills are also possible but they do not occur in any known language They may be pronounced by initiating ɬ or ɮ with an especially forceful airflow There is no symbol for them in the IPA They are sometimes used to imitate bird calls and they are a component of Donald Duck talk List of laterals EditApproximants Edit Voiced dental lateral approximant l Voiced alveolar lateral approximant l Voiced retroflex lateral approximant ɭ Voiced palatal lateral approximant ʎ Voiced velar lateral approximant ʟ Voiced uvular lateral approximant ʟ Fricatives Edit Voiceless dental lateral fricative ɬ in Wahgi Voiced dental lateral fricative ɮ allophonic in Wahgi Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative ɬ in Adyghe Chukchi Kabardian Navajo Welsh Voiced alveolar lateral fricative ɮ in Adyghe Kabardian Mongolian Tigak Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative ꞎ in Toda Voiced retroflex lateral fricative ɭ or extIPA in Ao Voiceless palatal lateral fricative ʎ or ʎ or extIPA in Dahalo Inupiaq Voiced palatal lateral fricative ʎ or extIPA allophonic in Jebero Voiceless velar lateral fricative ʟ or extIPA in Archi Nii Wahgi Voiced velar lateral fricative ʟ or extIPA in Archi allophonic in Wahgi Only the alveolar lateral fricatives have dedicated letters in the IPA However others appear in the extIPA Affricates Edit Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate tɬ in Navajo Tlingit Voiced alveolar lateral affricate dɮ allophonic in Zulu and Xhosa Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate ʈꞎ in Kamkata vari Voiced retroflex lateral affricate ɖɭ or extIPA ɖ in Kamkata vari Voiceless palatal lateral affricate cʎ or extIPA c perhaps prepalatal in Sandawe and Hadza Voiced palatal lateral affricate ɟʎ perhaps prepalatal in Sandawe Voiceless velar lateral affricate kʟ or extIPA k in Archi Laghuu Muji Voiced velar lateral affricate ɡʟ in Hiw Laghuu Muji Flaps Edit Voiceless alveolar lateral flap ɺ in Yavitero 3 Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɺ in Wayuu Voiceless retroflex lateral flap ɭ or allophonic in Wahgi Voiced retroflex lateral flap ɭ or in Pashto Iwaidja Palatal lateral flap ʎ allophonic in Iwaidja and Ilgar Velar lateral flap ʟ in Kanite and Melpa Ejective Edit Fricatives Edit Alveolar lateral ejective fricative ɬ in Adyghe Kabardian Tlingit Retroflex lateral ejective fricative ꞎ Palatal lateral ejective fricative ʎ or extIPA ʼ Velar lateral ejective fricative ʟ or extIPA ʼ Only the alveolar ɬ has been attested in natural languages Affricates Edit Alveolar lateral ejective affricate tɬʼ in Baslaney Navajo Tlingit Palatal lateral ejective affricate cʎ ʼ or extIPA c ʼ in Dahalo Sandawe Hadza Velar lateral ejective affricate kʟ ʼ or extIPA k ʼ in Archi Gǀwi Zulu Uvular lateral ejective affricate qʟ ʼ or extIPA q ʼ in Gǀui ǂʼAmkoe Clicks Edit Alveolar lateral clicks ᵏǁ ᶢǁ ᵑǁ ǁ ǁ ᶰǁ etc in all five Khoisan families and several Bantu languages Ambiguous centrality EditThe IPA requires sounds to be defined as to centrality as either central or lateral However languages may be ambiguous as to some consonants laterality 4 A well known example is the liquid consonant in Japanese represented in common transliteration systems as r which can be recognized as a post alveolar tap 5 alveolar lateral flap post alveolar lateral approximant post alveolar approximant 5 voiced retroflex stop 6 and various less common forms Lateralized consonants EditA superscript ˡ is defined as lateral release Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow This is well known from speech pathology with a lateral lisp However it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern Arabic dialects and possibly some Modern South Arabian languages which have pharyngealized nonsibilant ʪ ˤ and ʫ ˤ simultaneous 8 ɬˤ and d ɮˤ and possibly a sibilant ʪ simultaneous s ɬ Examples are 8ˡˤaim pain in the dialect of Al Rubu ah and dˡˤahr back and dˡˤabʕ hyena in Rijal Almaʽa 7 8 Here the ˡ indicates simultaneous laterality rather than lateral release Old Arabic has been analyzed as having the emphatic central lateral fricatives 8 ɬˤ d ɮˤ and ʃ ɬˤ 9 See also EditDelateralization Lateral release phonetics List of phonetics topicsNotes Edit Some older Tlingit speakers have l as an allophone of n This can also be analyzed as phonemic l with an allophone n References Edit Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 191 Gimson 2014 p 221 Mosonyi amp Esteban 2000 pp 594 661 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 243 a b Okada Hideo 1999 Japanese in International Phonetic Association Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 117 119 ISBN 978 0 52163751 0 Arai Takayuki Warner Natasha Greenberg Steven 2007 Analysis of spontaneous Japanese in a multi language telephone speech corpus Acoustical Science and Technology 28 1 46 48 doi 10 1250 ast 28 46 Heselwood 2013 Phonetic transcription in theory and practice p 122 123 Janet Watson January 2011 Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri academia edu Potet 2013 Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog p 89 ff Sources Edit Gimson Alfred Charles 2014 Cruttenden Alan ed Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 clarification needed Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 clarification needed Mosonyi Largo Esteban Jorge eds 2000 Yavitero Manual de Lenguas Ind igenas de Venezuela Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lateral consonant amp oldid 1113171761, 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