The zhou of the Qing dynasty are also called either "independent" or "dependent departments", depending on their level.[citation needed]
A mid-Qing map of Zhejiang Provinces, with all prefecture capitals indicated (杭州府Hangzhou-fu, 温州府Wenzhou-fu, 金华府Jinhua-fu, etc.). South is on top.
The Tang dynasty also established fǔ (府, "prefectures"), zhou of special importance such as capitals and other major cities.[citation needed] By the Ming and Qing, fǔ became predominant divisions within Chinese provinces. In Ming and Qing, the word fǔ (府) was typically attached to the name of each prefecture's capital city, thus both Chinese and Western maps and geographical works would often call the respective cities Hangzhou-fu, Wenzhou-fu, Wuchang-fu, etc.
Zhou were first mentioned in ancient Chinese texts, notably the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, section of the Book of Documents. All agreed on the division of China into nine zhou, though they differed on their names and position. These zhou were geographical concepts, not administrative entities.[1]
The Han dynasty was the first to formalize the zhou into actual administrative divisions by establishing 13 zhou all across China. Because these zhou were the largest divisions of the China at the time, they are usually translated as "provinces". After the Han Dynasty, however, the number of zhou began to increase. By the time of the Sui dynasty, there were over a hundred zhou all across China.
The Sui and Tang dynasties merged zhou with the next level down, the commanderies or jùn (郡). The Tang also added another level on top: the circuit or dào (道). Henceforth, zhou were lowered to second-level status, and the word becomes translated into English as "prefecture".[citation needed] Thereafter, zhou continued to survive as second- or third-level political divisions until the Qing dynasty.
^Po, Ronald Chung-yam (October 23, 2013). "(Re)Conceptualizing the World in Eighteenth Century China". World History Connected. World History Connected, University of Illinois. 9 (1). from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
August 18, 2023
zhou, administrative, division, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, zhou, administrative, division, news. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Zhou administrative division news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Zhou Chinese 州 pinyin zhōu lit land were historical administrative and political divisions of China Formally established during the Han dynasty zhou existed continuously for over 200 years until the 1912 establishment of the Republic of China citation needed Zhou were also once used in Korea Korean 주 ju Vietnam Vietnamese chau and Japan Hepburn shu ZhouChinese nameChinese州TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinzhōuWade Gileschou1Yue CantoneseJyutpingzau1Southern MinHokkien POJchiuVietnamese nameVietnamesechauKorean nameHangul주TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationjuMcCune ReischauerchuJapanese nameHiraganaしゅうTranscriptionsRevised HepburnshuHan Dynasty zhou in CE 189 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 See also 4 ReferencesOverview EditZhou is typically rendered by several terms in the English language The large zhou before the Tang dynasty and in countries other than China are called provinces The smaller zhou during and after the Tang dynasty are called prefectures citation needed The zhou of the Qing dynasty are also called either independent or dependent departments depending on their level citation needed A mid Qing map of Zhejiang Provinces with all prefecture capitals indicated 杭州府 Hangzhou fu 温州府 Wenzhou fu 金华府 Jinhua fu etc South is on top The Tang dynasty also established fǔ 府 prefectures zhou of special importance such as capitals and other major cities citation needed By the Ming and Qing fǔ became predominant divisions within Chinese provinces In Ming and Qing the word fǔ 府 was typically attached to the name of each prefecture s capital city thus both Chinese and Western maps and geographical works would often call the respective cities Hangzhou fu Wenzhou fu Wuchang fu etc After the Meiji Restoration fu was also used in Japanese for the urban prefectures of the most important cities today it is still used in the Japanese names for the Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures In the People s Republic of China zhou today exists only in the designation autonomous prefecture Chinese 自治州 pinyin zizhizhōu administrative areas for China s designated minorities However zhou have left a huge mark on Chinese place names including the province of Guizhou and the major cities of Guangzhou Fuzhou Hangzhou Lanzhou and Suzhou among many others Likewise although modern Korean Vietnamese and Japanese provinces are no longer designated by zhou cognates the older terms survive in various place names notably the Japanese islands of Honshu and Kyushu the Korean province Jeju do and Lai Chau in Vietnam History EditFurther information History of the administrative divisions of China Zhou were first mentioned in ancient Chinese texts notably the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu section of the Book of Documents All agreed on the division of China into nine zhou though they differed on their names and position These zhou were geographical concepts not administrative entities 1 The Han dynasty was the first to formalize the zhou into actual administrative divisions by establishing 13 zhou all across China Because these zhou were the largest divisions of the China at the time they are usually translated as provinces After the Han Dynasty however the number of zhou began to increase By the time of the Sui dynasty there were over a hundred zhou all across China The Sui and Tang dynasties merged zhou with the next level down the commanderies or jun 郡 The Tang also added another level on top the circuit or dao 道 Henceforth zhou were lowered to second level status and the word becomes translated into English as prefecture citation needed Thereafter zhou continued to survive as second or third level political divisions until the Qing dynasty The Republic of China abolished zhou altogether leaving the word only in the names of cities such as Guangzhou and Hangzhou citation needed The People s Republic of China recycled the name using it to refer to the autonomous prefectures granted to various ethnicities See also EditAdministrative divisions of China Provinces of ChinaReferences Edit Po Ronald Chung yam October 23 2013 Re Conceptualizing the World in Eighteenth Century China World History Connected World History Connected University of Illinois 9 1 Archived from the original on April 24 2012 Retrieved January 10 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhou administrative division amp oldid 1151407801, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
