Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Belarusian Latin, Ukrainian Latin, Wymysorys, Navajo, Dëne Sųłıné, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, Sm'álgyax, Nisga'a, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai script. In some Slavic languages, it represents the continuation of Proto-Slavic, non-palatal ⟨L⟩ (dark L), except in Polish, Kashubian, and Sorbian, where it evolved further into /w/. In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound.
| Ł ł | |
|---|---|
Letter L with stroke | |
| Other names | Letter L with Middle Tilde |
| In Unicode | U+0141 Ł LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE (Ł) U+0142 ł LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE (ł) |
Glyph shape Ł
In normal typefaces, the letter has a stroke approximately in the middle of the vertical stem, crossing it at an angle between 70° and 45°, never horizontally. In cursive handwriting and typefaces that imitate it, the capital letter has a horizontal stroke through the middle and looks very similar to the pound sign £. In the cursive lowercase letter, the stroke is also horizontal and placed on top of the letter instead of going through the middle of the stem, which would not be distinguishable from the letter t. The stroke is either straight or slightly wavy, depending on the style. Unlike ⟨l⟩, the letter ⟨ł⟩ is usually written without a noticeable loop at the top. Most publicly available multilingual cursive typefaces, including commercial ones, feature an incorrect glyph for ⟨ł⟩.[1]
A rare variant of the ł glyph is a cursive double-ł ligature, used in words such as Jagiełło, Radziwiłł or Ałłach (archaic: Allah), where the strokes at the top of the letters are joined into a single stroke.[1]
Polish Ł
In Polish, ⟨Ł⟩ is used to distinguish historical dark (velarized) L [ɫ] from clear L [l]. The Polish ⟨Ł⟩ now sounds the same as the English ⟨W⟩, as in water (except for older speakers in some eastern dialects where it still sounds velarized).
In 1440, Jakub Parkoszowic proposed a letter resembling to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested "l" with a stroke running in the opposite direction to the modern version.[citation needed] The latter was introduced in 1514–1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus. L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ],[2] a pronunciation that is preserved in the eastern part of Poland[3] and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. This pronunciation is similar to Russian unpalatalised ⟨Л⟩ in native words and grammar forms.
In modern Polish, Ł is usually pronounced /w/ (exactly as w in English as a consonant, as in wet).[4] This pronunciation first appeared among Polish lower classes in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent by the upper classes (who pronounced ⟨Ł⟩ as /ɫ/) until the mid-20th century when this distinction gradually began to fade.[citation needed]
The shift from [ɫ] to [w] in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e.g. ładny ("pretty, nice") is pronounced [ˈwadnɨ], słowo ("word") is [ˈswɔvɔ], and ciało ("body") is [ˈtɕawɔ]. Ł often alternates with clear L, such as the plural forms of adjectives and verbs in the past tense that are associated with masculine personal nouns, e.g. mały → mali ([ˈmawɨ] → [ˈmali]). Alternation is also common in declension of nouns, e.g. from nominative to locative, tło → na tle ([twɔ] → [naˈtlɛ]).
Polish final Ł also often corresponds to Ukrainian word-final ⟨В⟩ Ve (Cyrillic) and Belarusian ⟨Ў⟩ Short U (Cyrillic). Thus, "he gave" is "dał" in Polish, "дав" in Ukrainian, "даў" in Belarusian (all pronounced [daw]), but "дал" [daɫ] in Russian.
Examples
Notable figures
- Marie Skłodowska Curie, a scientist awarded the Nobel prize in both physics and chemistry, who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
- Karol Józef Wojtyła (IPA: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa]), John Paul II, Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005
- Kazimierz Pułaski (IPA: [kaˈʑimʲɛʂ puˈwaskʲi] ( listen)), known in English as Casimir Pulaski, a Polish soldier and commander, a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry during American Revolutionary War
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz (IPA: [iɡˈnat͡sɨ wukaˈɕɛvʲit͡ʂ]), the inventor of the modern paraffin lamp
- Jan Łukasiewicz (IPA: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲit͡ʂ]), the inventor of Polish notation
- Lech Wałęsa (IPA: [ˈlɛɣ vaˈwɛ̃sa]), Polish labor leader and former president
- Stanisław Lem (IPA: [staˈɲiswaf ˈlɛm] or [staˈɲiswav ˈlɛm]), Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy, and satire, and a trained physician
- Wisława Szymborska (IPA: [vʲiˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska]), a Polish poet and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature
- Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer
- Wacław Sierpiński (IPA: [ˈvat͡swaf ɕɛrˈpʲij̃skʲi] ( listen)), Polish mathematician
Some examples of words with 'ł':
In contexts where Ł is not readily available as a glyph, basic L is used instead. Thus, the surname Małecki would be spelled Malecki in a foreign country. Similarly, the stroke is sometimes omitted on the internet, as may happen with all diacritic-enhanced letters. Leaving out the diacritic does not impede communication for native speakers.
In the 1980s, when some computers available in Poland lacked Polish diacritics, it was common practice to use a pound sterling sign (£) for Ł. This practice ceased as soon as DOS-based and Mac computers came with a code page for such characters.
Other languages
In Belarusian Łacinka (both in the 1929[5] and 1962[6][7] versions), ⟨Ł⟩ corresponds to Cyrillic ⟨Л⟩ (El), and is normally pronounced /ɫ/ (almost exactly as in English pull).
In Navajo and Elaponke, ⟨Ł⟩ is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, like the Welsh double L.[8][9]
⟨Ł⟩ is used in orthographic transcription of Ahtna, an Athabaskan language spoken in Alaska; it represents a breathy lateral fricative.[10][11] It is also used in Tanacross, a related Athabaskan language.[12]
When writing IPA for some Scandinavian dialects which involve the pronunciation of a retroflex flap /ɽ/, e.g. in Eastern Norwegian dialects, authors may employ ⟨Ł⟩.[citation needed]
When transcribing Armenian into the Latin alphabet, ⟨Ł⟩ may be used to write the letter ⟨Ղ⟩ /ʁ/, for example Ղուկաս => Łukas. In Classical Armenian, ⟨Ղ⟩ was pronounced as /ɫ/, which morphed into /ʁ/ in both standard varieties of modern Armenian. Other transcriptions of ⟨Ղ⟩ include ⟨Ṙ⟩, ⟨Ġ⟩ or ⟨Gh⟩.
Computer usage
The Unicode codepoints for the letter are U+0142 for the lower case, and U+0141 for the capital.[13] In the LaTeX typesetting system ⟨Ł⟩ and ⟨ł⟩ may be typeset with the commands \L{} and \l{}, respectively. The HTML-codes are Ł and ł for ⟨Ł⟩ and ⟨ł⟩, respectively.
| Character | Ł | ł | ||
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE | ||
| Character encoding | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 321 | 0141 | 322 | 0142 |
| UTF-8 | 197 129 | 0xC5 0x81 | 197 130 | 0xC5 0x82 |
| Numeric character reference | Ł | Ł | ł | ł |
| CP 852 | 157 | 9D | 136 | 88 |
| CP 775 | 173 | AD | 136 | 88 |
| Mazovia | 156 | 9C | 146 | 92 |
| Windows-1250, ISO-8859-2 | 163 | A3 | 179 | B3 |
| Windows-1257, ISO-8859-13 | 217 | D9 | 249 | F9 |
| Mac Central European | 252 | FC | 184 | B8 |
See also
- Ў, ў – short U (Belarusian Cyrillic)
- £ – pound sign
- In Venetian, a similar glyph ⟨Ƚ⟩, ⟨ƚ⟩ (L with bar, a horizontal bar) is used as substitution for L in many words in which the pronunciation of "L" has changed for some dialects, i.e. by becoming voiceless or becoming the sound of the shorter vowel corresponding to /ɰ/ or /ɛ/.
References
- ^ a b Adam Twardoch (2009-03-09). "Kreska ukośna". Polish Diacritics: how to?. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
- ^ Teslar, Joseph Andrew; Teslar, Jadwiga (1962). A New Polish Grammar (8th Edition, Revised ed.). Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 4–5.
ł = English l hard, dental ; ... It is true, of course, that the majority of Poles nowadays pronounce this sound with the lips, exactly like the English w. But this is a careless pronunciation leading eventually to the disappearance of a sound typically Polish (and Russian also ; it has already disappeared from the other Slavonic languages, Czech and Serbian) ... In articulating l, your tongue ... projects considerably beyond the horizontal line separating the gums from the teeth and touches the gums or the palate. To pronounce ł ... the tongue should be held flat and rigid in the bottom of the mouth with the tip just bent upwards sufficiently to touch the edge of the front upper teeth. (On no account should the tongue extend beyond the line separating the teeth from the gums.) Holding the tongue rigidly in this position, a speaker should then pronounce one of the vowels a, o or u, consciously dropping the tongue on each occasion, to obtain the hard ł quite distinct from the soft l.
- ^ Swan, Oscar E. (1983). First Year Polish (2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded ed.). Columbus: Slavica Publishers. p. xix.
ł (so-called barrel l) is not pronounced like an l except in Eastern dialects and, increasingly infrequently, in stage pronunciation. It is most often pronounced like English w in way, how. "łeb, dała, był, piłka.
- ^ Mazur, B. W. (1983). Colloquial Polish. London: Routledge. p. 5.
The sounds below exist in English but are pronounced or rendered differently: c ... h[, ] ch ... j ... ł as w in wet[, ] łach ład słowo[; ] r ... w
- ^ Тарашкевіч, Б. (1991). Беларуская граматыка для школ. – Вільня (Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае ed.). Беларуская друкарня ім. Фр. Скарыны, 1929 ; Мн. : «Народная асвета».
- ^ Станкевіч, Ян (1962). Які мае быць парадак літараў беларускае абэцады.
- ^ Станкевіч, Ян (2002). Збор твораў у двух тамах. Vol. 2. Энцыклапедыкс. ISBN 985-6599-46-6.
- ^ Campbell, George L. (1995). Concise Compendium of the World's Languages. London: Routledge. p. 354.
- ^ McKnight, Roberta (January 2001). "The Creek Way". ANT 3640 Language & Culture. Florida Gulf Coast University. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ "Ahtna Pronunciation Guide". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ Tuttle, Siri G. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ Holton, Gary (April 2004). "Writing Tanacross Without Special Fonts". Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE' (U+0142)". FileFormat.info. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
External links
- Kreska ukośna in Polish Diacritics: How to?, by Adam Twardoch, Polish country delegate at ATypI