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1840s

April 27, 2024

The 1840s (pronounced "eighteen-forties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1840, and ended on December 31, 1849.

From top left, clockwise: Mexican–American War was a conflict that ushered the American expansion in its western frontier, paving way for new territories (and eventually states) such as Texas and California; Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 resulted with the establishment of New Zealand as a British colony, symbolizing Britain's rising power and expansion to new reaches, particularly in the New World, where demand for imperial power and trade control increases; The great auk goes extinct, as it falls victim to overhunting; First Opium War catalyzed Europe's imperial encroachment and control over Chinese ports, as the war resulted with Hong Kong's succession to Britain via the Treaty of Nanking; The Oregon Trail opens up to the world, prompting a wave of migration to the American west and later on, a gold rush in California that persisted through the 1850s; The saxophone was patented, later used in jazz, swing, and blues; First edition of the Communist Manifesto was published by Karl Marx in February 1848. This publication would go on to create a revolutionary shift in political ideologies and thought in the 20th century, influencing entire states such as Soviet Union, China, and Cuba; the Revolutions of 1848 ravages European politics, and causes multiple socio-cultural changes, particularly in classical music, arts, and politics.

The decade was noted in Europe for featuring the largely unsuccessful Revolutions of 1848, also known as the Springtime of Nations. Throughout the continent, bourgeois liberals and working-class radicals engaged in a series of revolts in favor of social reform. In the United Kingdom, this notably manifested itself through the Chartist movement, which sought universal suffrage and parliamentary reform. In France, the February Revolution led to the overthrow of the Orléans dynasty by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1848, the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx would help lay the groundwork for the global socialist movement.

The Mexican–American War led to the redrawing of national boundaries in North America. In the United States, mass migration to the new West Coast occurred following the annexation of California from Mexico, with a Gold Rush beginning at the end of the decade. On its northern border, the United States settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the United Kingdom in 1846, thereby solving a domestic political crisis in the former nation.

The last living person from this decade was Robert Early, who died in 1960.

Politics and wars edit

See also: List of sovereign states in the 1840s

Pacific Islands edit

In 1842, Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate, to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed. The capital of Papeetē was founded in 1843. In 1845, George Tupou I united Tonga into a kingdom, and reigned as Tuʻi Kanokupolu.

East Asia edit

China edit

 
First Opium War: British ships approaching Canton in May 1841

On August 29, 1842, the first of two Opium Wars ended between China and Britain with the Treaty of Nanking. One of the consequences was the cession of modern-day Hong Kong Island to the British. Hong Kong would eventually be returned to China in 1997.

On July 3, 1844 the United States signed the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire.[1] The treaty established five U.S. treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality and was the first unequal treaty that the United States imposed on the dynasty.

Japan edit

The 1840s comprised the end of the Tenpō era (1830–1844), the entirety of the Kōka era (1844–1848), and the beginning of the Kaei era (1848–1854). The decade saw the end of the reign of Emperor Ninko in 1846, who was succeeded by his son, Emperor Kōmei.

Southeastern Asia edit

Siam and Vietnam edit

The Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841–1845) in Cambodia erupted between Vietnam (then under the rule of the Nguyễn dynasty) and Siam (under the House of Chakri). In the increasingly confrontational rivalry between Vietnam and Siam, the conflict was triggered by Vietnam's absorption of Cambodia and the demotion of the Khmer monarchs. Siam under Rama III seized the opportunity to intervene as the tide of Khmer discontent rose against Vietnamese rule.[2]

Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức ruled Vietnam during the 1840s under the Nguyễn dynasty.

New Guinea edit

Australia and New Zealand edit

 
Depiction of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840

Southern Asia edit

Afghanistan edit

Further information: History of Afghanistan, Barakzai dynasty, First Anglo-Afghan War, and The Great Game

The First Anglo-Afghan War had started in 1838, started by the British as a means of defending India (under British control at the time) from the Russian Empire's expansion into Central Asia.[citation needed] The British attempted to impose a puppet regime on Afghanistan under Shuja Shah, but the regime was short lived and proved unsustainable without British military support. By 1842, mobs were attacking the British on the streets of Kabul and the British garrison was forced to abandon the city due to constant civilian attacks. During the retreat from Kabul, the British army of approximately 4,500 troops (of which only 690 were European) and 12,000 camp followers was subjected to a series of attacks by Afghan warriors. All of the British soldiers were killed except for one and he and a few surviving Indian soldiers made it to the fort at Jalalabad shortly after.[4] After the Battle of Kabul (1842), Britain placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power (1842–1863) and withdrew from Afghanistan.

India edit

 
Map of India in 1848

Sikh Empire edit

The Sikh Empire was founded in 1799, ruled by Ranjit Singh. When Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder. There was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central Durbar (court), and increasing tension between the Khalsa (the Sikh Army) and the Durbar. In May 1841, the Dogra dynasty (a vassal of the Sikh Empire) invaded western Tibet,[5] marking the beginning of the Sino-Sikh war. This war ended in a stalemate in September 1842, with the Treaty of Chushul.

The British East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Khalsa to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders. The hard-fought First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) ended in defeat for the Khalsa. With the Treaty of Lahore,[6] the Sikh Empire ceded Kashmir to the East India Company and surrendered the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Queen Victoria.

The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.

Sri Lanka edit

 
A memorial of Matale Rebellion, which began in Sri Lanka in 1848

Western Asia edit

Ottoman Empire edit

The decade was near the beginning of the Tanzimât Era of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Abdülmecid I ruled during this period.

Lebanon edit
Further information: 1840 Lebanon conflict

Emir Bashir Shihab II controlled the Mount Lebanon Emirate at the beginning of the 1840s. Bashir allied with Muhammad Ali of Egypt, but Muhammad Ali was driven out of the country. Bashir was deposed in 1840 when the Egyptians were driven out by an Ottoman-European alliance, which had the backing of Maronite forces. His successor, Emir Bashir III, ruled until 1842, after which the emirate was dissolved and split into a Druze sector and a Christian sector.

Romania edit

Persian Empire (Iran) edit

Revolutions of 1848 edit

 
Map of Europe in 1848–1849 depicting the main revolutionary centers

There was a wave of revolutions in Europe, collectively known as the Revolutions of 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.

The revolutions were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states. The revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries. Six factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants.[7]

The uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe (Spain, Serbia,[8] Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).[9]

Eastern Europe edit

Russia edit

Austrian Empire edit

Hungary edit
 
Hungarian hussars in battle during the Hungarian Revolution
Galicia edit

Northern Europe edit

Sweden edit

Denmark edit

Main articles: History of Denmark, History of Iceland, and Danish colonial empire

United Kingdom edit

 
April 10: "Monster Rally" of Chartists held on Kennington Common in London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it.
Royalty edit

Queen Victoria was on the throne 20 June 1837 until her death 22 January, 1901. The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took place in 1840.

Ireland edit

The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it.[12] It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the "Irish Potato Famine" because one-third of the population was then solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons.[13][14][15] The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight.[16] A census taken in 1841 revealed a population of slightly over 8 million.[17] A census immediately after the famine in 1851 counted 6,552,385, a drop of almost 1.5 million in 10 years.[18]

The period of the potato blight in Ireland from 1845 to 1851 was full of political confrontation.[19] A more radical Young Ireland group seceded from the Repeal movement and attempted an armed rebellion in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, which was unsuccessful.

Western Europe edit

Germany edit

Switzerland edit

 
September 12: The Swiss Confederation reconstitutes itself as a federal republic.

The Netherlands edit

France edit

 
The frigate Belle-Poule brings back the remains of Napoleon to France.

Southern Europe edit

Greece edit

  • September 3, 1843 – Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, to require from King Otto the issue of a liberal Constitution to the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests.

Italian Peninsula edit

Spain edit

Main article: Carlist Wars

This period saw the 1840 end of the First Carlist War, a civil war in Spain over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. This was the first full decade of the reign of Isabella II of Spain. Since she was only 10 years old in 1840, her true reign started in 1843, for which the first portion was referred to as Década moderada. The Affair of the Spanish Marriages (1846) was a series of intrigues between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom relating Isabella II's marriages, which was shortly followed by Second Carlist War (1847–1849).

Portugal edit

Africa edit

Algeria edit

Ethiopia edit

South Africa edit

Morocco edit

 
Battle of Isly during the Franco-Moroccan War

Liberia edit

North America edit

Canada edit

In the prior decade, the desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837–1838. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[22] The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.[23] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[24]

United States edit

 
The first U.S. postage stamps have portraits of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. Though highly collectable, they are far from being the most valuable.
Slavery edit
Settlement edit
 
United States territorial growth from 1840 to 1850
Native Americans edit

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce was predicted to have been born in the 1840s.

Presidents edit

The United States had five different Presidents during the decade. Only the 1880s would have as many. Martin Van Buren was president when the decade began, but was defeated by William Henry Harrison in the U.S. presidential election of 1840. Harrison's service was the shortest in history, starting with his inauguration on March 4, 1841, and ending when he died on April 4, 1841.

Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, replaced him as President (the first such Presidential succession in U.S. history), and served out the rest of his term. Tyler spent much of his term in conflict with the Whig party. He ended his term having made an alliance with the Democrats, endorsing James K. Polk and signing the resolution to annex Texas into the United States.

In the Presidential election of 1844, James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay. During his presidency, Polk oversaw the U.S. victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent annexation of what is now the southwest United States. He also negotiated a split of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain.

 
November 7: The first US presidential election held in every state on the same day sees Whig Zachary Taylor of Virginia defeat Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan.

In the U.S. presidential election of 1848, Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeated Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan. Taylor's term in office was cut short by his death in 1850.

California edit
Main articles: Alta California, Mexican Cession, and California Gold Rush

In the first part of the 1840s, the modern state of California was part of a larger province of Mexico, called "Alta California". The region included all of the modern American states of California, Nevada and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.

The United States, embarked on the Conquest of California in an early military campaign of the Mexican–American War in Alta California. The California Campaign was marked by a series of small battles throughout 1846 and early 1847. The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed on January 13, 1847, and essentially terminated hostilities in Alta California. Shortly thereafter, John C. Frémont was appointed Governor of the new California Territory, and Yerba Buena, California, was renamed San Francisco.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, marked the end of the Mexican–American War. By the terms of the treaty, Mexico formally ceded Alta California along with its other northern territories east through Texas, receiving $15,000,000 in exchange. This largely unsettled territory constituted nearly half of its claimed territory with about 1% of its then population of about 4,500,000.[25][26]

The discovery of gold in Northern California (and subsequent discourse about that discovery in 1848) led to the California Gold Rush. In October 1848, the SS California left New York Harbor, rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrived in San Francisco after the 4-month-21-day journey. Thereafter, regular steamboat service continued from the west to the east coast of the United States. During 1848, only an estimated 6,000 to 6,500 people traveled to California to seek gold that year.[27] By the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. In 1849, an estimated 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—of which 50,000 to 60,000 were from the United States.[28][29] In 1850, California joined the union as the 31st state.

Texas edit

Main articles: Texas Annexation and History of Texas (1845–1860)

The Republic of Texas had declared independence in 1836, as part of breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The following year, an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state. Fearing a war with Mexico, which did not recognize Texas independence, the United States declined the offer.[30]

In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845, as the 28th U.S. state.[31] Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War.

When the war concluded, Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas, as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States. Texas' annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery. The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850, in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non-slave-owning areas but gained El Paso.

Mexican–American War edit

Main article: Mexican–American War
 
Mexican–American War

American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was a major goal of U.S. President James K. Polk.[32] In 1845, the United States of America annexed Texas, which had won independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836. Mexico did not accept the annexation, while also continuing to claim the Nueces River as its border with Texas, and also still considering Texas to be a province of Mexico. In 1845, newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk sent troops to the disputed area, and a diplomatic mission to Mexico. After Mexican forces attacked American forces, the U.S. declared the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).

Combat operations lasted a year and a half, from the spring of 1846 to the fall of 1847. U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and began the Conquest of California in Mexico's Alta California Department. They then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico (modern-day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico). Meanwhile, the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory. The U.S. Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City, having marched west from the port of Veracruz, where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast.

The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and specified its major consequence, the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province, later the Republic of Texas (and now the State of Texas), and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States. Including Texas, Mexico ceded an area of approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) – by its terms, around 55% of its former national territory.[33]

Mexico edit

See also: Territorial evolution of Mexico, Centralist Republic of Mexico, and Antonio López de Santa Anna

The 1840s for Mexico were the end of the centralist government and the waning years the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the new Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("Siete Leyes"), From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including Mexican Texas, which won its independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836.

The Republic of the Rio Grande declared its independence from Mexico in January 1840. However, the border with Texas was never determined (whether the Nueces River or the Rio Grande). The new Republic fought a brief and unsuccessful war for independence, returning to Mexico late in the year.

In 1841, Generals Santa Anna and Paredes led a rebellion against President Bustamante, resulting in Santa Anna becoming president of the centralist government for a fifth time . Local officials in Yucatán declared independence in 1841, opposing strong autocratic rule and demanding the restoration of the Constitution of 1824, thus establishing the second Republic of Yucatán.

In 1842, the region of Soconusco was annexed by Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas, following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America.

In 1846, President Paredes and the Congress of Mexico declared war at the beginning of the Mexican–American War. Paredes' presidential successor was deposed in a coup, replaced by José Mariano Salas. Salas issued a new decree that restored the Constitution of 1824, ending the Centralist Republic and beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. After the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, José Joaquín de Herrera became the second president of Mexico to finish his term (Mexico's first president completed his in 1829). It was during this time that Yucatán reunited with Mexico. A decisive factor for the reunion was the Caste War of Yucatán (a revolt by the indigenous Maya population) for which Yucatán initially sought help from Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, but ultimately reunited with Mexico for help.

Herrera peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. Despite being exiled from Mexico in 1848, Santa Anna would return to the presidency one last time during the 1850s.

El Salvador edit

Caribbean edit

Barbados edit

Dominican Republic edit

Haiti edit

Trinidad edit

South America edit

Brazil edit

Uruguay edit

Paraguay edit

Argentina edit

Venezuela edit

Peru edit

Chile edit

Science and technology edit

 
June 15: Charles Goodyear.

Astronomy edit

Mechanical engineering edit

Photography edit

The 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype. Introduced in 1839, the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s. Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype. A number of daguerreotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican–American War, in 1847 by an unknown photographer. These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history.

Electricity edit

Telegraph edit

 
The first telegram. Professor Samuel Morse sending the dispatch as dictated by Miss Annie Ellsworth

Computers edit

Chemistry edit

Geology edit

  • 1840 – Louis Agassiz publishes his Etudes sur les glaciers ("Study on Glaciers", 2 volumes), the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age.

Physics edit

Biology edit

 
July 3: great auk.

Paleontology edit

Psychology edit

Archaeology edit

  • May 15, 1840 – Discovered by several workmen, the Cuerdale Hoard becomes one of the largest haul of Viking-period jewellery, coins and other items totalling 8,600 finds.[42]

Economics edit

 
February 21: Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.

Medicine edit

Technology edit

  • 1840s – The Wenham Lake Ice Company, in collaboration with Frederic Tudor, played a pioneering role in the mass production and commercial distribution of ice on an industrial scale. This laid the groundwork for the eventual standardization of ice as a commonplace commodity for domestic and everyday use.[45]
 
The 1843 launch of the Great Britain, the revolutionary ship of Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Exploration edit

Antarctica edit

Transportation edit

Rail edit

 
The Louth-London Royal Mail travelling by train from Peterborough East, 1845

Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed, setting up new railway companies, and the proposed routes totalled 9,500 miles (15,300 km) of new railway. Around a third of the railways authorised were never built – the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning, was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line, or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors' money into another business.

Steam power edit

 
January 13: Steamship Lexington sinks.
 
July 4: RMS Britannia.
 
July 19: SS Great Britain launch.

Other inventions edit

Commerce edit

Civil rights edit

Women's rights edit

Popular culture edit

Literature edit

Theatre edit

Music edit

Sports edit

 
The Epsom Derby; painting by James Pollard, c. 1840

Fashion edit

Main article: 1840s in Western fashion
 
Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort at home, 1841. Her dress shows the fashionable silhouette, with its pointed waist, sloping shoulder, and bell-shaped skirt.

Fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s fashion and 1830s fashion. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.

Art edit

Religion and philosophy edit

Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps edit

 
February 28: USS Princeton deaths.

Cholera edit

Main articles: Third cholera pandemic and Cholera outbreaks and pandemics

The third cholera pandemic happened during the 1840s, which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863.[69] This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.[70] It originated in India (in Lower Bengal), spreading along many shipping routes in 1846.[69] Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846.[71] In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.[72]

A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives.[73] In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever.[74] In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England.[75] In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.

Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis[75] and over 3,000 in New Orleans.[75] Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants.[75] The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000[76] are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849–1855.[75] It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849,[77][78] and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico.[79]

Establishments edit

Publications edit

Institutions edit

Asia edit

Australia edit

  • October 1, 1846 – Christ College, Tasmania, opens with the hope that it would develop along the lines of an Oxbridge college and provide the basis for university education in Tasmania. By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia.

Europe edit

 
Tivoli Gardens

Africa edit

North America edit

Other edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Treaty Of Wangxia (Treaty Of Wang-Hsia 望廈條約), May 18, 1844". USC US-China Institute. USC Annenberg.
  2. ^ Joachim Schliesinger (2 January 2017). The Chong People: A Pearic-Speaking Group of Southeastern Thailand and Their Kin in the Region. Booksmango. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-63323-988-3.
  3. ^ . Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018.
  4. ^ Gandamak at britishbattles.com
  5. ^ Dattar, C. L. . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08.
  6. ^ a b Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9.
  7. ^ R.J.W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds., The Revolutions in Europe 1848–1849 (2000) pp v, 4
  8. ^ Serbia's Role in the Conflict in Vojvodina 1848–49, Ohio State University, http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/serbvio.htm
  9. ^ Nor did it reach Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Portugal, or the Ottoman Empire. Evans and Strandmann (2000) p 2
  10. ^ Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 23.
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
  12. ^ . Digital History. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  13. ^ Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1991), The Great Hunger, p. 19
  14. ^ Kinealy, Christine (1994), This Great Calamity, Gill & Macmillan, pp. xvi–ii, 2–3, ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4
  15. ^ O'Neill, Joseph R. (2009), The Irish Potato Famine, ABDO, p. 1, ISBN 978-1-60453-514-3
  16. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2006), Ireland's Great Famine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Dublin Press, p. 7, ISBN 978-1-904558-57-6
  17. ^ Killen, Richard (2003), A Short History of Modern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan Ltd
  18. ^ Vaughan, W.E; Fitzpatrick, A.J (1978), W. E. Vaughan; A. J. Fitzpatrick (eds.), Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971, Royal Irish Academy
  19. ^ Donnelly, James S. Jr. (1995), Poirteir, Cathal (ed.), Mass Eviction and the Irish Famine: The Clearances Revisited", from The Great Irish Famine, Dublin, Ireland: Mercier Press
  20. ^ Giraud, Victor (1890). Les lacs de l'Afrique Équatoriale : voyage d'exploration exécuté de 1883 à 1885 (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie. p. 31.
  21. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
  22. ^ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.
  23. ^ Romney, Paul (Spring 1989). "From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture". Law and History Review. 7 (1): 128. doi:10.2307/743779. JSTOR 743779. S2CID 147047853.
  24. ^ Evenden, Leonard J; Turbeville, Daniel E (1992). "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier". In Janelle, Donald G (ed.). Geographical snapshots of North America. Guilford Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-89862-030-6.
  25. ^ Note: A new international boundary was drawn; San Diego Bay is one of the only two main natural harbors in California south of San Francisco Bay; the border was aligned from one Spanish league south of San Diego Bay east to the Gila River – Colorado River confluence, to include strategic San Diego and its harbor.
  26. ^ Two years after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. statehood was granted in 1850.
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Further reading edit

  • Joseph Irving (1880). Annals of Our Time...1837 to...1871. London: Macmillan and Co.

April 27, 2024
1840s, pronounced, eighteen, forties, decade, gregorian, calendar, that, began, january, 1840, ended, december, 1849, from, left, clockwise, mexican, american, conflict, that, ushered, american, expansion, western, frontier, paving, territories, eventually, st. The 1840s pronounced eighteen forties was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 1840 and ended on December 31 1849 From top left clockwise Mexican American War was a conflict that ushered the American expansion in its western frontier paving way for new territories and eventually states such as Texas and California Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 resulted with the establishment of New Zealand as a British colony symbolizing Britain s rising power and expansion to new reaches particularly in the New World where demand for imperial power and trade control increases The great auk goes extinct as it falls victim to overhunting First Opium War catalyzed Europe s imperial encroachment and control over Chinese ports as the war resulted with Hong Kong s succession to Britain via the Treaty of Nanking The Oregon Trail opens up to the world prompting a wave of migration to the American west and later on a gold rush in California that persisted through the 1850s The saxophone was patented later used in jazz swing and blues First edition of the Communist Manifesto was published by Karl Marx in February 1848 This publication would go on to create a revolutionary shift in political ideologies and thought in the 20th century influencing entire states such as Soviet Union China and Cuba the Revolutions of 1848 ravages European politics and causes multiple socio cultural changes particularly in classical music arts and politics The decade was noted in Europe for featuring the largely unsuccessful Revolutions of 1848 also known as the Springtime of Nations Throughout the continent bourgeois liberals and working class radicals engaged in a series of revolts in favor of social reform In the United Kingdom this notably manifested itself through the Chartist movement which sought universal suffrage and parliamentary reform In France the February Revolution led to the overthrow of the Orleans dynasty by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte In 1848 the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx would help lay the groundwork for the global socialist movement The Mexican American War led to the redrawing of national boundaries in North America In the United States mass migration to the new West Coast occurred following the annexation of California from Mexico with a Gold Rush beginning at the end of the decade On its northern border the United States settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the United Kingdom in 1846 thereby solving a domestic political crisis in the former nation The last living person from this decade was Robert Early who died in 1960 Contents 1 Politics and wars 1 1 Pacific Islands 1 2 East Asia 1 2 1 China 1 2 2 Japan 1 3 Southeastern Asia 1 3 1 Siam and Vietnam 1 3 2 New Guinea 1 4 Australia and New Zealand 1 5 Southern Asia 1 5 1 Afghanistan 1 5 2 India 1 5 3 Sikh Empire 1 5 4 Sri Lanka 1 6 Western Asia 1 6 1 Ottoman Empire 1 6 1 1 Lebanon 1 6 1 2 Romania 1 6 2 Persian Empire Iran 1 7 Revolutions of 1848 1 8 Eastern Europe 1 8 1 Russia 1 8 2 Austrian Empire 1 8 2 1 Hungary 1 8 2 2 Galicia 1 9 Northern Europe 1 9 1 Sweden 1 9 2 Denmark 1 9 3 United Kingdom 1 9 3 1 Royalty 1 9 3 2 Ireland 1 10 Western Europe 1 10 1 Germany 1 10 2 Switzerland 1 10 3 The Netherlands 1 10 4 France 1 11 Southern Europe 1 11 1 Greece 1 11 2 Italian Peninsula 1 11 3 Spain 1 11 4 Portugal 1 12 Africa 1 12 1 Algeria 1 12 2 Ethiopia 1 12 3 South Africa 1 12 4 Morocco 1 12 5 Liberia 1 13 North America 1 13 1 Canada 1 13 2 United States 1 13 2 1 Slavery 1 13 2 2 Settlement 1 13 2 3 Native Americans 1 13 2 4 Presidents 1 13 2 5 California 1 13 3 Texas 1 13 4 Mexican American War 1 13 5 Mexico 1 13 6 El Salvador 1 14 Caribbean 1 14 1 Barbados 1 14 2 Dominican Republic 1 14 3 Haiti 1 14 4 Trinidad 1 15 South America 1 15 1 Brazil 1 15 2 Uruguay 1 15 3 Paraguay 1 15 4 Argentina 1 15 5 Venezuela 1 15 6 Peru 1 15 7 Chile 2 Science and technology 2 1 Astronomy 2 2 Mechanical engineering 2 3 Photography 2 4 Electricity 2 5 Telegraph 2 6 Computers 2 7 Chemistry 2 8 Geology 2 9 Physics 2 10 Biology 2 10 1 Paleontology 2 11 Psychology 2 12 Archaeology 2 13 Economics 2 14 Medicine 2 15 Technology 2 16 Exploration 2 16 1 Antarctica 2 17 Transportation 2 17 1 Rail 2 17 2 Steam power 2 18 Other inventions 3 Commerce 4 Civil rights 4 1 Women s rights 5 Popular culture 5 1 Literature 5 2 Theatre 5 2 1 Music 5 3 Sports 5 4 Fashion 5 5 Art 6 Religion and philosophy 7 Disasters natural events and notable mishaps 7 1 Cholera 8 Establishments 8 1 Publications 8 2 Institutions 8 2 1 Asia 8 2 2 Australia 8 2 3 Europe 8 2 4 Africa 8 2 5 North America 8 3 Other 9 References 10 Further readingPolitics and wars editSee also List of sovereign states in the 1840s Pacific Islands edit In 1842 Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed The capital of Papeete was founded in 1843 In 1845 George Tupou I united Tonga into a kingdom and reigned as Tuʻi Kanokupolu East Asia edit China edit nbsp First Opium War British ships approaching Canton in May 1841 On August 29 1842 the first of two Opium Wars ended between China and Britain with the Treaty of Nanking One of the consequences was the cession of modern day Hong Kong Island to the British Hong Kong would eventually be returned to China in 1997 On July 3 1844 the United States signed the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire 1 The treaty established five U S treaty ports in China with extraterritoriality and was the first unequal treaty that the United States imposed on the dynasty Japan edit The 1840s comprised the end of the Tenpō era 1830 1844 the entirety of the Kōka era 1844 1848 and the beginning of the Kaei era 1848 1854 The decade saw the end of the reign of Emperor Ninko in 1846 who was succeeded by his son Emperor Kōmei Southeastern Asia edit Siam and Vietnam edit The Siamese Vietnamese War 1841 1845 in Cambodia erupted between Vietnam then under the rule of the Nguyễn dynasty and Siam under the House of Chakri In the increasingly confrontational rivalry between Vietnam and Siam the conflict was triggered by Vietnam s absorption of Cambodia and the demotion of the Khmer monarchs Siam under Rama III seized the opportunity to intervene as the tide of Khmer discontent rose against Vietnamese rule 2 Emperors Minh Mạng Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức ruled Vietnam during the 1840s under the Nguyễn dynasty New Guinea edit 1848 British Dutch and German governments lay claim to New Guinea Australia and New Zealand edit nbsp Depiction of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on February 6 1840 at Waitangi New Zealand The treaty between is considered the founding point of modern New Zealand July 20 1845 Charles Sturt enters the Simpson Desert in central Australia May 25 1846 The Royal Geographical Society awards Pawel Edmund Strzelecki a Founder s Medal for exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia 3 June 15 1846 Launceston Church Grammar School opens for the first time in Tasmania Southern Asia edit Afghanistan edit Further information History of Afghanistan Barakzai dynasty First Anglo Afghan War and The Great Game The First Anglo Afghan War had started in 1838 started by the British as a means of defending India under British control at the time from the Russian Empire s expansion into Central Asia citation needed The British attempted to impose a puppet regime on Afghanistan under Shuja Shah but the regime was short lived and proved unsustainable without British military support By 1842 mobs were attacking the British on the streets of Kabul and the British garrison was forced to abandon the city due to constant civilian attacks During the retreat from Kabul the British army of approximately 4 500 troops of which only 690 were European and 12 000 camp followers was subjected to a series of attacks by Afghan warriors All of the British soldiers were killed except for one and he and a few surviving Indian soldiers made it to the fort at Jalalabad shortly after 4 After the Battle of Kabul 1842 Britain placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power 1842 1863 and withdrew from Afghanistan India edit nbsp Map of India in 1848 March 24 1843 Battle of Hyderabad The Bombay Army led by Major General Sir Charles Napier defeats the Talpur Emirs securing Sindh as a Province of British India Sikh Empire edit The Sikh Empire was founded in 1799 ruled by Ranjit Singh When Singh died in 1839 the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder There was a succession of short lived rulers at the central Durbar court and increasing tension between the Khalsa the Sikh Army and the Durbar In May 1841 the Dogra dynasty a vassal of the Sikh Empire invaded western Tibet 5 marking the beginning of the Sino Sikh war This war ended in a stalemate in September 1842 with the Treaty of Chushul The British East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab Eventually the increasing tension goaded the Khalsa to invade British territory under weak and possibly treacherous leaders The hard fought First Anglo Sikh War 1845 1846 ended in defeat for the Khalsa With the Treaty of Lahore 6 the Sikh Empire ceded Kashmir to the East India Company and surrendered the Koh i Noor diamond to Queen Victoria The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab Eventually a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown Sri Lanka edit nbsp A memorial of Matale Rebellion which began in Sri Lanka in 1848 July 26 1848 Matale Rebellion against British rule in Sri Lanka Western Asia edit Ottoman Empire edit The decade was near the beginning of the Tanzimat Era of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Abdulmecid I ruled during this period Lebanon edit Further information 1840 Lebanon conflict Emir Bashir Shihab II controlled the Mount Lebanon Emirate at the beginning of the 1840s Bashir allied with Muhammad Ali of Egypt but Muhammad Ali was driven out of the country Bashir was deposed in 1840 when the Egyptians were driven out by an Ottoman European alliance which had the backing of Maronite forces His successor Emir Bashir III ruled until 1842 after which the emirate was dissolved and split into a Druze sector and a Christian sector Romania edit June 21 1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848 The Proclamation of Islaz is made public and a Romanian revolutionary government led by Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell is created Persian Empire Iran edit 1844 1852 The Babi Movement 1848 Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir as chief minister until 1851 1847 The Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire Revolutions of 1848 edit nbsp Map of Europe in 1848 1849 depicting the main revolutionary centers There was a wave of revolutions in Europe collectively known as the Revolutions of 1848 It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history but within a year reactionary forces had regained control and the revolutions collapsed The revolutions were essentially bourgeois democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states The revolutionary wave began in France in February and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America Over 50 countries were affected but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries Six factors were involved widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership demands for more participation in government and democracy demands for freedom of press the demands of the working classes the upsurge of nationalism and finally the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty the aristocracy the army and the peasants 7 The uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers the middle classes and workers which did not hold together for long Tens of thousands of people were killed and many more forced into exile The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France The revolutions were most important in France the Netherlands Germany Poland Italy and the Austrian Empire but did not reach Russia Sweden Great Britain and most of southern Europe Spain Serbia 8 Greece Montenegro Portugal the Ottoman Empire 9 Eastern Europe edit Russia edit May 22 1841 The Georgian province of Guria revolts against the Russian Empire 1848 Admiral Nevelskoi explores the Strait of Tartary November 16 1849 A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death for anti government activities linked to a radical intellectual group the Petrashevsky Circle Facing a firing squad on December 23 the group members are reprieved at the last moment and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia Austrian Empire edit June 2 12 1848 Prague Slavic Congress brings together members of the Pan Slavism movement Hungary edit nbsp Hungarian hussars in battle during the Hungarian Revolution March 15 1848 Start of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 May 15 1848 40 000 Romanians meet at the Blaj to protest Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary 10 October 6 1849 The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence Galicia edit February 18 1846 Beginning of the Galician peasant revolt Northern Europe edit Sweden edit 1842 Compulsory elementary education introduced March 8 1844 King Oscar I ascends to the throne of Sweden Norway upon the death of his father Charles XVI III John Denmark edit Main articles History of Denmark History of Iceland and Danish colonial empire 1843 The Danish government re establishes the Althing in Iceland as an advisory body March 24 1848 Start of the First Schleswig War German Schleswig Holsteinischer Krieg or Three Years War Danish Trearskrigen The First Schleswig War was the first round of military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the Schleswig Holstein Question contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein The war which lasted from 1848 to 1851 also involved troops from Prussia and Sweden Ultimately the war resulted in a Danish victory A second conflict the Second Schleswig War erupted in 1864 June 5 1849 Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy United Kingdom edit September 16 1840 Joseph Strutt hands over the deeds and papers concerning the Derby Arboretum which is to become England s first public park August 10 1842 The Mines Act 1842 becomes law prohibiting underground work for all women and boys under 10 years old in England March 25 1843 Marc Isambard Brunel s Thames Tunnel the first tunnel under the River Thames and the world s first bored underwater tunnel is opened in London 6 May 4 1843 Natal is proclaimed a British colony April The Fleet Prison for debtors in London is closed nbsp April 10 Monster Rally of Chartists held on Kennington Common in London the first photograph of a crowd depicts it July 1848 Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales the nation s first public health law giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems 11 Royalty edit Queen Victoria was on the throne 20 June 1837 until her death 22 January 1901 The wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg and Gotha took place in 1840 Ireland edit The Great Famine of the 1840s caused the deaths of one million Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it 12 It is sometimes referred to mostly outside Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine because one third of the population was then solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons 13 14 15 The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight 16 A census taken in 1841 revealed a population of slightly over 8 million 17 A census immediately after the famine in 1851 counted 6 552 385 a drop of almost 1 5 million in 10 years 18 The period of the potato blight in Ireland from 1845 to 1851 was full of political confrontation 19 A more radical Young Ireland group seceded from the Repeal movement and attempted an armed rebellion in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 which was unsuccessful Western Europe edit Germany edit May 18 1848 The first German National Assembly Nationalversammlung opens in Frankfurt Germany March The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state April 2 1849 Revolutions of 1848 in the German states end in failure May 3 1849 The May Uprising in Dresden last of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states begins Switzerland edit November 3 29 1847 Sonderbund War a civil war in Switzerland in which General Guillaume Henri Dufour s federal army defeats the Sonderbund an alliance of seven Catholic cantons with a total of only 86 deaths nbsp September 12 The Swiss Confederation reconstitutes itself as a federal republic September 12 1848 One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848 the Swiss Federal Constitution patterned on the US Constitution enters into force creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe The Netherlands edit October 7 1840 Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands November 3 1848 A greatly revised Dutch constitution is proclaimed France edit March 1 1840 Adolphe Thiers becomes prime minister of France September 30 1840 The frigate Belle Poule arrives in Cherbourg bringing back the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France He is buried in the Invalides nbsp The frigate Belle Poule brings back the remains of Napoleon to France December 15 1840 The corpse of Napoleon is placed in the Hotel des Invalides in Paris February 23 1848 Francois Guizot Prime Minister of France resigns 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings February 24 1848 Louis Philippe King of the French abdicates in favour of his grandson Philippe comte de Paris and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris The French Second Republic is later proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber under the pressure of the mob May 15 1848 Radicals invade the French Chamber of Deputies June 22 1848 The French government dissolves the national workshops in Paris giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces August 28 1848 Mathieu Luis becomes the first black member to join the French Parliament as a representative of Guadeloupe November 4 1848 France ratifies a new constitution The Second Republic of France is set up ending the state of temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848 December 10 1848 Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic December 20 1848 President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly January 1 1849 France issues Ceres the nation s first postage stamp Southern Europe edit Greece edit September 3 1843 Popular uprising in Athens Greece including citizens and military captains to require from King Otto the issue of a liberal Constitution to the state which has been governed since independence 1830 by various domestic and foreign business interests Italian Peninsula edit January 12 1848 The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily against the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies March 22 1848 Republic of San Marco comes into existence in Venice January 21 1849 General elections are held in the Papal States February 8 1849 The new Roman Republic is proclaimed April 27 1849 Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome to defend it from the French troops of General Oudinot May 15 1849 Troops of the Two Sicilies take Palermo and crush the republican government of Sicily July 3 1849 French troops occupy Rome the Roman Republic surrenders Spain edit Main article Carlist WarsThis period saw the 1840 end of the First Carlist War a civil war in Spain over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy This was the first full decade of the reign of Isabella II of Spain Since she was only 10 years old in 1840 her true reign started in 1843 for which the first portion was referred to as Decada moderada The Affair of the Spanish Marriages 1846 was a series of intrigues between France Spain and the United Kingdom relating Isabella II s marriages which was shortly followed by Second Carlist War 1847 1849 Portugal edit May 16 1846 Revolutionary insurrection in Portugal crushed by royalist troops on February 22 1847 Africa edit December 7 1840 David Livingstone leaves Britain for Africa August 10 1845 The French Consul in Zanzibar M Broquant receives the final letter sent by Eugene Maizan during his expedition into tropical Africa 20 December 20 1848 Slavery is abolished on the island of Reunion Algeria edit December 21 1847 Abd al Kader surrenders and is imprisoned by the French Ethiopia edit February 7 1842 Battle of Debre Tabor Ras Ali Alula Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien South Africa edit June 4 1842 In South Africa hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban he had left 11 days earlier The British army dispatches a relief force December 13 1843 Basutoland becomes a British protectorate 21 Morocco edit nbsp Battle of Isly during the Franco Moroccan War August 14 1844 Abdelkader El Djezairi is defeated at Isly in Morocco the sultan of Morocco soon repudiates his ally Liberia edit July 26 1847 Liberia gains independence January 3 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia North America edit Canada edit In the prior decade the desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837 1838 The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture 22 The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849 23 The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute extending the border westward along the 49th parallel This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island 1849 and in British Columbia 1858 24 March 11 1848 Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin became the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government April 25 1849 James Bruce 8th Earl of Elgin the Governor General of Canada signs the Rebellion Losses Bill outraging Montreal s English population and triggering the Montreal Riots United States edit January 18 1840 The Electro Magnetic and Mechanics Intelligencer used electricity for power of the press to print it February 18 1841 The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11 August 16 1841 U S President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re establishment of the Second Bank of the United States Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U S history March Commonwealth v Hunt the Massachusetts Supreme Court makes strikes and unions legal in the United States May 19 1842 Dorr Rebellion Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence Rhode Island but are repulsed January 23 1845 The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November March 4 1845 The United States Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto for the first time February 26 1846 The Liberty Bell is cracked while being rung for George Washington s birthday March 1 1847 The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty March 4 1847 The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office nbsp The first U S postage stamps have portraits of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington Though highly collectable they are far from being the most valuable July 1 1847 The United States issues its first postage stamps pictured January 31 1848 Construction of the Washington Monument begins in Washington D C March 3 1849 The United States Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins Slavery edit March 9 1841 Amistad The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally August 11 Wednesday Frederick Douglass spoke in front of the Anti Slavery Convention in Nantucket Massachusetts May Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave written by himself is published by the Boston Anti Slavery Society Settlement edit nbsp United States territorial growth from 1840 to 1850 May 11 1841 Lt Charles Wilkes lands at Fort Nisqually in Puget Sound August 4 1842 The Armed Occupation Act is signed providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida August 9 1842 The Webster Ashburton Treaty is signed settling the dispute over the location of the Maine New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada and establishing the United States Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains May 22 1843 The first major wagon train headed for the American Northwest sets out with one thousand pioneers from Elm Grove Missouri on the Oregon Trail March 3 1845 Florida is admitted as the 27th U S state December 2 1845 Manifest destiny U S President James K Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West December 29 1845 Texas is admitted as the 28th U S state June 15 1846 The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca 1846 The portion of the District of Columbia that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re ceded to Virginia December 28 1846 Iowa is admitted as the 29th U S state July 24 1847 After 17 months of travel Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City nbsp May 29 Wisconsin admitted as the 30th U S state May 29 1848 Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U S state 1848 The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed March 3 1849 Minnesota becomes a United States territory Native Americans edit Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce was predicted to have been born in the 1840s Presidents edit The United States had five different Presidents during the decade Only the 1880s would have as many Martin Van Buren was president when the decade began but was defeated by William Henry Harrison in the U S presidential election of 1840 Harrison s service was the shortest in history starting with his inauguration on March 4 1841 and ending when he died on April 4 1841 Harrison s vice president John Tyler replaced him as President the first such Presidential succession in U S history and served out the rest of his term Tyler spent much of his term in conflict with the Whig party He ended his term having made an alliance with the Democrats endorsing James K Polk and signing the resolution to annex Texas into the United States In the Presidential election of 1844 James K Polk defeated Henry Clay During his presidency Polk oversaw the U S victory in the Mexican American War and subsequent annexation of what is now the southwest United States He also negotiated a split of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain nbsp November 7 The first US presidential election held in every state on the same day sees Whig Zachary Taylor of Virginia defeat Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan In the U S presidential election of 1848 Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeated Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan Taylor s term in office was cut short by his death in 1850 California edit Main articles Alta California Mexican Cession and California Gold Rush In the first part of the 1840s the modern state of California was part of a larger province of Mexico called Alta California The region included all of the modern American states of California Nevada and Utah and parts of Arizona Wyoming Colorado and New Mexico The United States embarked on the Conquest of California in an early military campaign of the Mexican American War in Alta California The California Campaign was marked by a series of small battles throughout 1846 and early 1847 The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed on January 13 1847 and essentially terminated hostilities in Alta California Shortly thereafter John C Fremont was appointed Governor of the new California Territory and Yerba Buena California was renamed San Francisco The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in February 1848 marked the end of the Mexican American War By the terms of the treaty Mexico formally ceded Alta California along with its other northern territories east through Texas receiving 15 000 000 in exchange This largely unsettled territory constituted nearly half of its claimed territory with about 1 of its then population of about 4 500 000 25 26 The discovery of gold in Northern California and subsequent discourse about that discovery in 1848 led to the California Gold Rush In October 1848 the SS California left New York Harbor rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America and arrived in San Francisco after the 4 month 21 day journey Thereafter regular steamboat service continued from the west to the east coast of the United States During 1848 only an estimated 6 000 to 6 500 people traveled to California to seek gold that year 27 By the beginning of 1849 word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world and an overwhelming number of gold seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent In 1849 an estimated 90 000 people arrived in California in 1849 of which 50 000 to 60 000 were from the United States 28 29 In 1850 California joined the union as the 31st state Texas edit Main articles Texas Annexation and History of Texas 1845 1860 The Republic of Texas had declared independence in 1836 as part of breaking away from Mexico in the Texas Revolution The following year an ambassador from Texas approached the United States about the possibility of becoming an American state Fearing a war with Mexico which did not recognize Texas independence the United States declined the offer 30 In 1844 James K Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas Before he assumed office the outgoing president John Tyler entered negotiations with Texas On February 26 1845 six days before Polk took office the U S Congress approved the annexation The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution In October Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29 1845 as the 28th U S state 31 Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas This border dispute between the newly expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican American War When the war concluded Mexico relinquished its claim on Texas as well as other regions in what is now the southwestern United States Texas annexation as a state that tolerated slavery had caused tension in the United States among slave states and those that did not allow slavery The tension was partially defused with the Compromise of 1850 in which Texas ceded some of its territory to the federal government to become non slave owning areas but gained El Paso Mexican American War edit Main article Mexican American War nbsp Mexican American War American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was a major goal of U S President James K Polk 32 In 1845 the United States of America annexed Texas which had won independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution of 1836 Mexico did not accept the annexation while also continuing to claim the Nueces River as its border with Texas and also still considering Texas to be a province of Mexico In 1845 newly elected U S President James K Polk sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico After Mexican forces attacked American forces the U S declared the Mexican American War 1846 1848 Combat operations lasted a year and a half from the spring of 1846 to the fall of 1847 U S forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico along the upper Rio Grande and began the Conquest of California in Mexico s Alta California Department They then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico modern day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico Meanwhile the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory The U S Army eventually captured the capital Mexico City having marched west from the port of Veracruz where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forced onto the remnant Mexican government ended the war and specified its major consequence the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico to the United States The U S agreed to pay 15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war In addition the United States assumed 3 25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U S citizens Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province later the Republic of Texas and now the State of Texas and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States Including Texas Mexico ceded an area of approximately 2 500 000 square kilometres 970 000 sq mi by its terms around 55 of its former national territory 33 Mexico edit See also Territorial evolution of Mexico Centralist Republic of Mexico and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna The 1840s for Mexico were the end of the centralist government and the waning years the Age of Santa Anna In 1834 President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dissolved Congress forming a new government That government instituted the new Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution Siete Leyes From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846 the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven presidents none of which finished their term It called for the state militias to disarm but many states resisted including Mexican Texas which won its independence in the Texas Revolution of 1836 The Republic of the Rio Grande declared its independence from Mexico in January 1840 However the border with Texas was never determined whether the Nueces River or the Rio Grande The new Republic fought a brief and unsuccessful war for independence returning to Mexico late in the year In 1841 Generals Santa Anna and Paredes led a rebellion against President Bustamante resulting in Santa Anna becoming president of the centralist government for a fifth time Local officials in Yucatan declared independence in 1841 opposing strong autocratic rule and demanding the restoration of the Constitution of 1824 thus establishing the second Republic of Yucatan In 1842 the region of Soconusco was annexed by Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas following the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America In 1846 President Paredes and the Congress of Mexico declared war at the beginning of the Mexican American War Paredes presidential successor was deposed in a coup replaced by Jose Mariano Salas Salas issued a new decree that restored the Constitution of 1824 ending the Centralist Republic and beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico After the conclusion of the Mexican American War Jose Joaquin de Herrera became the second president of Mexico to finish his term Mexico s first president completed his in 1829 It was during this time that Yucatan reunited with Mexico A decisive factor for the reunion was the Caste War of Yucatan a revolt by the indigenous Maya population for which Yucatan initially sought help from Spain the United Kingdom and the United States but ultimately reunited with Mexico for help Herrera peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850 General Mariano Arista Despite being exiled from Mexico in 1848 Santa Anna would return to the presidency one last time during the 1850s El Salvador edit February El Salvador proclaims itself an independent republic bringing an end to the already de facto defunct Federal Republic of Central America Caribbean edit Barbados edit June 6 1843 In Barbados Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non white person elected to the House of Assembly Dominican Republic edit February 27 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti November 6 1844 The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution Haiti edit March 1 1847 Faustin Soulouque declares himself Emperor of Haiti Trinidad edit May 30 1845 Fatel Razack Fath Al Razack Victory of Allah the Provider Arabic قتح الرزاق is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants 34 South America edit Brazil edit July 23 1840 Pedro II is declared of age prematurely and begins to reassert central control in Brazil July 18 1841 Coronation ceremony of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro January 20 1843 Honorio Hermeto Carneiro Leao Marquis of Parana becomes de facto first prime minister of the Empire of Brazil September 4 1843 The Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil marries Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies in a state ceremony in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral Uruguay edit February 3 1843 Argentina supports Rosas of Uruguay and begins a siege of Montevideo Paraguay edit 1844 Carlos Antonio Lopez becomes dictator of Paraguay Argentina edit September 18 1845 Anglo French blockade of the Rio de la Plata formally declared November 20 1845 Anglo French blockade of the Rio de la Plata Battle of Vuelta de Obligado The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo French fleet on the waters of the Parana River but Argentina attracts political support in South America Venezuela edit 1843 Germans from the Black Forest region of Southern Baden migrate to Venezuela Peru edit April 20 1845 Ramon Castilla becomes president of Peru Chile edit May 23 1843 Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan Science and technology edit nbsp June 15 Charles Goodyear Astronomy edit April Eta Carinae is temporarily the second brightest star in the night sky September 23 1846 Discovery of Neptune The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d Arrest as predicted by the British astronomer John Couch Adams and the French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier September 16 1848 William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion Saturn s moon Mechanical engineering edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it December 2013 Photography edit The 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype Introduced in 1839 the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype A number of daguerreotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican American War in 1847 by an unknown photographer These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history Electricity edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it December 2013 Telegraph edit nbsp The first telegram Professor Samuel Morse sending the dispatch as dictated by Miss Annie Ellsworth The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24 1844 from Baltimore to Washington D C Computers edit 1843 Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea s notes on Charles Babbage s analytical engine including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers regarded as the world s first computer program 35 36 37 Chemistry edit June 15 1844 Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization a process to strengthen rubber 1844 Swedish chemistry professor Gustaf Erik Pasch invents the safety match 1846 Abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel which he calls kerosene from coal bitumen or oil shale 1844 John Dalton Dies Geology edit 1840 Louis Agassiz publishes his Etudes sur les glaciers Study on Glaciers 2 volumes the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age Physics edit 1840 The first English translation of Goethe s Theory of Colours by Charles Eastlake is published 1842 Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent 38 October 16 1843 William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non commutative 39 1843 James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat 40 Biology edit nbsp July 3 great auk July 3 1844 The last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey 1844 The anonymously written Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is published and paves the way for the acceptance of Darwin s book The Origin of Species Paleontology edit 1842 English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria hence the Anglicized dinosaur 41 Psychology edit November 13 1841 Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he Braid eventually calls hypnotism Archaeology edit May 15 1840 Discovered by several workmen the Cuerdale Hoard becomes one of the largest haul of Viking period jewellery coins and other items totalling 8 600 finds 42 Economics edit June 20 1842 Anselmo de Andrade Portuguese economist and politician is born in Vila Real de Santo Antonio August 28 1844 Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris France 1845 Friedrich Engels treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England June 1 1847 The first congress of the Communist League is held in London nbsp February 21 Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto February 21 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei in London Medicine edit March 30 1842 Anesthesia is used for the first time in an operation Dr Crawford Long performed the operation using ether December 27 1845 Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time Dr Crawford Long in Jefferson Georgia November 4 8 1847 James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it successfully on a patient in an obstetric case in Edinburgh 43 44 January 23 1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M D by the Medical Institute of Geneva New York thus becoming the United States first woman doctor Technology edit 1840s The Wenham Lake Ice Company in collaboration with Frederic Tudor played a pioneering role in the mass production and commercial distribution of ice on an industrial scale This laid the groundwork for the eventual standardization of ice as a commonplace commodity for domestic and everyday use 45 nbsp The 1843 launch of the Great Britain the revolutionary ship of Isambard Kingdom Brunel Exploration edit Antarctica edit January 19 1840 Captain Charles Wilkes United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica claiming it for the United States and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent 46 January 21 1840 Dumont D Urville discovers Adelie Land in Antarctica claiming it for France 47 January 27 1841 The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross 48 January 28 1841 Ross discovers the Victoria Barrier later known as the Ross Ice Shelf On the same voyage he discovers the Ross Sea Victoria Land and Mount Terror January 23 1842 Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross charting the eastern side of James Ross Island reaches a Farthest South of 78 09 30 S 49 January 6 1843 Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island Transportation edit Rail edit nbsp The Louth London Royal Mail travelling by train from Peterborough East 1845 Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain known there as Railway Mania It reached its zenith in 1846 when no fewer than 272 Acts of Parliament were passed setting up new railway companies and the proposed routes totalled 9 500 miles 15 300 km of new railway Around a third of the railways authorised were never built the company either collapsed due to poor financial planning was bought out by a larger competitor before it could build its line or turned out to be a fraudulent enterprise to channel investors money into another business Steam power edit nbsp January 13 Steamship Lexington sinks nbsp July 4 RMS Britannia July 4 1840 The Cunard Line s 700 ton wooden paddlewheel steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax Nova Scotia on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service 50 nbsp July 19 SS Great Britain launch July 19 1843 Isambard Kingdom Brunel s SS Great Britain is launched from Bristol it will be the first iron hulled propeller driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean 51 1843 The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States 52 July 26 August 10 1845 Isambard Kingdom Brunel s iron steamship Great Britain makes the Transatlantic Crossing from Liverpool to New York the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage 53 54 Other inventions edit October 5 1842 Josef Groll brews the first pilsner beer in the city of Pilsen Bohemia now the Czech Republic September 10 1846 Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design 55 Commerce editIn the mid 1840s several harvests failed across Europe which caused famines Especially the Great Irish Famine 1845 1849 was severe and caused a quarter of Ireland s population to die or emigrate to the United States Canada and Australia The Panic of 1837 triggered by the failing banks in America is followed by a severe depression lasting until 1845 May 6 1840 The Penny Black the world s first postage stamp becomes valid for the pre payment of postage August 10 1840 Fortsas hoax A number of book collectors gather in Binche Belgium to attend a non existent book auction of the late Count of Fortsas December The world s first Christmas cards commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in London from the artist John Callcott Horsley are sent 56 1843 The export of British textile machinery and other equipment is allowed vague 1844 Annual British iron production reaches 3 million tons January 4 1847 Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U S government The California Gold Rush follows on the heels of the Mexican American War bringing tens of thousands of immigrants to California and eliminating the United States dependence on foreign gold Civil rights editWomen s rights edit July 19 1848 Women s rights 1848 Seneca Falls Convention The 2 day Women s Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls New York and the Bloomers are introduced at the feminist convention Popular culture editLiterature edit Charles Dickens publishes The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge A Christmas Carol Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son and David Copperfield Nikolai Gogol s Dead Souls Russian Myortvye dushi Myortvyje dushi is published in 1842 Soren Kierkegaard publishes his philosophical book Enten Eller Either Or in 1843 Alexandre Dumas publishes Les Trois Mousquetaires The Three Musketeers in 1844 and Le Comte de Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo in 1844 45 William Makepeace Thackeray publishes Vanity Fair in 1848 July 17 1841 First edition of the humorous magazine Punch published in London 57 1843 Edgar Allan Poe s short story The Tell Tale Heart is first published Hans Christian Andersen publishes well known fairy tales such as The Ugly Duckling 1843 and The Snow Queen 1844 January 29 1845 The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time New York Evening Mirror earning him 10 1845 Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes her Sonnets from the Portuguese 1845 1846 1845 Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder introducing his character Struwwelpeter in Germany October 16 1847 Charlotte Bronte publishes Jane Eyre under the pen name of Currer Bell December 14 1847 Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte publish Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey respectively in a 3 volume set under the pen names of Ellis Bell and Acton Bell 1848 Elizabeth Gaskell publishes Mary Barton anonymously Theatre edit February 6 1843 The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show at the Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City Music edit 1840s Franz Liszt performs a series of concerts throughout Europe which generate international euphoria and fascination known as Lisztomania February 11 1840 Gaetano Donizetti s opera La fille du regiment premieres in Paris June 28 1841 Ballet Giselle first presented by the Ballet du Theatre de l Academie Royale de Musique at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris France March 9 1842 Giuseppe Verdi s third opera Nabucco premieres in Milan its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy s foremost opera writers February 11 1843 Giuseppe Verdi s opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata premieres at La Scala in Milan November 3 1844 Giuseppe Verdi s I due Foscari debuts at Teatro Argentina Rome March 13 1845 The Violin Concerto by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist July 7 1845 Jules Perrot presents the ballet divertissement Pas de Quatre to an enthusiastic London audience June 28 1846 The Saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax 58 March 14 1847 Verdi s opera Macbeth premieres at Teatro della Pergola in Florence Italy 1847 Liszt surprisingly ends his career as a concert pianist and from then on fully dedicates himself to composition 1848 The Shaker song Simple Gifts is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred Maine 1848 Richard Wagner begins writing the libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen The Ring of the Nibelung Sports edit nbsp The Epsom Derby painting by James Pollard c 1840 March 2 1842 Gaylad ridden by Tom Olliver wins the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse September 25 September 27 1844 The first ever international cricket match is played in New York City United States v Canadian Provinces Baseball During the 1840s town ball evolved into the modern game of baseball with the development of the New York game in the 1840s The New York Knickerbockers were founded in 1845 and played the first known competitive game between two organized clubs in 1846 The New York Nine defeated the Knickerbockers at Elysian Fields in Hoboken New Jersey by a score of 23 to 1 Fashion edit Main article 1840s in Western fashion nbsp Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort at home 1841 Her dress shows the fashionable silhouette with its pointed waist sloping shoulder and bell shaped skirt Fashion in European and European influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s fashion and 1830s fashion The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women Art edit 1840 J M W Turner first displays his painting The Slave Ship Religion and philosophy editThe American Transcendentalism movement is in full form mostly during this decade February 1840 The Rhodes blood libel is made against the Jews of Rhodes February 5 1840 The murder of a Capuchin friar and his Greek servant leads to the Damascus affair a highly publicized case of blood libel against the Jews of Damascus June 6 1841 Marian Hughes becomes the first woman to take religious vows in communion with the Anglican Province of Canterbury since the Reformation making them privately to E B Pusey in Oxford 59 July Scottish missionary David Livingstone arrives at Kuruman in the Northern Cape his first posting in Africa May 18 1843 The Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland October 16 1843 Soren Kierkegaard s philosophical book Fear and Trembling is first published March 21 1844 The Bahaʼi calendar begins March 23 1844 Edict of Toleration allowing Jews to settle in the Holy Land May 23 1844 Persian Prophet The Bab privately announces his revelation to Mulla Husayn just after sunset founding the Babi faith later evolving into the Bahaʼi Faith as the Bab intended in Shiraz Persia now Iran Contemporaneously on this day in nearby Tehran was the birth of Abdu l Baha the eldest Son of Baha u llah Prophet Founder of the Bahaʼi Faith the inception of which the Bab s proclaimed His own mission was to herald Abdu l Baha Himself was later proclaimed by Baha u llah to be His own successor thus being the third central figure of the Bahaʼi Faith June 27 1844 Joseph Smith founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and his brother Hyrum are killed in Carthage Jail Carthage Illinois by an armed mob leading to a Succession crisis John Taylor future president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints is severely injured but survives August 8 1844 During a meeting held in Nauvoo Illinois the Quorum of the Twelve headed by Brigham Young is chosen as the leading body of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints October 22 1844 This second date predicted by the Millerites for the Second Coming of Jesus leads to the Great Disappointment The Seventh day Adventist Church denomination of the Christian religion believe this date to be the starting point of the Investigative judgment just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus as declared in the 26th of 28 fundamental doctrines of Seventh day Adventists 60 October 23 1844 The Bab publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam the Qa im or Mahdi He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of Elijah John the Baptist and the Ushidar Mah referred to in the Zoroastrian scriptures 61 He announces to the world the coming of He whom God shall make manifest He is considered the forerunner of Baha u llah 1844 the founder of the Bahaʼi Faith 1844 whose claims include being the return of Jesus October 9 1845 The eminent and controversial Anglican John Henry Newman is received into the Roman Catholic Church February 10 1846 Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo Illinois to the Great Salt Lake led by Brigham Young June 16 1846 Pope Pius IX succeeds Pope Gregory XVI as the 255th pope He will reign for 31 years the longest definitely confirmed September 19 1846 The Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to two children in La Salette France 1848 John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury March 28 1849 Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo Madagascar by Queen Ranavalona I and 14 others are executed Disasters natural events and notable mishaps editJanuary 13 1840 The steamship Lexington burns and sinks in icy waters four miles off the coast of Long Island 139 die only four survive May 7 1840 The Great Natchez Tornado A massive tornado strikes Natchez Mississippi during the early afternoon hours Before it is over 317 people are killed and 109 injured It is the second deadliest tornado in U S history January 30 1841 A fire ruins and destroys two thirds of the villa modern day city of Mayaguez Puerto Rico February 20 1841 The Governor Fenner carrying emigrants to the United States sinks off Holyhead Wales with the loss of 123 lives March 12 1841 SS President under the command of the legendary captain Richard Roberts founders in rough seas with all passengers and crew lost October 30 1841 A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury and causes a quarter of a million pounds worth of damage 62 October 29 1842 The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane 1842 Dzogchen Monastery is almost completely destroyed by an earthquake nbsp February 28 USS Princeton deaths February 8 1843 an earthquake causes La Soufriere volcano to erupt in Caribbean Island of Guadeloupe and kill over 5000 people 63 February 28 1844 A gun on the USS Princeton explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise killing 2 United States Cabinet members and several others June July The Great Flood of 1844 hits the Missouri River and Mississippi River February 7 1845 In the British Museum a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase which takes months to repair April 10 1845 A great fire destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh May 2 1845 the Yarmouth suspension bridge in Great Yarmouth England collapses leaving around 80 dead mostly children 64 May 19 1845 HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men comprising Sir John Franklin s expedition to find the Northwest Passage sail from Greenhithe on the Thames They will last be seen in August entering Baffin Bay 65 1846 The Donner Party a party of American settlers in wagon trains became stranded in the snow covered Sierra Nevada in California and resorted to cannibalism to survive April 25 1847 The brig Exmouth carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec is wrecked off Islay with only three survivors from more than 250 on board 66 67 August 24 1848 The U S barque Ocean Monarch is burnt out off the Great Orme North Wales with the loss of 178 chiefly emigrants May 3 1849 The Mississippi River levee at Sauve s Crevasse breaks flooding much of New Orleans Louisiana May 10 1849 The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors Over 20 people are killed May 17 1849 The St Louis Fire starts when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city 1849 Seven of the best known opium clippers go missing Sylph Coquette Kelpie Greyhound Don Juan Mischief and Anna Eliza 68 Cholera edit Main articles Third cholera pandemic and Cholera outbreaks and pandemicsThe third cholera pandemic happened during the 1840s which researchers at UCLA believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863 69 This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th century epidemics 70 It originated in India in Lower Bengal spreading along many shipping routes in 1846 69 Over 15 000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846 71 In Russia between 1847 and 1851 more than one million people died in the country s epidemic 72 A two year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848 and claimed 52 000 lives 73 In London it was the worst outbreak in the city s history claiming 14 137 lives over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors already weakened by starvation and fever 74 In 1849 cholera claimed 5 308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool England an embarkation point for immigrants to North America and 1 834 in Hull England 75 In 1849 a second major outbreak occurred in Paris Cholera believed spread from Irish immigrant ship s from England to the United States spread throughout the Mississippi river system killing over 4 500 in St Louis 75 and over 3 000 in New Orleans 75 Thousands died in New York a major destination for Irish immigrants 75 The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849 1850 took the life of former U S President James K Polk During the California Gold Rush cholera was transmitted along the California Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6 000 to 12 000 76 are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849 1855 75 It is believed cholera claimed more than 150 000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849 77 78 and also claimed 200 000 victims in Mexico 79 Establishments editPublications edit September 1843 The Economist newspaper is first published in London 1843 The Friend a Quaker weekly is first published in London August 28 1845 The journal Scientific American begins publication Institutions edit Asia edit July 18 1841 The sixth bishop of Calcutta Daniel Wilson and Dr James Taylor Civil Surgeon at Dhaka establish the first modern educational institution in the Indian subcontinent Dhaka College Australia edit October 1 1846 Christ College Tasmania opens with the hope that it would develop along the lines of an Oxbridge college and provide the basis for university education in Tasmania By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia Europe edit nbsp Tivoli Gardens April 15 1840 King s College Hospital opens in London August 15 1843 Tivoli Gardens one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world opens in Copenhagen Denmark June 6 1844 George Williams founds the Young Men s Christian Association YMCA in London December 21 1844 The Rochdale Pioneers commence business at their cooperative in Rochdale England April 5 1847 The world s first municipally funded civic public park Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead on Merseyside in England is opened 80 October 12 1847 German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG amp Halske February 2 1848 John Henry Newman founds the first Oratory in the English speaking world when he establishes the Birmingham Oratory at Maryvale Old Oscott England Africa edit 1845 Eugenie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers 81 North America edit 1843 Saint Louis University School of Law becomes the first law school west of the Mississippi River January 15 1844 The University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana February 1 1845 Anson Jones President of the Republic of Texas signs the charter officially creating Baylor University Baylor is the oldest university in the State of Texas operating under its original name October 10 1845 In Annapolis Maryland the Naval School later renamed the United States Naval Academy opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors November 1 1848 In Boston Massachusetts the first medical school for women The Boston Female Medical School which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine opens November 1849 Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville Texas Other edit February 4 1841 First known reference to Groundhog Day in the diary of a James Morris References editRobert Sobel Conquest And Conscience The 1840s 1971 Treaty Of Wangxia Treaty Of Wang Hsia 望廈條約 May 18 1844 USC US China Institute USC Annenberg Joachim Schliesinger 2 January 2017 The Chong People A Pearic Speaking Group of Southeastern Thailand and Their Kin in the Region Booksmango pp 106 ISBN 978 1 63323 988 3 Gold Medal Recipients Royal Geographical Society Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Gandamak at britishbattles com Dattar C L ZORAWAR SIṄGH 1786 1841 Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 2014 05 08 a b Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 2006 ISBN 978 0 14 102715 9 R J W Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann eds The Revolutions in Europe 1848 1849 2000 pp v 4 Serbia s Role in the Conflict in Vojvodina 1848 49 Ohio State University http www ohio edu chastain rz serbvio htm Nor did it reach Spain Belgium Sweden Portugal or the Ottoman Empire Evans and Strandmann 2000 p 2 Stoica Vasile 1919 The Roumanian Question The Roumanians and their Lands Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Printing Company p 23 Palmer Alan Palmer Veronica 1992 The Chronology of British History London 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Hydrobiologia 460 157 164 doi 10 1023 A 1013152407425 S2CID 20591955 Byrne Joseph Patrick 2008 Encyclopedia of Pestilence Pandemics and Plagues A M ABC CLIO p 101 ISBN 978 0 313 34102 1 permanent dead link The History of Birkenhead Park Archived from the original on 2008 06 26 Retrieved 2007 09 13 Luce Ben Aben School of Arab Embroidery I Algiers Algeria World Digital Library 1899 Retrieved 2013 09 26 Further reading editJoseph Irving 1880 Annals of Our Time 1837 to 1871 London Macmillan and Co Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1840s amp oldid 1220021137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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