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Guangzhou

April 15, 2024

For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation) or Canton.

Guangzhou[a] is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.[8] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the Silk Road.[9]

Guangzhou
广州
Canton; Kwangchow
Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city
Clockwise from top: Aerial view of Zhujiang New Town, Canton Tower and the Pearl River; Canton Fair Complex; Sacred Heart Cathedral; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall; Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Hill; Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees; Guangzhou Library; and Five-Ram Sculpture
Nicknames: 
City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike
Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong
Guangzhou
Location of the city center in Guangdong
Guangzhou
Guangzhou (China)
Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E / 23.13000°N 113.26000°E / 23.13000; 113.26000
CountryChina
ProvinceGuangdong
Settled214 BC
Founded byQin dynasty
Municipal seatYuexiu District
Government
 • TypeSub-provincial city
 • BodyGuangzhou Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryLin Keqing
 • Congress ChairmanWang Yanshi
 • MayorSun Zhiyang
 • CPPCC ChairmanLi Yiwei
Area
[1]
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,256.4 km2 (871.2 sq mi)
 • Metro
20,144.1 km2 (7,777.7 sq mi)
Elevation
21 m (69 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city18,676,605
 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
26,940,000
 • Urban density12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
32,623,413
 • Metro density1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
DemonymCantonese
GDP[3]
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city
  • CN¥ 2.823 trillion
  • US$ 437.7 billion
 • Per capita
  • CN¥ 151,162
  • US$ 23,436
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
510000
Area code(0)20
ISO 3166 codeCN-GD-01
License plate prefixes粤A
City FlowerBombax ceiba
City BirdChinese hwamei
LanguagesCantonese, Standard Chinese
Websitegz.gov.cn

The port of Guangzhou serves as transportation hub and Guangzhou is one of China's three largest cities.[10] For a long time it was the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders. Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War and no longer enjoyed a monopoly after the war; consequently it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major Entrepôt. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port city in the world. Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841, the Treaty of Nanking was signed between Sir Robert Peel on behalf of Queen Victoria and Lin Zexu on behalf of Emperor Xuanzong and has ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom on 26 January 1841 after the agreement of the Convention of Chuenpi.[11] Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020.[12]

Guangzhou is at the heart of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, the most populous built-up metropolitan area in the world, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macau, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 65,594,622 residents[13] and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status[14] and is one of China's nine National Central Cities.[15] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.[16] The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China.[17] As of the 2020 census, the registered population of the city's expansive administrative area was 18,676,605 individuals (up 47 percent from the previous census in 2010), of whom 16,492,590 lived in 9 urban districts (all but Conghua and Zengcheng).[2] Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing.[18]

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China.[19] For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.[20] Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm.[21] It is a major Asia-Pacific finance hub, ranking 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index.[22] As an important international city, Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games, the 2010 Asian Para Games, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The city hosts 65 foreign representatives, making it the major city hosting the third most foreign representatives in China, after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24] As of 2020, Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China—after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen—for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List.[25]

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific research and development hub with a high level of scientific research output, ranking 8th globally and 4th in the Asia-Pacific,[26] and is home to many of China's most prestigious universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, Jinan University, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou University, Southern Medical University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Medical University, and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.[27][28][29]

Toponymy edit

 
Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams"

Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guǎng Prefecture after it had become the prefecture's seat of government. The character 廣 or 广 means 'broad' or 'expansive'.

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[30] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[31][32] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[33] as Khanfu (خانفو).[34] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).[35][36]

The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗, pronounced Seoi6 in Cantonese and Suì in Mandarin—although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城. The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.[37] The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cidade de Cantão,[38] a blend of dialectal pronunciations of "Guangdong"[39][40] (e.g., Cantonese Gwong2-dung1). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors. It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou". As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name was "Kwang-chow foo".[41]

History edit

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Guangzhou.

Prehistory edit

 
The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.[42][43] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of King Nan of Zhou,[44][45] emperor of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[44][45]

Nanyue edit

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River in 214 BC.[41] Ships commanded by tradespersons arrived on the South China coast in the late antiquity. Surviving records from the Tang dynasty confirm, that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions. Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century.[46]

Panyu was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.[47] Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.[48] Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.[49] Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.[50] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu of Han took offense and launched a massive riverine and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[51] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[50]

Imperial China edit

 
Canton in the early 1800s
 
View of Pazhou in 1810

Incorporated into the Han dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.[52] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.[53] Relations were often strained: while China was undergoing the An Lushan Rebellion, Arab and Persian pirates[54] sacked the city on 30 October 758[55][56][57][58] and in revenge thousands of Arabs and Persians were killed by Chinese rebels in the Yangzhou massacre (760). In the Guangzhou massacre about 200,000 Arab, Persian and other foreigners were killed by Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,[59][60][61] and Parsis.[62][63] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.[54]

Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively men, but included "Persian females".[64][65] According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.[66] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his journey around the world in the 14th century.[67] He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[68]

Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁).[69] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.[70] Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384[71] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[72]

Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.[73] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,[73] but De Andrade's exploration[74] was understood as spying[75] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,[76] enslaving Chinese women[77] and children, engaging in piracy,[78] and fortifying the island of Tamão.[79][80] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.[81][82] The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:[78] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen[83] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,[84] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;[85] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.[86] With the help of local pirates,[81] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),[77] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;[87] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,[88] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[89]

 
Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",[90] made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.[91] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on January 20, 1647, when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成棟) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[92]

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.[93] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.[94] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;[94] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,[95] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,[96] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731, and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.[94] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.[citation needed] By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's greatest ports, organized under the Canton System.[97] The main exports were tea and porcelain.[94] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[98]

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 mi (10 km) in circumference, 25 ft (8 m) high, and 20 ft (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[41] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 mi (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[99]

 
Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan, Pazhou, Changzhou, and Xiaoguwei in 1841

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841.[100] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.[101] Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.[102][103]

The concession for the Guangdong–Hankou Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages[104] and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936[105] and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.

Modern China edit

Revolutions edit

During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

Republic of China edit

After the assassination of Song Jiaorenn and Yuan Shikai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him[106] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.[107] On June 16, 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang (KMT) used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.[107] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on March 20, 1926, saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.[108][109] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military[109] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction, seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen.

Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the New Guangxi Clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.[110] The opposition to Chiang included KMT leaders like Wang Jingwei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During the WW2, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938.

People's Republic of China edit

Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on October 14, 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with many of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 of the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[111] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts.

On 16 June 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city, causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.[112][113][114]

History of Guangzhou

Geography edit

 
Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954)
 
Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 mi (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi (483 km) below its head of navigation.[41] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.[41] The present city spans 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China.[116] Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture.[117] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[10][118][why?]

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 m (3,970 ft) above sea level.

Natural resources edit

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[119]

Water resources edit

The main characteristics of Guangzhou's water resources are that there are relatively few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources. The city's water area is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10.05% of the city's land area. The main rivers include Beijiang, Dongjiang North Mainstream, Zengjiang, Liuxi River, Baini River, Pearl River Guangzhou Reach, Shiqiao Waterway, and Shawan Waterway. Beijiang, The Dongjiang River flows through Guangzhou City and merges with the Pearl River to flow into the sea. The local average total water resources is 7.979 billion cubic meters, including 7.881 billion cubic meters of surface water and 1.487 billion cubic meters of groundwater. Calculated based on the amount of local water resources and the permanent population counted in the sixth census in 2010, there are 1.0601 million cubic meters of water resources per square kilometer, with an average of 628 cubic meters per capita, which is one-half of the country's per capita water resources. The amount of water resources for transit passengers is 186.024 billion cubic meters, which is 23 times the total local water resources. The passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in the southern Wanghe District and Zengcheng District. The passenger water resources diverted from the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers into Guangzhou City are 159.15 billion cubic meters, and the passenger water resources diverted from the Dongjiang River into the north mainstream of the Dongjiang River are 14.203 billion cubic meters. meters and the water inflow from the upper reaches of the Zengjiang River is 2.828 billion cubic meters. The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area, with large runoff and a strong tidal effect. The three major entrances of the Pearl River, Humen, Jiaomen, and Hongqili, enter the Lingding Ocean and exit the South China Sea in the south of Guangzhou City. The annual high tide volume is 271 billion cubic meters and the annual ebb tide volume is 408.8 billion cubic meters. The annual runoff of the three major entrances is 137.7 billion cubic meters. Compared with meters, the annual tide can bring a large amount of water, part of which is freshwater resources that can be utilized.[120]

Biological Resources edit

Cultivated crops in Guangzhou have the distinctive characteristics of the transition from the tropics to the subtropics, and it is one of the richest regions in China in terms of fruit tree resources, including three major categories of tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones, 41 families, 82 genera and 174 species, totaling more than 500 varieties (among which there are 55 major varieties of lychee). It is the center of origin and variety of lychee, longan, yellow skin, black (white) olive, and so on. Vegetables are known for their high quality and variety, with 15 major categories, 127 species, and more than 370 varieties. Flowers include fresh cut flowers (fresh cut flowers, fresh cut leaves, fresh cut branches), potted plants (potted flowers, bonsai, flower bed plants), ornamental seedlings, edible and medicinal flowers, industrial and other uses of flowers, lawns, seedlings, etc. More than 3,000 traditional varieties and in recent years the introduction of new varieties, development, and utilization. Grain, cash crops, livestock, poultry, aquatic products, wild animals, and a wide variety of famous and excellent varieties, including Zengcheng Simiao rice is the first protected variety in Guangzhou City to obtain geographical indications.[121]

Mineral Resources edit

The geological structure of Guangzhou City is quite complex, with good conditions for mineralization. Forty-seven kinds of minerals (including subspecies) have been discovered, with 820 mineral sites and 25 large and medium-sized mining areas. The main minerals are granite for construction, limestone for cement, ceramic clay, potassium, sodium feldspar, salt mines, manganese, nepheline orthoclase, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and thermal mineral water. Energy minerals and non-ferrous minerals in the area are in short supply, sporadically distributed, small in scale, and unstable in grade.[122] ,

Climate edit

Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.4 °C (72.3 °F).[10] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[123] The relative humidity is approximately 76 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,950 mm (77 in).[10] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March to 51 percent in October, the city receives 1,559 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.4 °C (102.9 °F).[124] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on January 24, 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[125]

Climate data for Guangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.1
(89.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		39.4
(102.9) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.1
(102.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		26.9
(80.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		22.4
(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.1
(2.01) 		56.1
(2.21) 		101.0
(3.98) 		193.8
(7.63) 		329.0
(12.95) 		364.9
(14.37) 		242.6
(9.55) 		270.3
(10.64) 		203.2
(8.00) 		67.3
(2.65) 		37.4
(1.47) 		33.4
(1.31) 		1,950.1
(76.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.2 9.4 13.8 15.3 17.4 19.4 17.0 16.8 12.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 145.4
Average relative humidity (%) 72 76 80 82 81 82 79 80 77 70 69 67 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 112.9 77.5 61.6 69.1 103.4 127.5 179.0 166.4 167.0 182.2 159.7 152.7 1,559
Percent possible sunshine 33 24 17 18 25 32 43 42 46 51 49 46 36
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center [126][127][128] all-time extreme temperature[124]

Administrative divisions edit

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Administrative divisions of Guangzhou
Division
code[129]		 Division Area
(km2)[130]		 Population
(2022)[131]		 Seat Postal
code 		Subdivisions[132]
Subdistricts Towns Residential
communities 		Administrative
villages
440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 18,734,100 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142
440103 Liwan 59.10 1,123,700 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195  
440104 Yuexiu 33.80 1,028,500 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267  
440105 Haizhu 90.40 1,798,300 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257  
440106 Tianhe 96.33 2,221,700 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205  
440111 Baiyun 795.79 3,637,000 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118
440112 Huangpu 484.17 1,191,800 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28
440113 Panyu 529.94 2,807,400 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177
440114 Huadu 970.04 1,706,200 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188
440115 Nansha 783.86 929,400 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128
440117 Conghua 1,974.50 739,700 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221
440118 Zengcheng 1,616.47 1,550,400 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282

Economy edit

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2021, its GDP reached ¥2,823 billion (US$444.37 billion in nominal), making it the 2nd largest economy in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen.[133] Guangzhou's GDP (nominal) was $444.37 billion in 2021, exceeding that [134] Guangzhou's per capita was ¥151,162 ($23,794 in nominal).[133] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[25] Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,[135] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above $42,000 in 2030.[136] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C., and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).[22] Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

Zhujiang New Town edit

Zhujiang New Town is the central business district of Guangzhou in the 21st century. It covers 6.44 km2 in Tianhe District. Multiple financial institutions are headquartered in this area.

  •  
    Zhujiang New Town
  •  
    Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
  •  
    Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
  •  
    Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town
  •  
    Zhujiang New Town at night

Canton Fair edit

The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China.[137] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

Local products edit

Industry edit

 
Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in Guangzhou
  • GAC Group
  • Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone
    The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[138] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 km (34 mi) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.
  • Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
    The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[139] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also home to the Guangzhou IP Court.[140]
  • Guangzhou Science City

Business Environment edit

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.[141]

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950[142]2,567,645—    
1960[142]3,683,104+43.4%
1970[142]4,185,363+13.6%
1980[142]5,018,638+19.9%
1990[142]5,942,534+18.4%
2000[142]9,943,000+67.3%
2002[143]10,106,229+1.6%
2005[144]9,496,800−6.0%
2006[144]9,966,600+4.9%
2007[144]10,530,100+5.7%
2008[144]11,153,400+5.9%
2009[144]11,869,700+6.4%
2010[142]12,701,948+7.0%
2011[145]12,751,400+0.4%
2012[145]12,832,900+0.6%
2013[145]12,926,800+0.7%
2014[145]13,080,500+1.2%
201814,904,400+13.9%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.

The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014, it was estimated at 13,080,500,[146][145] with 11,264,800 urban residents.[147] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km2. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 km2 (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).[citation needed] The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[citation needed] The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.[citation needed] In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.[148]

Ethnicity and language edit

Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,[150] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.[148] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[151] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.[citation needed] In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.[152] Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.[153][154] As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language.[155][156] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.[157][158][159]

Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are Hakka people. There are seven administrative districts in Guangzhou with a considerable Hakka population: Zengcheng District, Huadu District, Conghua District, Baiyun District, Tianhe District, Yuexiu District and Panyu District. It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou, Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district's population. [160][161]

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.[157]

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.[162] but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.[163] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[164]

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[165] Canada,[166] and Australia.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[167]

Metropolitan area edit

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 25 million.[168][169]

Development of Guangzhou edit

ScienceDirect provides a report on their website of the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020, showing how in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities.[170][171]

Transportation edit

Urban mass transit edit

Main article: Guangzhou Metro
 
Guangzhou Metro

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of sixteen lines, covering a total length of 652.81 km (405.64 mi).[172] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on December 31, 2014.[173]

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[174] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[175] The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

Motor transport edit

See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou
 
Buses in Guangzhou

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[41] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[176]

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[177] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.[citation needed]

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[178] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[179]

Airports edit

 
Baiyun International Airport Terminal 2

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[180] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[181] Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018.[182] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.[183]

Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.[184] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.[185]

Rail edit

Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, Guangzhou North railway station, and Guangzhou Baiyun railway station

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.[186] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway.

Water transport edit

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

Culture edit

 
Guangzhou Opera House

Guangzhou‘s culture is mainly Cantonese culture, which is a subset of the larger "Southern" or the "Lingnan" culture, followed by Hakka culture.[187] Notable aspects of Cantonese cultural heritage include:

The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong.

It is worth noting that Cantonese language, Cantonese cuisine and Cantonese opera are the shared culture of the whole Guangdong region, not just the important cultural components of Guangzhou city. With a population of diverse background, the culture of Guangzhou also includes other categories, such as Hakka culture and language.

In the Hakka people inhabited areas of Guangzhou, Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved, and in the long history, the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics. Zengcheng, Guangzhou is a district with a history of more than 1800 years, with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture, the derived food culture has not only the non-heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton, Lanxi Rice Noodle, and Goose Soup, but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin, Paitan Roasted Chicken, and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet.[190]

Religions edit

Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.[41] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[191][192] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.[clarification needed]

Taoism edit

Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.[193] However, the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet. Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards. Only a handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during the 1980s. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant and continues the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival.

Buddhism edit

Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.[194] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming dynasty. The Buddhist missionary monk, Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.[citation needed] The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty.

The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the PRC's Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.

Christianity edit

Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.[195][specify] The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan University. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.[196] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.

Islam edit

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty.[197] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.[54][55][56][57][58] Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians,[59][60][61] and Parsis.[62][63] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.[198]

Sports edit

 
Guangdong Olympic Stadium

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was a 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup venue.[199]

From November 12 to 27, 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.[200]

 
Tianhe Stadium

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

 
Guangzhou Baoneng Qoros Arena

In the 2010s, Guangzhou became a Chinese soccer powerhouse, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.[201]

Restaurants edit

In the 1990s the local press prolifically published reviews of restaurants in Guangzhou. The local newspapers introduced lifestyle pages and relied on infotainment to encourage the purchase of a daily newspaper.[202]

Destinations edit

Eight Views edit

Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou
 
Canton Tower[203]

The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed]

 
Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower

Parks and gardens edit

  • Baiyun Mountain
  • Nansha Wetland Park
  • People's Park
  • South China Botanical Garden
  • Yuexiu Park
  • Guangdong Tree Park
  • Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園)
  • Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園)
  • Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園)
  • Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園)
  • Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園)
  • Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園)
  • Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園)
  • Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園)
  • Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園)

Tourist attractions edit

 
Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall

Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.[204] There are many tourist attractions, including:

Pedestrian streets edit

In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets.

 
Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street

The popular pedestrian streets are:

Malls and shopping centers edit

There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district.

 
Aerial view of Parc Central Mall

Major buildings edit

Main article: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou
See also: List of historic buildings in Guangzhou
  •  
    Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China
  •  
    Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967
  •  
    Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian
  •  
    The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925
  •  
    The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History
  •  
    Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (left) and CTF (right)

Media edit

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.

Education and research edit

 
Sun Yat-sen University
 
South China Agricultural University
 
Guangzhou Library

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 km2 (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[205]

As of June 2023, Guangzhou hosts 84 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 2nd nationwide after Beijing and 1st in South China region.[206] The city has many highly ranked educational institutions, with seven universities listed in 147 National Key Universities under the Double First-Class Construction, ranking fourth nationwide (after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing). Guangzhou is also an important hub for international students and it was ranked 110th globally by the QS Best Student Cities Rankings in 2023.[207]

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific R&D hub, ranking 8th globally, 4th in the Asia & Oceania regions after (Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing) and 1st in South Central China region.[208]

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows:

Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:

The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on June 23, 2013.[209] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[210]

Further information: Guangzhou High School

Notable people edit

  • Choh Hao Li (1913–1987), American biochemist, expert on hormones
  • Zhi Cong Li (born 1993), racing driver
  • Xiao Ping Liang (born 1959), internationally exhibited calligrapher
  • Kuang Sunmou (1863–?), railway engineer, businessman, and bureaucrat
  • Bolo Yeung (born July 3, 1946), Hong Kong martial artist, competitive bodybuilder, and film actor
  • Qi Yuwu (born November 28, 1976), actor based in Singapore
  • Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963), Hong Kong martial artist, action director and choreographer, and film director and actor

International relations edit

Twin towns and sister cities edit

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Consulates General/consulates edit

See also: List of diplomatic missions in China

As of April 2023, Guangzhou hosts 68 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^
  1. ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[189]

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April 15, 2024
guangzhou, other, uses, disambiguation, canton, capital, largest, city, guangdong, province, southern, china, located, pearl, river, about, north, northwest, hong, kong, north, macau, history, over, years, major, terminus, silk, road, 广州canton, kwangchowprefec. For other uses see Guangzhou disambiguation or Canton Guangzhou a is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China 8 Located on the Pearl River about 120 km 75 mi north northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km 90 mi north of Macau Guangzhou has a history of over 2 200 years and was a major terminus of the Silk Road 9 Guangzhou 广州Canton KwangchowPrefecture level and sub provincial cityClockwise from top Aerial view of Zhujiang New Town Canton Tower and the Pearl River Canton Fair Complex Sacred Heart Cathedral Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Hill Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Guangzhou Library and Five Ram SculptureNicknames City of Rams City of Flowers City of Rice SpikeLocation of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in GuangdongGuangzhouLocation of the city center in GuangdongShow map of GuangdongGuangzhouGuangzhou China Show map of ChinaCoordinates Guangdong People s Government 23 07 48 N 113 15 36 E 23 13000 N 113 26000 E 23 13000 113 26000CountryChinaProvinceGuangdongSettled214 BCFounded byQin dynastyMunicipal seatYuexiu DistrictGovernment TypeSub provincial city BodyGuangzhou Municipal People s Congress CCP SecretaryLin Keqing Congress ChairmanWang Yanshi MayorSun Zhiyang CPPCC ChairmanLi YiweiArea 1 Prefecture level and sub provincial city7 434 4 km2 2 870 4 sq mi Urban2 256 4 km2 871 2 sq mi Metro20 144 1 km2 7 777 7 sq mi Elevation21 m 69 ft Population 2020 census 2 Prefecture level and sub provincial city18 676 605 Density2 500 km2 6 500 sq mi Urban26 940 000 Urban density12 000 km2 31 000 sq mi Metro32 623 413 Metro density1 600 km2 4 200 sq mi DemonymCantoneseGDP 3 Prefecture level and sub provincial cityCN 2 823 trillionUS 437 7 billion Per capitaCN 151 162US 23 436Time zoneUTC 08 00 China Standard Time Postal code510000Area code 0 20ISO 3166 codeCN GD 01License plate prefixes粤ACity FlowerBombax ceibaCity BirdChinese hwameiLanguagesCantonese Standard ChineseWebsitegz gov cnGuangzhouHanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu Cantonese YaleGwongjau PostalCantonKwangchowLiteral meaning Broad Prefecture TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu Bopomofoㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡGwoyeu RomatzyhGoangjouWade GilesKuang3 chou1Tongyong PinyinGuǎngjhouYale RomanizationGwǎngjōuIPA kwa ŋ ʈʂo ʊ WuRomanizationKuaon tseuHakkaRomanizationKong3 ziu1Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationGwongjau Jyutpinggwong2 zau1IPA kʷɔːŋ tsɐu Southern MinHokkien POJKng chiuabbreviationChinese穗Hanyu PinyinSuiCantonese YaleSeuihTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSuiBopomofoㄙㄨㄟˋGwoyeu RomatzyhSueyWade GilesSui4Tongyong PinyinSueiYale RomanizationSweiIPA swe ɪ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSeuihJyutpingseoi6IPA sɵy The port of Guangzhou serves as transportation hub and Guangzhou is one of China s three largest cities 10 For a long time it was the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War and no longer enjoyed a monopoly after the war consequently it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai but continued to serve as a major Entrepot Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic Guangzhou is classified as a Large Port Megacity the largest type of port city in the world Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841 the Treaty of Nanking was signed between Sir Robert Peel on behalf of Queen Victoria and Lin Zexu on behalf of Emperor Xuanzong and has ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom on 26 January 1841 after the agreement of the Convention of Chuenpi 11 Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport the major airport of Guangzhou briefly became the world s busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020 12 Guangzhou is at the heart of the Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Greater Bay Area the most populous built up metropolitan area in the world which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan Dongguan Zhongshan Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen Huizhou Zhuhai and Macau forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 65 594 622 residents 13 and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Administratively the city holds subprovincial status 14 and is one of China s nine National Central Cities 15 In the late 1990s and early 2000s nationals of sub Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997 98 Asian financial crisis 16 The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 of the city s total population in 2008 Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China 17 As of the 2020 census the registered population of the city s expansive administrative area was 18 676 605 individuals up 47 percent from the previous census in 2010 of whom 16 492 590 lived in 9 urban districts all but Conghua and Zengcheng 2 Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai Beijing Shenzhen and Chongqing 18 In modern commerce Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair the oldest and largest trade fair in China 19 For three consecutive years 2013 2015 Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China 20 Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha global first tier city together with San Francisco and Stockholm 21 It is a major Asia Pacific finance hub ranking 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index 22 As an important international city Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games the 2010 Asian Para Games and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup The city hosts 65 foreign representatives making it the major city hosting the third most foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai 23 24 As of 2020 Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China after Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong and Shenzhen for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List 25 Guangzhou is a major Asia Pacific research and development hub with a high level of scientific research output ranking 8th globally and 4th in the Asia Pacific 26 and is home to many of China s most prestigious universities including Sun Yat sen University South China University of Technology Jinan University South China Normal University South China Agricultural University Guangzhou University Southern Medical University Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Medical University and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine 27 28 29 Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Nanyue 2 3 Imperial China 2 4 Modern China 2 4 1 Revolutions 2 4 2 Republic of China 2 4 3 People s Republic of China 3 Geography 3 1 Natural resources 3 1 1 Water resources 3 1 2 Biological Resources 3 1 3 Mineral Resources 3 2 Climate 4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5 1 Zhujiang New Town 5 2 Canton Fair 5 3 Local products 5 4 Industry 5 5 Business Environment 6 Demographics 6 1 Ethnicity and language 6 2 Metropolitan area 6 3 Development of Guangzhou 7 Transportation 7 1 Urban mass transit 7 2 Motor transport 7 3 Airports 7 4 Rail 7 5 Water transport 8 Culture 8 1 Religions 8 1 1 Taoism 8 1 2 Buddhism 8 1 3 Christianity 8 1 4 Islam 9 Sports 10 Restaurants 11 Destinations 11 1 Eight Views 11 2 Parks and gardens 11 3 Tourist attractions 11 4 Pedestrian streets 11 5 Malls and shopping centers 11 6 Major buildings 12 Media 13 Education and research 14 Notable people 15 International relations 15 1 Twin towns and sister cities 15 2 Consulates General consulates 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18 1 Sources 19 External linksToponymy edit nbsp Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname The City of Rams Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州 The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guǎng Prefecture after it had become the prefecture s seat of government The character 廣 or 广 means broad or expansive Before acquiring its current name the town was known as Panyu Punyu 番禺 a name still borne by one of Guangzhou s districts not far from the main city The origin of the name is still uncertain with 11 various explanations being offered 30 including that it may have referred to two local mountains 31 32 The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture From this latter name Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh 33 as Khanfu خانفو 34 Under the Southern Han the city was renamed Xingwang Fu 興王府 35 36 The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗 pronounced Seoi6 in Cantonese and Sui in Mandarin although the abbreviation on car license plates as with the rest of the province is 粤 after its nickname City of Rice 穗城 The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams 羊城 or City of the Five Rams 五羊城 from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city s foundation 37 The former name City of the Immortals 仙城 五仙城 came from the same story The more recent City of Flowers 花城 is usually taken as a simple reference to the area s fine greenery The English name Canton derived from Portuguese Cidade de Cantao 38 a blend of dialectal pronunciations of Guangdong 39 40 e g Cantonese Gwong2 dung1 Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou and remained the official name until its name change to Guangzhou As an adjective it is still used in describing the people language cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region The 19th century name was Kwang chow foo 41 History editFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Guangzhou Prehistory edit nbsp The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou s Nanyue King MuseumA settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC 42 43 Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng s founding during the reign of King Nan of Zhou 44 45 emperor of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud 44 45 Nanyue edit Guangzhou then known as Panyu was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River in 214 BC 41 Ships commanded by tradespersons arrived on the South China coast in the late antiquity Surviving records from the Tang dynasty confirm that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century 46 Panyu was the seat of Qin Empire s Nanhai Commandery and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years 47 Upon the fall of the Qin General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC It remained independent throughout the Chu Han Contention although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC 48 Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center in addition to items from central China archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia India and even Africa 49 Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi Upon Zhao Yingqi s death in 115 BC his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture By 113 BC his Chinese mother the Empress Dowager Jiu 樛 had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire The native prime minister Lu Jia 呂嘉 launched a coup killing Han ambassadors along with the king his mother and their supporters 50 A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him Emperor Wu of Han took offense and launched a massive riverine and seaborne war six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu 51 took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC 50 Imperial China edit nbsp Canton in the early 1800s nbsp View of Pazhou in 1810Incorporated into the Han dynasty Panyu became a provincial capital In AD 226 it became the seat of Guang Prefecture which gave it its modern name The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China 52 Direct routes connected the Middle East and China as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas 53 Relations were often strained while China was undergoing the An Lushan Rebellion Arab and Persian pirates 54 sacked the city on 30 October 758 55 56 57 58 and in revenge thousands of Arabs and Persians were killed by Chinese rebels in the Yangzhou massacre 760 In the Guangzhou massacre about 200 000 Arab Persian and other foreigners were killed by Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878 along with the city s Jews Christians 59 60 61 and Parsis 62 63 The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction 54 Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a Great Yue or Southern Han empire which lasted from 917 to 971 The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period From the 10th to 12th century there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively men but included Persian females 64 65 According to Odoric of Pordenone Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes 66 Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his journey around the world in the 14th century 67 He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port s shipyards 68 Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor s declaration of the Ming dynasty he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans 海禁 69 These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors 70 Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou Quanzhou and Ningbo were closed in 1384 71 and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments 72 Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516 73 His report induced Fernao Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year 73 but De Andrade s exploration 74 was understood as spying 75 and his brother Simao and others began attempting to monopolize trade 76 enslaving Chinese women 77 and children engaging in piracy 78 and fortifying the island of Tamao 79 80 Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children 81 82 The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off 78 they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen 83 and in Xicao Bay held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca 84 who had been accounted a Ming vassal 85 and after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year ultimately executed 23 by lingchi 86 With the help of local pirates 81 the Folangji then carried out smuggling at Macao Lampacau and St John s Island now Shangchuan 77 until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo 汪柏 and the 1554 Luso Chinese Accord The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues 87 three years later after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies 88 the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself 89 nbsp Nieuhof s imaginative 1665 map of Kanton 90 made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled cityIn October 1646 the Longwu Emperor s brother Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou the last stronghold of the Ming empire On December 11 he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes 91 He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on January 20 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong 李成棟 sacked the city on behalf of the Qing 92 The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683 93 The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned as did private Muslim Armenian and English traders 94 From 1699 to 1714 the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year 94 the Austrian Ostend General India Co arrived in 1717 95 the Dutch East India Co in 1729 96 the Danish Asiatic Co in 1731 and the Swedish East India Co the next year 94 These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel The first independent American ship arrived in 1784 and the first colonial Australian one in 1788 citation needed By that time Guangzhou was one of the world s greatest ports organized under the Canton System 97 The main exports were tea and porcelain 94 As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy 98 In the 19th century most of the city s buildings were still only one or two stories However there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees and the guard tower known as the Five Story Pagoda The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves The brick city walls were about 6 mi 10 km in circumference 25 ft 8 m high and 20 ft 6 m wide Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which along with the canals functioned as the city s sewer emptied daily by the river s tides A partition wall with four gates divided the northern old town from the southern new town closer to the river the suburb of Xiguan Saikwan West Gate stretched beyond and the boats of fishers traders and Tanka boat people almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi 6 km It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse 41 The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing about 1 200 mi 1 931 km away in less than 24 hours 99 nbsp Guangzhou Canton and the surrounding islands of Henan Pazhou Changzhou and Xiaoguwei in 1841The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839 Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta the British captured Canton on March 18 1841 100 The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later 101 Following the Qing s 1842 treaty with Great Britain Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries usually including extraterritorial enclaves Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion 1854 1856 the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War 1856 1858 The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai 102 103 The concession for the Guangdong Hankou Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co in 1898 It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession J P Morgan was awarded millions in damages 104 and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936 105 and the completion of a unified Beijing Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan s Yangtze River Bridge in 1957 Modern China edit Revolutions edit During the late Qing dynasty Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city s 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang Yellow Flower Mound Mausoleum Republic of China edit After the assassination of Song Jiaorenn and Yuan Shikai s attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him 106 but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat sen after its failure The city came under national spotlight again in 1917 when Prime Minister Duan Qirui s abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement Sun Yat sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars 107 On June 16 1922 Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique s Beijing government In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi and in January established a government in the city for the third time From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang KMT used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city with the leadership of Chiang Kai shek the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927 In 1924 the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR With Soviet help KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro labor and pro peasant stance The Kuomintang CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy 107 In August the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants Corps Uprising The next year the anti imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre After the death of Sun Yat sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists In August the left wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right wing leader Hu Hanmin the suspected mastermind was exiled to the Soviet Union leaving the pro communist Wang Jingwei in charge Opposing communist encroachment the right wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT The Canton Coup on March 20 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei the party s left wing its Communist allies and its Soviet advisors 108 109 By May he had ended civilian control of the military 109 and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui a general supportive of the Wuhan faction seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei s faction in the city the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city Soon control of the city reverted to Li Jishen Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the New Guangxi Clique By 1929 Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou 110 The opposition to Chiang included KMT leaders like Wang Jingwei Sun Fo and others from diverse factions The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing Shanghai and Canton Resigning all his posts Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions While the intraparty division was resolved Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936 During the WW2 the Canton Operation subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938 People s Republic of China edit Amid the closing months before total Communist victory Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government Guangzhou was captured on October 14 1949 Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city with many of its temples churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period The People s Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city s boat people to life on land Since the 1980s the city s close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China s opening up under Deng Xiaoping Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city s industrialization and economic development The municipality was expanded in the year 2000 with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005 merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively The city acquired Nansha and Luogang The former was carved out of Panyu the latter from parts of Baiyun Tianhe Zengcheng and an exclave within Huangpu The National People s Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009 on March 19 of the same year the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities 111 In 2014 Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts On 16 June 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city s subway lines 112 113 114 History of Guangzhou nbsp The Thirteen Factories c 1805 displaying the flags of Denmark Spain the United States Sweden Britain and the Netherlands nbsp An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua one of the most successful suppliers of export paintings for Guangzhou s foreign traders nbsp Vrooman s 1860 map of the City and Entire Suburbs of Canton one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou s walled city nbsp The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863 nbsp The Five story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c 1880 nbsp The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one and two story homes of old Guangzhou c 1880 nbsp The US Navy s Dept of Navigation s 1920 map of Canton 115 nbsp Sun Yat sen and Chiang Kai shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924 nbsp The Guangzhou Bund in 1930 with rows of Tanka boats source source source source source source A short film of Guangzhou in 1937 nbsp The People s Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949Geography edit nbsp Map of Guangzhou labeled as KUANG CHOU CANTON 廣州 in surrounding region AMS 1954 nbsp Tiantang Peak highest mountain in GuangzhouThe old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River Zhujiang about 80 mi 129 km from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi 483 km below its head of navigation 41 It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait 41 The present city spans 7 434 4 km2 2 870 4 sq mi on both sides of the river from 112 57 to 114 03 E longitude and 22 26 to 23 56 N latitude in south central Guangdong The Pearl is the 4th largest river of China 116 Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary however many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture 117 Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city s lung 市肺 10 118 why The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front Tiantang Peak is the highest point of elevation at 1 210 m 3 970 ft above sea level Natural resources edit There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou including 18 large and medium sized oil deposits The major minerals are granite cement limestone ceramic clay potassium albite salt mine mirabilite nepheline syenite fluorite marble mineral water and geothermal mineral water Since Guangzhou is located in the water rich area of southern China it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems accounting for 10 of the total land area The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable 119 Water resources edit The main characteristics of Guangzhou s water resources are that there are relatively few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources The city s water area is 74 400 hectares accounting for 10 05 of the city s land area The main rivers include Beijiang Dongjiang North Mainstream Zengjiang Liuxi River Baini River Pearl River Guangzhou Reach Shiqiao Waterway and Shawan Waterway Beijiang The Dongjiang River flows through Guangzhou City and merges with the Pearl River to flow into the sea The local average total water resources is 7 979 billion cubic meters including 7 881 billion cubic meters of surface water and 1 487 billion cubic meters of groundwater Calculated based on the amount of local water resources and the permanent population counted in the sixth census in 2010 there are 1 0601 million cubic meters of water resources per square kilometer with an average of 628 cubic meters per capita which is one half of the country s per capita water resources The amount of water resources for transit passengers is 186 024 billion cubic meters which is 23 times the total local water resources The passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in the southern Wanghe District and Zengcheng District The passenger water resources diverted from the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers into Guangzhou City are 159 15 billion cubic meters and the passenger water resources diverted from the Dongjiang River into the north mainstream of the Dongjiang River are 14 203 billion cubic meters meters and the water inflow from the upper reaches of the Zengjiang River is 2 828 billion cubic meters The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area with large runoff and a strong tidal effect The three major entrances of the Pearl River Humen Jiaomen and Hongqili enter the Lingding Ocean and exit the South China Sea in the south of Guangzhou City The annual high tide volume is 271 billion cubic meters and the annual ebb tide volume is 408 8 billion cubic meters The annual runoff of the three major entrances is 137 7 billion cubic meters Compared with meters the annual tide can bring a large amount of water part of which is freshwater resources that can be utilized 120 Biological Resources edit Cultivated crops in Guangzhou have the distinctive characteristics of the transition from the tropics to the subtropics and it is one of the richest regions in China in terms of fruit tree resources including three major categories of tropical subtropical and temperate zones 41 families 82 genera and 174 species totaling more than 500 varieties among which there are 55 major varieties of lychee It is the center of origin and variety of lychee longan yellow skin black white olive and so on Vegetables are known for their high quality and variety with 15 major categories 127 species and more than 370 varieties Flowers include fresh cut flowers fresh cut flowers fresh cut leaves fresh cut branches potted plants potted flowers bonsai flower bed plants ornamental seedlings edible and medicinal flowers industrial and other uses of flowers lawns seedlings etc More than 3 000 traditional varieties and in recent years the introduction of new varieties development and utilization Grain cash crops livestock poultry aquatic products wild animals and a wide variety of famous and excellent varieties including Zengcheng Simiao rice is the first protected variety in Guangzhou City to obtain geographical indications 121 Mineral Resources edit The geological structure of Guangzhou City is quite complex with good conditions for mineralization Forty seven kinds of minerals including subspecies have been discovered with 820 mineral sites and 25 large and medium sized mining areas The main minerals are granite for construction limestone for cement ceramic clay potassium sodium feldspar salt mines manganese nepheline orthoclase fluorite marble mineral water and thermal mineral water Energy minerals and non ferrous minerals in the area are in short supply sporadically distributed small in scale and unstable in grade 122 Climate edit Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cwa influenced by the East Asian monsoon Summers are wet with high temperatures high humidity and a high heat index Winters are mild and comparatively dry Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season spanning from April through September Monthly averages range from 13 8 C 56 8 F in January to 28 9 C 84 0 F in July while the annual mean is 22 4 C 72 3 F 10 Autumn from October to December is very moderate cool and windy and is the best travel time 123 The relative humidity is approximately 76 percent whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1 950 mm 77 in 10 With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March to 51 percent in October the city receives 1 559 hours of bright sunshine annually considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 C 32 F to 39 4 C 102 9 F 124 The last recorded snowfall in the city was on January 24 2016 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall 125 Climate data for Guangzhou 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 28 4 83 1 29 4 84 9 32 1 89 8 33 3 91 9 39 4 102 9 38 9 102 0 39 1 102 4 38 3 100 9 37 6 99 7 36 2 97 2 33 4 92 1 29 6 85 3 39 4 102 9 Mean daily maximum C F 18 7 65 7 20 0 68 0 22 3 72 1 26 4 79 5 30 0 86 0 32 0 89 6 33 3 91 9 33 2 91 8 32 0 89 6 29 3 84 7 25 3 77 5 20 7 69 3 26 9 80 5 Daily mean C F 13 8 56 8 15 5 59 9 18 3 64 9 22 5 72 5 26 0 78 8 27 9 82 2 28 9 84 0 28 6 83 5 27 4 81 3 24 4 75 9 20 2 68 4 15 4 59 7 22 4 72 3 Mean daily minimum C F 10 6 51 1 12 5 54 5 15 5 59 9 19 6 67 3 23 1 73 6 25 1 77 2 25 8 78 4 25 5 77 9 24 2 75 6 20 9 69 6 16 7 62 1 11 9 53 4 19 3 66 7 Record low C F 0 1 32 2 1 3 34 3 3 2 37 8 7 7 45 9 14 6 58 3 18 8 65 8 21 6 70 9 20 9 69 6 15 5 59 9 9 5 49 1 4 9 40 8 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 Average precipitation mm inches 51 1 2 01 56 1 2 21 101 0 3 98 193 8 7 63 329 0 12 95 364 9 14 37 242 6 9 55 270 3 10 64 203 2 8 00 67 3 2 65 37 4 1 47 33 4 1 31 1 950 1 76 77 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 7 2 9 4 13 8 15 3 17 4 19 4 17 0 16 8 12 0 5 7 5 7 5 7 145 4Average relative humidity 72 76 80 82 81 82 79 80 77 70 69 67 76Mean monthly sunshine hours 112 9 77 5 61 6 69 1 103 4 127 5 179 0 166 4 167 0 182 2 159 7 152 7 1 559Percent possible sunshine 33 24 17 18 25 32 43 42 46 51 49 46 36Source China Meteorological Data Service Center 126 127 128 all time extreme temperature 124 Administrative divisions editMain article List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou Guangzhou is a sub provincial city It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts nbsp Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Conghua Zengcheng Administrative divisions of GuangzhouDivisioncode 129 Division Area km2 130 Population 2022 131 Seat Postalcode Subdivisions 132 Subdistricts Towns Residentialcommunities Administrativevillages440100 Guangzhou 7 434 40 18 734 100 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142440103 Liwan 59 10 1 123 700 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22 195 440104 Yuexiu 33 80 1 028 500 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18 267 440105 Haizhu 90 40 1 798 300 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18 257 440106 Tianhe 96 33 2 221 700 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21 205 440111 Baiyun 795 79 3 637 000 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118440112 Huangpu 484 17 1 191 800 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28440113 Panyu 529 94 2 807 400 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177440114 Huadu 970 04 1 706 200 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188440115 Nansha 783 86 929 400 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128440117 Conghua 1 974 50 739 700 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221440118 Zengcheng 1 616 47 1 550 400 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese Pinyin GuangdongRomanization KejiahuaPinyin Fang anLiwan District 荔湾区 Liwan Qu lei6 wan1 keu1 lai4 van1 ki1Yuexiu District 越秀区 Yuexiu Qu yud6 seo3 keu1 yet6 siu4 ki1Haizhu District 海珠区 Hǎizhu Qu hoi2 ju1 keu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1Tianhe District 天河区 Tianhe Qu tin6 ho4 keu1 tien1 ho2 ki1Baiyun District 白云区 Baiyun Qu bak6 wan4 keu1 pak6 yun2 ki1Huangpu District 黄埔区 Huangpǔ Qu wong4 bou3 keu1 vong2 bu4 ki1Panyu District 番禺区 Panyu Qu pun1 yu4 keu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1Huadu District 花都区 Huadu Qu fa1 dou1 keu1 fa1 du1 ki1Nansha District 南沙区 Nansha Qu nam4 sa1 keu1 nam2 lam2 sa1 ki1Conghua District 从化区 Conghua Qu cung4 fa3 keu1 vung2 fa3 ki1Zengcheng District 增城区 Zengcheng Qu zeng1 xing4 keu1 zen1 sang2 ki1Guangzhou City 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shi guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4Economy editGuangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta one of mainland China s leading commercial and manufacturing regions In 2021 its GDP reached 2 823 billion US 444 37 billion in nominal making it the 2nd largest economy in the South Central China region after Shenzhen 133 Guangzhou s GDP nominal was 444 37 billion in 2021 exceeding that 134 Guangzhou s per capita was 151 162 23 794 in nominal 133 Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China after Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong and Shenzhen in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020 25 Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 together with Shanghai Beijing and Shenzhen in China according to a study by Oxford Economics 135 and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above 42 000 in 2030 136 Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally between Washington D C and Amsterdam and 8th in the whole Asia amp Oceania region behind Shanghai Tokyo Hong Kong Singapore Beijing Shenzhen and Dubai in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index GFCI 22 Owing to rapid industrialization it was once also considered a rather polluted city After green urban planning was implemented it is now one of the most livable cities in China Zhujiang New Town edit Zhujiang New Town is the central business district of Guangzhou in the 21st century It covers 6 44 km2 in Tianhe District Multiple financial institutions are headquartered in this area nbsp Zhujiang New Town nbsp Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town nbsp Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town nbsp Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town nbsp Zhujiang New Town at nightCanton Fair edit The Canton Fair formally the China Import and Export Fair is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade Inaugurated in the spring of 1957 the fair is a major event for the city It is the trade fair with the longest history highest level and largest scale in China 137 From the 104th session onwards the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center 广州国际会展中心 in Pazhou from the older complex in Liuhua The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1 Since the 104th session the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases nbsp The first Canton Fair 1957 at the Sino Soviet Friendship Building nbsp The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu s Liuhua Complex nbsp The new Canton Fair Complex nbsp Interior of the Canton Fair ComplexLocal products edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cantonese cuisine is one of China s most famous and popular regional cuisines with a saying stating simply to Eat in Guangzhou 食在廣州 Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade wood and controversially ivory Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware It is now known within China for its highly colorful style Cantonese embroidery is one of china s four main styles of the embroidery Zhujiang Beer a pale lager is one of China s most successful brands Industry edit nbsp Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in GuangzhouGAC Group Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005 Its total planned area is 1 36 km2 0 53 sq mi 138 It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital Guangzhou The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly biotechnology and heavy industry It is situated 54 km 34 mi a 70 minutes drive south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal Guangzhou Free Trade Zone The zone was founded in 1992 It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport 139 The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade logistics processing and computer software Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District Next to the industries above new sectors are being introduced to the business environment including new energy AI new mobility new materials information and communication technology and new transport It is also home to the Guangzhou IP Court 140 Guangzhou Science CityBusiness Environment edit Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses According to an article by China Briefing over 30 000 foreign invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018 including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city 141 Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 1950 142 2 567 645 1960 142 3 683 104 43 4 1970 142 4 185 363 13 6 1980 142 5 018 638 19 9 1990 142 5 942 534 18 4 2000 142 9 943 000 67 3 2002 143 10 106 229 1 6 2005 144 9 496 800 6 0 2006 144 9 966 600 4 9 2007 144 10 530 100 5 7 2008 144 11 153 400 5 9 2009 144 11 869 700 6 4 2010 142 12 701 948 7 0 2011 145 12 751 400 0 4 2012 145 12 832 900 0 6 2013 145 12 926 800 0 7 2014 145 13 080 500 1 2 201814 904 400 13 9 Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions The 2010 census found Guangzhou s population to be 12 78 million As of 2014 update it was estimated at 13 080 500 146 145 with 11 264 800 urban residents 147 Its population density is thus around 1 800 people per km2 The built up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities The built up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17 573 km2 6 785 sq mi and has been estimated to house 22 million people including Guangzhou s nine urban districts Shenzhen 5 36m Dongguan 3 22m Zhongshan 3 12m most of Foshan 2 2m Jiangmen 1 82m Zhuhai 890k and Huizhou s Huiyang District 760k citation needed The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region citation needed The area s fast growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge floating population of migrant workers thus up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year citation needed In 2008 about five million of Guangzhou s permanent residents were hukouless migrants 148 Ethnicity and language edit Most of Guangzhou s population is Han Chinese Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language 150 while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin 148 In 2010 each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city s population 151 although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well citation needed In 2018 He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives causing their Cantonese speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin speaking Shenzhen 152 Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69 could still speak and understand Cantonese 20 can understand Cantonese but unable to speak it and 11 completely had no knowledge of Cantonese Jinan University s study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese roughly 40 50 of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51 4 of them in mobile games 47 in Social Platforms 44 1 in TV shows and 39 8 in Books and Newspapers Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese it is faring better in survival popularity and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language 153 154 As of the 2020s additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng the report showed that 90 of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country s official language 155 156 Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country While most areas of China have 112 120 boys per 100 girls the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls 157 158 159 Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are Hakka people There are seven administrative districts in Guangzhou with a considerable Hakka population Zengcheng District Huadu District Conghua District Baiyun District Tianhe District Yuexiu District and Panyu District It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district s population 160 161 Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people This huge influx of people from other areas called the floating population is due to the city s fast growing economy and high labor demands Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that while the city had 10 33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million which means the city is facing a great strain mostly due to a high population of unregistered people 157 According to the 2000 National Census marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29 3 of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage Liang et al 2004 Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life 162 but like elsewhere in the People s Republic of China the household registration system hukou limits migrants access to residences educational institutions and other public benefits It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution 163 In May 2014 legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously 164 Historically the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th and 20th century Chinese diaspora in fact many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou This is particularly true in the United States 165 Canada 166 and Australia Demographically the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists workers and residents from the usual locations such as the United States Notably it is also home to thousands of African immigrants including people from Nigeria Somalia Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo 167 Metropolitan area edit The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to have as of 2010 update a population of 25 million 168 169 Development of Guangzhou edit ScienceDirect provides a report on their website of the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020 showing how in 1990 the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands However from 2005 until 2020 other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities 170 171 Transportation editUrban mass transit edit Main article Guangzhou Metro nbsp Guangzhou MetroWhen the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997 Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system behind Beijing Tianjin and Shanghai Currently the metro network is made up of sixteen lines covering a total length of 652 81 km 405 64 mi 172 A long term plan is to make the city s metro system expand to over 500 km 310 mi by 2020 with 15 lines in operation In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on December 31 2014 173 The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit GBRT system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road It has several connections to the metro and is the world s 2nd largest bus rapid transit system with 1 000 000 passenger trips daily 174 It handles 26 900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota 175 The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world s longest BRT stations around 260 m 850 ft including bridges Motor transport edit See also List of bus routes in Guangzhou nbsp Buses in GuangzhouIn the 19th century the city already had over 600 long straight streets these were mostly paved but still very narrow 41 In June 1919 work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways The demolition took three years in total 176 In 2009 it was reported that all 9 424 buses and 17 695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city 177 At present when Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG fueled vehicles in the world and at the end of 2006 6 500 buses and 16 000 taxis were using LPG taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis citation needed Effective January 1 2007 the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong s urban areas Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated 178 The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban 179 Airports edit nbsp Baiyun International Airport Terminal 2Guangzhou s main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District it opened on August 5 2004 180 This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city s rapidly growing air traffic demand The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways with two more planned 181 Terminal 2 opened on April 26 2018 182 Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning 183 Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier 184 There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA 185 Rail edit Further information Guangzhou railway station Guangzhou East railway station Guangzhou South railway station Guangzhou North railway station and Guangzhou Baiyun railway station Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing Guangzhou Guangzhou Shenzhen Guangzhou Maoming and Guangzhou Meizhou Shantou conventional speed railways In late 2009 the Wuhan Guangzhou high speed railway started service with multiple unit trains covering 980 km 608 94 mi at a top speed of 320 km h 199 mph In December 2014 the Guiyang Guangzhou high speed railway and Nanning Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km h 155 mph and 200 km h 124 mph respectively 186 The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon Hong Kong The route is approximately 182 km 113 mi in length and the ride takes less than two hours Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations mostly major hotels around the city A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou Foshan Zhaoqing intercity railway Water transport edit There are daily high speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong Transport in Guangzhou nbsp Panyu Square station of the Guangzhou Metro nbsp Trains used by the Guangzhou Metro nbsp GBRT station nbsp Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District nbsp CRH380A at Guangzhou South Railway Station nbsp Guangzhou TramCulture edit nbsp Guangzhou Opera HouseGuangzhou s culture is mainly Cantonese culture which is a subset of the larger Southern or the Lingnan culture followed by Hakka culture 187 Notable aspects of Cantonese cultural heritage include Cantonese language the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese Cantonese cuisine one of China s eight major culinary traditions 188 note 1 Cantonese opera usually divided into martial and literary performances Xiguan Saikwan the area west of the former walled city The Guangzhou Opera House amp Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock and roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong It is worth noting that Cantonese language Cantonese cuisine and Cantonese opera are the shared culture of the whole Guangdong region not just the important cultural components of Guangzhou city With a population of diverse background the culture of Guangzhou also includes other categories such as Hakka culture and language In the Hakka people inhabited areas of Guangzhou Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved and in the long history the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics Zengcheng Guangzhou is a district with a history of more than 1800 years with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture the derived food culture has not only the non heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton Lanxi Rice Noodle and Goose Soup but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin Paitan Roasted Chicken and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet 190 Religions edit Before the postmodern era Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions halls and temples 41 Today in addition to the Buddhist Association Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association a Jewish community 191 192 as well as a history with Christianity reintroduced to China by colonial powers clarification needed Taoism edit Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city s temples Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames 193 However the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace During the Cultural Revolution all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards Only a handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during the 1980s Guangzhou like most of southern China is also notably observant and continues the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival Buddhism edit Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou 194 The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande the last of the Nanyue kings and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple Temple of Bright Filial Piety since the Ming dynasty The Buddhist missionary monk Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty 5th or 6th century Around AD 520 Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song citation needed The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple Flowery Forest Temple after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to Promote Education with Temple Property 廟產興學 and the PRC s Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery Christianity edit Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road but suffered during Emperor Wuzong s 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000 195 specify The Qing era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou s Sacred Heart Cathedral known locally as the Stone House A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction its original Latin and French stained glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution they have since been replaced by English ones The Canton Christian College 1888 and Hackett Medical College for Women 1902 were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou s Lingnan University Since the opening up of China in the 1980s there has been renewed interest in Christianity but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials 196 The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years however his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China s Patriotic Church Islam edit Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty 197 Relations were often strained Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30 758 the port was subsequently closed for fifty years 54 55 56 57 58 Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878 along with that of the Jews Christians 59 60 61 and Parsis 62 63 Nowadays the city is home to halal restaurants 198 Religious sites in Guangzhou nbsp Guangzhou s Temple of the Five Immortals nbsp The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple Hualin in the 1870s nbsp The Temple of Bright Filial Piety nbsp Guangzhou s City God Temple nbsp The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple Hoi Tong in the 1830s nbsp The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Liurong nbsp The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present day Hoi Tong Monastery nbsp Sacred Heart Cathedral nbsp Tianhe Church built in 2017Sports edit nbsp Guangdong Olympic StadiumThe 11 468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was a 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup venue 199 From November 12 to 27 2010 Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games The same year it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19 Combined these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted 200 nbsp Tianhe StadiumGuangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events 1987 The 6th National Games of China 1991 The 1st FIFA Women s World Cup 2001 The 2001 National Games of China 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People s Republic of China Wikidata 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup the world badminton mixed team championshipsCurrent professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include Sports League Tier Club StadiumSoccer China League One 2nd Guangzhou Huadu StadiumEsports Overwatch Overwatch League 1st Guangzhou Charge Tianhe GymnasiumBasketball Chinese Basketball Association 1st Guangzhou Loong Lions Tianhe GymnasiumBaseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Tianhe Sports Center baseball field nbsp Guangzhou Baoneng Qoros ArenaIn the 2010s Guangzhou became a Chinese soccer powerhouse having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019 The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015 The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup where it lost 3 0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012 13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014 15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona respectively 201 Restaurants editIn the 1990s the local press prolifically published reviews of restaurants in Guangzhou The local newspapers introduced lifestyle pages and relied on infotainment to encourage the purchase of a daily newspaper 202 Destinations editEight Views edit Main articles Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou nbsp Canton Tower 203 The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou s eight most famous tourist attractions They have varied over time since the Song dynasty with some being named or demoted by emperors The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011 citation needed Towers Shining through the New Town The Pearl River Flowing and Shining The Pearl River from Bai etan to Pazhou Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area Yuexiu s Grandeur Yuexiu Hill and Park The Ancient Academy s Lingering Fame The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum Liwan s Wonderful Scenery Liwan Lake Science City Splendid as Brocade Wetlands Singing at Night Nansha Wetlands Park nbsp Bombax ceiba Guangzhou s official flowerParks and gardens edit Baiyun Mountain Nansha Wetland Park People s Park South China Botanical Garden Yuexiu Park Guangdong Tree Park Dongshanhu Park 东山湖公园 東山湖公園 Liuhuahu Park 流花湖公园 流花湖公園 Liwanhu Park 荔湾湖公园 荔灣湖公園 Luhu Park 麓湖公园 麓湖公園 Martyrs Park 广州起义烈士陵园 廣州起義烈士陵園 Pearl River Park 珠江公园 珠江公園 Yuntai Garden 云台花园 雲臺花園 Shimen National Forest Park 石门国家森林公园 石門國家森林公園 Haizhu Lake Park 海珠湖公园 海珠湖公園 Tourist attractions edit nbsp Sun Yat sen Memorial HallGuangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018 204 There are many tourist attractions including Canton Tower Chen Clan Ancestral Hall housing Guangzhou s folk art museum Chime Long Paradise Chime Long Waterpark simplified Chinese 长隆水上乐园 traditional Chinese 長隆水上樂園 Guangdong Provincial Museum Guangzhou Zoo Wikidata Mulberry Park public center which demonstrates mulberry growing and silk making Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King Peasant Movement Training Institute an important Maoist site Sacred Heart Cathedral Stone House Temple of Bright Filial Piety Guangxiao Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Liurong site of the Flowery Pagoda Sanyuan Palace Shamian or Shameen Island the old trading compound Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall site of Guangzhou s former presidential palace Xiguan Saikwan the western suburbs of the old city Pedestrian streets edit In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets nbsp Shangxiajiu Pedestrian StreetThe popular pedestrian streets are Beijing Road pedestrian street Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street Huacheng Square Flower City Square Malls and shopping centers edit There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district nbsp Aerial view of Parc Central Mall101 Dynamics China Plaza Liwan Plaza Teem Plaza Victory Plaza Wanguo Plaza Grandview Mall Grandview Mall Aquarium Wanda square Happy Valley TaiKoo Hui Parc Central OneLinkWalk Rock Square Aeon Mall GT Land Plaza IFC Plaza IGC Mall Mall of the World K11 Fashion Tianhe Major buildings edit Main article List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou See also List of historic buildings in Guangzhou CITIC Plaza Canton Tower Guangzhou Circle Mansion Guangdong Olympic Stadium Guangzhou Opera House Guangzhou TV Tower Pearl River Tower The Twin Towers Guangzhou International Finance Center West The CTF Guangzhou East nbsp Canton Custom House est 1916 one of the oldest surviving in China nbsp Aiqun Hotel Guangzhou s tallest building from 1937 to 1967 nbsp Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian nbsp The Canton Cement Factory est 1907 which housed Sun Yat sen from 1923 to 1925 nbsp The old provincial capitol now the Museum of Revolutionary History nbsp Guangzhou s CBD including the IFC left and CTF right Media editGuangzhou has two local radio stations the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels The primary language of both stations is Cantonese Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese However in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city depending on the radio stations locations and transmission power The Beijing based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city Radio Guangdong has a 30 minute weekly English programs Guangdong Today which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese language newspapers and magazines in mainland China most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city the Guangzhou Daily Press Group Nanfang Press Corporation and the Yangcheng Evening News Group The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily The former with a circulation of 1 8 million has been China s most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China In addition to Guangzhou s Chinese language publications there are a few English magazines and newspapers The most successful is That s Guangzhou which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That s PRD producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well It also produces In the Red Education and research edit nbsp Sun Yat sen University nbsp South China Agricultural University nbsp Guangzhou LibraryThe Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center also known as Guangzhou University Town 广州大学城 is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District covering an area of about 18 km2 7 sq mi The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200 000 students 20 000 teachers and 50 000 staff 205 As of June 2023 Guangzhou hosts 84 institutions of higher education excluding adult colleges ranking 2nd nationwide after Beijing and 1st in South China region 206 The city has many highly ranked educational institutions with seven universities listed in 147 National Key Universities under the Double First Class Construction ranking fourth nationwide after Beijing Shanghai and Nanjing Guangzhou is also an important hub for international students and it was ranked 110th globally by the QS Best Student Cities Rankings in 2023 207 Guangzhou is a major Asia Pacific R amp D hub ranking 8th globally 4th in the Asia amp Oceania regions after Beijing Shanghai and Nanjing and 1st in South Central China region 208 The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center s higher education campuses are as follows Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts Guangzhou University Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine South China Normal University South China University of Technology Sun Yat sen University Xinghai Conservatory of MusicGuangzhou s other fully accredited and degree granting universities and colleges include Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University Guangdong University of Finance amp Economics Guangdong University of Finance Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Sports University Jinan University South China Agricultural University Southern Medical University Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringThe two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat sen Library of Guangdong Province Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town which fully opened on June 23 2013 209 Sun Yat sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China 210 Further information Guangzhou High SchoolNotable people editChoh Hao Li 1913 1987 American biochemist expert on hormones Zhi Cong Li born 1993 racing driver Xiao Ping Liang born 1959 internationally exhibited calligrapher Kuang Sunmou 1863 railway engineer businessman and bureaucrat Bolo Yeung born July 3 1946 Hong Kong martial artist competitive bodybuilder and film actor Qi Yuwu born November 28 1976 actor based in Singapore Donnie Yen born 27 July 1963 Hong Kong martial artist action director and choreographer and film director and actorInternational relations editTwin towns and sister cities edit Main article List of twin towns and sister cities in China Consulates General consulates edit See also List of diplomatic missions in ChinaAs of April 2023 Guangzhou hosts 68 foreign consulates general consulates excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai 23 24 See also editCanton System and Old China Trade World s largest cities Historical capitals of China Mezitli Producer Women s Market Guangzhou Innovation Award 2021 Guangzhou bombingNotes edit UK ɡ w ae ŋ ˈ dʒ oʊ gwang JOH 4 US ˈ ɡ w ɑː ŋ GWAHNG 5 Chinese 广州 pinyin GuǎngzhōuCantonese kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u or kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u alternatively as Canton 6 or Kwangchow 7 The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui Fujian Hunan Jiangsu Shandong Sichuan and Zhejiang 189 References edit 土地面积 人口密度 2008年 Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou Archived from the original on March 23 2015 Retrieved February 8 2010 a b China Guăngdōng Prefectures Cities Districts and Counties City Population Archived from the original on June 29 2020 Retrieved September 19 2021 2021年广州Gdp达28231 97亿元 同比增8 1 中新网 Archived from the original on January 26 2022 Retrieved January 26 2022 Guangzhou Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on September 28 2020 Guangzhou Merriam Webster com Dictionary Canton Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary 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