Cunard Line

"British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company" redirects here. For the different Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, later Royal Mail Lines, see Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. For other uses, see Cunard (disambiguation).

Cunard (/ˈkjuːnɑːrd/) is a British shipping and cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc.^[1] Since 2011, Cunard and its three ships have been registered in Hamilton, Bermuda.^[2][3]

Cunard

Type	Subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc
Industry	Shipping, transportation
Founded	1840; 183 years ago (1840) (as the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company)
Headquarters	Carnival House, Southampton, United Kingdom
Area served	Transatlantic, Mediterranean, Northern Europe, Caribbean and World Cruises.
Key people	Simon Palethorpe (President) David Dingle (Chairman)
Products	Transatlantic crossings, world voyages, leisure cruises
Parent	Carnival Corporation & plc
Website	www.cunard.com

Sir Samuel Cunard, 1st Bt

Share of the Cunard Steam-Ship Company, issued 1909

In 1839, Samuel Cunard was awarded the first British transatlantic steamship mail contract, and the next year formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company in Glasgow with shipowner Sir George Burns together with Robert Napier, the famous Scottish steamship engine designer and builder, to operate the line's four pioneer paddle steamers on the Liverpool–Halifax–Boston route. For most of the next 30 years, Cunard held the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic voyage. However, in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals, the White Star Line and the Inman Line. To meet this competition, in 1879 the firm was reorganised as the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd, to raise capital.^[4]

In 1902, White Star joined the American-owned International Mercantile Marine Co. In response, the British Government provided Cunard with substantial loans and a subsidy to build two superliners needed to retain Britain's competitive position. Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929. Her running mate, Lusitania, was torpedoed in 1915 during the First World War.

In 1919, Cunard relocated its British homeport from Liverpool to Southampton,^[5] better to cater for travellers from London.^[5] In the late 1920s, Cunard faced new competition when the Germans, Italians and French built large prestige liners. Cunard was forced to suspend construction on its own new superliner because of the Great Depression. In 1934, the British Government offered Cunard loans to finish Queen Mary and to build a second ship, Queen Elizabeth, on the condition that Cunard merged with the then ailing White Star Line to form Cunard-White Star Line. Cunard owned two-thirds of the new company. Cunard purchased White Star's share in 1947; the name reverted to the Cunard Line in 1950.^[4]

Upon the end of the Second World War, Cunard regained its position as the largest Atlantic passenger line. By the mid-1950s, it operated 12 ships to the United States and Canada. After 1958, transatlantic passenger ships became increasingly unprofitable because of the introduction of jet airliners. Cunard undertook a brief foray into air travel via the "Cunard Eagle" and "BOAC Cunard" airlines, but withdrew from the airline market in 1966. Cunard withdrew from its year-round service in 1968 to concentrate on cruising and summer transatlantic voyages for holiday makers. The Queens were replaced by Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2), which was designed for the dual role.^[6]

In 1998, Cunard was acquired by the Carnival Corporation, and accounted for 8.7% of that company's revenue in 2012.^[7] In 2004, QE2 was replaced on the transatlantic runs by Queen Mary 2 (QM2). The line also operates Queen Victoria (QV) and Queen Elizabeth (QE). As of 2022, Cunard is the only shipping company to operate a scheduled passenger service between Europe and North America.

In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet.^[8] This was initially scheduled for 2022 but delayed until 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ship has since been named Queen Anne.^[9]

History

Early years: 1840–1850

 

Britannia of 1840 (1150 GRT), the first Cunard liner built for the transatlantic service

The British Government started operating monthly mail brigs from Falmouth, Cornwall, to New York in 1756. These ships carried few non-governmental passengers and no cargo. In 1818, the Black Ball Line opened a regularly scheduled New York–Liverpool service with clipper ships, beginning an era when American sailing packets dominated the North Atlantic saloon-passenger trade that lasted until the introduction of steamships.^[4] A Committee of Parliament decided in 1836 that to become more competitive, the mail packets operated by the Post Office should be replaced by private shipping companies. The Admiralty assumed responsibility for managing the contracts.^[10] The famed Arctic explorer Admiral Sir William Edward Parry was appointed as Comptroller of Steam Machinery and Packet Service in April 1837.^[11] Nova Scotians led by their young Assembly Speaker, Joseph Howe, lobbied for steam service to Halifax. On his arrival in London in May 1838, Howe discussed the enterprise with his fellow Nova Scotian Samuel Cunard (1787–1865), a shipowner who was also visiting London on business.^[12] Cunard and Howe were associates and Howe also owed Cunard £300^[13] (equivalent to £28,737 in 2021).^[14] Cunard returned to Halifax to raise capital, and Howe continued to lobby the British government.^[12] The Rebellions of 1837–1838 were ongoing and London realised that the proposed Halifax service was also important for the military.^[15]

That November, Parry released a tender for North Atlantic monthly mail service to Halifax beginning in April 1839 using steamships with 300 horsepower.^[15] The Great Western Steamship Company, which had opened its pioneer Bristol–New York service earlier that year, bid £45,000 for a monthly Bristol–Halifax–New York service using three ships of 450 horsepower. While British American, the other pioneer transatlantic steamship company, did not submit a tender,^[16] the St. George Steam Packet Company, owner of Sirius, bid £45,000 for a monthly Cork–Halifax service^[17] and £65,000 for a monthly Cork–Halifax–New York service. The Admiralty rejected both tenders because neither bid offered to begin services early enough.^[18]

Cunard, who was back in Halifax, unfortunately did not know of the tender until after the deadline.^[16] He returned to London and started negotiations with Admiral Parry, who was Cunard's good friend from when Parry was a young officer stationed in Halifax 20 years earlier. Cunard offered Parry a fortnightly service beginning in May 1840. While Cunard did not then own a steamship, he had been an investor in an earlier steamship venture, Royal William, and owned coal mines in Nova Scotia.^[12] Cunard's major backer was Robert Napier whose Robert Napier and Sons was the Royal Navy's supplier of steam engines.^[16] He also had the strong backing of Nova Scotian political leaders at the time when London needed to rebuild support in British North America after the rebellion.^[15]

 

Europa of 1848 (1850 GRT). This is one of the earliest known photos of an Atlantic steamship.

Over Great Western's protests,^[19] in May 1839 Parry accepted Cunard's tender of £55,000 for a three-ship Liverpool–Halifax service with an extension to Boston and a supplementary service to Montreal.^[12] The annual subsidy was later raised £81,000 to add a fourth ship^[20] and departures from Liverpool were to be monthly during the winter and fortnightly for the rest of the year.^[4] Parliament investigated Great Western's complaints, and upheld the Admiralty's decision.^[18] Napier and Cunard recruited other investors including businessmen James Donaldson, Sir George Burns, and David MacIver. In May 1840, just before the first ship was ready, they formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company with initial capital of £270,000, later increased to £300,000 (£28,817,746 in 2021).^[14] Cunard supplied £55,000.^[12] Burns supervised ship construction, MacIver was responsible for day-to-day operations, and Cunard was the "first among equals" in the management structure. When MacIver died in 1845, his younger brother Charles assumed his responsibilities for the next 35 years.^[16] (For more detail of the first investors in the Cunard Line and also the early life of Charles MacIver, see Liverpool Nautical Research Society's Second Merseyside Maritime History, pp. 33–37 1991.)

In May 1840 the coastal paddle steamer Unicorn made the company's first voyage to Halifax^[21] to begin the supplementary service to Montreal. Two months later the first of the four ocean-going steamers of the Britannia Class, departed Liverpool. By coincidence, the steamer's departure had patriotic significance on both sides of the Atlantic: she was named Britannia, and sailed on 4 July.^[22] Even on her maiden voyage, however, her performance indicated that the new era she heralded would be much more beneficial for Britain than the US. At a time when the typical packet ship might take several weeks to cross the Atlantic, Britannia reached Halifax in 12 days and 10 hours, averaging 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h), before proceeding to Boston. Such relatively brisk crossings quickly became the norm for the Cunard Line: during 1840–41, mean Liverpool–Halifax times for the quartet were 13 days 6 hours to Halifax and 11 days 4 hours homeward. Two larger ships were quickly ordered, one to replace the Columbia, which sank at Seal Island, Nova Scotia, in 1843 without loss of life. By 1845, steamship lines led by Cunard carried more saloon passengers than the sailing packets.^[4] Three years later, the British Government increased the annual subsidy to £156,000 so that Cunard could double its frequency.^[20] Four additional wooden paddlers were ordered and alternate sailings were direct to New York instead of the Halifax–Boston route. The sailing packet lines were now reduced to the immigrant trade.^[4]

From the beginning Cunard's ships used the line's distinctive red funnel with two or three narrow black bands and black top. It appears that Robert Napier was responsible for this feature. His shipyard in Glasgow used this combination previously in 1830 on Thomas Assheton Smith's private steam yacht "Menai". The renovation of her model by Glasgow Museum of Transport revealed that she had vermilion funnels with black bands and black top.^[23] The line also adopted a naming convention that utilised words ending in "IA".^[24]

Cunard's reputation for safety was one of the significant factors in the firm's early success.^[6] Both of the first transatlantic lines failed after major accidents: the British and American line collapsed after the President foundered in a gale, and the Great Western Steamship Company failed after Great Britain stranded because of a navigation error.^[4] Cunard's orders to his masters were, "Your ship is loaded, take her; speed is nothing, follow your own road, deliver her safe, bring her back safe – safety is all that is required."^[6] In particular, Charles MacIver's constant inspections were responsible for the firm's safety discipline.^[16]

New Competition: 1850–1879

 

Cunard Line, from New York to Liverpool, from 1875

In 1850 the American Collins Line and the British Inman Line started new Atlantic steamship services. The American Government supplied Collins with a large annual subsidy to operate four wooden paddlers that were superior to Cunard's best,^[20] as they demonstrated with three Blue Riband-winning voyages between 1850 and 1854.^[22] Meanwhile, Inman showed that iron-hulled, screw propelled steamers of modest speed could be profitable without subsidy. Inman also became the first steamship line to carry steerage passengers. Both of the newcomers suffered major disasters in 1854.^[4][22] The next year, Cunard put pressure on Collins by commissioning its first iron-hulled paddler, Persia. That pressure may well have been a factor in a second major disaster suffered by the Collins Line, the loss of its steamer Pacific. Pacific sailed out of Liverpool just a few days before Persia was due to depart on her maiden voyage, and was never seen again; it was widely assumed at the time that the captain had pushed his ship to the limit to stay ahead of the new Cunarder, and had likely collided with an iceberg during what was a particularly severe winter in the North Atlantic.^[22] A few months later Persia inflicted a further blow to the Collins Line, regaining the Blue Riband with a Liverpool–New York voyage of 9 days 16 hours, averaging 13.11 knots (24.28 km/h).^[25]

 

Persia of 1856 (3,300 GRT)

During the Crimean War Cunard supplied 11 ships for war service. Every British North Atlantic route was suspended until 1856 except Cunard's Liverpool–Halifax–Boston service. While Collins' fortunes improved because of the lack of competition during the war, it collapsed in 1858 after its subsidy for carrying mail across the Atlantic was reduced by the US Congress.^[22] Cunard emerged as the leading carrier of saloon passengers and in 1862 commissioned Scotia, the last paddle steamer to win the Blue Riband. Inman carried more passengers because of its success in the immigrant trade. To compete, in May 1863 Cunard started a secondary Liverpool–New York service with iron-hulled screw steamers that catered for steerage passengers. Beginning with China, the line also replaced the last three wooden paddlers on the New York mail service with iron screw steamers that only carried saloon passengers.^[4]

When Cunard died in 1865, the equally conservative Charles MacIver assumed Cunard's role.^[16] The firm retained its reluctance about change and was overtaken by competitors that more quickly adopted new technology.^[20] In 1866 Inman started to build screw propelled express liners that matched Cunard's premier unit, Scotia. Cunard responded with its first high speed screw propellered steamer, Russia which was followed by two larger editions. In 1871 both companies faced a new rival when the White Star Line commissioned the Oceanic and her five sisters. The new White Star record-breakers were especially economical because of their use of compound engines. White Star also set new standards for comfort by placing the dining saloon midships and doubling the size of cabins. Inman rebuilt its express fleet to the new standard, but Cunard lagged behind both of its rivals. Throughout the 1870s Cunard passage times were longer than either White Star or Inman.^[4]

 

Cunard Line offices in New York City

In 1867 responsibility for mail contracts was transferred back to the Post Office and opened for bid. Cunard, Inman and the German Norddeutscher Lloyd were each awarded one of the three weekly New York mail services. The fortnightly route to Halifax formerly held by Cunard went to Inman. Cunard continued to receive a £80,000 subsidy (equivalent to £7,536,133 in 2021),^[14] while NDL and Inman were paid sea postage. Two years later the service was rebid and Cunard was awarded a seven-year contract for two weekly New York mail services at £70,000 per annum. Inman was awarded a seven-year contract for the third weekly New York service at £35,000 per year.^[18]

The Panic of 1873 started a five-year shipping depression that strained the finances of all of the Atlantic competitors.^[4] In 1876 the mail contracts expired and the Post Office ended both Cunard's and Inman's subsidies. The new contracts were paid on the basis of weight, at a rate substantially higher than paid by the United States Post Office.^[18] Cunard's weekly New York mail sailings were reduced to one and White Star was awarded the third mail sailing. Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday a liner from one of the three firms departed Liverpool with the mail for New York.^[26]

Cunard Steamship Company Ltd: 1879–1934

 

House flag used by Cunard Line

 

A captain waves aboard a Cunard Line vessel in 1901

To raise additional capital, in 1879 the privately held British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was reorganised as a public stock corporation, the Cunard Steamship Company, Ltd.^[4] Under Cunard's new chairman, John Burns (1839–1900), son of one of the firm's original founders,^[16] Cunard commissioned four steel-hulled express liners beginning with Servia of 1881, the first passenger liner with electric lighting throughout. In 1884, Cunard purchased the almost new Blue Riband winner Oregon from the Guion Line when that firm defaulted on payments to the shipyard. That year, Cunard also commissioned the record-breakers Umbria and Etruria capable of 19.5 knots (36.1 km/h). Starting in 1887, Cunard's newly won leadership on the North Atlantic was threatened when Inman and then White Star responded with twin screw record-breakers. In 1893 Cunard countered with two even faster Blue Riband winners, Campania and Lucania, capable of 21.8 knots (40.4 km/h).^[20]

 

Etruria of 1885 (7,700 GRT)

 

Campania of 1893 (12,900 GRT)

No sooner had Cunard re-established its supremacy than new rivals emerged. Beginning in the late 1860s several German firms commissioned liners that were almost as fast as the British mail steamers from Liverpool.^[4] In 1897 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse of Norddeutscher Lloyd raised the Blue Riband to 22.3 knots (41.3 km/h), and was followed by a succession of German record-breakers.^[25] Rather than match the new German speedsters, White Star – a rival which Cunard line would merge with – commissioned four very profitable Big Four ocean liners of more moderate speed for its secondary Liverpool–New York service. In 1902 White Star joined the well-capitalized American combine, the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM), which owned the American Line, including the old Inman Line, and other lines. IMM also had trade agreements with Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd.^[4] Negotiators approached Cunard's management in late 1901 and early 1902, but did not succeed in drawing the Cunard Line into IMM, then being formed with support of financier J. P. Morgan.^[27]

British prestige was at stake. The British Government provided Cunard with an annual subsidy of £150,000 plus a low interest loan of £2.5 million (equivalent to £286 million in 2021),^[14] to pay for the construction of the two superliners, the Blue Riband winners Lusitania and Mauretania, capable of 26.0 knots (48.2 km/h). In 1903 the firm started a Fiume–New York service with calls at Italian ports and Gibraltar. The next year Cunard commissioned two ships to compete directly with the Celtic-class liners on the secondary Liverpool–New York route. In 1911 Cunard entered the St Lawrence trade by purchasing the Thompson line, and absorbed the Royal line five years later.^[4]

 

Carpathia of 1903 (13,555 GRT) became famous for rescuing the survivors of the sinking of Titanic

Not to be outdone, both White Star and Hamburg–America each ordered a trio of superliners. The White Star Olympic-class liners at 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) and the Hapag Imperator-class liners at 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h) were larger and more luxurious than the Cunarders, but not as fast. Cunard also ordered a new ship, Aquitania, capable of 24.0 knots (44.4 km/h), to complete the Liverpool mail fleet. Events prevented the expected competition between the three sets of superliners. White Star's Titanic sank on its maiden voyage, both White Star's Britannic and Cunard's Lusitania were war losses, and the three Hapag super-liners were handed over to the Allied powers as war reparations.^[6]

In 1916 Cunard Line completed its European headquarters in Liverpool, moving in on 12 June of that year.^[28] The grand neo-Classical Cunard Building was the third of Liverpool's Three Graces. The headquarters were used by Cunard until the 1960s.^[29]

 

Aquitania of 1914 (45,650 GRT) served in both World Wars

Due to First World War losses, Cunard began a post-war rebuilding programme including eleven intermediate liners. It acquired the former Hapag Imperator (renamed Berengaria) to replace the lost Lusitania as the running mate for Mauretania and Aquitania, and Southampton replaced Liverpool as the British destination for the three-ship express service. By 1926 Cunard's fleet was larger than before the war, and White Star was in decline, having been sold by IMM.^[4]

Despite the dramatic reduction in North Atlantic passengers caused by the shipping depression beginning in 1929, the Germans, Italians and the French commissioned new "ships of state" prestige liners.^[4] The German Bremen took the Blue Riband at 27.8 knots (51.5 km/h) in 1933, the Italian Rex recorded 28.9 knots (53.5 km/h) on a westbound voyage the same year, and the French Normandie crossed the Atlantic in just under four days at 30.58 knots (56.63 km/h) in 1937.^[25] In 1930 Cunard ordered an 80,000-ton liner that was to be the first of two record-breakers fast enough to fit into a two-ship weekly Southampton–New York service. Work on "Hull Number 534" was halted in 1931 because of the economic conditions.^[6]

Cunard-White Star Ltd: 1934–1949

Main article: Cunard-White Star Line

 

Cunard-White Star Logo

 

Queen Mary of 1936 (80,700 GRT) in New York (c. 1960)

In 1934, both the Cunard Line and the White Star Line were experiencing financial difficulties. David Kirkwood, MP for Clydebank where the unfinished Hull Number 534 had been sitting idle for two and a half years, made a passionate plea in the House of Commons for funding to finish the ship and restart the dormant British economy.^[30] The government offered Cunard a loan of £3 million to complete Hull Number 534 and an additional £5 million to build a second ship, if Cunard merged with White Star.^[6]

The merger took place on 10 May 1934, creating Cunard-White Star Limited. The merger was accomplished with Cunard owning about two-thirds of the capital.^[4] Due to the surplus tonnage of the new combined Cunard White Star fleet many of the older liners were sent to the scrapyard; these included the ex-Cunard liner Mauretania and the ex-White Star liners Olympic and Homeric. In 1936 the ex-White Star Majestic was sold when Hull Number 534, now named Queen Mary, replaced her in the express mail service.^[6] Queen Mary reached 30.99 knots (57.39 km/h) on her 1938 Blue Riband voyage.^[25] Cunard-White Star started construction on Queen Elizabeth, and a smaller ship, the second Mauretania, joined the fleet and could also be used on the Atlantic run when one of the Queens was in drydock.^[4] The ex-Cunard liner Berengaria was sold for scrap in 1938 after a series of fires.^[6]

 

Queen Elizabeth of 1939 (83,650 GRT)

During the Second World War the Queens carried over two million servicemen and were credited by Churchill as helping to shorten the war by a year.^[6] All four of the large Cunard-White Star express liners, the two Queens, Aquitania and Mauretania survived, but many of the secondary ships were lost. Both Lancastria and Laconia were sunk with heavy loss of life.^[4]

In 1947 Cunard purchased White Star's interest, and by 1949 the company had dropped the White Star name and was renamed "Cunard Line".^[31] Also in 1947 the company commissioned five freighters and two cargo liners. Caronia, was completed in 1949 as a permanent cruise liner and Aquitania was retired the next year.^[4]

Disruption by airliners, Cunard Eagle and BOAC-Cunard: (1950–1968)

Cunard was in an especially good position to take advantage of the increase in North Atlantic travel during the 1950s and the Queens were a major generator of US currency for Great Britain. Cunard's slogan, "Getting there is half the fun", was specifically aimed at the tourist trade. Beginning in 1954, Cunard took delivery of four new 22,000-GRT intermediate liners for the Canadian route and the Liverpool–New York route. The last White Star motor ship, Britannic of 1930, remained in service until 1960.^[6]

The introduction of jet airliners in 1958 heralded major change for the ocean liner industry. In 1960 a government-appointed committee recommended the construction of project Q3, a conventional 75,000 GRT liner to replace Queen Mary. Under the plan, the government would lend Cunard the majority of the liner's cost.^[32] However, some Cunard stockholders questioned the plan at the June 1961 board meeting because transatlantic flights were gaining in popularity.^[33] By 1963 the plan had been changed to a dual-purpose 55,000 GRT ship designed to cruise in the off-season.^[34] The new vessel design was known as Q4.^[35] Ultimately, this ship came into service in 1969 as the 70,300 GRT Queen Elizabeth 2.^[6]

Cunard attempted to address the challenge presented by jet airliners by diversifying its business into air travel. In March 1960, Cunard bought a 60% shareholding in British Eagle, an independent (non-government owned) airline, for £30 million, and changed its name to Cunard Eagle Airways. The support from this new shareholder enabled Cunard Eagle to become the first British independent airline to operate pure jet airliners, as a result of a £6 million order for two new Boeing 707–420 passenger aircraft.^[36] The order had been placed (including an option on a third aircraft) in expectation of being granted traffic rights for transatlantic scheduled services.^{[36][37][38][39]} The airline took delivery of its first Bristol Britannia aircraft on 5 April 1960 (on lease from Cubana).^[40] Cunard hoped to capture a significant share of the 1 million people that crossed the Atlantic by air in 1960. This was the first time more passengers chose to make their transatlantic crossing by air than sea.^[41] In June 1961, Cunard Eagle became the first independent airline in the UK to be awarded a licence by the newly constituted Air Transport Licensing Board (ATLB)^[42][43] to operate a scheduled service on the prime Heathrow – New York JFK route, but the licence was revoked in November 1961 after main competitor, state-owned BOAC, appealed to Aviation Minister Peter Thorneycroft.^{[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]} On 5 May 1962, the airline's first 707 inaugurated scheduled jet services from London Heathrow to Bermuda and Nassau. The new jet service – marketed as the Cunarder Jet in the UK and as the Londoner in the western hemisphere^[53] – replaced the earlier Britannia operation on this route. Cunard Eagle succeeded in extending this service to Miami despite the loss of its original transatlantic scheduled licence and BOAC's claim that there was insufficient traffic to warrant a direct service from the UK. A load factor of 56% was achieved at the outset. Inauguration of the first British through-plane service between London and Miami also helped Cunard Eagle increase utilisation of its 707s.^[49][54]

 

G-ASGC Vickers Super VC10

BOAC countered Eagle's move to establish itself as a full-fledged scheduled transatlantic competitor on its Heathrow–JFK flagship route by forming BOAC-Cunard as a new £30 million joint venture with Cunard. BOAC contributed 70% of the new company's capital and eight Boeing 707s. Cunard Eagle's long-haul scheduled operation^[55] – including the two new 707s – was absorbed into BOAC-Cunard before delivery of the second 707, in June 1962.^{[nb 1][51][56][57][58]} BOAC-Cunard leased any spare aircraft capacity to BOAC to augment the BOAC mainline fleet at peak times. As part of this deal, BOAC-Cunard also bought flying hours from BOAC for using the latter's aircraft in the event of capacity shortfalls. This maximised combined fleet use. The joint fleet use agreement did not cover Cunard Eagle's European scheduled, trooping and charter operations.^[56] However, the joint venture was not successful for Cunard and lasted only until 1966, when BOAC bought out Cunard's share.^[59] Cunard also sold a majority holding in the remainder of Cunard Eagle back to its founder in 1963.

Within ten years of the introduction of jet airliners in 1958, most of the conventional Atlantic liners were gone. Mauretania was retired in 1965,^[60] Queen Mary and Caronia in 1967, and Queen Elizabeth in 1968. Two of the new intermediate liners were sold by 1970 and the other two were converted to cruise ships.^[6] All Cunard ships flew both the Cunard and White Star Line house flags until 4 November 1968, when the last White Star ship, Nomadic was withdrawn from service. After this, the White Star flag was no longer flown and all remnants of both White Star Line and Cunard-White Star Line were retired.^[61][62]

Trafalgar House years: 1971–1998

 

Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1969 (70,300 GRT) at Trondheim, Norway, in 2008

In 1971, when the line was purchased by the conglomerate Trafalgar House, Cunard operated cargo and passenger ships, hotels and resorts. Its cargo fleet consisted of 42 ships in service, with 20 on order. The flagship of the passenger fleet was the two-year-old Queen Elizabeth 2. The fleet also included the remaining two intermediate liners from the 1950s, plus two purpose-built cruise ships on order. Trafalgar acquired two additional cruise ships and disposed of the intermediate liners and most of the cargo fleet.^[63] During the Falklands War, QE2 and Cunard Countess were chartered as troopships^[64] while Cunard's container ship Atlantic Conveyor was sunk by an Exocet missile.^[65]

Cunard acquired the Norwegian America Line in 1983, with two classic ocean liner/cruise ships.^[66] Also in 1983, the Trafalgar attempted a hostile takeover of P&O, another large passenger and cargo shipping line, which was founded three years before Cunard. P&O objected and forced the issue to the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission. In their filing, P&O was critical of Trafalgar's management of Cunard and their failure to correct Queen Elizabeth 2's mechanical problems.^[67] In 1984, the Commission ruled in favour of the merger, but Trafalgar decided against proceeding.^[68] In 1988, Cunard acquired Ellerman Lines and its small fleet of cargo vessels, organising the business as Cunard-Ellerman, however, only a few years later, Cunard decided to abandon the cargo business and focus solely on cruise ships. Cunard's cargo fleet was sold off between 1989 and 1991, with a single container ship, the second Atlantic Conveyor, remaining under Cunard ownership until 1996. In 1993, Cunard entered into a 10-year agreement to handle marketing, sales and reservations for the Crown Cruise Line, and its three vessels joined the Cunard fleet under the Cunard Crown banner.^[69] In 1994 Cunard purchased the rights to the name of the Royal Viking Line and its Royal Viking Sun. The rest of Royal Viking Line's fleet stayed with the line's owner, Norwegian Cruise Line.^[70]

By the mid-1990s Cunard was ailing. The company was embarrassed in late 1994 when Queen Elizabeth 2 experienced numerous defects during the first voyage of the season because of unfinished renovation work. Claims from passengers cost the company US$13 million. After Cunard reported a US$25 million loss in 1995, Trafalgar assigned a new CEO to the line, who concluded that the company had management issues. In 1995, Cunard Line introduced White Star Service to Queen Elizabeth 2 as a reference to the high standards of customer service expected of the company. The term is still today onboard its newer vessels. The company has also created the White Star Academy, an in-house programme for preparing new crew members for the service standards expected on Cunard ships.^[71]

In 1996 the Norwegian conglomerate Kværner acquired Trafalgar House, and attempted to sell Cunard. When there were no takers, Kværner made substantial investments to turn around the company's tarnished reputation.^[72]

Carnival: from 1998–Present

 

Queen Mary 2 of 2004 (151,400 GT), the world's largest ocean liner, docked in Boston Harbor as part of a tour to mark Cunard's 175th anniversary in 2015

In 1998, the cruise line conglomerate Carnival Corporation acquired 62% of Cunard for US$425 million. Coincidently, it was the same percentage that Cunard owned in Cunard-White Star Line^[73] and the company historian later stated the acquisition was in-part due to the success of James Cameron’s blockbuster 1997 film, Titanic.^[74] The next year Carnival acquired the remaining stock for US$205 million.^[75] Ultimately, Carnival sued Kværner claiming that the ships were in worse condition than represented and Kværner agreed to refund US$50 million to Carnival.^[76] Each of Carnival's cruise lines is designed to appeal to a different market, and Carnival was interested in rebuilding Cunard as a luxury brand trading on its British traditions. Under the slogan "Advancing Civilization Since 1840", Cunard's advertising campaign sought to emphasise the elegance and mystique of ocean travel.^[77] Only Queen Elizabeth 2 and Caronia continued under the Cunard brand and the company began Project Queen Mary to build a new ocean liner/cruise ship for the transatlantic route.^[78]

By 2001, Carnival was the largest cruise company, followed by Royal Caribbean and P&O Princess Cruises, which had recently separated from its parent, P&O. When Royal Caribbean and P&O Princess agreed to merge, Carnival countered with a hostile takeover bid for P&O Princess. Carnival rejected the idea of selling Cunard to resolve antitrust issues with the acquisition.^[79] European and US regulators approved the merger without requiring Cunard's sale.^[80] After the merger was completed, Carnival moved Cunard's headquarters to the offices of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California, so that administrative, financial and technology services could be combined.^[81]

Carnival House opened in Southampton in 2009,^[82] and executive control of Cunard Line transferred from Carnival Corporation in the United States, to Carnival UK, the primary operating company of Carnival plc. As the UK-listed holding company of the group, Carnival plc had executive control of all Carnival Group activities in the UK, with the headquarters of all UK-based brands, including Cunard, in offices at Carnival House.

In 2004, the 36-year-old QE2 was replaced on the North Atlantic by Queen Mary 2. Caronia was sold and Queen Elizabeth 2 continued to cruise until she was retired in 2008. In 2007 Cunard added Queen Victoria, a cruise ship of the Vista class originally designed for Holland America Line. To reinforce Cunard traditions, Queen Victoria has a small museum on board. Cunard commissioned a second Vista class cruise ship, Queen Elizabeth, in 2010.^[83]

In 2010, Cunard appointed its first female commander, Captain Inger Klein Olsen.^[84] In 2011, Cunard changed the vessel registry of all three of its ships in service to Hamilton, Bermuda,^[3] the first time in the 171-year history of the company that it had no ships registered in the United Kingdom.^[85] The captains of ships registered in Bermuda can marry couples at sea, whereas those of UK-registered ships cannot, and weddings at sea are a lucrative market.^[3]

On 25 May 2015, the three Cunard ships – Queen Mary 2, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria – sailed up the Mersey into Liverpool to commemorate the 175th anniversary of Cunard. The ships performed manoeuvres, including 180-degree turns, as the Red Arrows performed a fly-past.^[86] Just over a year later Queen Elizabeth returned to Liverpool under Captain Olsen to take part in the celebrations of the centenary of the Cunard Building on 2 June 2016.^[84]

The White Star Line flag is raised on all current Cunard ships and the Nomadic every 15 April in memory of the Titanic disaster.^[87]

Fleet

Current fleet

Ship	Built	In service	Type	Gross tonnage	Flag	Notes	Image
Queen Mary 2	2003	2004–present	Ocean liner	149,215 GT	Bermuda	In service
Queen Victoria	2007	2007–present	Cruise ship	90,049 GT	Bermuda	In service
Queen Elizabeth	2010	2010–present	Cruise ship	90,901 GT	Bermuda	In service

Future fleet

Ship	Built	In service	Type	Gross tonnage	Notes	Image
Queen Anne^[88]	Early 2024	May 2024	Cruise ship	113,300 GT	Construction at Fincantieri S.p.A., Italy;^[89] started on 11 October 2019.^[90]

Former fleet

The Cunard fleet, all built for Cunard unless otherwise indicated, consisted of the following ships in order of acquisition:^[4]

1840–1850

All ships of this period had wooden hulls and paddle wheels.

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes
Unicorn	1836	1840–1845	Express	650	Coastal steamer purchased for Montreal service, sold 1846
Britannia	1840	1840–1849	Express	1,150	Eastbound record holder, sold to North German Navy 1849
Acadia	1840	1840–1849	Express	1,150	Sold to North German Navy 1849
Caledonia	1840	1840–1850	Express	1,150	Sold to Spanish Navy 1850
Columbia	1841	1840–1843	Express	1,150	Blue Riband, wrecked 1843 without loss of life
Hibernia	1843	1843–1850	Express	1,400	Eastbound record holder, sold to Spanish Navy 1850
Cambria	1845	1844–1860	Express	1,400	Blue Riband, sold to Italian owners 1860
Margaret	1839	1842–1872	Express	750	Bought from G & J Burns. Sold in 1856 for use as a coal hulk.
America	1848	1848–1866	Express	1,850	Blue Riband, sold 1863 and converted to sail, scrapped 1875
Niagara	1848	1848–1866	Express	1,850	Sold 1866 and converted to sail, wrecked 1875
Satellite	1848	1848–1902	Tender	175	Scrapped in 1902
Europa	1848	1848–1866	Express	1,850	Blue Riband, sold 1867
Canada	1848	1848–1867	Express	1,850	Eastbound record holder, sold 1866 and converted to sail, scrapped 1883
Asia	1850	1850–1867	Express	2,250	Blue Riband, sold 1868, scrapped 1883
Africa	1850	1850–1868	Express	2,250	Sold 1868

1850–1869

Only Arabia had a wooden hull and only Arabia, Persia, Shamrock, Jackal and Scotia had paddle wheels.

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes
Shamrock	1847	1851–1854	Intermediate	714	Sold in 1854
Arabia	1852	1852–1864	Express	2,400	Sold 1864 and converted to sail, sank 1868^[91]
Andes	1852	1852–1859	Intermediate	1,400	Sold to Spanish Government 1859
Alps	1852	1852–1859	Intermediate	1,400	Sold to Spanish Government 1859
Karnak	1853	1853–1862	Intermediate	1,116	Wrecked 1862
Melita	1853	1853–1861	Intermediate	1,254	Sold 1855
Jackal	1853	1853– 1893	Tender	180	Scrapped in the 1890s
Delta	1853	1854-1899	Intermediate	645	Sold^[92]
Curlew	1853	1853–1856	Intermediate	523	Wrecked 1856
Jura	1854	1854–1861	Intermediate	2,200	Sold to Allan Line 1860, wrecked off Liverpool 1864^[91]
Etna	1855	1855–1860	Intermediate	2,200	Sold to Inman Line 1860, scrapped 1896^[91]
Emeu	1854	1854-1858	Intermediate	1,538	Purchased from Australasian Pacific Mail in 1855. Chartered in 1857 to European & Australasian Pacific Mail, then sold to P&O in 1858. Troop transport in the Crimean War.
Persia	1856	1856–1868	Express	3,300	Blue Riband, taken out of service 1868 and scrapped 1872
Stromboli	1856	1859–1878	Intermediate	734	Wrecked 1878
Italian	1855	1855–1864	Intermediate	784	Sold 1864
Lebanon	1854	1855–1859	Intermediate	1,000	Sold 1870
Palestine	1858	1858–1870	Intermediate	1,000	Sold 1870
Australasian Calabria	1857	1859–1876	Intermediate	2,700	Built for other owners, sold 1876, scrapped 1898^[91]
Atlas	1860	1860–1896	Intermediate	2,393	Lengthened and re-engined in 1873, scrapped 1896^[91]
Damascus	1860	1856-1860	Intermediate	1,213	Sold 1881
Kedar	1860	1860–1897	Intermediate	1,783	Scrapped 1897
Balbec	1852	1853–1884	Intermediate	1,783	Scrapped 1884
Marathon	1860	1860–1898	Intermediate	2,403	scrapped 1898
Morocco	1861	1861–1896	Intermediate	1,855	Scrapped 1896
China	1862	1862–1880	Intermediate	2,638	Sold to Spanish Government 1880
British Queen	1849	1852–1898	Intermediate	772	Scrapped 1898
Scotia	1862	1862–1878	Express	3,850	Blue Riband, sold 1878 and converted to cable layer. Wrecked 1904^[91]
Hecla	1863	1860–1881	Intermediate	1,785	Sold 1881
Alpha	1863	1863–1869	Intermediate	653	Sold 1869
Sidon	1863	1861–1885	Intermediate	1,872	wrecked 1885
Corscia	1863	1863–1867	Intermediate	1,134	Sold 1868
Olympus	1863	1860–1881	Intermediate	1,794	Sold 1881
Tripoli	1863	1863–1872	Intermediate	2,057	Wrecked on Tuskar Rock, Wexford 1872
Cuba	1864	1864–1876	Express	2,700	Sold 1876 and converted to sail, wrecked 1887^[91]
Aleppo	1865	1865–1909	Intermediate	2,056	Scrapped 1909^[91]
Java	1865	1865–1877	Express	2,700	Sold 1878 to Red Star Line, and renamed Zeeland, lost at sea 1895^[91]
Palmyra	1866	1866–1896	Intermediate	2,044	Scrapped 1896
Malta	1866	1865–1889	Intermediate	2,132	Wrecked 1899
Russia	1867	1867–1879	Express	2,950	Sold to Red Star Line 1880 and renamed Waesland. Resold and renamed Philadelphia, sank after a collision 1902^[91]
Siberia	1867	1867–1880	Intermediate	2,550	Sold to Spanish owners 1880, renamed Manila, wrecked 1882^[91]
Samaria	1868	1868–1902	Intermediate	2,550	Sold 1892

1869–1901

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes
Batavia	1870	1870–1888	Intermediate	2,550	Traded in for Oregon 1884, scrapped 1924
Abyssinia	1870	1870–1880	Express	3,250	Sold to Guion Line 1880, destroyed by fire at sea 1891^[91]
Algeria	1870	1870–1881	Express	3,250	Sold to Red Star Line 1881, scrapped 1903^[91]
Parthia	1870	1870–1884	Intermediate	3,150	Traded in for Oregon 1884, scrapped 1956
Beta	1873	1874–1888	intermediate	1,070	Sold 1889
Bothnia	1874	1874–1899	Express	4,550	Sold 1896, scrapped 1899
Saragossa	1874	1874–1909	Intermediate	2,263	Sold 1880, scrapped 1909
Nantes	1874	1873–1888	Intermediate	1,473	Sank in 1886
Brest	1874	1874–1879	Intermediate	1,472	Wrecked in 1879
Cherbourg	1875	1875–1909	intermediate	1,614	Scrapped 1909
Scythia	1875	1875–1899	Express	4,550	Sold for scrap 1898^[91]
Gallia	1879	1879–1897	Express	4,550	Sold to Beaver Line 1897, scrapped 1900^[91]
Otter	1880	1880–1920	Tender	287	Sold 1920
Catalonia	1881	1881–1901	Intermediate	4,850	First Cunarder to include electric lights, scrapped 1901
Cephalonia	1882	1882–1900	Intermediate	5,500	Sold to Russian Navy 1900, sunk Port Arthur 1904^[91] during the Russo-Japanese War
Pavonia	1882	1882–1900	Intermediate	5,500	Sold and scrapped 1900^[91]
Servia	1881	1881–1902	Express	7,400	First steel liner to New York, scrapped 1902
Aurania	1883	1883–1905	Express	7,250	Sold and scrapped 1905^[91]
Oregon	1883	1884–1886	Express	7,400	Blue Riband, built for Guion Line, purchased by Cunard 1884, sank 1886 without loss of life
Umbria	1884	1884–1910	Express	7,700	Blue Riband, with Etruria one of the two last Cunarders to carry sails, scrapped 1910^[91]
Etruria	1884	1885–1909	Express	7,700	Blue Riband, with Umbria one of the two last Cunarders to carry sails, scrapped 1910^[91]
Skirmisher	1884	1884–1945	Tender	612	Scrapped in 1947
Campania	1893	1893–1914	Express	12,900	Blue Riband, sold to Royal Navy 1914 and converted to aircraft carrier HMS Campania, sank 1918^[91]
Lucania	1893	1893–1909	Express	12,900	Blue Riband, scrapped after fire 1909
Sylvania	1895	1895–1910	Cargo ship	5,598	sold in 1910
Carinthia	1895	1895–1900	Cargo ship	5,598	Used as a troop transport in the Boer War. Wrecked off Haiti in 1900
Pavia	1897	1897–1928	Cargo ship	2,945	scrapped in 1928
Tyria	1897	1897–1928	Cargo ship	2,936	sold in 1928
Cypria	1898	1898–1928	Cargo ship	2,396	scrapped in 1928
Veria	1899	1899–1915	Cargo ship	3,229	sunk by a torpedo 1915
Ultonia	1899	1898–1917	Intermediate	10,400	Sunk by SM U-53 1917
Ivernia	1900	1900–1917	Intermediate	14,250	Sunk by SM UB-47 1917
Saxonia	1900	1900–1925	Intermediate	14,250	Scrapped 1925

1901–1918

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes	Image
Brescia	1903	1903–1931	Cargo ship	3,225	Sold in 1931
Carpathia	1903	1903–1918	Intermediate	13,600	Rescued survivors from Titanic, later sunk by SM U-55 1918
Slavonia	1903	1903–1909	Intermediate	10,606	Wrecked 1909
Pannonia	1903	1903–1914	Intermediate	9,851	Chartered by Anchor Line 1914 for 4 trips, scrapped 1922
Caronia	1905	1905–1932	Intermediate	19,650	Scrapped 1932
Carmania	1905	1905–1932	Intermediate	19,650	Scrapped 1932
Lusitania	1907	1907–1915	Express	31,550	Blue Riband, sunk by U-20 1915
Mauretania	1907	1907–1934	Express	31,950	Blue Riband, scrapped 1934
Lycia	1896	1909–1917	Cargo ship	2,715	Captured by SM UC-65 and sunk by bombs 1917
Phrygia	1900	1909–1928	Cargo ship	3,352	Sold 1928
Thracia	1895	1909–1917	Cargo ship	2,891	Sunk by SM UC-69 1917
Franconia	1911	1911–1916	Intermediate	18,100	Sunk by SM UB-47 1916
Albania	1900	1911–1912	Intermediate	7,650	Built for Thompson Line, purchased by Cunard 1911, sold to Bank Line 1912, scrapped 1930^[91]
Ausonia	1909	1911–1918	Intermediate	7,907	Ex-Tortona built for Thompson Line, purchased by Cunard 1911, sunk by SM U-62 30 May 1918.
Ascania	1911	1911–1918	Intermediate	9,100	Wrecked 1918
Caria	1900	1911–1915	Cargo ship	3,023	Sunk by U boat in 1915
Laconia	1912	1912–1917	Intermediate	18,100	Sunk by SM U-50 1917
Andania	1913	1913–1918	Intermediate	13,400	Sunk by SM U-46 1918
Alaunia	1913	1913–1916	Intermediate	13,400	Sunk by mine 1916
Aquitania	1914	1914–1950	Express	45,650	Served in both world wars, longest serving Cunard liner until Scythia in 1956, scrapped 1950
Orduna	1914	1914–1921	Intermediate	15,700	Built for PSN Co, acquired by Cunard 1914, returned to PSN 1921, scrapped 1951
Volodia	1913	1915–1917	Cargo ship	5,689	Sunk SM U-93 1917
Vandalia	1912	1915–1918	Cargo ship	7,334	Sunk by U boat 1918
Vinovia	1906	1915–1917	Cargo ship	7,046	Sunk by U boat 1917
Aurania	1916	1916–1918	Intermediate	13,400	Sunk by SM UB-67 1918
Valacia	1916	1916–1933	Cargo ship	6,526	Scrapped 1932
Royal George	1907	1916–1920	Intermediate	11,142	Ex Heliopolis Served on the Liverpool to New York route. Scrapped 1922.
Justicia	1917	Never operated	Intermediate	32,120	Acquired from the Holland America Line but never operated for Cunard due to a crew shortage, and was handed over to the White Star Line.
Feltria	1891	1916–1917	Intermediate	2,254	Sunk by UC-48
Flavia	1902	1916–1918	Intermediate	9,285	Sunk by U-107
Folia	1907	1916–1917	Intermediate	6,560	Sunk by U-53

1918–1934

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes	Image
Virgilia	1918	1919–1925	Cargo ship	5,697	Sold 1925
Vindelia	1918	1919-1919	Cargo ship	4,430	Sold to Anchor Line 1919
Verentia	1918	1919-1919	Cargo ship	4,430	Sold to Anchor Line 1919
Vitellia	1918	1919–1926	Cargo ship	5,185	Sold 1926
Vaurdulia	1917	1919–1926	Cargo ship	5,691	Sold 1929
Verbania	1918	1919–1926	Cargo ship	5,021	Sold 1926
Vennonia	1918	1919–1923	Cargo ship	4,430	Sold 1923
Vasconia	1918	1919–1927	Cargo ship	5,680	Sold to Japan 1927
Venusia	1918	1919–1926	Cargo ship	5,223	Sold 1923
Vauban	1912	1919–1922	Intermediate	10,660	Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for six voyages, scrapped 1932^[91]
Vestris	1912	1919–1922	Intermediate	10,494	Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for six voyages, Wrecked in 1928
Vasari	1908	1919–1921	Intermediate	8,401	Chartered from Lamport & Holt Line for seven voyages
Vellavia	1918	1919–1925	Cargo ship	5,272	Sold 1925
Albania	1920	1920–1930	Intermediate	12,750	Sold to Libera Triestina 1930 and renamed California, sunk by Fleet Air Arm Swordfish^[91]
Satellite	1896	1920–1924	Tender	333	Scrapped in 1924
Berengaria	1913	1921–1938	Express	51,950	Built by Hapag as Imperator, purchased by Cunard 1921, sold for scrap 1938
Scythia	1921	1921–1958	Intermediate	19,700	Longest serving liner until QE2 in 2005, scrapped 1958
Cameronia	1921	1921–1924	Intermediate	16,365	Chartered from the Anchor Line
Emperor Of India	1914	1921-1921	Intermediate	11,430	Chartered from P&O for one voyage.
Empress Of India	1907	1921-1921	Intermediate	16,992	Chartered from Canadian and Pacific line for two voyages.
Andania	1921	1921–1940	Intermediate	13,900	Sunk by UA 1940
Samaria	1922	1922–1955	Intermediate	19,700	Scrapped 1955
Vandyck	1921	1922–1922	Intermediate	13,234	Chartered from Lamport Holt line for 1 voyage
Laconia	1922	1922–1942	Intermediate	19,700	Sunk by U-156 1942
Sauturnia	1910	1922–1924	Cargo liner	8,611	Chartered from Donaldson Line
Antonia	1922	1922–1942	Intermediate	13,900	Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1948^[91]
Ausonia	1922	1922–1942	Intermediate	13,900	Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1965^[91]
Lancastria	1922	1922–1940	Intermediate	16,250	Built as Tyrrhenia, sunk by bombing 1940
Athenia	1923	1923–1935	Intermediate	13,465	Transferred to Anchor Donaldson, sunk by U-30 1939^[91]
Lotharingia	1923	1923–1933	Tender	1,256	Sold in 1933
Alsatia	1923	1923–1933	Tender	1,310	Sold in 1933
Franconia	1923	1923–1956	Intermediate	20,200	Scrapped 1956
Aurania	1924	1924–1942	Intermediate	14,000	Sold to Admiralty 1942, scrapped 1961^[91]
Cassandra	1924	1924–1929	Cargo liner	8,135	Chartered from Donaldson Line, sold 1929, scrapped 1934^[91]
Carinthia	1925	1925–1940	Ocean liner	20,200	Sunk by U-46 1940
Letitia	1925	1925–1935	Intermediate	13,475	Transferred to Anchor Donaldson 1935
Ascania	1925	1925–1956	Intermediate	14,000	Scrapped 1956
Alaunia	1925	1925–1944	Intermediate	14,000	Sold to Admiralty 1944, scrapped 1957.^[91]
Tuscania	1921	1926–1931	Intermediate	16,991	Chartered from the Anchor Line.
Bantria	1928	1928-1954	Cargo ship	2,402	Sold to Costa Line 1954 and renamed Giorgina Celli.
Bactria	1928	1928–1954	Cargo ship	2,407	Sold to Costa Rica 1954 and renamed Theo.
Bothnia	1928	1928–1955	Cargo ship	2,402	Sold to Panama 1955 and renamed Emily.
Bosnia	1928	1928–1939	Cargo ship	2,402	Sunk by U-47 1939.

1934–1949

See also: White Star Line's Olympic, Homeric, Majestic, Doric, and Laurentic.

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes	Image
Queen Mary	1936	1936–1967	Express	80,750	WWII troopship 1940–1945; Blue Riband, sold 1967, now a stationary hotel ship
Mauretania	1939	1939–1965	Express	37,750	WWII troopship 1940–1945; scrapped by 1966
Queen Elizabeth	1940	1946–1968	Express	83,650	WWII troopship 1940–1945, sold to The Queen Corporation in 1968, renamed Elizabeth; auctioned off to Tung Chao Yung in 1970, refitted as a floating university, renamed Seawise University, destroyed by fire in 1972; partially scrapped 1974–1975
Valacia	1943	1946–1950	Cargo ship	7,052	Sold to Bristol city line 1950
Vasconia	1944	1946–1950	Cargo ship	7,058	Sold to Blue star line 1950
Media	1947	1947–1961	Passenger-cargo liner	13,350	Sold to Cogedar Line 1961, refitted as an ocean liner, renamed Flavia; sold to Virtue Shipping Company in 1969, renamed Flavian; sold to Panama, renamed Lavia in 1982, caught fire and sank in 1989 in Hong Kong Harbour during refitting and was scrapped afterwards in Taiwan^[91]
Asia	1947	1947–1963	Cargo ship	8,723	Sold to Taiwan 1963 and renamed Shirley
Brescia	1945	1947–1966	Cargo ship	3,834	Ex Hickory Isle Purchased from MOWT 1947 sold to Panama 1966 and renamed Timber One
Parthia	1947	1947–1961	Passenger-cargo liner	13,350	Sold to P&O 1961, renamed Remuera; transferred to P&O's Eastern and Australian Steamship Company in 1964, refitted as a cruise ship, renamed Aramac; scrapped in Taiwan by 1970^[91]
Britannic	1929	1949–1960	Intermediate	26,943	Built for White Star Line, scrapped 1960
Georgic	1931	1949–1956	Intermediate	27,759	Built for White Star Line, scrapped 1956
Caronia	1949	1949–1968	Cruise ship	34,200	Sold to Star Shipping 1968, renamed Columbia; renamed Caribia in 1969; wrecked 1974 at Apra Harbor, Guam and broke up while being towed to Taiwan to be scrapped

1949–1968

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT	Notes	Image
Assyria	1950	1950–1963	Cargo ship	8663	Sold to Greece as Laertis
Alsatia	1948	1951–1963	Cargo ship	7226	1951 ex Silverplane purchased from Silver Line, 1963 sold to Taiwan, renamed Union Freedom
Andria	1948	1951–1963	Cargo ship	7228	1951 ex Silverbriar purchased from Silver Line, 1963 sold to Taiwan, renamed Union Faith. Sank on 6 April 1969 after a collision and fire.
Pavia	1953	1953–1965	Cargo ship	3,411	Sold to Greece as Toula N 1965
Lycia	1954	1954–1965	Cargo ship	3,543	Served on Great Lakes trade in 1964. Sold to Greece a year later and renamed Flora N
Saxonia Carmania	1954	1954–1962 1962–1973	Canadian service Cruise ship	21,637 21,370	Refitted as cruise ship in 1962, renamed Carmania; sold to the Black Sea Shipping Company, Soviet Union 1973, renamed Leonid Sobinov, scrapped 1999
Phrygia	1955	1955–1965	Cargo ship	3,534	Served on Cunard Great Lakes route in 1964. Sold to Panama a year later and renamed Dimitris N
Ivernia Franconia	1955	1955–1963 1963–1973	Canadian service Cruise ship	21,800	Refitted as cruise ship in 1963, renamed Franconia; sold to the Far Eastern Shipping Company, Soviet Union 1973, renamed Fedor Shalypin; transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company in 1980; transferred to the Odessa Cruise Company in 1992; scrapped 2004^[91]
Carinthia	1956	1956–1968	Canadian service	21,800	Sold to Sitmar Line 1968, refitted as a full-time cruise ship, renamed Fairsea; transferred to Princess Cruises, renamed Fair Princess in 1988 when Sitmar was sold to P&O; transferred to P&O Cruises Australia in 1996; sold to China Sea Cruises in 2000, renamed China Sea Discovery; scrapped 2005 or 2006
Sylvania	1957	1957–1968	Canadian service	21,800	Sold to Sitmar Line 1968, renamed Fairwind, renamed Sitmar Fairland in 1988; transferred to Princess Cruises, renamed Dawn Princess; sold to V-Ships in 1993, renamed Albatros; sold to the Alang, India scrapyard, renamed Genoa and scrapped 2004
Andania	1959	1959–1969	Cargo liner	7,004	Sold to Brocklebank Line in 1969
Alaunia	1960	1960–1969	Cargo liner	7,004	Sold to Brocklebank Line in 1969
Arabia	1955	1967–1969	Cargo liner	3,803	Ex-Castilian chartered from Ellerman Lines
Nordia	1961	1961–1963	Cargo ship	4,560	sold 1963
Media	1963	1963–1971	Cargo ship	5,586	Sold 1971 to Western Australian Coastal Shipping Commission renamed Beroona
Parthia	1963	1963–1971	Cargo ship	5,586	Sold 1971 to Western Australian Coastal Shipping Commission renamed Wambiri
Saxonia	1963	1963–1970	Cargo ship	5,586	Sold to Brocklabank Line renamed Maharonda
Sarmania	1964	1964–1969	Cargo ship	5,837	Sold 1969 to T & J. Harrison, Liverpool renamed Scholar
Scythia	1964	1964–1969	Cargo ship	5,837	Sold 1969 to T & J. Harrison, Liverpool renamed Merchant
Ivernia	1964	1964–1970	Cargo ship	5,586	Sold 1970 to Brocklebank Line renamed Manipur
Scotia	1966	1966–1970	Cargo ship	5,837	Sold 1970 to Singapore renamed Neptune Amber

1968–1999

Ship	Built	In service for Cunard	Type	GRT/GT	Notes	Image
Queen Elizabeth 2	1969	1969–2008	Ocean Liner	70,300	Sold 2008, longest serving Cunarder in history; operating as a floating hotel in Dubai since April 2018^[93]
Atlantic Causeway	1969	1970–1986	Container ship	14,950	Scrapped in 1986
Atlantic Conveyor	1970	1970–1982	Container ship	14,946	Sunk in Falklands War 1982
Cunard Adventurer	1971	1971–1977	Cruise ship	14,150	Sold to Norwegian Cruise Line 1977, renamed Sunward II, renamed Triton in 1991; auctioned in 2004 to Louis Cruises and renamed Coral; sold to a Turkish scrapping company and then to the Alang, India shipbreaking yard and scrapped in 2014
Cunard Campaigner	1971	1971–1974	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to the Great Eastern Shipping Co in 1974 and renamed Jag Shakti. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997
Cunard Caravel	1971	1971–1974	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to the Great Eastern Shipping Co in 1974 and renamed Jag Shanti. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997
Cunard Carronade	1971	1971–1978	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to Olympic Maritime in 1978. and renamed Olympic History.
Cunard Calamanda	1972	1972–1978	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold in 1978 and renamed Ionian Carrier.
Cunard Ambassador	1972	1972–1974	Cruise ship	14,150	Sold after fire 1974 to C. Clausen, refitted as sheep carrier Linda Clausen; sold to Lembu Shipping Corporation and renamed Procyon, caught fire a second time in 1981 in Singapore but was repaired; sold to Qatar Transport and Marine Services; sold to Taiwanese ship breakers and scrapped in 1984 following a 1983 fire
Cunard Carrier	1973	1973–	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to Silverdale Ltd and renamed Aeneas.
Cunard Cavalier	1973	1973–1978	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to Olympic Maritime in 1978 and renamed Olympic Harmony. Wrecked at Port Muhammad in 1990 and scrapped at Alang in 1992.
Cunard Chietain	1973	1973–	Bulk carrier	15,498	Sold to Superblue and renamed Chieftain. Resold to Great City Navigation in 1981 and renamed Great City.
Cunard Countess	1975	1976–1996	Cruise ship	17,500	Sold to Awani Cruise Line 1996, renamed Awani Dream II; transferred to Royal Olympic Cruises 1998, renamed Olympic Countess; sold to Majestic International Cruises 2004, renamed Ocean Countess, chartered to Louis Cruise Lines as Ruby during 2007; retired in 2012; caught fire in 2013 at Chalkis, Greece while laid up; sold to a Turkish scrapyard and scrapped in 2014
Cunard Princess	1975	1977–1995	Cruise ship	17,500	Charted to StarLauro Cruises in 1995; sold to MSC Cruises in 1995, renamed Rhapsody; sold to Mano Maritime in 2009 and renamed Golden Iris. Scrapped July 2022 at Aliaga, Turkey.^[94]
Sarmania	1973	1976–1986	Reefer	8,557	Ex- Chrysantema, 1976 purchased from Paravon Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Greece renamed Capricorn. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1997
Alastia	1973	1976–1981	Reefer	7,722	1972 Ex- Edinburgh Clipper, 1976 purchased from Maritime Fruit Carriers Corp., renamed Alsatia, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed America Freezer
Andania	1972	1976–1981	Reefer	7,689	Ex-Glasgow Clipper, 1976 purchased from Souvertur Shipping, Glasgow renamed Andania, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed Europa Freezer. Scrapped at Alang, India in 1995
Saxonia	1973	1976–1986	Reefer	8,547	Ex- Gladiola, 1976 purchased from Adelaide Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Tondo Shipping Corp renamed Carina
Andria	1972	1976–1981	Reefer	7,722	Ex- Teesside Clipper, 1976 purchased from Maritime Island Fruit Reefers Ltd, renamed Andria, 1981 sold to Restis Group renamed Australia Freezer
Carmania	1972	1976–1986	Reefer	7,323	Ex- Orange, 1976 purchased from Chichester Shipping, Glasgow renamed Carmania, 1986 sold to Greece renamed Perseus
Scythia	1972	1976–1986	Reefer	8,557	Ex- Iris Queen, 1976 purchased from Adelaide Shipping, Glasgow, 1986 sold to Greece renamed Centaurus. Destroyed by fire in 1989
England	1964	1982–1986	Ferry	8,116	1982 purchased from DFDS, 1986 left for Jeddah as accommodation ship renamed America XIII. Sank in the Red Sea en route to Alang, India for scrapping in 1989
Sagafjord	1965	1983–1997	Ocean Liner	24,500	Built for Norwegian America Line; chartered to Transocean Tours as Gripsholm during 1996–1997; sold to Saga Cruises 1997 and renamed Saga Rose; retired in 2009, sold to a Chinese ship recycling yard and scrapped 2011–2012
Vistafjord Caronia	1973	1983–1999 1999–2004	Cruise ship	24,300	built for Norwegian America Line; operated under Norwegian America Line from 1973 to 1983, and under Cunard from 1983 to 2004, renamed Caronia in 1999; sold to Saga Cruises 2004 and renamed Saga Ruby; retired in 2014, sold to Millennium View Ltd. in 2014, renamed Oasia and planned to be refitted as a floating hotel ship in Myanmar, but this never happened; towed to the Alang shipbreaking yard and scrapped in 2017
Atlantic Star	1967	1983–1987	Container ship	15,055	Transferred from Holland America Line
Atlantic Conveyor	1985	1985–1996	Container ship	58,438	Transferred to Atlantic Container Line
Sea Goddess I	1984	1986–1998	Cruise ship	4,333	Built for Sea Goddess Cruises; transferred to Cunard in 1986; transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1998 and renamed Seabourn Goddess I; sold to SeaDream Yacht Club in 2001 and renamed SeaDream I
Sea Goddess II	1985	1986–1998	Cruise ship	4,333	Built for Sea Goddess Cruises, transferred to Cunard in 1986; transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1998 and renamed Seabourn Goddess II; sold to SeaDream Yacht Club in 2001 and renamed SeaDream II
Cunard Crown Monarch	1990	1993–1994	Cruise ship	15,271	Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Crown Cruise Line 1994
Cunard Crown Jewel	1992	1993–1995	Cruise ship	19,089	Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Star Cruises 1995
Cunard Crown Dynasty	1993	1993–1997	Cruise ship	19,089	Built for Crown Cruise Line, transferred to Majesty Cruise Line 1997
Royal Viking Sun	1988	1994–1999	Cruise ship	37,850	Built for Royal Viking Line, transferred to Seabourn Cruise Line 1999

Cunard Hotels

After Trafalgar House bought the company in 1971, Cunard operated the former company's existing hotels as Cunard-Trafalgar Hotels. In the 1980s, the chain was restyled as Cunard Hotels & Resorts, before folding in 1995.

Hotel	Location	Managed by Cunard	Notes
London International Hotel	London, England	1971–1977^[95]	Today London Marriott Hotel Kensington
Hotel Bristol, later Cunard Hotel Bristol	London, England	1971–1984	Today Holiday Inn London Mayfair (closed)
Cunard Paradise Beach Hotel & Club	Bridgetown, Barbados	1971^[96]–1992^[97]	Closed since 1992
Cobblers Cove Hotel	Speightstown, Barbados	1971^[96]–1975
Montego Beach Hotel	Montego Bay, Jamaica	1972^[98]–1975^[99]
Cunard Hotel La Toc & La Toc Suites	Castries, St. Lucia	1972^[100]–1992^[101]	Today Sandals Regency La Toc
Cunard International Hotel	London, England	1973^[102]–1984^[103]	Today Novotel London West Hotel
Cambridgeshire Hotel	Cambridge, England	1974–1985	Today Cambridge Bar Hill Hotel
The Ritz Hotel, London	London, England	1976^[104]–1995^[105]	Now owned by the Ellerman Group
The Stafford	London, England	1985–1995^[106]
The Watergate Hotel	Washington, D.C.	1986–1990
Dukes Hotel	London, England	1988^[106]–1994^[107]
Hotel Atop the Bellevue	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	1989–1993	Today The Bellevue Hotel
Cunard's Plaza Club	New York City	1989–1989	concierge floors of the Plaza Hotel

See also

•  United Kingdom portal
•  Transport portal
•  Companies portal

• Cunard Building (New York City)
• Cunard Yanks

References

Notes

1. BOAC-Cunard eventually operated a fleet comprising 11 707-436/465s, two 707-336Cs and four Super VC10s

Citations

1. "Company news; Carnival to buy remaining stake in Cunard Line". The New York Times. 20 October 1999.
2. . 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
3. Jonathan Bell (21 October 2011). . Royalgazette.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
4. Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957). Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day. John De Graff. pp. 52–92.
5. The Nautical Gazette. 1919. p. 210.
6. Maxtone-Graham, John (1972). The Only Way To Cross. Collier.
7. "2012 World Wide Market Share". Cruise Market Watch. 20 November 2011.
8. "Carnival Corporation to Build New Cruise Ship for Iconic Cunard Brand | Carnival Corporation & plc". www.carnivalcorp.com. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
9. "Cunard Reveals Name of New Ship, Queen Anne". www.travelmarketreport.com. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
10. Parry, Ann (1963). Parry of the Arctic. London.
11. Grant, Kay (1967). Samuel Cunard. London.
12. Langley, John G. (2006). Steam Lion. Nimbus.
13. Beck, J. Murray (1984). Joseph Howe, Conservative Reformer. McGill-Queens.
14. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
15. Arnell, J.C (1986). Steam and the North Atlantic Mails. Toronto.
16. Fox, Stephen (2003). Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel and the Great Atlantic Steamships. ISBN 9780060195953.
17. Body, Geoffey (1971). British Paddle Steamers. Newton Abbot.
18. Bacon, Edwin M. (1911). Manual of Ship Subsidies. Chicago, A. C. McClurg.
19. Corlett, Ewan (1975). The Iron Ship: the Story of Brunel's ss Great Britain. Conway.
20. Fry, Henry (1896). The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation with Some Account of Early Ships and Shipowners. London: Sampson, Low & Marston. OCLC 271397492.
21. Ships of the Cunard Line; Dorman, Frank E.; Adlard Coles Limited; 1955
22. Miles, Vincent (2015). The Lost Hero of Cape Cod: Captain Asa Eldridge and the Maritime Trade That Shaped America. Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts: The Historical Society of Old Yarmouth.
23. The National Archives, BT107/202, Beaumaris 1830 No. 24, 132'2" x 20'6" x 12'8", 138 tons.
24. "Naming Cruise Ships". Retrieved 4 September 2020.
25. Kludas, Arnold (1999). Record breakers of the North Atlantic, Blue Riband Liners 1838–1953. London: Chatham.
26. Preble, George Henry; John Lipton Lochhead (1883). A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation. Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersley. OCLC 2933332.
27. Hyde, Francis E (1975). Cunard and the North Atlantic 1840–1973: A History of Shipping and Financial Management. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9780333173138.
28. Liverpool Daily Post 12 June 1916
29. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
30. "The Red Baron of Bearsden". Milngavie Herald. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
31. Hyde, Francis E (18 June 1975). Cunard and the North Atlantic 1840–1973: A History of Shipping and Financial Management. ISBN 9781349023905.
32. "75,000-Ton Vessel to Replace Queen Mary Is Urged in Britain". The New York Times. 2 June 1960.
33. "Queen Mary Plan Draws Protests". The New York Times. 15 June 1961.
34. Horne, George (9 April 1963). "Cunard's Decision on New Liner Is Due by Board Meeting in June". The New York Times.
35. "Cunard Unveils Scale Model of Its Q4". The New York Times. 5 April 1967.
36. . Flight International. 18 May 1961. p. 683. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
37. "Cunard and "British Eagle", Flight International, p. 425, 25 March 1960
38. Aeroplane – Air Transport ...: "Cunard Eagle Buys Boeings, Vol. 100, No. 2587, p. 545, Temple Press, London, 18 May 1961
39. Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 99
40. "British Eagle's Whispering Giants". Airliner World: 42–48. February 2015.
41. Airways – B.O.A.C.'s Rolls-Royce Boeing 707s (Cunard Eagle Airways and BOAC-Cunard), Vol. 17, No. 2, Iss. 170, p. 38, HPC Publishing, St Leonards-on-Sea, April 2010
42. Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten... British Eagle), p. 35
43. "Britain's New Board – Plain Man's Guide to the Air Transport Licensing Board", Flight International, pp. 471–473, 13 April 1961
44. "The Independent Challenge ." Flight International. 17 August 1967. p. 247.
45. Aircraft (Gone but not forgotten... British Eagle), pp. 34/5
46. "Cunard Eagle wins", Flight International, p. 907, 29 June 1961
47. "Parliament Debates Civil Aviation", Flight International, p. 839, 30 November 1961
48. "Cunard Eagle Western – Postscript", Flight International, p. 860, 30 November 1961
49. "Cunard Eagle bounces back", Flight International, p. 501, 5 April 1962
50. "Eagle's Application Aims", Flight International, p. 49, 11 January 1968
51. "Towards a British Aeroflot", Flight International, 12 March 1970
52. Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 99, 148
53. Airways – B.O.A.C.'s Rolls-Royce Boeing 707s (Cunard Eagle Airways and BOAC-Cunard), Vol. 17, No. 2, Iss. 170, p. 39, HPC Publishing, St Leonards-on-Sea, April 2010
54. "Cunarder Jet Challenge – Eagle Versus Speedbird", Flight International, pp. 770/1, 17 May 1962
55. "The Home of Eagle ... – Cunard Eagle Route Map". britisheagle.net.
56. Aeroplane – B.O.A.C. buys Cunard off the North Atlantic, Vol. 103, No. 2643, p. 4, Temple Press, London, 14 June 1962
57. Aeroplane – World Transport Affairs: C.E.A. hands over mid-Atlantic service, Vol. 104, No. 2659, p. 12, Temple Press, London, 4 October 1962
58. Airliner Classics (BOAC throughout the 1950s and 1960s – Boeing 707s and Vickers VC-10s), Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, July 2012, p. 97
59. Blair, Granger (16 September 1964). "BOAC buys out Cunard's Share". The New York Times.
60. "Mauretania – ship [1906–1935]". Encyclopædia Britannica.
61. Anderson 1964, p. 183
62. de Kerbrech 2009, p. 229
63. Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1984). "Appendix 3: Trafalgar House plc: composition of fleet in 1971 and 1983". (PDF). pp. 77–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
64. "A Full Log of Sailings". The New York Times. 21 November 1982.
65. "French Missiles En Route to Argentina". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.
66. "Cunard Purchase". The New York Times. 12 May 1983.
67. Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1984). . Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
68. "Trafalgar bid for P&O". The New York Times. 15 March 1984.
69. Co, Lakeside Publishing (November 1993). "Cruise Travel".
70. McDowell, Edwin (19 October 1994). "Cruise lines sail through choppy seas". The New York Times.
71. "White Star Service – Cunard Cruise Line". Cunard.co.uk.
72. McDowell, Edwin (6 August 1996). "Chief's Strategy for an Ailing Cruise Line". The New York Times.
73. "Carnival in $500 million deal to buy Cunard". The New York Times. 4 April 1998.
74. Krashinsky, Susan (12 April 2012). "White Star name sails on without Titanic". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
75. "Carnival to buy remaining share in Cunard". The New York Times. 20 October 1999.
76. Butler, Daniel Allen (2003). The Age of Cunard. Lighthouse Press. ISBN 978-1-57785-348-0.
77. McDowell, Edwin (19 August 1999). "Carnival's Cunard cruise line plans to spend 12.5 million to stress a touch of class". The New York Times.
78. Wakin, Daniel (19 August 2001). "Restoring the Queen's Glamour". The New York Times.
79. "Carnival may sell unit to complete takeover". The New York Times. 28 May 2002.
80. Kapner, Suzanne (25 October 2002). "End is seen in long battle for cruise line". The New York Times.
81. "Carnival to move Cunard line's operations to California". The New York Times. 12 July 2004.
82. Keith Hamilton (20 July 2009). "Carnival UK moves into new Southampton headquarters". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
83. Santos, Fernanda (4 January 2008). "Three Seafaring Queens Spend a Day in New York". The New York Times.
84. "Queen Elizabeth: Cunard liner returns for celebrations". BBC News. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
85. MacAlister, Terry (28 October 2011). "Cunard waves goodbye to Britannia after 170 years". The Guardian. London.
86. "Cunard liners mark 175th anniversary in Liverpool". BBC News. 25 May 2015.
87. Krachinsky, Susan (12 April 2012). "White Star name sails on without Titanic". The Globe and Mail. Toronro, Ontario. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
88. "Cunard Announces New Cruise Ship Queen Anne". cruiseindustrynews. cruiseindustrynews. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
89. "Carnival Corporation Intends to Build a New Cruise Ship For Cunard | CruiseBe". CruiseBe. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
90. "Steel Cut for New Cunard Line Ship". Cruise Industry News. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
91. Wills, Elspeth (2010). The Fleet 1840–2010. London: Cunard. ISBN 978-0-9542451-8-4.
92. "Cunard Line". The Ships List. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
93. "Queen Mary 2 Guests to Be First to Board the QE2 Hotel in Dubai". Hotel News Resource. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
94. Raza, Raghib (22 July 2022). "Cunard's Princess Beached at Aliaga Ship Breaking Yard to Be Scrapped". Fleetmon. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
95. "Financial Times, 1977, UK, English" – via Internet Archive.
96. New York Media, LLC (12 June 1972). "New York Magazine".
97. "BUTCH STEWART TO OWN AND OPERATE TWO HOTELS IN BARBADOS". suntci.com.
98. Earl g. Graves, Ltd (May 1973). "Black Enterprise".
99. Acquisition of Montego.
100. Sandals Regency La Toc Golf Club.
101. Carr, Stanley (1 November 1992). "WINTER IN THE SUN; Caribbean Resorts: The High Points". The New York Times.
102. "Billboard". 26 December 1974.
103. "Asbury Park Press from Asbury Park, New Jersey on June 10, 1984 · Page 181" – via Newspapers.com.
104. "London Ritz Is Sold; New Owners Pledge To Retain Elegance". The New York Times. 27 March 1976.
105. "Ailing Trafalgar sells the Ritz". The Independent. 7 October 1995.
106. . Red Carnation Hotels. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
107. "Change at Dukes 'is modernisation'". thecarterer.com. 2 June 1994. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

Bibliography

• Anderson, Roy Claude (1964). White Star. Prescot: T. Stephenson & Sons Ltd. OCLC 3134809.
• Bombail, Marc-Antoine; Gallagher, Michael (2017). Cunard: The Fleet Book. Ramsey, Isle of Man: Ferry Publications. ISBN 9781911268062.
• de Kerbrech, Richard P. (2009). Ships of the White Star Line. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3366-5. OCLC 298597975.
• Fowler Jr., William M. Steam Titans: Cunard, Collins, and the Epic Battle for Commerce on the North Atlantic (London: Bloomsbury), 2017. 358 pp

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cunard Line.

• Official website  
• Cunard History Website on Chriscunard.com
• Official 'Queen Mary 2' Fan Page
• Cunard Line Ephemera 1880-2004 GG Archives
• The Last Ocean Liners – Cunard Line – trade routes and ships of the Cunard Line since the 1950s
• Curator Intro Cunard Sesquicentennial Exhibition – 150 Transatlantic Years – The Ocean Liner Museum, New York
• Documents and clippings about the Cunard Line in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• TheShips List