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Globalization and World Cities Research Network

April 12, 2023


The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershire, United Kingdom. GaWC was founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998.[1] Together with Jon Beaverstock and Richard G. Smith, they create the GaWC's biennial categorization of world cities into "Alpha", "Beta" and "Gamma" tiers, based upon their international connectedness.[2]

Globalization and World Cities Research Network
Established1998
DirectorPeter J. Taylor
Location
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Websitelboro.ac.uk/gawc
class=notpageimage|
Top global cities per the GaWC 2020 rankings. Shown are "Alpha ++" cities (gold star) and "Alpha +" cities (gold peg).

GaWC city classification

The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities, then ranks these based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.[3] The GaWC inventory ranks city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors.[why?] Beyond the categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), and "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories), the GaWC cities include additional cities at "High sufficiency" and "Sufficiency" level.

GaWC has published city classifications in 1998, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2020.[4] The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and additional cities with High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence. The list has been prone to change in the ranks. For example, some cities have been no longer classified as sufficient level that were selected prior 2018 like the United States cities, Greensboro and Providence.[5][6]

2020 city classification

The classification "results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services across 707 cities worldwide (i.e. the input is 175 x 707 = 123,725 pieces of information). The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. enabling corporate globalization)."[7] The cities in the 2020 classification are as follows.[8]

( 1) or ( 1) indicates a city moved one category up or down since the 2018 classification.[9]

Alpha

Alpha level cities are linked to major economic states/regions and highly integrated into the world economy. Alpha level cities are classified into four sections: Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha, and Alpha − cities.

Alpha ++

Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global economy:

Alpha +

Alpha + are "other highly integrated cities that complement London and New York, largely filling in advanced service needs for the Pacific/Asia":[10]

Alpha

Alpha −

Beta

Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta +, Beta, and Beta − cities.

Beta +

Beta

Beta −

Gamma

Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma, and Gamma − cities.

Gamma +

Gamma

Gamma −

Sufficiency

Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities.

High Sufficiency

Sufficiency

No longer classified

The following cities were included in the 2018 edition, but not in the 2020 edition:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Added in the 2020 edition of the classification.

References

  1. ^ Taylor, Peter J. (2004). World city network: a global urban analysis. Routledge. p. ix. ISBN 0-415-30249-8. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  2. ^ Donald, Stephanie; Gammack, John G. (2007). Tourism and the branded city. London: Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7546-4829-1. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  3. ^ "GaWC City Link Classification 2018". Lboro.ac.uk. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  4. ^ "The World According to GaWC". GaWC - Research Network. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  5. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  6. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2012". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  7. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020: Classification of Cities". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  8. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  9. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2018". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  10. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

External links

  • GaWC official website

April 12, 2023
globalization, world, cities, research, network, gawc, think, tank, that, studies, relationships, between, world, cities, context, globalization, based, geography, department, loughborough, university, leicestershire, united, kingdom, gawc, founded, peter, tay. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network GaWC is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershire United Kingdom GaWC was founded by Peter J Taylor in 1998 1 Together with Jon Beaverstock and Richard G Smith they create the GaWC s biennial categorization of world cities into Alpha Beta and Gamma tiers based upon their international connectedness 2 Globalization and World Cities Research NetworkEstablished1998DirectorPeter J TaylorLocationLoughborough United KingdomWebsitelboro ac uk gawcNew YorkParisLondonTokyoBeijingHong KongSingaporeShanghaiDubaiLos Angelesclass notpageimage Top global cities per the GaWC 2020 rankings Shown are Alpha cities gold star and Alpha cities gold peg vte Contents 1 GaWC city classification 2 2020 city classification 2 1 Alpha 2 1 1 Alpha 2 1 2 Alpha 2 1 3 Alpha 2 1 4 Alpha 2 2 Beta 2 2 1 Beta 2 2 2 Beta 2 2 3 Beta 2 3 Gamma 2 3 1 Gamma 2 3 2 Gamma 2 3 3 Gamma 2 4 Sufficiency 2 4 1 High Sufficiency 2 4 2 Sufficiency 3 No longer classified 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksGaWC city classification EditThe GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities then ranks these based on their connectivity through four advanced producer services accountancy advertising banking finance and law 3 The GaWC inventory ranks city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors why Beyond the categories of Alpha world cities with four sub categories Beta world cities three sub categories and Gamma world cities three sub categories the GaWC cities include additional cities at High sufficiency and Sufficiency level GaWC has published city classifications in 1998 2000 2004 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 and 2020 4 The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors The 2008 roster similar to the 1998 version is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities with four sub categories Beta world cities three sub categories Gamma world cities three sub categories and additional cities with High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence The list has been prone to change in the ranks For example some cities have been no longer classified as sufficient level that were selected prior 2018 like the United States cities Greensboro and Providence 5 6 2020 city classification EditThe classification results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services across 707 cities worldwide i e the input is 175 x 707 123 725 pieces of information The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network i e enabling corporate globalization 7 The cities in the 2020 classification are as follows 8 1 or 1 indicates a city moved one category up or down since the 2018 classification 9 Alpha Edit Alpha level cities are linked to major economic states regions and highly integrated into the world economy Alpha level cities are classified into four sections Alpha Alpha Alpha and Alpha cities Alpha Edit Alpha cities are cities most integrated with the global economy London New York City Alpha Edit Alpha are other highly integrated cities that complement London and New York largely filling in advanced service needs for the Pacific Asia 10 Beijing Dubai Hong Kong Paris Shanghai Singapore Tokyo Alpha Edit Amsterdam 1 Brussels Chicago Frankfurt Jakarta Kuala Lumpur Los Angeles Madrid Mexico City Milan Moscow Mumbai Sao Paulo Sydney 1 Toronto Alpha Edit Bangkok 1 Bangalore 1 Boston 1 Buenos Aires 1 Dublin Guangzhou 1 Istanbul 1 Johannesburg Lisbon Luxembourg City Manila Melbourne 1 Montreal Munich New Delhi Prague Riyadh San Francisco Santiago Seoul 1 Shenzhen Stockholm Taipei 1 Vienna Warsaw 1 Zurich 1 Beta Edit Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections Beta Beta and Beta cities Beta Edit Atlanta Auckland Barcelona 1 Beirut 1 Berlin 1 Bogota 1 Brisbane 1 Bucharest Budapest 1 Cairo Chengdu Copenhagen Dallas Doha Dusseldorf Hamburg Houston 1 Lima Miami 2 Rome 1 Tel Aviv Vancouver Washington D C 1 Beta Edit Abu Dhabi Athens 1 Cape Town Casablanca Chennai Chongqing 1 Denver Hangzhou 1 Hanoi 1 Helsinki 1 Ho Chi Minh City 1 Karachi Kyiv Manama Montevideo Nairobi Nanjing Oslo Panama City 1 Perth 1 Philadelphia Rio de Janeiro Seattle 1 Tianjin Beta Edit Almaty Amman 2 Austin 2 Belgrade Bratislava Calgary 1 Caracas 1 Changsha Dalian Detroit 1 Dhaka Edinburgh Geneva George Town Guatemala City 1 Hyderabad 1 Jeddah Jinan Kampala Kuwait City 1 Lagos 1 Lahore 1 Lyon Manchester Minneapolis 1 Monterrey Muscat 1 Nicosia Osaka 1 Quito Saint Petersburg 2 San Diego 2 San Jose San Salvador Shenyang Sofia 1 Stuttgart Tampa 2 Tunis Wuhan 1 Xiamen Xi an 1 Zagreb 1 Zhengzhou 1 Gamma Edit Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections Gamma Gamma and Gamma cities Gamma Edit Adelaide Ahmedabad 1 Algiers 1 Antwerp 1 Baku 1 Baltimore 1 Belfast 1 Charlotte 1 Cologne 2 Dar es Salaam Glasgow Guadalajara 1 Hefei 1 Islamabad 1 Kolkata 1 Kunming 1 Ljubljana 1 Medellin 2 Orlando 2 Phnom Penh 2 Phoenix 1 Porto 1 Pune Qingdao 1 Riga Rotterdam San Jose 1 St Louis 1 Suzhou 1 Tbilisi 1 Gamma Edit Ankara Bristol Colombo 1 Dakar 2 Durban 1 Gothenburg 3 Guayaquil 1 Haikou 3 La Paz Malmo 3 Managua 2 Nantes 1 Nashville 1 Ottawa 1 San Juan 2 Santo Domingo Taichung 3 Tegucigalpa Tirana 1 Turin Valencia 2 Vilnius Wellington Wroclaw 1 Gamma Edit Accra 2 Asuncion 1 Belo Horizonte Bilbao 1 Cleveland 2 Columbus 2 Douala 1 Edmonton 1 Fuzhou Harare 2 Harbin 2 Kaohsiung 1 Kansas City 1 Katowice 2 Lausanne 1 Limassol 2 Luanda 1 Malaga 2 Maputo Milwaukee Nagoya 2 Nassau 1 Port Louis 3 Penang Poznan Queretaro 1 Sacramento Salt Lake City 2 Taiyuan 1 Sufficiency Edit Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities This is sorted into High Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities High Sufficiency Edit Abidjan Abuja Birmingham 4 Brasilia 1 Cincinnati 1 Curitiba 1 Dammam 1 Hartford Indianapolis 1 Johor Bahru 1 Krakow 1 Leeds Lusaka 2 Macau 1 Ningbo Porto Alegre Port of Spain 1 Puebla 1 Raleigh San Antonio 1 Seville 1 Strasbourg 1 The Hague 1 Tijuana 1 Ulaanbaatar 1 Yangon 1 Yerevan 1 Sufficiency Edit Aarhus Aberdeen Aguascalientes City Alexandria Astana Baghdad Bandar Seri Begawan Barranquilla Basel Bergen Bern i Birmingham Bishkek i Blantyre Bologna Bordeaux Brazzaville i Bremen Buffalo Bursa Busan i Cali Campinas Canberra Cardiff Cebu City Changchun Chihuahua i Chișinău Christchurch Ciudad Juarez Cordoba Des Moines Dortmund Dresden Dushanbe Essen i Florence 1 Fukuoka Gaborone 1 Genoa Goiania Graz Grenoble Guiyang Haifa i Halifax Hamilton Hanover Harrisburg i Hobart i Hohhot Honolulu i Hsinchu i Izmir 1 Jacksonville Jerusalem Kabul Kazan Kigali Kingston Kinshasa Kobe i Kochi Kyoto i Labuan 1 Lanzhou Las Vegas 1 Leipzig Leon Libreville Liege Lille Linz Liverpool Lodz Lome i Louisville Malacca i Mannheim i Marseille Memphis Merida Mexicali Minsk 2 Montpellier Nanchang Nanning Naples New Orleans Newcastle upon Tyne Nice Nottingham Novosibirsk Nuremberg Oklahoma City Omaha i Palermo i Palo Alto Pittsburgh Podgorica Port Elizabeth Port Harcourt Portland Port Moresby i Pretoria Quebec City Recife Reykjavik Richmond Rochester Rosario Salvador i San Luis Potosi City San Pedro Sula Sanaa Santa Cruz de la Sierra Sapporo i Sarajevo Saskatoon i Sendai i Sheffield i Shijiazhuang Skopje 1 Southampton 1 Surabaya 1 Suva i Tainan i Tallinn 3 Tashkent Toulouse Trieste Tulsa Urumqi Utrecht Valencia Valparaiso Vientiane Windhoek Winnipeg Wuxi Yokohama i ZhuhaiNo longer classified EditThe following cities were included in the 2018 edition but not in the 2020 edition Antananarivo Kathmandu Leicester Madison Nantong Weifang XiningSee also EditGlobal cityNotes Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Added in the 2020 edition of the classification References Edit Taylor Peter J 2004 World city network a global urban analysis Routledge p ix ISBN 0 415 30249 8 Retrieved 10 October 2010 Donald Stephanie Gammack John G 2007 Tourism and the branded city London Ashgate Publishing p 23 ISBN 978 0 7546 4829 1 Retrieved 10 October 2010 GaWC City Link Classification 2018 Lboro ac uk 13 November 2018 Retrieved 7 August 2019 The World According to GaWC GaWC Research Network Retrieved 20 December 2020 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2010 www lboro ac uk Retrieved 16 May 2022 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2012 www lboro ac uk Retrieved 16 May 2022 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2020 Classification of Cities www lboro ac uk Retrieved 25 May 2022 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 26 August 2020 The World According to GaWC 2018 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 28 December 2020 GaWC The World According to GaWC www lboro ac uk Retrieved 25 May 2022 External links EditGaWC official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Globalization and World Cities Research Network amp oldid 1149221619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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