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Wikipedia

Minecraft

May 18, 2023

This article is about the video game. For the franchise, see Minecraft (franchise). For other uses, see Minecraft (disambiguation).

Minecraft is a sandbox game developed by Mojang Studios. The game was created by Markus "Notch" Persson in the Java programming language. Following several early private testing versions, it was first made public in May 2009 before being fully released in November 2011, with Notch stepping down and Jens "Jeb" Bergensten taking over development. Minecraft is the best-selling video game in history, with over 238 million copies sold and nearly 140 million monthly active players as of 2021, and has been ported to several platforms.

Minecraft
Minecraft: Bedrock Edition box art
Developer(s)Mojang Studios[b]
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
Artist(s)
Composer(s)
SeriesMinecraft
EngineLightweight Java Game Library (Java)
Render Dragon (Bedrock)
Platform(s)
Windows, macOS, Linux
Release
18 November 2011[a]
  • Windows, macOS, Linux
    • WW: 18 November 2011
  • Android
    • WW: 7 October 2011[1]
  • iOS
    • WW: 17 November 2011[2]
  • Xbox 360
    • WW: 9 May 2012[3]
  • Raspberry Pi
    • WW: 11 February 2013[4]
  • PlayStation 3
    • NA: 17 December 2013
    • EU: 18 December 2013
  • Fire OS
    • WW: 2 April 2014[5]
  • PlayStation 4
    • WW: 4 September 2014[6]
  • Xbox One
    • WW: 5 September 2014[7]
  • PlayStation Vita
    • NA: 14 October 2014[8]
    • EU: 15 October 2014
  • Windows Phone
    • WW: 10 December 2014[9]
  • Windows 10
    • WW: 29 July 2015[10]
  • Wii U
    • WW: 17 December 2015[11]
  • tvOS
    • WW: 19 December 2016[12]
  • Nintendo Switch
    • NA: 11 May 2017
    • PAL: 12 May 2017
  • New Nintendo 3DS
    • WW: 13 September 2017[13]
    • EU: 20 September 2018
Genre(s)
Mode(s)

In Minecraft, players explore a blocky, procedurally generated, three-dimensional world with virtually infinite terrain and may discover and extract raw materials, craft tools and items, and build structures, earthworks, and machines. Depending on their chosen game mode, players can fight hostile mobs, as well as cooperate with or compete against other players in the same world. Game modes include a survival mode (in which players must acquire resources to build in the world and maintain health) and a creative mode (in which players have unlimited resources and access to flight). The game's large community also offers a wide variety of user-generated content, such as modifications, servers, skins, texture packs, and custom maps, which add new game mechanics and possibilities.

Minecraft has received critical acclaim, winning several awards and later being cited as one of the greatest video games ever created. Social media, parodies, adaptations, merchandise, and the annual Minecon conventions played prominent roles in popularizing the game. The game has also been used in educational environments to teach chemistry, computer-aided design, and computer science. In 2014, Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property were purchased by Microsoft for US$2.5 billion. Several spin-offs have also been made, including Minecraft: Story Mode, Minecraft Dungeons, Minecraft Earth, and the most recent release Minecraft Legends.

Gameplay

Minecraft is a 3D sandbox game that has no required goals to accomplish, allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game.[17] However, there is an achievement system,[18] known as "advancements" in the Java Edition and Bedrock Edition of the game, "trophies" on the PlayStation ports, and simply "achievements" on the Xbox ports.[19] Gameplay is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the option of a third-person perspective.[20] The game world is composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes and fluids, and commonly called "blocks"—representing various materials, such as dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks, water, and lava. The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects. These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid, while players can move freely around the world. Players can "mine" blocks and then place them elsewhere, enabling them to build things.[21] Many commentators have described the game's physics system as unrealistic.[22] The game also contains a material called redstone, which can be used to make primitive mechanical devices, electrical circuits, and logic gates, allowing for the construction of many complex systems.[23]

 
An example of Minecraft's procedurally generated terrain, including a village and the default skin Steve

The game world is virtually infinite and procedurally generated as players explore it, using a map seed that is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation (or manually specified by the player).[24][25][26] There are limits on vertical movement, but Minecraft allows an infinitely large game world to be generated on the horizontal plane. Due to technical issues when extremely distant locations are reached, however, there is a barrier preventing players from traversing to locations beyond 30 million blocks from the center.[i][obsolete source] The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller 16 by 16 sections called "chunks" that are only created or loaded when players are nearby.[24] The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields;[27][28] the terrain includes plains, mountains, forests, caves, and bodies of water or lava.[26] The in-game time system follows a day and night cycle, with one full cycle lasting for 20 real-time minutes.

 
Some of Minecraft's monsters, displayed from left to right: a zombie, a spider, an enderman, a creeper, and a skeleton. All, save for the Enderman, are from the Overworld.

When starting a new world, players must choose one of five game modes, as well as one of four difficulties, ranging from "Peaceful" to "Hard". Increasing the difficulty of the game causes the player to take more damage from mobs (non-player characters), as well as having other difficulty-specific effects. For example, the Peaceful difficulty prevents hostile mobs from spawning, and the Hard difficulty allows players to starve to death if their hunger bar is depleted.[29] Once selected, the difficulty can be changed, but the game mode is locked and can only be changed with cheats.

New players are given a randomly selected default character skin out of 9 possibilities, including Steve or Alex,[30] but the option to create custom skins was made available in 2010.[31] Players encounter various mobs, such as animals, villagers, and hostile creatures.[32] Passive mobs, such as cows, pigs, and chickens, can be hunted for food and crafting materials. They spawn in the daytime, while hostile mobs—including large spiders, skeletons, and zombies—spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves.[26] Some hostile mobs, such as zombies, skeletons and drowned (underwater versions of zombies), burn under the sun if they have no headgear.[33] Other creatures unique to Minecraft include the creeper (an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player) and the enderman (a creature with the ability to teleport as well as pick up and place blocks).[34] There are also variants of mobs that spawn in different conditions; for example, zombies have husk and drowned variants that spawn in deserts and oceans, respectively.[35]

Dimensions

Minecraft has two alternative dimensions besides the Overworld (the main world): the Nether and the End.[34]

The Nether

The Nether is a hell-like underworld dimension accessed via either a player-built obsidian portal or one of the Ruined Portals randomly generated throughout the world. It contains many unique resources and can be used to travel great distances in the Overworld, due to every block traveled in the Nether being equivalent to 8 blocks traveled in the Overworld.[36] Water cannot exist in the Nether, as it will vaporize instantly.[37] The Nether is mainly populated by pigman-like mobs called piglins and their zombified counterparts, plus floating balloon-like mobs called ghasts.[38] The player can also build an optional boss mob called The Wither out of materials found in the Nether.[39]

The End

The End is reached by underground portals in the Overworld. It consists of islands floating above a dark, bottomless void. A boss dragon called the Ender Dragon guards the largest, central island.[40] Killing the dragon opens access to an exit portal, which, when entered, cues the game's ending credits and the End Poem, a roughly 1,500-word work written by Irish novelist Julian Gough,[41] which takes about nine minutes to scroll past[42] and is the game's only narrative text[43] and only text of significant length directed at the player.[44]: 10–12  At the conclusion of the credits, the player is teleported back to their respawn point and may continue the game indefinitely.[45]

Game modes

Survival mode

 
The crafting menu in Minecraft, showing the crafting recipe of a stone axe as well as some other blocks and items in the player's inventory

In survival mode, players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items.[26] Depending on the difficulty, monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character, requiring players to build a shelter at night.[26] The mode also has a health bar which is depleted by attacks from mobs, falls, drowning, falling into lava, suffocation, starvation, and other events.[46] Players also have a hunger bar, which must be periodically refilled by eating food in-game (except in peaceful difficulty).[46][47] If the hunger bar is depleted, automatic healing will stop and eventually health will deplete. Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty.[47][48][49]

Players can craft a wide variety of items in Minecraft. Craftable items include armor, which mitigates damage from attacks; weapons (such as swords or axes), which allows monsters and animals to be killed more easily; and tools (such as pickaxes or hoes), which break certain types of blocks more quickly. Some items have multiple tiers depending on the material used to craft them, with higher-tier items being more effective and durable. Players can construct furnaces, which can cook food, process ores, and convert materials into other materials.[50] Players may also exchange goods with a villager (NPC) through a trading system, which involves trading emeralds for different goods and vice versa.[51][32]

The game has an inventory system, allowing players to carry a limited number of items.[52] Upon dying, items in the players' inventories are dropped unless the game is reconfigured not to do so. Players then re-spawn at their spawn point, which by default is where players first spawn in the game and can be reset by sleeping in a bed (in the overworld)[53] or using a respawn anchor(in the Nether).[54] Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they disappear or despawn after 5 minutes. Players may acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players, mining, smelting ores, breeding animals, and cooking food. Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools, armor and weapons.[29] Enchanted items are generally more powerful, last longer, or have other special effects.[29]

Creative mode

In creative mode, players have access to nearly all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu and can place or remove them instantly.[55] Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will, and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger.[56][57] The game mode helps players focus on building and creating projects of any size without disturbance.[55]

Other game modes

Minecraft includes other game modes such as spectator mode, which allows players to fly through blocks. Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant in which, upon death, the player may only view the world in spectator mode or return to the game’s menu. This is only available in Java Edition, however.[58] Adventure mode is a survival mode variant with possible restrictions added by a creator of a map.[59][60][61]

Multiplayer

See also: Minecraft server

Multiplayer in Minecraft enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world. It is available through direct game-to-game multiplayer, LAN play, local split screen (console-only), and servers (player-hosted and business-hosted).[62] Players can run their own servers, use a hosting provider, or connect directly to another player's game via Xbox Live. Single-player worlds have local area network support, allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup.[63] Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators, who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players. Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server.[62] Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having their own unique rules and customs. The largest and most popular server is Hypixel, which has been visited by over 14 million unique players.[64][65] Player versus player combat (PvP) can be enabled to allow fighting between players.[66] Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible.

Minecraft Realms

In 2013, Mojang announced Minecraft Realms, a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own.[67][68] Unlike a standard server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use IP addresses. Minecraft: Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at a time. Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3,000 people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at one time.[69] The Minecraft: Java Edition Realms servers do not support user-made plugins, but players can play custom Minecraft maps.[70] Minecraft Realms servers support user-made add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and custom Minecraft maps.[69] At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, support for cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android platforms was added through Realms starting in June 2016,[71] with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch support to come later in 2017,[72] and support for virtual reality devices. On 31 July 2017, Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play.[73] Nintendo Switch support for Realms was released in July 2018.[74]

Customization

See also: Minecraft modding
 
A smeltery within the mod Tinkers' Construct

The modding community consists of fans, users and third-party programmers. Using a variety of application program interfaces that have arisen over time, they have produced a wide variety of downloadable content for Minecraft, such as modifications, texture packs and custom maps. Modifications of the Minecraft code, called mods, add a variety of gameplay changes, ranging from new blocks, items, and mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms.[75][76] The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay, such as minimaps,[77] waypoints, and durability counters,[78] to ones that add to the game elements from other video games and media. While a variety of mod frameworks were independently developed by reverse engineering the code, Mojang has also enhanced vanilla Minecraft with official frameworks for modification, allowing the production of community-created resource packs, which alter certain game elements including textures and sounds.[79] Players can also create their own "maps" (custom world save files) which often contain specific rules, challenges, puzzles and quests, and share them for others to play.[80] Mojang added an adventure mode in August 2012[81] and "command blocks" in October 2012,[82] which were created specially for custom maps in Java Edition. Data packs, introduced in version 1.13 of the Java Edition, allow further customization, including the ability to add new advancements, dimensions, functions, loot tables, predicates, recipes, structures, tags, world generation settings, and biomes‌.[83][84]

The Xbox 360 Edition supported downloadable content, which was available to purchase via the Xbox Games Store; these content packs usually contained additional character skins.[85] It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing "mash-up packs", which combined texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music and user interface.[86] The first mash-up pack (and by extension, the first texture pack) for the Xbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013, and was themed after the Mass Effect franchise.[87] Unlike Java Edition, however, the Xbox 360 Edition did not support player-made mods or custom maps.[88] A cross-promotional resource pack based on the Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released for the Wii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016.[89] A mash-up pack based on Fallout was announced for release on the Wii U Edition.[90] In April 2018, malware was discovered in several downloadable user-made Minecraft skins for use with the Java Edition of the game.[91][92] Avast stated that nearly 50,000 accounts were infected, and when activated, the malware would attempt to reformat the user's hard drive.[92][91] Mojang promptly patched the issue, and released a statement stating that "the code would not be run or read by the game itself",[91] and would only run when the image containing the skin itself was opened.[93]

In June 2017, Mojang released an update known as the "Discovery Update" to the Bedrock version of the game.[94] The update includes a new map, a new game mode, the "Marketplace", a catalogue of user-generated content that gives Minecraft creators "another way to make a living from the game", and more.[95][96][97]

Development

 
Minecraft creator Markus "Notch" Persson at the GDC in 2016
 
Minecraft lead designer and creative director Jens "Jeb_" Bergensten in 2011
Java Edition major update release timeline
Pre-release years in red
2009Pre-Classic
Classic
Survival Test
2010Indev
Infdev
Alpha
Beta
2011Beta
Release 1.0: "Adventure Update"
20121.1
1.2
1.3
1.4: "Pretty Scary Update"
20131.5: "Redstone Update"
1.6: "Horse Update"
1.7: "The Update that Changed the World"
20141.8: "Bountiful Update"
2015
20161.9: "Combat Update"
1.10: "Frostburn Update"
1.11: "Exploration Update"
20171.12: "World of Color Update"
20181.13: "Update Aquatic"
20191.14: "Village & Pillage"
1.15: "Buzzy Bees"
20201.16: "Nether Update"
20211.17: "Caves & Cliffs: Part I"
1.18: "Caves & Cliffs: Part II"
20221.19: "The Wild Update"
20231.20: "Trails & Tales"

Before coming up with Minecraft, Markus "Notch" Persson was a game developer with King through March 2009, at the time serving mostly browser games, during which he learnt a number of different programming languages.[98] He would prototype his own games during his off-hours at home, often based on inspiration he found from other games, and participated frequently on the TIGSource forums for independent developers.[98] One of these personal projects was called "RubyDung", a base-building game inspired by Dwarf Fortress, but as an isometric three dimensional game like RollerCoaster Tycoon.[99] He had already made a 3D texture mapper for another zombie game prototype he had started to try to emulate the style of Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars.[100] Among the features in "RubyDung" he explored was a first-person view similar to Dungeon Keeper but at the time, felt the graphics were too pixelated and omitted this mode.[100][101] Around March 2009, Persson left King and joined jAlbum, but otherwise kept working on his prototypes.[102][101][103]

Infiniminer, a block-based open-ended mining game first released in April 2009, sparked Persson's inspiration for how to take "RubyDung" forward.[100] Infiniminer heavily influenced the visual style of gameplay, including bringing back the first-person mode, the "blocky" visual style and the block-building fundamentals.[100] However, unlike Infiniminer, Persson wanted Minecraft to have RPG elements.[104]

The original edition of Minecraft, now known as the Java Edition, was first developed in May 2009. Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of Minecraft.[100][105] The base program of Minecraft was completed by Persson over a weekend in that month and a private testing was released on TigIRC on 16 May 2009.[106] The game was first released to the public on 17 May 2009 as a developmental release on TIGSource forums.[107] Persson updated the game based on feedback from the forums.[98][108] This version later became known as the Classic version.[109] Further developmental phases dubbed as Survival Test, Indev, and Infdev were released in 2009 and 2010.[101]

The first major update, dubbed Alpha, was released on 30 June 2010.[110][111] Although Persson maintained a day job with Jalbum.net at first, he later quit in order to work on Minecraft full-time as sales of the alpha version of the game expanded.[112] Persson continued to update the game with releases distributed to users automatically. These updates included new items, new blocks, new mobs, survival mode, and changes to the game's behavior (e.g. how water flows).[112] To back the development of Minecraft, Persson set up a video game company, Mojang, with the money earned from the game.[113][114][115] Mojang co-founders included Jakob Porser, one of Persson's coworkers from King, and Carl Manneh, jAlbum's CEO.[98]

On 11 December 2010, Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on 20 December 2010.[116] He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release would still be free.[117] Over the course of the development, Mojang hired several new employees to work on the project.[118]

Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011.[15] On 1 December 2011, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took full creative control over Minecraft, replacing Persson as lead designer.[119] On 28 February 2012, Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular "Bukkit" developer API for Minecraft,[66] to improve Minecraft's support of server modifications.[120] This acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit server mod which enables the use of Bukkit,[121] although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an open-source project with many contributors, licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License.[122]

On 15 September 2014, Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang, along with the ownership of the Minecraft intellectual property.[123][124][125] The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for enforcing terms in the game's end-user license agreement (EULA), which had been present in the EULA in the prior three years.[126][127][128] According to Persson, Mojang CEO Carl Manneh received a call from a Microsoft executive shortly after the tweet, asking if Persson was serious about a deal. Mojang was also approached by other companies including Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts.[128] The deal with Microsoft was arbitrated on 6 November 2014 and led to Persson becoming one of Forbes' "World's Billionaires".[129][130][131][128]

Since the first full release of Minecraft, dubbed the "Adventure Update", the game has been continuously updated with many major updates, available for free to users who have already purchased the game.[132] Early updates frequently introduced gameplay-altering mechanics while more recent updates tend to enhance the game through additional content or tweaks to existing features.[133][better source needed] The most recent major update to the game was "The Wild Update", which released in June 2022 and added new creatures, biomes, and items.[134]

The original version of the game was renamed to Minecraft: Java Edition on 18 September 2017 to separate it from Bedrock Edition, which was renamed to just Minecraft by the Better Together Update.[135]

The Bedrock Edition has also been regularly updated, with these updates now matching the themes of Java Edition updates. Other versions of the game such as the various console editions and Pocket Edition were either merged into Bedrock or discontinued and as such have not received further updates.[135]

On 16 April 2020, a beta version of Minecraft implementing physically based rendering, ray tracing, and DLSS was released by Nvidia on RTX-enabled GPUs.[136] The final version was released on 8 December 2020.[137]

Minecraft: Pocket Edition

In August 2011, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an early alpha version. It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011.[138][139] An iOS version of Minecraft was released on 17 November 2011.[140] A port was made available for Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang.[141] The port concentrates on the creative building and the primitive survival aspect of the game and does not contain all the features of the PC release. On his Twitter account, Jens Bergensten said that the Pocket Edition of Minecraft is written in C++ and not Java, due to iOS not being able to support Java.[142] However, there now exists a way to play Java Edition on both Android and iOS devices.[143][144]

On 10 December 2014, a port of Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8.1.[145] In January 2017, Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of Pocket Edition.[146] On 19 December 2016, the full version of Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released on iOS, Android, and Windows Phone.

Pocket Edition was replaced by Minecraft: Bedrock Edition in 2017, enabling cross-platform play with the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch Editions.[147]

Legacy Console Editions

An Xbox 360 version of the game, developed by 4J Studios, was released on 9 May 2012.[148][149] On 22 March 2012, it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called Arcade NEXT.[149] The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways, including a newly designed crafting system, the control interface, in-game tutorials, split-screen multiplayer, and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live.[150][151] The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also not "infinite", and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls.[151] The Xbox 360 version was originally similar in content to older PC versions, but was gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC version prior to its discontinuation.[148][152][153] An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other enhancements[154] was released on 5 September 2014.[154]

Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014 respectively.[6] The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title, though it was eventually delayed.[155][156] A version for PlayStation Vita was also released in October 2014.[157] Like the Xbox versions, the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios.[158]

On 17 December 2015, Minecraft: Wii U Edition was released. The Wii U version received a physical release on 17 June 2016 in North America,[159] in Japan on 23 June 2016,[160] and in Europe on 30 June 2016.[161] A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017, along with a physical retail version set for a later date.[162] During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017, Nintendo announced that Minecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition would be available for download immediately after the livestream, and a physical copy available on a later date. The game is only compatible with the New 3DS and New 3DS XL or New 2DS XL systems and does not work with the original 3DS and 3DS XL or 2DS systems.[13]

On 20 September 2017, the Better Together Update was released on the Xbox One, Windows 10, VR, and mobile versions of the game, which used the Pocket Edition engine to enable cross-platform play between each of these versions. This version of the game eventually became known as the Bedrock Edition.[163] Shortly after, the Bedrock Edition was also ported to the Nintendo Switch.

On 18 December 2018, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, and Wii U versions of Minecraft received their final update and would later become known as Legacy Console Editions.[164]

On 15 January 2019, the New Nintendo 3DS version of Minecraft received its final update, effectively becoming discontinued as well.[165]

The PlayStation 4 version of Minecraft was updated in December 2019 and became part of the Bedrock Edition, which enabled cross-platform play for users with a free Xbox Live account.[166]

Minecraft Education

Minecraft Education (known as Minecraft: Education Edition until December 2022)[167] is an educational version of the game, designed specifically for use in educational establishments such as schools, and built off of the Bedrock Edition codebase. It is available on Windows 10, MacOS, iPadOS, and ChromeOS.[168][169] It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack,[170] free lesson plans available online, and two free companion applications: Code Connection and Classroom Mode.[171]

An initial beta test was carried out between 9 June and 1 November 2016.[172] The full game was then released on Windows 10 and MacOS on 1 November 2016.[173] On 20 August 2018, Mojang announced that it would bring Education Edition to iPadOS in Autumn 2018. It was released to the App Store on 6 September 2018.[174] On 27 March 2019, it was announced that it would be operated by JD.com in China.[175] On 26 June 2020, a public beta for the Education Edition was made available to Google Play Store compatible Chromebooks. The full game was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks on 7 August 2020.[169]

Minecraft China

On 20 May 2016, Minecraft China was announced as a localized edition for China, where it was released under a licensing agreement between NetEase and Mojang.[176] The PC edition was released for public testing on 8 August 2017. The iOS version was released on 15 September 2017, and the Android version was released on 12 October 2017.[177][178][179] The PC edition is based on the original Java Edition, while the iOS and Android mobile version is based on the Bedrock Edition. The edition is free-to-play and had over 300 million players by November 2019.[180]

Other PC versions

Apart from Minecraft: Java Edition, there are other versions of Minecraft for PC, including Minecraft for Windows, Minecraft Classic, Minecraft 4K, and a version for the Raspberry Pi.

Minecraft for Windows

Minecraft for Windows is exclusive to Microsoft's Windows 10 and Windows 11 operating systems. The beta release for Windows 10 launched on the Windows Store on July 29, 2015.[181]

After nearly one and a half years in beta, Microsoft fully released Minecraft for Windows on December 19, 2016. Called the "Ender Update", this release implemented new features to this version of Minecraft like world templates and add-on packs.[182] This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends, and to play local multiplayer with owners of Minecraft on other Bedrock platforms. Other features include the ability to use multiple control schemes such as a gamepad, keyboard, or touchscreen (for Microsoft Surface and other touchscreen-enabled devices). Virtual reality support has been implemented, as well as the ability to record and take screenshots in-game via the Windows built-in GameDVR.[183]

As of 7 June 2022, the Java and Bedrock Editions of Minecraft for Windows were merged into a single title for purchase; those who owned one version would automatically gain access to the other version. Both game versions would otherwise remain separate.[184]

Minecraft 4K

Minecraft 4K is a simplified version of Minecraft similar to the Classic version that was developed for the Java 4K Game Programming Contest "in way less than 4 kilobytes".[185] The map itself is finite—composed of 64×64×64 blocks—and the same world is generated every time. Players are restricted to placing or destroying blocks, which consist of grass, dirt, stone, wood, leaves, and brick.[186]

Raspberry Pi

A version of Minecraft for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at Minecon 2012. The Pi Edition is based on an alpha version of Pocket Edition with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game world. Players can open the game code and use the Python programming language to manipulate things in the game world.[187] It also includes a scripting API to modify the game, and server software for multiplayer. The game was leaked on 20 December 2012, but was quickly pulled off.[188] It was officially released on 11 February 2013.[189] Mojang stopped providing updates to Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition in 2016. It is preinstalled on Raspberry Pi OS and can be downloaded for free from the official Minecraft website.[190]

Music

Main article: Music of Minecraft

Minecraft's music and sound effects were produced by German musician Daniel Rosenfeld, better known as C418.[191] The background music in Minecraft is instrumental ambient music.[192] On 4 March 2011, Rosenfeld released a soundtrack titled Minecraft – Volume Alpha; it includes most of the tracks featured in Minecraft, as well as other music not featured in the game.[193] Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku chose the music in Minecraft as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011.[194] On 9 November 2013, Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titled Minecraft – Volume Beta, which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game.[195][196] A physical release of Volume Alpha, consisting of CDs, black vinyl, and limited-edition transparent green vinyl LPs, was issued by indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015.[197][198]

Rosenfield's music have been remain the only music that was in the game until in 2020, "The Nether Update" invited a new composer, Lena Raine. since then, Minecraft have been inviting a lot more composer with Raine remaining as the new main composer such as 1.18 "Caves & Cliffs" soundtrack with Kumi Tanioka, 1.19 "The Wild Update" soundtrack with Samuel Åberg, and 1.20 "Trails and Tales" Soundtrack with the addition of Aaron Cherof's music. Gareth Coker also composed some of the song for the game's mini games that existed in the Legacy Console edition.[199][200][201][202]

Variants

Main article: Minecraft (franchise)

For the tenth anniversary of the game's release, Mojang remade a version of Minecraft Classic in JavaScript and made it available to play online.[203][204] It functions much the same as creative mode, allowing players to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server. Environmental hazards such as lava do not damage players, and some blocks function differently since their behavior was later changed during development.[205][206][207]

Around 2011, prior to Minecraft's full release, there had been collaboration between Mojang and The Lego Group to make a Lego brick-based Minecraft game to be called Brickcraft. This would have modified the base Minecraft game to use Lego bricks, which meant adapting the basic 1×1 block to account for larger pieces typically used in Lego sets. Persson had worked on the preliminary version of this game, which he had named "Project Rex Kwon Do" based on the joke from Napoleon Dynamite. Lego had greenlit the project to go forward, and while Mojang had put two developers on the game for six months, they later opted to cancel the project, as Mojang felt that the Lego Group were too demanding on what they could do, according to Mojang's Daniel Kaplan. The Lego Group had considered buying out Mojang to complete the game, but at this point Microsoft made its offer to buy the company for over $2 billion. According to the Lego Group's Ronny Scherer, the company was not yet sure of the potential success of Minecraft at this point and backed off from acquisition after Microsoft brought this offer to Mojang.[208]

Virtual reality

Early on, Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of Minecraft. However, after Facebook acquired Oculus in 2013, he abruptly canceled plans noting "Facebook creeps me out."[209] A community-made modification known as Minecraft VR was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to Minecraft: Java Edition oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware. A fork of the Minecraft VR modification known as Vivecraft ported the mod to OpenVR, and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive hardware.[210] On 15 August 2016, Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Minecraft on Windows 10.[210] Upon its release, the Minecraft VR mod was discontinued by its developer due to trademark complaints issued by Microsoft, and Vivecraft was endorsed by the community makers of the Minecraft VR modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original Minecraft VR mod.[210] Also available is a Gear VR version, titled Minecraft: Gear VR Edition.[211] Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017. On 7 September 2020, Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4 version of the game would be getting PlayStation VR support in the same month.[212] The only officially supported VR versions of Minecraft are the PlayStation 4 version, Minecraft: Gear VR Edition and Minecraft for Windows 10 for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.[213][212]

Reception

Critics

Early versions of Minecraft received critical acclaim, praising the creative freedom it grants players in-game, as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay.[242][243][244] Critics have praised Minecraft's complex crafting system, commenting that it is an important aspect of the game's open-ended gameplay.[229] Most publications were impressed by the game's "blocky" graphics, with IGN describing them as "instantly memorable".[17] Reviewers also liked the game's adventure elements, noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building.[229] The game's multiplayer feature has been generally received favorably, with IGN commenting that "adventuring is always better with friends".[17] Jaz McDougall of PC Gamer said Minecraft is "intuitively interesting and contagiously fun, with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences".[236] It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world, insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands.[245]

IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers, calling it a "hassle".[17] Critics also said that visual glitches occur periodically.[229] Despite its release out of beta in 2011, GameSpot said the game had an "unfinished feel", adding that some game elements seem "incomplete or thrown together in haste".[229]

A review of the alpha version, by Scott Munro of the Daily Record, called it "already something special" and urged readers to buy it.[246] Jim Rossignol of Rock Paper Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game, calling it "a kind of generative 8-bit Lego Stalker".[247] On 17 September 2010, gaming webcomic Penny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game.[248] The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics, but did not receive as much praise as the PC version. Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version, they acclaimed the port's addition of a tutorial and in-game tips and crafting recipes, saying that they make the game more user-friendly.[88] The Xbox One Edition was one of the best received ports, being praised for its relatively large worlds.[249]

The PlayStation 3 Edition also received generally favorable reviews, being compared to the Xbox 360 Edition and praised for its well-adapted controls.[250] The PlayStation 4 edition was the best received port to date, being praised for having 36 times larger worlds than the PlayStation 3 edition and described as nearly identical to the Xbox One edition.[251][249][215] The PlayStation Vita Edition received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for its technical limitations.[252]

The Wii U version received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for a lack of GamePad integration.[253] The 3DS version received mixed reviews, being criticized for its high price, technical issues, and lack of cross-platform play.[254] The Nintendo Switch Edition received fairly positive reviews from critics, being praised, like other modern ports, for its relatively larger worlds.[255]

Minecraft: Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics. Although reviewers appreciated the game's intuitive controls, they were disappointed by the lack of content. The inability to collect resources and craft items, as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs, were especially criticized.[232][256][257] After updates added more content, Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews. Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics, but still noted a lack of content.[232]

Sales

Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011.[258][259] At the same time, the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except through word of mouth,[260] and various unpaid references in popular media such as the Penny Arcade webcomic.[261] By April 2011, Persson estimated that Minecraft had made €23 million (US$33 million) in revenue, with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game, and over 1 million sales of the beta version.[262] In November 2011, prior to the game's full release, Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases.[263] By March 2012, Minecraft had become the 6th best-selling PC game of all time.[264] As of 10 October 2014, the game had sold 17 million copies on PC, becoming the best-selling PC game of all time.[265] On 25 February 2014, the game reached 100 million registered users.[266] By May 2019, 180 million copies had been sold across all platforms, making it the single best-selling video game of all time. The free-to-play Minecraft China version had over 300 million players by November 2019.[267] By April 2021, Minecraft sold more than 238 million copies worldwide.[268]

The Xbox 360 version of Minecraft became profitable within the first day of the game's release in 2012, when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online.[269] Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace, Minecraft sold upwards of a million copies.[270] GameSpot announced in December 2012 that Minecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012.[271] In 2012, Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade; it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day.[272] As of 4 April 2014, the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies.[273] In addition, Minecraft: Pocket Edition has reached a figure of 21 million in sales.[274] The PlayStation 3 Edition sold one million copies in five weeks.[275] The release of the game's PlayStation Vita version boosted Minecraft sales by 79%, outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest Minecraft launch on a PlayStation console.[276] The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release, according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia.[277] By January 2015, 500,000 digital copies of Minecraft were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms, with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version.[278] As of 2022, the Vita version has sold over 1.65 million physical copies in Japan, making it the best-selling Vita game in the country.[279] Minecraft helped improve Microsoft's total first-party revenue by $63 million for the 2015 second quarter.[280]

The game, including all of its versions, had over 112 million monthly active players by September 2019.[281] On its 11th anniversary in May 2020, the company announced that Minecraft had reached over 200 million copies sold across platforms with over 126 million monthly active players.[282] By April 2021, the number of active monthly users had climbed to 140 million.[283][268][284]

Awards

In July 2010, PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth-best game to play at work.[285] In December of that year, Good Game selected Minecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010,[286] Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year,[287][288] and Rock, Paper, Shotgun named it the "game of the year".[289] Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters, in addition to two out of five Editor's Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie.[290] It was also awarded Game of the Year by PC Gamer UK.[291] The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize, Technical Excellence, and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community-voted Audience Award.[292][293] At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011, Minecraft won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game, Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award, winning every award for which it was nominated.[294][295] It also won GameCity's video game arts award.[296] On 5 May 2011, Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012.[297][298] At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category.[299][300] In 2012, at the British Academy Video Games Awards, Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award.[301] In 2012, Minecraft XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category,[302] and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category.[303] In 2013, it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards.[304] Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014.[305] In 2015, the game placed 6th on USgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.[306] In 2016, Minecraft placed 6th on Time's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list.[307]

Minecraft was nominated for the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite App, but lost to Temple Run.[308] It was nominated for the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game, but lost to Just Dance 2014.[309] The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards.[310] In addition, the Java Edition was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2018 Kids' Choice Awards,[311] while the game itself won the "Still Playing" award at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards,[312] as well as the "Favorite Video Game" award at the 2020 Kids' Choice Awards.[313] Minecraft also won "Stream Game of the Year" at inaugural Streamer Awards in 2022.[314] The game later garnered a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award nomination for Favorite Video Game in 2021,[315] and won the same category in 2022 and 2023.[316][317]

Controversies

2014 EULA changes

Microsoft and Mojang announced in 2014 that it would be changing the Minecraft end-user license agreement (EULA) to prohibit servers from accepting donations or payments in exchange for the donating or paying players receiving in-game advantages on such server, essentially banning servers from enacting "pay-to-win" (PTW) servers. Mojang spokesperson Owen Hill provided examples of what it would and would not allow, saying company would allow for pay-to-play servers in which a player is required to pay a fee to access the server, or for cosmetic enhancements (such as in-game costumes or pets), but that Mojang would be cracking down on paying to obtain powerful swords or potions. The new crackdowns were supported by Persson, citing him receiving multiple emails from parents of children who had spent hundreds of dollars on servers. The Minecraft community and server owners, however, heavily despised the new change in enforcement and protested en masse, which included comparing Mojang to monolithic video game publishers like Electronic Arts and Activision, gaming companies often criticized online for their highly restrictive digital rights management and user license agreements. Many argued that the crackdown would force smaller servers to close their doors, and some blamed the crackdown on Mojang attempting to suppress competition for its own Minecraft Realms subscription service.[318]

Account migration

In 2020, Mojang Studios revealed that it would begin the process of requiring that Microsoft accounts be used in order to log into the Java Edition of the game, and that older Mojang Studios accounts would be sunsetted. The move to Microsoft accounts also required Java Edition players to create Xbox network Gamertags. Mojang Studios defended the move to Microsoft accounts by saying that improved security could be offered, which included Java accounts being able to use two factor authentication, players could block cyberbullies in chat, and improve parental controls. The community responded with intense backlash against this announcement, particularly taking issue to the various technical difficulties encountered in the process and how account migration would be mandatory, even for those who do not play on servers. As of March 10, 2022, Microsoft requires all players to migrate in order to access the Java Edition of Minecraft.[319][320]

Java Edition chat reporting

In June 2022, Microsoft and Mojang Studios announced it would be releasing a player reporting feature in all future builds of Java Edition. In earlier development builds, players could report other players on multiplayer servers for sending messages that are prohibited by the Xbox Live Code of Conduct; report categories included profane language, substance abuse, hate speech, threats of violence, and nudity, though Microsoft in later builds has since excluded the profane language category from the player reporting feature. If a player was found to be in violation of Xbox Community Standards, the player would be banned from all servers for a specific period of time or permanently. The update containing the report feature (1.19.1) was released on 27 July 2022.[321]

Microsoft and Mojang Studios received substantial backlash and protest from community members, one of the most common complaints being that banned players would be forbidden from joining any server, even private ones. Others took issue to what they saw as Microsoft increasing control over its player base and exercising censorship,[322][323][324] sparking some to dub the version "1.19.84", in reference to the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.[325][326]

Cultural impact

 
Cosplay of Minecraft's Steve

In September 2019, The Guardian classified Minecraft as the best video game of (the first two decades of) the 21st century,[327] and in November 2019 Polygon called the game the "most important game of the decade" in its 2010s "decade in review".[328] In December 2019, Forbes gave Minecraft a special mention in a list of the best video games of the 2010s, stating that the game is "without a doubt one of the most important games of the last ten years."[329] In June 2020, Minecraft was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame.[330]

Minecraft is recognized as one of the first successful games to use an early access model to draw in sales prior to its full release version to help fund development.[331] As Minecraft helped to bolster indie game development in the early 2010s, it also helped to popularize the use of the early access model in indie game development.[332]

 
Jordan Maron (known professionally as "CaptainSparklez") is known for his musical Minecraft parodies of hit songs.

Social media sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Reddit played a significant role in popularizing Minecraft.[333] Research conducted by the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication showed that one-third of Minecraft players learned about the game via Internet videos.[334] In 2010, Minecraft-related videos began to gain influence on YouTube, often made by commentators. The videos usually contain screen-capture footage of the game and voice-overs.[335] Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players, walkthroughs of various tasks, and parodies of works in popular culture. By May 2012, over four million Minecraft-related YouTube videos had been uploaded.[336] The game would go on to be a prominent fixture within YouTube's gaming scene during the entire 2010s; in 2014, it was the second-most searched term on the entire platform.[337] By 2018, it was still YouTube's biggest game globally.[338]

Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima, a gaming video company that owns a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube.[335] The Yogscast is a British company that regularly produces Minecraft videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views, and their panel at Minecon 2011 had the highest attendance.[335][339] Other well-known YouTube personalities include Jordan Maron, who has created many Minecraft parodies, including "Minecraft Style", a parody of the internationally successful single "Gangnam Style" by South Korean rapper Psy.[340] Minecraft's popularity on YouTube was described by Polygon as quietly dominant, although in 2019, thanks in part to PewDiePie's playthrough of the game, Minecraft experienced a visible uptick in popularity on the platform.[337][341] YouTube later announced that on 14 December 2021, the total amount of Minecraft-related views exceeded one trillion since the game's inception in 2009.[342]

Minecraft has been referenced by other video games, such as Torchlight II, Team Fortress 2,[343][344] Borderlands 2, Choplifter HD, Super Meat Boy, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, The Binding of Isaac, The Stanley Parable, FTL: Faster Than Light,[345][346] and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, the lattermost of which features a downloadable character and stage based on Minecraft.[347] It was also referenced by electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances.[348] The game is also referenced heavily in "Informative Murder Porn", the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series South Park.[349]

Applications

The possible applications of Minecraft have been discussed extensively, especially in the fields of computer-aided design (CAD) and education. In a panel at Minecon 2011, a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks, stating that rendering using Minecraft was much more user-friendly for the community, making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks.[335] In 2012, a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab, Cody Sumter, said: "Notch hasn't just built a game. He's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program." Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap.[350]

In September 2012, Mojang began the Block by Block project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create real-world environments in Minecraft.[351][352] The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see. Using Minecraft, the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern, and citizens are invited to enter the Minecraft servers and modify their own neighborhood. Carl Manneh, Mojang's managing director, called the game "the perfect tool to facilitate this process", adding "The three-year partnership will support UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016." Mojang signed Minecraft building community, FyreUK, to help render the environments into Minecraft. The first pilot project began in Kibera, one of Nairobi's informal settlements and is in the planning phase. The Block by Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011, Mina Kvarter (My Block), which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualize how they wanted to change their part of town. According to Manneh, the project was a helpful way to visualize urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture. The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions.[353][354]

 
A yarn Minecraft sheep

In April 2014, the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on their own geodata.[355] This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest point at 171 metres (561 ft) (ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span), where the limit in default Minecraft is around 192 metres (630 ft) above in-game sea level.[356][357]

Taking advantage of the game's accessibility where other websites are censored, the non-governmental organization Reporters Without Borders have used an open Minecraft server to create the Uncensored Library, a repository within the game of journalism by authors from countries (including Egypt, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam) who have been censored and arrested, such as Jamal Khashoggi.[358] The neoclassical virtual building was created over about 250 hours by an international team of 24 people.[359]

Despite its unpredictable nature, Minecraft has become a popular game for speedrunning, where players time themselves from being dropped into a new world to reaching The End and defeating the Ender Dragon boss. Some the speedrunners use a combination of mods, external programs, and debug menus, while other runners play the game in a more vanilla or more consistency-oriented way.[360][361]

Education

 
Minecraft being played in an educational setting

Minecraft has also been used in educational settings.[362] In 2011, an educational organization named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools. The group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and accessible to schools. The version of Minecraft through MinecraftEdu includes unique features to allow teachers to monitor the students' progress within the virtual world, such as receiving screenshots from students to show completion of a lesson.[363] In September 2012, MinecraftEdu said that approximately 250,000 students around the world have access to Minecraft through the company.[364] A wide variety of educational activities involving the game have been developed to teach students various subjects, including history, language arts and science. For an example, one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for students to learn and explore.[364] Another teacher created a large-scale representation of an animal cell within Minecraft that student could explore and learn how the cell functions work.[363] Great Ormond Street Hospital has been recreated in Minecraft, and it proposed that patients can use it to virtually explore the hospital before they actually visit.[365] Minecraft may also prove as an innovation in computer-aided design.[366] Minecraft offers an outlet of collaboration in design and could have an impact on the industry.[367]

With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits, users have been able to build functional virtual computers within Minecraft.[368] Such virtual creations include a working hard drive,[369] an 8-bit virtual computer,[370] and even a smaller-scale version of Minecraft that is playable and able to be built completely in survival mode with no external modifications.[371] In at least one instance, a mod has been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by the virtual computer within a Minecraft world.[372]

Another computational mechanic in Minecraft is the command block, a block that is only accessible in creative mode and can alter game logic. It has been used to create emulators for the Atari 2600 (including one by YouTube personality SethBling)[373][374] and the Game Boy Advance.[375]

In September 2014, the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public.[376] Microsoft and non-profit Code.org had teamed up to offer Minecraft-based games, puzzles, and tutorials aimed to help teach children how to program; by March 2018, Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million children have used their tutorials.[377]

Clones

After the release of Minecraft, other video games were released with various similarities to Minecraft, and some were described as being "clones". Examples include Ace of Spades, CastleMiner, CraftWorld, FortressCraft, Terraria, BlockWorld 3D, Total Miner,[378] and Minetest.[379] David Frampton, designer of The Blockheads, reported that one failure of his 2D game was the "low resolution pixel art" that too closely resembled the art in Minecraft, which resulted in "some resistance" from fans.[380] A homebrew adaptation of the alpha version of Minecraft for the Nintendo DS, titled DScraft, has been released; it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system.[381] In response to Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and their Minecraft IP, various developers announced further clone titles developed specifically for Nintendo's consoles, as they were the only major platforms to not officially receive Minecraft at the time.[382] These clone titles include UCraft (Nexis Games),[383] Cube Life: Island Survival (Cypronia),[384] Discovery (Noowanda),[385] Battleminer (Wobbly Tooth Games),[386] Cube Creator 3D (Big John Games),[387] and Stone Shire (Finger Gun Games).[388] Despite this, the fears of fans were unfounded, with official Minecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming.[389][390][11]

Markus Persson made another similar game, Minicraft, for a Ludum Dare competition in 2011.[391]

Minecon

Main article: Minecon

Minecon is the annual official fan convention dedicated to Minecraft. The first Minecon was held in November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[392] The event included the official launch of Minecraft; keynote speeches, including one by Persson; building and costume contests; Minecraft-themed breakout classes; exhibits by leading gaming and Minecraft-related companies; commemorative merchandise; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well-known contributors from the Minecraft community.[393] In 2016, Minecon was held in-person for the last time, with the following years featuring annual livestreams instead.

Notes

  1. ^ Minecraft was first publicly available on 17 May 2009,[14] and was fully released on 18 November 2011.[15]
  2. ^ Ports to consoles developed by 4J Studios;[16] New Nintendo 3DS port developed by Other Ocean Interactive.
  3. ^ PC/Java, Android, iOS, Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch
  4. ^ Xbox 360, Xbox One, Windows Phone, Windows 10 Edition
  5. ^ PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
  6. ^ 2009–2011
  7. ^ 2011–present
  8. ^ Additional music has been written by Samuel Åberg and Gareth Coker for various later updates.
  9. ^ In a blog post,[24] Persson explains:
    "... let me clarify some things about the "infinite" maps: They're not infinite, but there's no hard limit either. It'll just get buggier and buggier the further out you are. Terrain is generated, saved and loaded, and (kind of) rendered in chunks of 16*16*128 blocks. These chunks have an offset value that is a 32 bit integer roughly in the range negative two billion to positive two billion. If you go outside that range (about 25% of the distance from where you are now to the sun), loading and saving chunks will start overwriting old chunks. At a 16/th of that distance, things that use integers for block positions, such as using items and pathfinding, will start overflowing and acting weird.

    Those are the two "hard" limits."

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May 18, 2023
minecraft, this, article, about, video, game, franchise, franchise, other, uses, disambiguation, sandbox, game, developed, mojang, studios, game, created, markus, notch, persson, java, programming, language, following, several, early, private, testing, version. This article is about the video game For the franchise see Minecraft franchise For other uses see Minecraft disambiguation Minecraft is a sandbox game developed by Mojang Studios The game was created by Markus Notch Persson in the Java programming language Following several early private testing versions it was first made public in May 2009 before being fully released in November 2011 with Notch stepping down and Jens Jeb Bergensten taking over development Minecraft is the best selling video game in history with over 238 million copies sold and nearly 140 million monthly active players as of 2021 update and has been ported to several platforms MinecraftMinecraft Bedrock Edition box artDeveloper s Mojang Studios b Publisher s Mojang Studios c Xbox Game Studios d Sony Interactive Entertainment e Designer s Markus Persson f Jens Bergensten g Artist s Markus ToivonenJasper BoerstraKristoffer ZetterstrandComposer s C418Lena RaineKumi TaniokaAaron Cherof h SeriesMinecraftEngineLightweight Java Game Library Java Render Dragon Bedrock Platform s Windows macOS Linux AndroidiOSiPadOSXbox 360Raspberry PiWindows PhonePlayStation 3Fire OSPlayStation 4Xbox OnePlayStation VitaWii UApple TVtvOSNintendo SwitchNew Nintendo 3DSRelease18 November 2011 a Windows macOS LinuxWW 18 November 2011AndroidWW 7 October 2011 1 iOSWW 17 November 2011 2 Xbox 360WW 9 May 2012 3 Raspberry PiWW 11 February 2013 4 PlayStation 3NA 17 December 2013EU 18 December 2013Fire OSWW 2 April 2014 5 PlayStation 4WW 4 September 2014 6 Xbox OneWW 5 September 2014 7 PlayStation VitaNA 14 October 2014 8 EU 15 October 2014Windows PhoneWW 10 December 2014 9 Windows 10WW 29 July 2015 10 Wii UWW 17 December 2015 11 tvOSWW 19 December 2016 12 Nintendo SwitchNA 11 May 2017PAL 12 May 2017New Nintendo 3DSWW 13 September 2017 13 EU 20 September 2018Genre s Sandbox SurvivalMode s Single player MultiplayerIn Minecraft players explore a blocky procedurally generated three dimensional world with virtually infinite terrain and may discover and extract raw materials craft tools and items and build structures earthworks and machines Depending on their chosen game mode players can fight hostile mobs as well as cooperate with or compete against other players in the same world Game modes include a survival mode in which players must acquire resources to build in the world and maintain health and a creative mode in which players have unlimited resources and access to flight The game s large community also offers a wide variety of user generated content such as modifications servers skins texture packs and custom maps which add new game mechanics and possibilities Minecraft has received critical acclaim winning several awards and later being cited as one of the greatest video games ever created Social media parodies adaptations merchandise and the annual Minecon conventions played prominent roles in popularizing the game The game has also been used in educational environments to teach chemistry computer aided design and computer science In 2014 Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property were purchased by Microsoft for US 2 5 billion Several spin offs have also been made including Minecraft Story Mode Minecraft Dungeons Minecraft Earth and the most recent release Minecraft Legends Contents 1 Gameplay 1 1 Dimensions 1 1 1 The Nether 1 1 2 The End 1 2 Game modes 1 2 1 Survival mode 1 2 2 Creative mode 1 2 3 Other game modes 1 3 Multiplayer 1 3 1 Minecraft Realms 1 4 Customization 2 Development 2 1 Minecraft Pocket Edition 2 2 Legacy Console Editions 2 3 Minecraft Education 2 4 Minecraft China 2 5 Other PC versions 2 5 1 Minecraft for Windows 2 5 2 Minecraft 4K 2 5 3 Raspberry Pi 2 6 Music 2 7 Variants 2 7 1 Virtual reality 3 Reception 3 1 Critics 3 2 Sales 3 3 Awards 3 4 Controversies 3 4 1 2014 EULA changes 3 4 2 Account migration 3 4 3 Java Edition chat reporting 4 Cultural impact 4 1 Applications 4 1 1 Education 4 2 Clones 4 3 Minecon 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Further reading 7 External linksGameplayMinecraft is a 3D sandbox game that has no required goals to accomplish allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game 17 However there is an achievement system 18 known as advancements in the Java Edition and Bedrock Edition of the game trophies on the PlayStation ports and simply achievements on the Xbox ports 19 Gameplay is in the first person perspective by default but players have the option of a third person perspective 20 The game world is composed of rough 3D objects mainly cubes and fluids and commonly called blocks representing various materials such as dirt stone ores tree trunks water and lava The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid while players can move freely around the world Players can mine blocks and then place them elsewhere enabling them to build things 21 Many commentators have described the game s physics system as unrealistic 22 The game also contains a material called redstone which can be used to make primitive mechanical devices electrical circuits and logic gates allowing for the construction of many complex systems 23 An example of Minecraft s procedurally generated terrain including a village and the default skin Steve The game world is virtually infinite and procedurally generated as players explore it using a map seed that is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation or manually specified by the player 24 25 26 There are limits on vertical movement but Minecraft allows an infinitely large game world to be generated on the horizontal plane Due to technical issues when extremely distant locations are reached however there is a barrier preventing players from traversing to locations beyond 30 million blocks from the center i obsolete source The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller 16 by 16 sections called chunks that are only created or loaded when players are nearby 24 The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields 27 28 the terrain includes plains mountains forests caves and bodies of water or lava 26 The in game time system follows a day and night cycle with one full cycle lasting for 20 real time minutes Some of Minecraft s monsters displayed from left to right a zombie a spider an enderman a creeper and a skeleton All save for the Enderman are from the Overworld When starting a new world players must choose one of five game modes as well as one of four difficulties ranging from Peaceful to Hard Increasing the difficulty of the game causes the player to take more damage from mobs non player characters as well as having other difficulty specific effects For example the Peaceful difficulty prevents hostile mobs from spawning and the Hard difficulty allows players to starve to death if their hunger bar is depleted 29 Once selected the difficulty can be changed but the game mode is locked and can only be changed with cheats New players are given a randomly selected default character skin out of 9 possibilities including Steve or Alex 30 but the option to create custom skins was made available in 2010 31 Players encounter various mobs such as animals villagers and hostile creatures 32 Passive mobs such as cows pigs and chickens can be hunted for food and crafting materials They spawn in the daytime while hostile mobs including large spiders skeletons and zombies spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves 26 Some hostile mobs such as zombies skeletons and drowned underwater versions of zombies burn under the sun if they have no headgear 33 Other creatures unique to Minecraft include the creeper an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player and the enderman a creature with the ability to teleport as well as pick up and place blocks 34 There are also variants of mobs that spawn in different conditions for example zombies have husk and drowned variants that spawn in deserts and oceans respectively 35 Dimensions Minecraft has two alternative dimensions besides the Overworld the main world the Nether and the End 34 The Nether The Nether is a hell like underworld dimension accessed via either a player built obsidian portal or one of the Ruined Portals randomly generated throughout the world It contains many unique resources and can be used to travel great distances in the Overworld due to every block traveled in the Nether being equivalent to 8 blocks traveled in the Overworld 36 Water cannot exist in the Nether as it will vaporize instantly 37 The Nether is mainly populated by pigman like mobs called piglins and their zombified counterparts plus floating balloon like mobs called ghasts 38 The player can also build an optional boss mob called The Wither out of materials found in the Nether 39 The End The End is reached by underground portals in the Overworld It consists of islands floating above a dark bottomless void A boss dragon called the Ender Dragon guards the largest central island 40 Killing the dragon opens access to an exit portal which when entered cues the game s ending credits and the End Poem a roughly 1 500 word work written by Irish novelist Julian Gough 41 which takes about nine minutes to scroll past 42 and is the game s only narrative text 43 and only text of significant length directed at the player 44 10 12 At the conclusion of the credits the player is teleported back to their respawn point and may continue the game indefinitely 45 Game modes Survival mode The crafting menu in Minecraft showing the crafting recipe of a stone axe as well as some other blocks and items in the player s inventory In survival mode players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items 26 Depending on the difficulty monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character requiring players to build a shelter at night 26 The mode also has a health bar which is depleted by attacks from mobs falls drowning falling into lava suffocation starvation and other events 46 Players also have a hunger bar which must be periodically refilled by eating food in game except in peaceful difficulty 46 47 If the hunger bar is depleted automatic healing will stop and eventually health will deplete Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty 47 48 49 Players can craft a wide variety of items in Minecraft Craftable items include armor which mitigates damage from attacks weapons such as swords or axes which allows monsters and animals to be killed more easily and tools such as pickaxes or hoes which break certain types of blocks more quickly Some items have multiple tiers depending on the material used to craft them with higher tier items being more effective and durable Players can construct furnaces which can cook food process ores and convert materials into other materials 50 Players may also exchange goods with a villager NPC through a trading system which involves trading emeralds for different goods and vice versa 51 32 The game has an inventory system allowing players to carry a limited number of items 52 Upon dying items in the players inventories are dropped unless the game is reconfigured not to do so Players then re spawn at their spawn point which by default is where players first spawn in the game and can be reset by sleeping in a bed in the overworld 53 or using a respawn anchor in the Nether 54 Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they disappear or despawn after 5 minutes Players may acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players mining smelting ores breeding animals and cooking food Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools armor and weapons 29 Enchanted items are generally more powerful last longer or have other special effects 29 Creative mode In creative mode players have access to nearly all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu and can place or remove them instantly 55 Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger 56 57 The game mode helps players focus on building and creating projects of any size without disturbance 55 Other game modes Minecraft includes other game modes such as spectator mode which allows players to fly through blocks Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant in which upon death the player may only view the world in spectator mode or return to the game s menu This is only available in Java Edition however 58 Adventure mode is a survival mode variant with possible restrictions added by a creator of a map 59 60 61 Multiplayer See also Minecraft server Multiplayer in Minecraft enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world It is available through direct game to game multiplayer LAN play local split screen console only and servers player hosted and business hosted 62 Players can run their own servers use a hosting provider or connect directly to another player s game via Xbox Live Single player worlds have local area network support allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup 63 Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server 62 Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities with some servers having their own unique rules and customs The largest and most popular server is Hypixel which has been visited by over 14 million unique players 64 65 Player versus player combat PvP can be enabled to allow fighting between players 66 Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible Minecraft Realms In 2013 Mojang announced Minecraft Realms a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own 67 68 Unlike a standard server only invited players can join Realms servers and these servers do not use IP addresses Minecraft Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server with up to ten players online at a time Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3 000 people to play on their server with up to ten players online at one time 69 The Minecraft Java Edition Realms servers do not support user made plugins but players can play custom Minecraft maps 70 Minecraft Realms servers support user made add ons resource packs behavior packs and custom Minecraft maps 69 At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 support for cross platform play between Windows 10 iOS and Android platforms was added through Realms starting in June 2016 71 with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch support to come later in 2017 72 and support for virtual reality devices On 31 July 2017 Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross platform play 73 Nintendo Switch support for Realms was released in July 2018 74 Customization See also Minecraft modding A smeltery within the mod Tinkers Construct The modding community consists of fans users and third party programmers Using a variety of application program interfaces that have arisen over time they have produced a wide variety of downloadable content for Minecraft such as modifications texture packs and custom maps Modifications of the Minecraft code called mods add a variety of gameplay changes ranging from new blocks items and mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms 75 76 The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay such as minimaps 77 waypoints and durability counters 78 to ones that add to the game elements from other video games and media While a variety of mod frameworks were independently developed by reverse engineering the code Mojang has also enhanced vanilla Minecraft with official frameworks for modification allowing the production of community created resource packs which alter certain game elements including textures and sounds 79 Players can also create their own maps custom world save files which often contain specific rules challenges puzzles and quests and share them for others to play 80 Mojang added an adventure mode in August 2012 81 and command blocks in October 2012 82 which were created specially for custom maps in Java Edition Data packs introduced in version 1 13 of the Java Edition allow further customization including the ability to add new advancements dimensions functions loot tables predicates recipes structures tags world generation settings and biomes 83 84 The Xbox 360 Edition supported downloadable content which was available to purchase via the Xbox Games Store these content packs usually contained additional character skins 85 It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing mash up packs which combined texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game s sounds music and user interface 86 The first mash up pack and by extension the first texture pack for the Xbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013 and was themed after the Mass Effect franchise 87 Unlike Java Edition however the Xbox 360 Edition did not support player made mods or custom maps 88 A cross promotional resource pack based on the Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released for the Wii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016 89 A mash up pack based on Fallout was announced for release on the Wii U Edition 90 In April 2018 malware was discovered in several downloadable user made Minecraft skins for use with the Java Edition of the game 91 92 Avast stated that nearly 50 000 accounts were infected and when activated the malware would attempt to reformat the user s hard drive 92 91 Mojang promptly patched the issue and released a statement stating that the code would not be run or read by the game itself 91 and would only run when the image containing the skin itself was opened 93 In June 2017 Mojang released an update known as the Discovery Update to the Bedrock version of the game 94 The update includes a new map a new game mode the Marketplace a catalogue of user generated content that gives Minecraft creators another way to make a living from the game and more 95 96 97 Development Minecraft creator Markus Notch Persson at the GDC in 2016 Minecraft lead designer and creative director Jens Jeb Bergensten in 2011 Java Edition major update release timelinePre release years in red2009Pre ClassicClassicSurvival Test2010IndevInfdevAlphaBeta2011BetaRelease 1 0 Adventure Update 20121 11 21 31 4 Pretty Scary Update 20131 5 Redstone Update 1 6 Horse Update 1 7 The Update that Changed the World 20141 8 Bountiful Update 201520161 9 Combat Update 1 10 Frostburn Update 1 11 Exploration Update 20171 12 World of Color Update 20181 13 Update Aquatic 20191 14 Village amp Pillage 1 15 Buzzy Bees 20201 16 Nether Update 20211 17 Caves amp Cliffs Part I 1 18 Caves amp Cliffs Part II 20221 19 The Wild Update 20231 20 Trails amp Tales Before coming up with Minecraft Markus Notch Persson was a game developer with King through March 2009 at the time serving mostly browser games during which he learnt a number of different programming languages 98 He would prototype his own games during his off hours at home often based on inspiration he found from other games and participated frequently on the TIGSource forums for independent developers 98 One of these personal projects was called RubyDung a base building game inspired by Dwarf Fortress but as an isometric three dimensional game like RollerCoaster Tycoon 99 He had already made a 3D texture mapper for another zombie game prototype he had started to try to emulate the style of Grand Theft Auto Chinatown Wars 100 Among the features in RubyDung he explored was a first person view similar to Dungeon Keeper but at the time felt the graphics were too pixelated and omitted this mode 100 101 Around March 2009 Persson left King and joined jAlbum but otherwise kept working on his prototypes 102 101 103 Infiniminer a block based open ended mining game first released in April 2009 sparked Persson s inspiration for how to take RubyDung forward 100 Infiniminer heavily influenced the visual style of gameplay including bringing back the first person mode the blocky visual style and the block building fundamentals 100 However unlike Infiniminer Persson wanted Minecraft to have RPG elements 104 The original edition of Minecraft now known as the Java Edition was first developed in May 2009 Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of Minecraft 100 105 The base program of Minecraft was completed by Persson over a weekend in that month and a private testing was released on TigIRC on 16 May 2009 106 The game was first released to the public on 17 May 2009 as a developmental release on TIGSource forums 107 Persson updated the game based on feedback from the forums 98 108 This version later became known as the Classic version 109 Further developmental phases dubbed as Survival Test Indev and Infdev were released in 2009 and 2010 101 The first major update dubbed Alpha was released on 30 June 2010 110 111 Although Persson maintained a day job with Jalbum net at first he later quit in order to work on Minecraft full time as sales of the alpha version of the game expanded 112 Persson continued to update the game with releases distributed to users automatically These updates included new items new blocks new mobs survival mode and changes to the game s behavior e g how water flows 112 To back the development of Minecraft Persson set up a video game company Mojang with the money earned from the game 113 114 115 Mojang co founders included Jakob Porser one of Persson s coworkers from King and Carl Manneh jAlbum s CEO 98 On 11 December 2010 Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on 20 December 2010 116 He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release would still be free 117 Over the course of the development Mojang hired several new employees to work on the project 118 Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011 15 On 1 December 2011 Jens Jeb Bergensten took full creative control over Minecraft replacing Persson as lead designer 119 On 28 February 2012 Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular Bukkit developer API for Minecraft 66 to improve Minecraft s support of server modifications 120 This acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit server mod which enables the use of Bukkit 121 although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an open source project with many contributors licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License 122 On 15 September 2014 Microsoft announced a 2 5 billion deal to buy Mojang along with the ownership of the Minecraft intellectual property 123 124 125 The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for enforcing terms in the game s end user license agreement EULA which had been present in the EULA in the prior three years 126 127 128 According to Persson Mojang CEO Carl Manneh received a call from a Microsoft executive shortly after the tweet asking if Persson was serious about a deal Mojang was also approached by other companies including Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts 128 The deal with Microsoft was arbitrated on 6 November 2014 and led to Persson becoming one of Forbes World s Billionaires 129 130 131 128 Since the first full release of Minecraft dubbed the Adventure Update the game has been continuously updated with many major updates available for free to users who have already purchased the game 132 Early updates frequently introduced gameplay altering mechanics while more recent updates tend to enhance the game through additional content or tweaks to existing features 133 better source needed The most recent major update to the game was The Wild Update which released in June 2022 and added new creatures biomes and items 134 The original version of the game was renamed to Minecraft Java Edition on 18 September 2017 to separate it from Bedrock Edition which was renamed to just Minecraft by the Better Together Update 135 The Bedrock Edition has also been regularly updated with these updates now matching the themes of Java Edition updates Other versions of the game such as the various console editions and Pocket Edition were either merged into Bedrock or discontinued and as such have not received further updates 135 On 16 April 2020 a beta version of Minecraft implementing physically based rendering ray tracing and DLSS was released by Nvidia on RTX enabled GPUs 136 The final version was released on 8 December 2020 137 Minecraft Pocket Edition In August 2011 Minecraft Pocket Edition was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an early alpha version It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011 138 139 An iOS version of Minecraft was released on 17 November 2011 140 A port was made available for Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang 141 The port concentrates on the creative building and the primitive survival aspect of the game and does not contain all the features of the PC release On his Twitter account Jens Bergensten said that the Pocket Edition of Minecraft is written in C and not Java due to iOS not being able to support Java 142 However there now exists a way to play Java Edition on both Android and iOS devices 143 144 On 10 December 2014 a port of Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8 1 145 In January 2017 Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of Pocket Edition 146 On 19 December 2016 the full version of Minecraft Pocket Edition was released on iOS Android and Windows Phone Pocket Edition was replaced by Minecraft Bedrock Edition in 2017 enabling cross platform play with the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch Editions 147 Legacy Console Editions An Xbox 360 version of the game developed by 4J Studios was released on 9 May 2012 148 149 On 22 March 2012 it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called Arcade NEXT 149 The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways including a newly designed crafting system the control interface in game tutorials split screen multiplayer and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live 150 151 The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also not infinite and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls 151 The Xbox 360 version was originally similar in content to older PC versions but was gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC version prior to its discontinuation 148 152 153 An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other enhancements 154 was released on 5 September 2014 154 Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014 respectively 6 The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title though it was eventually delayed 155 156 A version for PlayStation Vita was also released in October 2014 157 Like the Xbox versions the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios 158 On 17 December 2015 Minecraft Wii U Edition was released The Wii U version received a physical release on 17 June 2016 in North America 159 in Japan on 23 June 2016 160 and in Europe on 30 June 2016 161 A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017 along with a physical retail version set for a later date 162 During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017 Nintendo announced that Minecraft New Nintendo 3DS Edition would be available for download immediately after the livestream and a physical copy available on a later date The game is only compatible with the New 3DS and New 3DS XL or New 2DS XL systems and does not work with the original 3DS and 3DS XL or 2DS systems 13 On 20 September 2017 the Better Together Update was released on the Xbox One Windows 10 VR and mobile versions of the game which used the Pocket Edition engine to enable cross platform play between each of these versions This version of the game eventually became known as the Bedrock Edition 163 Shortly after the Bedrock Edition was also ported to the Nintendo Switch On 18 December 2018 the PlayStation 3 PlayStation Vita Xbox 360 and Wii U versions of Minecraft received their final update and would later become known as Legacy Console Editions 164 On 15 January 2019 the New Nintendo 3DS version of Minecraft received its final update effectively becoming discontinued as well 165 The PlayStation 4 version of Minecraft was updated in December 2019 and became part of the Bedrock Edition which enabled cross platform play for users with a free Xbox Live account 166 Minecraft Education Minecraft Education known as Minecraft Education Edition until December 2022 167 is an educational version of the game designed specifically for use in educational establishments such as schools and built off of the Bedrock Edition codebase It is available on Windows 10 MacOS iPadOS and ChromeOS 168 169 It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack 170 free lesson plans available online and two free companion applications Code Connection and Classroom Mode 171 An initial beta test was carried out between 9 June and 1 November 2016 172 The full game was then released on Windows 10 and MacOS on 1 November 2016 173 On 20 August 2018 Mojang announced that it would bring Education Edition to iPadOS in Autumn 2018 It was released to the App Store on 6 September 2018 174 On 27 March 2019 it was announced that it would be operated by JD com in China 175 On 26 June 2020 a public beta for the Education Edition was made available to Google Play Store compatible Chromebooks The full game was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks on 7 August 2020 169 Minecraft China On 20 May 2016 Minecraft China was announced as a localized edition for China where it was released under a licensing agreement between NetEase and Mojang 176 The PC edition was released for public testing on 8 August 2017 The iOS version was released on 15 September 2017 and the Android version was released on 12 October 2017 177 178 179 The PC edition is based on the original Java Edition while the iOS and Android mobile version is based on the Bedrock Edition The edition is free to play and had over 300 million players by November 2019 180 Other PC versions Apart from Minecraft Java Edition there are other versions of Minecraft for PC including Minecraft for Windows Minecraft Classic Minecraft 4K and a version for the Raspberry Pi Minecraft for Windows Minecraft for Windows is exclusive to Microsoft s Windows 10 and Windows 11 operating systems The beta release for Windows 10 launched on the Windows Store on July 29 2015 181 After nearly one and a half years in beta Microsoft fully released Minecraft for Windows on December 19 2016 Called the Ender Update this release implemented new features to this version of Minecraft like world templates and add on packs 182 This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends and to play local multiplayer with owners of Minecraft on other Bedrock platforms Other features include the ability to use multiple control schemes such as a gamepad keyboard or touchscreen for Microsoft Surface and other touchscreen enabled devices Virtual reality support has been implemented as well as the ability to record and take screenshots in game via the Windows built in GameDVR 183 As of 7 June 2022 the Java and Bedrock Editions of Minecraft for Windows were merged into a single title for purchase those who owned one version would automatically gain access to the other version Both game versions would otherwise remain separate 184 Minecraft 4K Minecraft 4K is a simplified version of Minecraft similar to the Classic version that was developed for the Java 4K Game Programming Contest in way less than 4 kilobytes 185 The map itself is finite composed of 64 64 64 blocks and the same world is generated every time Players are restricted to placing or destroying blocks which consist of grass dirt stone wood leaves and brick 186 Raspberry Pi A version of Minecraft for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at Minecon 2012 The Pi Edition is based on an alpha version of Pocket Edition with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game world Players can open the game code and use the Python programming language to manipulate things in the game world 187 It also includes a scripting API to modify the game and server software for multiplayer The game was leaked on 20 December 2012 but was quickly pulled off 188 It was officially released on 11 February 2013 189 Mojang stopped providing updates to Minecraft Raspberry Pi Edition in 2016 It is preinstalled on Raspberry Pi OS and can be downloaded for free from the official Minecraft website 190 Music Main article Music of Minecraft Minecraft s music and sound effects were produced by German musician Daniel Rosenfeld better known as C418 191 The background music in Minecraft is instrumental ambient music 192 On 4 March 2011 Rosenfeld released a soundtrack titled Minecraft Volume Alpha it includes most of the tracks featured in Minecraft as well as other music not featured in the game 193 Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku chose the music in Minecraft as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011 194 On 9 November 2013 Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack titled Minecraft Volume Beta which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game 195 196 A physical release of Volume Alpha consisting of CDs black vinyl and limited edition transparent green vinyl LPs was issued by indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015 197 198 Rosenfield s music have been remain the only music that was in the game until in 2020 The Nether Update invited a new composer Lena Raine since then Minecraft have been inviting a lot more composer with Raine remaining as the new main composer such as 1 18 Caves amp Cliffs soundtrack with Kumi Tanioka 1 19 The Wild Update soundtrack with Samuel Aberg and 1 20 Trails and Tales Soundtrack with the addition of Aaron Cherof s music Gareth Coker also composed some of the song for the game s mini games that existed in the Legacy Console edition 199 200 201 202 Variants Main article Minecraft franchise For the tenth anniversary of the game s release Mojang remade a version of Minecraft Classic in JavaScript and made it available to play online 203 204 It functions much the same as creative mode allowing players to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server Environmental hazards such as lava do not damage players and some blocks function differently since their behavior was later changed during development 205 206 207 Around 2011 prior to Minecraft s full release there had been collaboration between Mojang and The Lego Group to make a Lego brick based Minecraft game to be called Brickcraft This would have modified the base Minecraft game to use Lego bricks which meant adapting the basic 1 1 block to account for larger pieces typically used in Lego sets Persson had worked on the preliminary version of this game which he had named Project Rex Kwon Do based on the joke from Napoleon Dynamite Lego had greenlit the project to go forward and while Mojang had put two developers on the game for six months they later opted to cancel the project as Mojang felt that the Lego Group were too demanding on what they could do according to Mojang s Daniel Kaplan The Lego Group had considered buying out Mojang to complete the game but at this point Microsoft made its offer to buy the company for over 2 billion According to the Lego Group s Ronny Scherer the company was not yet sure of the potential success of Minecraft at this point and backed off from acquisition after Microsoft brought this offer to Mojang 208 Virtual reality Early on Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of Minecraft However after Facebook acquired Oculus in 2013 he abruptly canceled plans noting Facebook creeps me out 209 A community made modification known as Minecraft VR was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to Minecraft Java Edition oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware A fork of the Minecraft VR modification known as Vivecraft ported the mod to OpenVR and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive hardware 210 On 15 August 2016 Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Minecraft on Windows 10 210 Upon its release the Minecraft VR mod was discontinued by its developer due to trademark complaints issued by Microsoft and Vivecraft was endorsed by the community makers of the Minecraft VR modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original Minecraft VR mod 210 Also available is a Gear VR version titled Minecraft Gear VR Edition 211 Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017 On 7 September 2020 Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4 version of the game would be getting PlayStation VR support in the same month 212 The only officially supported VR versions of Minecraft are the PlayStation 4 version Minecraft Gear VR Edition and Minecraft for Windows 10 for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets 213 212 ReceptionReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic PC 93 100 214 PS4 89 100 215 XONE 88 100 216 PS3 86 100 217 NS 86 100 218 VITA 84 100 219 X360 82 100 220 WIIU 77 100 221 3DS 62 100 222 iOS 53 100 223 Review scoresPublicationScore1Up com PC A 224 Edge PC 9 10 225 Eurogamer PC 10 10 34 X360 9 10 226 Game Informer PC 9 25 10 227 X360 8 75 10 228 GameSpot PC 8 5 10 229 X360 7 0 10 151 GameSpy PC 230 IGN PC 9 0 10 231 iOS 7 5 10 232 X360 8 5 10 88 PS3 9 5 10 233 PS4 9 7 10 234 XONE 9 7 10 234 VITA 9 5 10 233 NS 9 5 10 235 Nintendo Life WII U 7 5 10 239 3DS 6 6 10 240 NS 8 2 10 241 PC Gamer US PC 96 100 236 TouchArcade iOS 237 Version 0 12 238 Critics Early versions of Minecraft received critical acclaim praising the creative freedom it grants players in game as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay 242 243 244 Critics have praised Minecraft s complex crafting system commenting that it is an important aspect of the game s open ended gameplay 229 Most publications were impressed by the game s blocky graphics with IGN describing them as instantly memorable 17 Reviewers also liked the game s adventure elements noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building 229 The game s multiplayer feature has been generally received favorably with IGN commenting that adventuring is always better with friends 17 Jaz McDougall of PC Gamer said Minecraft is intuitively interesting and contagiously fun with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences 236 It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands 245 IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers calling it a hassle 17 Critics also said that visual glitches occur periodically 229 Despite its release out of beta in 2011 GameSpot said the game had an unfinished feel adding that some game elements seem incomplete or thrown together in haste 229 A review of the alpha version by Scott Munro of the Daily Record called it already something special and urged readers to buy it 246 Jim Rossignol of Rock Paper Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game calling it a kind of generative 8 bit Lego Stalker 247 On 17 September 2010 gaming webcomic Penny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game 248 The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics but did not receive as much praise as the PC version Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version they acclaimed the port s addition of a tutorial and in game tips and crafting recipes saying that they make the game more user friendly 88 The Xbox One Edition was one of the best received ports being praised for its relatively large worlds 249 The PlayStation 3 Edition also received generally favorable reviews being compared to the Xbox 360 Edition and praised for its well adapted controls 250 The PlayStation 4 edition was the best received port to date being praised for having 36 times larger worlds than the PlayStation 3 edition and described as nearly identical to the Xbox One edition 251 249 215 The PlayStation Vita Edition received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for its technical limitations 252 The Wii U version received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for a lack of GamePad integration 253 The 3DS version received mixed reviews being criticized for its high price technical issues and lack of cross platform play 254 The Nintendo Switch Edition received fairly positive reviews from critics being praised like other modern ports for its relatively larger worlds 255 Minecraft Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics Although reviewers appreciated the game s intuitive controls they were disappointed by the lack of content The inability to collect resources and craft items as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs were especially criticized 232 256 257 After updates added more content Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics but still noted a lack of content 232 Sales Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011 258 259 At the same time the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except through word of mouth 260 and various unpaid references in popular media such as the Penny Arcade webcomic 261 By April 2011 Persson estimated that Minecraft had made 23 million US 33 million in revenue with 800 000 sales of the alpha version of the game and over 1 million sales of the beta version 262 In November 2011 prior to the game s full release Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases 263 By March 2012 Minecraft had become the 6th best selling PC game of all time 264 As of 10 October 2014 update the game had sold 17 million copies on PC becoming the best selling PC game of all time 265 On 25 February 2014 the game reached 100 million registered users 266 By May 2019 180 million copies had been sold across all platforms making it the single best selling video game of all time The free to play Minecraft China version had over 300 million players by November 2019 267 By April 2021 Minecraft sold more than 238 million copies worldwide 268 The Xbox 360 version of Minecraft became profitable within the first day of the game s release in 2012 when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400 000 players online 269 Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace Minecraft sold upwards of a million copies 270 GameSpot announced in December 2012 that Minecraft sold over 4 48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012 271 In 2012 Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day 272 As of 4 April 2014 update the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies 273 In addition Minecraft Pocket Edition has reached a figure of 21 million in sales 274 The PlayStation 3 Edition sold one million copies in five weeks 275 The release of the game s PlayStation Vita version boosted Minecraft sales by 79 outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest Minecraft launch on a PlayStation console 276 The PS Vita version sold 100 000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia 277 By January 2015 500 000 digital copies of Minecraft were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version 278 As of 2022 the Vita version has sold over 1 65 million physical copies in Japan making it the best selling Vita game in the country 279 Minecraft helped improve Microsoft s total first party revenue by 63 million for the 2015 second quarter 280 The game including all of its versions had over 112 million monthly active players by September 2019 281 On its 11th anniversary in May 2020 the company announced that Minecraft had reached over 200 million copies sold across platforms with over 126 million monthly active players 282 By April 2021 the number of active monthly users had climbed to 140 million 283 268 284 Awards In July 2010 PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth best game to play at work 285 In December of that year Good Game selected Minecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010 286 Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year 287 288 and Rock Paper Shotgun named it the game of the year 289 Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters in addition to two out of five Editor s Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie 290 It was also awarded Game of the Year by PC Gamer UK 291 The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize Technical Excellence and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community voted Audience Award 292 293 At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011 Minecraft won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award winning every award for which it was nominated 294 295 It also won GameCity s video game arts award 296 On 5 May 2011 Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012 297 298 At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category 299 300 In 2012 at the British Academy Video Games Awards Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award 301 In 2012 Minecraft XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category 302 and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category 303 In 2013 it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards 304 Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014 305 In 2015 the game placed 6th on USgamer s The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list 306 In 2016 Minecraft placed 6th on Time s The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list 307 Minecraft was nominated for the 2013 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite App but lost to Temple Run 308 It was nominated for the 2014 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game but lost to Just Dance 2014 309 The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids Choice Awards 310 In addition the Java Edition was nominated for Favorite Video Game at the 2018 Kids Choice Awards 311 while the game itself won the Still Playing award at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards 312 as well as the Favorite Video Game award at the 2020 Kids Choice Awards 313 Minecraft also won Stream Game of the Year at inaugural Streamer Awards in 2022 314 The game later garnered a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award nomination for Favorite Video Game in 2021 315 and won the same category in 2022 and 2023 316 317 Controversies 2014 EULA changes Microsoft and Mojang announced in 2014 that it would be changing the Minecraft end user license agreement EULA to prohibit servers from accepting donations or payments in exchange for the donating or paying players receiving in game advantages on such server essentially banning servers from enacting pay to win PTW servers Mojang spokesperson Owen Hill provided examples of what it would and would not allow saying company would allow for pay to play servers in which a player is required to pay a fee to access the server or for cosmetic enhancements such as in game costumes or pets but that Mojang would be cracking down on paying to obtain powerful swords or potions The new crackdowns were supported by Persson citing him receiving multiple emails from parents of children who had spent hundreds of dollars on servers The Minecraft community and server owners however heavily despised the new change in enforcement and protested en masse which included comparing Mojang to monolithic video game publishers like Electronic Arts and Activision gaming companies often criticized online for their highly restrictive digital rights management and user license agreements Many argued that the crackdown would force smaller servers to close their doors and some blamed the crackdown on Mojang attempting to suppress competition for its own Minecraft Realms subscription service 318 Account migration In 2020 Mojang Studios revealed that it would begin the process of requiring that Microsoft accounts be used in order to log into the Java Edition of the game and that older Mojang Studios accounts would be sunsetted The move to Microsoft accounts also required Java Edition players to create Xbox network Gamertags Mojang Studios defended the move to Microsoft accounts by saying that improved security could be offered which included Java accounts being able to use two factor authentication players could block cyberbullies in chat and improve parental controls The community responded with intense backlash against this announcement particularly taking issue to the various technical difficulties encountered in the process and how account migration would be mandatory even for those who do not play on servers As of March 10 2022 Microsoft requires all players to migrate in order to access the Java Edition of Minecraft 319 320 Java Edition chat reporting In June 2022 Microsoft and Mojang Studios announced it would be releasing a player reporting feature in all future builds of Java Edition In earlier development builds players could report other players on multiplayer servers for sending messages that are prohibited by the Xbox Live Code of Conduct report categories included profane language substance abuse hate speech threats of violence and nudity though Microsoft in later builds has since excluded the profane language category from the player reporting feature If a player was found to be in violation of Xbox Community Standards the player would be banned from all servers for a specific period of time or permanently The update containing the report feature 1 19 1 was released on 27 July 2022 321 Microsoft and Mojang Studios received substantial backlash and protest from community members one of the most common complaints being that banned players would be forbidden from joining any server even private ones Others took issue to what they saw as Microsoft increasing control over its player base and exercising censorship 322 323 324 sparking some to dub the version 1 19 84 in reference to the novel Nineteen Eighty Four 325 326 Cultural impact Cosplay of Minecraft s Steve In September 2019 The Guardian classified Minecraft as the best video game of the first two decades of the 21st century 327 and in November 2019 Polygon called the game the most important game of the decade in its 2010s decade in review 328 In December 2019 Forbes gave Minecraft a special mention in a list of the best video games of the 2010s stating that the game is without a doubt one of the most important games of the last ten years 329 In June 2020 Minecraft was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame 330 Minecraft is recognized as one of the first successful games to use an early access model to draw in sales prior to its full release version to help fund development 331 As Minecraft helped to bolster indie game development in the early 2010s it also helped to popularize the use of the early access model in indie game development 332 Jordan Maron known professionally as CaptainSparklez is known for his musical Minecraft parodies of hit songs Social media sites such as YouTube Facebook and Reddit played a significant role in popularizing Minecraft 333 Research conducted by the University of Pennsylvania s Annenberg School of Communication showed that one third of Minecraft players learned about the game via Internet videos 334 In 2010 Minecraft related videos began to gain influence on YouTube often made by commentators The videos usually contain screen capture footage of the game and voice overs 335 Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players walkthroughs of various tasks and parodies of works in popular culture By May 2012 over four million Minecraft related YouTube videos had been uploaded 336 The game would go on to be a prominent fixture within YouTube s gaming scene during the entire 2010s in 2014 it was the second most searched term on the entire platform 337 By 2018 it was still YouTube s biggest game globally 338 Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima a gaming video company that owns a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube 335 The Yogscast is a British company that regularly produces Minecraft videos their YouTube channel has attained billions of views and their panel at Minecon 2011 had the highest attendance 335 339 Other well known YouTube personalities include Jordan Maron who has created many Minecraft parodies including Minecraft Style a parody of the internationally successful single Gangnam Style by South Korean rapper Psy 340 Minecraft s popularity on YouTube was described by Polygon as quietly dominant although in 2019 thanks in part to PewDiePie s playthrough of the game Minecraft experienced a visible uptick in popularity on the platform 337 341 YouTube later announced that on 14 December 2021 the total amount of Minecraft related views exceeded one trillion since the game s inception in 2009 342 Minecraft has been referenced by other video games such as Torchlight II Team Fortress 2 343 344 Borderlands 2 Choplifter HD Super Meat Boy The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim The Binding of Isaac The Stanley Parable FTL Faster Than Light 345 346 and Super Smash Bros Ultimate the lattermost of which features a downloadable character and stage based on Minecraft 347 It was also referenced by electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances 348 The game is also referenced heavily in Informative Murder Porn the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series South Park 349 Applications The possible applications of Minecraft have been discussed extensively especially in the fields of computer aided design CAD and education In a panel at Minecon 2011 a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks stating that rendering using Minecraft was much more user friendly for the community making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks 335 In 2012 a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab Cody Sumter said Notch hasn t just built a game He s tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap 350 In September 2012 Mojang began the Block by Block project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create real world environments in Minecraft 351 352 The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see Using Minecraft the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern and citizens are invited to enter the Minecraft servers and modify their own neighborhood Carl Manneh Mojang s managing director called the game the perfect tool to facilitate this process adding The three year partnership will support UN Habitat s Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016 Mojang signed Minecraft building community FyreUK to help render the environments into Minecraft The first pilot project began in Kibera one of Nairobi s informal settlements and is in the planning phase The Block by Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011 Mina Kvarter My Block which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualize how they wanted to change their part of town According to Manneh the project was a helpful way to visualize urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions 353 354 A yarn Minecraft sheep In April 2014 the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on their own geodata 355 This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest point at 171 metres 561 ft ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span where the limit in default Minecraft is around 192 metres 630 ft above in game sea level 356 357 Taking advantage of the game s accessibility where other websites are censored the non governmental organization Reporters Without Borders have used an open Minecraft server to create the Uncensored Library a repository within the game of journalism by authors from countries including Egypt Mexico Russia Saudi Arabia and Vietnam who have been censored and arrested such as Jamal Khashoggi 358 The neoclassical virtual building was created over about 250 hours by an international team of 24 people 359 Despite its unpredictable nature Minecraft has become a popular game for speedrunning where players time themselves from being dropped into a new world to reaching The End and defeating the Ender Dragon boss Some the speedrunners use a combination of mods external programs and debug menus while other runners play the game in a more vanilla or more consistency oriented way 360 361 Education Minecraft being played in an educational setting Minecraft has also been used in educational settings 362 In 2011 an educational organization named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools The group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and accessible to schools The version of Minecraft through MinecraftEdu includes unique features to allow teachers to monitor the students progress within the virtual world such as receiving screenshots from students to show completion of a lesson 363 In September 2012 MinecraftEdu said that approximately 250 000 students around the world have access to Minecraft through the company 364 A wide variety of educational activities involving the game have been developed to teach students various subjects including history language arts and science For an example one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for students to learn and explore 364 Another teacher created a large scale representation of an animal cell within Minecraft that student could explore and learn how the cell functions work 363 Great Ormond Street Hospital has been recreated in Minecraft and it proposed that patients can use it to virtually explore the hospital before they actually visit 365 Minecraft may also prove as an innovation in computer aided design 366 Minecraft offers an outlet of collaboration in design and could have an impact on the industry 367 With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits users have been able to build functional virtual computers within Minecraft 368 Such virtual creations include a working hard drive 369 an 8 bit virtual computer 370 and even a smaller scale version of Minecraft that is playable and able to be built completely in survival mode with no external modifications 371 In at least one instance a mod has been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by the virtual computer within a Minecraft world 372 Another computational mechanic in Minecraft is the command block a block that is only accessible in creative mode and can alter game logic It has been used to create emulators for the Atari 2600 including one by YouTube personality SethBling 373 374 and the Game Boy Advance 375 In September 2014 the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public 376 Microsoft and non profit Code org had teamed up to offer Minecraft based games puzzles and tutorials aimed to help teach children how to program by March 2018 Microsoft and Code org reported that more than 85 million children have used their tutorials 377 Clones After the release of Minecraft other video games were released with various similarities to Minecraft and some were described as being clones Examples include Ace of Spades CastleMiner CraftWorld FortressCraft Terraria BlockWorld 3D Total Miner 378 and Minetest 379 David Frampton designer of The Blockheads reported that one failure of his 2D game was the low resolution pixel art that too closely resembled the art in Minecraft which resulted in some resistance from fans 380 A homebrew adaptation of the alpha version of Minecraft for the Nintendo DS titled DScraft has been released it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system 381 In response to Microsoft s acquisition of Mojang and their Minecraft IP various developers announced further clone titles developed specifically for Nintendo s consoles as they were the only major platforms to not officially receive Minecraft at the time 382 These clone titles include UCraft Nexis Games 383 Cube Life Island Survival Cypronia 384 Discovery Noowanda 385 Battleminer Wobbly Tooth Games 386 Cube Creator 3D Big John Games 387 and Stone Shire Finger Gun Games 388 Despite this the fears of fans were unfounded with official Minecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming 389 390 11 Markus Persson made another similar game Minicraft for a Ludum Dare competition in 2011 391 Minecon Main article Minecon Minecon is the annual official fan convention dedicated to Minecraft The first Minecon was held in November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas 392 The event included the official launch of Minecraft keynote speeches including one by Persson building and costume contests Minecraft themed breakout classes exhibits by leading gaming and Minecraft related companies commemorative merchandise and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well known contributors from the Minecraft community 393 In 2016 Minecon was held in person for the last time with the following years featuring annual livestreams instead Notes Minecraft was first publicly available on 17 May 2009 14 and was fully released on 18 November 2011 15 Ports to consoles developed by 4J Studios 16 New Nintendo 3DS port developed by Other Ocean Interactive PC Java Android iOS Wii U Nintendo 3DS Nintendo Switch Xbox 360 Xbox One Windows Phone Windows 10 Edition PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Vita 2009 2011 2011 present Additional music has been written by Samuel Aberg and Gareth Coker for various later updates In a blog post 24 Persson explains let me 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