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Admiral

January 29, 2023

For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation).

Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, or fleet admiral.[clarification needed]

Etymology

The word admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo-French amiral, "commander", from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus. These evolved from the Arabic amīral (أمير الـ) – amīr (أمير), “king, prince, chief, leader, nobleman, lord, a governor, commander, or person who rules over a number of people,” and al (الـ), the Arabic article answering to “the.” In Arabic, admiral is also represented as Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر), where al-Baḥr (البحر) means the sea.[1][2][3]

The 1818 edition of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language, edited and revised by the Rev. Henry John Todd, states that the term “has been traced to the Arab. emir or amir, lord or commander, and the Gr. ἄλιος, the sea, q. d. prince of the sea. The word is written both with and without the d, in other languages, as well as our own. Barb. Lat. admirallus and amiralius. V. Ducange. Barb. Græc. ἄμηρχλιος. V. Meursii Gloss. Græco-Barbarum, edit. 1610. p. 29. Fr. admiral and amiral. Dan. the same. Germ. ammiral. Dutch, admirael or ammirael. Ital. ammiraglio. Sp. almirante. Minsheu, in his Spanish Dictionary, says ‘almiralle is a king in the Arabian language.’ Amrayl is used by Robert of Gloucester, in the sense of a prince, or governour.”[4]

The quote from John Minsheu’s Dictionarie in Spanish and English (1599), given in Johnson’s Dictionary, has been confirmed as being accurate.[5] Additionally, the definition of Amīr (أمير), as given in Edward William Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon, concurs, in part, with Minsheu's definition, stating that the term means “One having, holding, or possessing, command; a commander; a governor; a lord; a prince, or king.”[3]

While other Greek words of the period existed to indicate “belonging to the sea,” or “of the sea,” the now obsolete Gr. ἄλιος mentioned in Johnson's Dictionary is expressly defined as "of the sea, Lat. marinus, epith. of sea-gods, nymphs, etc."[6]

Though there are multiple meanings for the Arabic Amīr (أمير), the literal meaning of the phrase Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) is “Prince of the Sea.”[7][8] This position, versus “commander of the sea,” is demonstrated by legal practices prevailing in the Ottoman Empire, whereas it was only possible for Phanariots to qualify for attaining four princely positions, those being grand dragoman, dragoman of the fleet, and the voivodees of Moldavia and Wallachia. Those Phanariots who attained the princely position of dragoman of the fleet served under the Ottoman admiral having administration of the Aegean islands and the Anatolian coast.[9]

Modern acknowledgement of the phrase Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) meaning “Prince of the Sea” includes a speech made in an official U.S. military ceremony conducted in an Arabic port, and a news article published by an Arabic news outlet: On 24 May 2012, in a change of command ceremony aboard aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN 65), while docked at Khalifa Bin Salman Port, Bahrain, U.S. Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis, Commander, U.S. Central Command, introduced Vice Admiral Mark I. Fox as “Admiral Fox, the prince of the sea, emir of the sea – to translate ‘admiral’ from the Arabic to English;”[10] On 04 Feb 2021, in an announcement of his coronavirus-related death, the Arabic news website Saudi 24 News referred to Admiral Edmond Chagoury by the title “Prince of the Sea.”[11]

An alternate etymology proposes that the term admiral evolved, instead, from the title of Amīr al-Umarāʾ (أمير الأمراء‎). Under the reign of the Buyid dynasty (934 to 1062) of Iraq and Iran, the title of Amīr al-Umarāʾ, which means prince of princes,[2] came to denote the heir-apparent, or crown prince.

This alternate etymology states that the term was in use for the Greco-Arab naval leaders of Norman Sicily, which had formerly been ruled by Arabs, at least by the early 11th century. During this time, the Norman Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154) employed a Greek Christian, known as George of Antioch, who previously had served as a naval commander for several North African Muslim rulers. Roger styled George in Abbasid fashion as Amir of Amirs, or Amīr al-Umarāʾ, with the title becoming Latinized in the 13th century as ammiratus ammiratorum.[12]

The Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as one word, amiral, from their Aragon opponents.[13] The French and Spanish gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese the word changed to almirante.[14] As the word was used by people speaking Latin or Latin-based languages it gained the "d" and endured a series of different endings and spellings leading to the English spelling admyrall in the 14th century and to admiral by the 16th century.[15][16]

Further history

The word "admiral" has come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the world's navies, equivalent to the army rank of general. However, this was not always the case; for example, in some European countries prior to the end of World War II, admiral was the third highest naval rank after general admiral and grand admiral.[17]

The rank of admiral has also been subdivided into various grades, several of which are historically extinct while others remain in use in most present-day navies. The Royal Navy used the colours red, white, and blue, in descending order to indicate seniority of its admirals until 1864; for example, Horatio Nelson's highest rank was vice-admiral of the white. The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is flag officer.[18] Some navies have also used army-type titles for them, such as the Cromwellian "general at sea".[19]

NATO code

While the rank of admiral is used in most of NATO countries, it is ranked differently depending on the country.

NATO code Country[20] English equivalent
UK US
OF-10 Italy Admiral of the Fleet Fleet admiral
OF-9 Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Admiral Admiral
OF-8 Albania, Spain Vice admiral Vice admiral

Admiral insignia by country

National ranks

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Admirals.

January 29, 2023
admiral, other, uses, disambiguation, highest, ranks, some, navies, commonwealth, nations, united, states, full, admiral, equivalent, full, general, army, force, above, vice, admiral, below, admiral, fleet, fleet, admiral, clarification, needed, contents, etym. For other uses see Admiral disambiguation Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies In the Commonwealth nations and the United States a full admiral is equivalent to a full general in the army or the air force and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet or fleet admiral clarification needed Contents 1 Etymology 2 Further history 3 NATO code 4 Admiral insignia by country 5 National ranks 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology EditThe word admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo French amiral commander from Medieval Latin admiralis admirallus These evolved from the Arabic amiral أمير الـ amir أمير king prince chief leader nobleman lord a governor commander or person who rules over a number of people and al الـ the Arabic article answering to the In Arabic admiral is also represented as Amir al Baḥr أمير البحر where al Baḥr البحر means the sea 1 2 3 The 1818 edition of Samuel Johnson s A Dictionary of the English Language edited and revised by the Rev Henry John Todd states that the term has been traced to the Arab emir or amir lord or commander and the Gr ἄlios the sea q d prince of the sea The word is written both with and without the d in other languages as well as our own Barb Lat admirallus and amiralius V Ducange Barb Graec ἄmhrxlios V Meursii Gloss Graeco Barbarum edit 1610 p 29 Fr admiral and amiral Dan the same Germ ammiral Dutch admirael or ammirael Ital ammiraglio Sp almirante Minsheu in his Spanish Dictionary says almiralle is a king in the Arabian language Amrayl is used by Robert of Gloucester in the sense of a prince or governour 4 The quote from John Minsheu s Dictionarie in Spanish and English 1599 given in Johnson s Dictionary has been confirmed as being accurate 5 Additionally the definition of Amir أمير as given in Edward William Lane s Arabic English Lexicon concurs in part with Minsheu s definition stating that the term means One having holding or possessing command a commander a governor a lord a prince or king 3 While other Greek words of the period existed to indicate belonging to the sea or of the sea the now obsolete Gr ἄlios mentioned in Johnson s Dictionary is expressly defined as of the sea Lat marinus epith of sea gods nymphs etc 6 Though there are multiple meanings for the Arabic Amir أمير the literal meaning of the phrase Amir al Baḥr أمير البحر is Prince of the Sea 7 8 This position versus commander of the sea is demonstrated by legal practices prevailing in the Ottoman Empire whereas it was only possible for Phanariots to qualify for attaining four princely positions those being grand dragoman dragoman of the fleet and the voivodees of Moldavia and Wallachia Those Phanariots who attained the princely position of dragoman of the fleet served under the Ottoman admiral having administration of the Aegean islands and the Anatolian coast 9 Modern acknowledgement of the phrase Amir al Baḥr أمير البحر meaning Prince of the Sea includes a speech made in an official U S military ceremony conducted in an Arabic port and a news article published by an Arabic news outlet On 24 May 2012 in a change of command ceremony aboard aircraft carrier USS Enterprise CVN 65 while docked at Khalifa Bin Salman Port Bahrain U S Marine Corps Gen James Mattis Commander U S Central Command introduced Vice Admiral Mark I Fox as Admiral Fox the prince of the sea emir of the sea to translate admiral from the Arabic to English 10 On 04 Feb 2021 in an announcement of his coronavirus related death the Arabic news website Saudi 24 News referred to Admiral Edmond Chagoury by the title Prince of the Sea 11 An alternate etymology proposes that the term admiral evolved instead from the title of Amir al Umaraʾ أمير الأمراء Under the reign of the Buyid dynasty 934 to 1062 of Iraq and Iran the title of Amir al Umaraʾ which means prince of princes 2 came to denote the heir apparent or crown prince This alternate etymology states that the term was in use for the Greco Arab naval leaders of Norman Sicily which had formerly been ruled by Arabs at least by the early 11th century During this time the Norman Roger II of Sicily 1095 1154 employed a Greek Christian known as George of Antioch who previously had served as a naval commander for several North African Muslim rulers Roger styled George in Abbasid fashion as Amir of Amirs or Amir al Umaraʾ with the title becoming Latinized in the 13th century as ammiratus ammiratorum 12 The Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as one word amiral from their Aragon opponents 13 The French and Spanish gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese the word changed to almirante 14 As the word was used by people speaking Latin or Latin based languages it gained the d and endured a series of different endings and spellings leading to the English spelling admyrall in the 14th century and to admiral by the 16th century 15 16 Further history EditThe word admiral has come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the world s navies equivalent to the army rank of general However this was not always the case for example in some European countries prior to the end of World War II admiral was the third highest naval rank after general admiral and grand admiral 17 The rank of admiral has also been subdivided into various grades several of which are historically extinct while others remain in use in most present day navies The Royal Navy used the colours red white and blue in descending order to indicate seniority of its admirals until 1864 for example Horatio Nelson s highest rank was vice admiral of the white The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is flag officer 18 Some navies have also used army type titles for them such as the Cromwellian general at sea 19 NATO code EditWhile the rank of admiral is used in most of NATO countries it is ranked differently depending on the country NATO code Country 20 English equivalentUK USOF 10 Italy Admiral of the Fleet Fleet admiralOF 9 Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Denmark Estonia France Germany Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Turkey Admiral AdmiralOF 8 Albania Spain Vice admiral Vice admiralAdmiral insignia by country Edit Admiral Albanian Navy 21 22 Almirante Argentine Navy 23 AdmiralRoyal Australian Navy 24 Admiral Azerbaijani Navy 25 AdmiralBangladesh Navy 26 Admiraal Amiral Belgian Navy Almirante Bolivian Naval Force 27 Almirante Brazilian Navy 28 Admiral Admiral Bulgarian Navy 29 AdmiralAmiral Royal Canadian Navy 30 Almirante Chilean Navy 31 Almirante Colombian Navy Amiral Navy of DR of Congo Admiral Croatian Navy 32 Almirante Cuban Revolutionary Navy 33 Admiral Royal Danish Navy 34 Almirante Dominican Navy 35 Almirante Ecuadorian Navy 36 Admiral Estonian Navy 37 Amiraali Swedish Amiral Finnish Navy 38 Amiral French Navy 39 Amiral Gabonese Navy Admiral German Navy 40 AdmiralGhana Navy Admiralएडम रल Indian Navy 41 Ammiraglio Italian Navy Amiral Navy of Ivory Coast 42 Admiral Admiral Kazakh Naval Forces 43 Amiral Madagascar Navy 44 Almirante Mexican Navy 45 Amiral Montenegrin Navy Amiral Royal Moroccan Navy Almirante Mozambique Naval Command AdmiralNigerian Navy Admiral Royal Norwegian Navy 46 AdmiralPakistan Navy Almirante Paraguayan Navy Almirante Peruvian Navy 47 AdmiralPhilippine Navy Admiral Polish Navy 48 Almirante Portuguese Navy 49 Amiral Romanian Naval Forces 50 Admiral Admiral Russian Navy Admiral Admiral Serbian River Flotilla 51 Admiral Slovenian Navy 52 AdmiralSouth African Navy 53 Almirante Spanish Navy 54 AdmiralSri Lanka Navy 55 Amiral Swedish Navy 56 Amiral Arabic فريق أول بالبحرية romanized Fariq awal bialbahria Tunisia Navy 57 Admiral Turkmen Naval Forces 58 Admiral Admiral Ukrainian Navy 59 AdmiralRoyal Navy 60 AdmiralUnited States Navy 61 AdmiralUnited States Coast Guard 61 Almirante National Navy of Uruguay 62 Almirante Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela 63 National ranks EditAdmiral Australia Admiral Bangladesh Admiral Canada Admiral Denmark Admiral Germany Admiral India Admiral Netherlands Admiral Pakistan Admiral Russia Admiral of Castile Admiral Sri Lanka Admiral Sweden Admiral United Kingdom Admiral United States See also EditAdmiralissimo Admiralty Comparative military ranks Isabel Barreto the first female admiral Laksamana native title for naval leaders in Indonesia and Malaysia Nebraska Admiral Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officersReferences Edit Definition of ADMIRAL Merriam Webster a b Catafago Joseph 1858 An English and Arabic Dictionary In Two Parts Arabic and English and English and Arabic Bernard Quaritch Oriental and Philological Bookseller London pp 26 30 324 a b Lane Edward William 1968 Arabic English Lexicon in Eight Parts Part 1 Librairie du Liban Beirut Lebanon p 97 Johnson Samuel and H J Todd ed 1818 Definition of Admiral A Dictionary of the English Language in which the words are deduced from their originals and illustrated in their different significations by examples from the best writers together with A History of the Language and an English Grammar In Four Volumes Vol 1 Longman Hurst Rees Orme and Brown London Minsheu John 1599 Dictionarie in Spanish and English p 20 Liddell Henry George and Robert Scott 1883 Greek English Lexicon Seventh Edition Harper amp Brothers New York p 62 Khalilieh Hassan S 2019 Glossary of Non English Terms Islamic Law of the Sea Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK p 11 ISBN 978 1 108 48145 8 Definition of Admiral Scottish National Dictionary 1700 Dictionaries of the Scots Language Archived from the original on 2 December 2018 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Agoston Gabor and Bruce Masters 2009 Encyclopedia of The Ottoman Empire Facts on File Library of World History New York p 458 ISBN 978 0 8160 6259 1 Vice Adm Miller Takes Helm of U S Navy in Middle East and Combined Maritime Forces Combined Maritime Forces CMF 24 May 2012 Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Corona kidnaps the Prince of the Sea Admiral Shaguri in the protection of God Al Bina newspaper Saudi 24 News 4 February 2021 Retrieved 25 February 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link David Abulafia 2011 The Great Sea A Human History of the Mediterranean London Allen Lane ISBN 978 0 7139 9934 1 Harry Thurston Peck Selim Hobart Peabody Charles Francis Richardson eds 1899 1885 The International Cyclopedia A Compendium of Human Knowledge Vol 1 Dodd Mead amp Co p 103 Antonio Vieyra 1851 A dictionary of the English and Portuguese languages Vol 2 p 48 The English Charlemagne Romances The Boke of Duke Huon de Bordeaux 1534 p 143 John Ehrman 2011 1953 The Navy in the War of William III 1689 1697 Its State and Direction Cambridge University Press p 190 ISBN 978 1 107 64511 0 Erich Raeder 2001 Grand Admiral 1st ed Da Capo Press p 430 ISBN 0306809621 Brian Lavery 2003 Horatio Lord Nelson Trustees of the National Maritime Museum p 139 ISBN 0 8147 5190 3 William Hepworth Dixon 1885 Robert Blake Admiral and General at Sea Based on Family and State Papers Ballantyne Press NATO 2021 STANAG 2116 NATO 7th ed Brussels Belgium NATO Standardization Agency pp B 1 B 3 GRADAT FORCA DETARE PDF aaf mil al in Albanian Archived from the original on 28 April 2021 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Naval Force Grados Militares fuerzas armadas mil ar in Spanish Joint Chiefs of Staff Argentina Retrieved 27 May 2021 Badges of rank PDF defence gov au Department of Defence Australia Retrieved 31 May 2021 Azerbaycan Respublikasi Silahli Quvveleri herbi qulluqcularinin herbi geyim formasi ve ferqlendirme nisanlari haqqinda Esasname PDF mod gov az in Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense 25 June 2001 pp 64 70 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Bangladesh Navy Rank of Navy amp Equivalent Rank navy mil bd Retrieved 27 May 2021 Ministry of Defense Bolivia mindefbolivia 9 January 2020 Conoce la jerarquia de los grados de la ArmadaBoliviana Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 28 May 2021 via Twitter Postos e Graduacoes marinha mil br in Portuguese Brazilian Navy 11 July 2017 Retrieved 7 May 2021 ZAKON ZA OTBRANATA I VORZhENITE SILI NA REPUBLIKA BLGARIYa lex bg in Bulgarian Glava sedma VOENNA SLUZhBA 12 May 2009 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Ranks and appointment canada ca Government of Canada 23 November 2017 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Los grados jerarquicos de la Armada armada cl in Spanish Chilean Navy 7 May 2014 Retrieved 27 May 2021 Oznake cinova osrh hr in Croatian Republic of Croatia Armed Forces 1 April 2019 Retrieved 26 May 2021 Grados militares minfar gob cu in Spanish Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces Cuba Retrieved 28 May 2021 Sovaernets Gradstegn PDF forsvaret dk in Danish Danish Defence 2018 Retrieved 26 May 2021 Insignias mide gob do in Spanish Ministry of Defense Dominican Republic Archived from the original on 26 February 2021 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Officerer armada mil ec in Spanish Ecuadorian Navy 8 April 2019 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Sumboolika Merevae Auastmed mil ee in Estonian Estonian Defence Forces Retrieved 26 May 2021 Sotilasarvot Puolustusvoimissa puolustusvoimat fi in Finnish Finnish Defence Forces Retrieved 26 May 2021 Instruction n 1 DEF EMM RH CPM relative aux uniformes et tenues dans la Marine du 15 juin 2004 in French 15 June 2004 pp 3793 3867 Retrieved 4 June 2021 Dienstgradabzeichen Marine bundeswehr de in German Bundeswehr Retrieved 30 May 2021 Ranks amp Insignia Join Indian Navy Retrieved 12 April 2021 GRADES APPELLATIONS DISTINCTIONS defense gouv ci in French Ministere de la Defense Retrieved 23 September 2020 Қazakstan Respublikasynyn Қaruly Kүshteri baska da әskerleri men әskeri kuralymdary әskeri kyzmetshilerinin әskeri kiim nysany zhәne ajyrym belgileri turaly adilet zan kz in Kazakh Ministry of Justice Kazakhstan 25 August 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2021 LOI N 96 029 portant Statut General des Militaires PDF defense gov mg in French Ministry of Defence Madagascar 15 November 1996 p 2 Retrieved 10 July 2021 Secretary of the Navy 21 July 2018 Ley Organica De La Armada De Mexico Organic Law of the Mexican Navy PDF in Spanish pp 16 17 Retrieved 22 May 2021 Militaere grader forsvaret no in Norwegian Norwegian Armed Forces 4 February 2021 Retrieved 26 May 2021 Grados Militares ccffaa mil pe in Spanish Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru Retrieved 29 May 2021 Sposob noszenia odznak stopni wojskowych na umundurowaniu Marynarki Wojennej PDF wojsko polskie pl in Polish Armed Forces Support Inspectorate Retrieved 7 June 2021 Os Postos marinha pt in Portuguese Retrieved 26 February 2021 Grade militare Military ranks defense ro in Romanian Romanian Defence Staff Retrieved 1 February 2021 ChINOVI U VOЈSCI SRBIЈE vs rs in Serbian Serbian Armed Forces Retrieved 7 June 2021 Cini in razredi slovenskavojska si in Slovenian Slovenian Armed Forces Retrieved 26 May 2021 Rank Insignia navy mil za Department of Defence South Africa Archived from the original on 18 May 2019 Retrieved 29 May 2021 Army Ranks amp Insignia ejercito defensa gob es Ministry of Defence Spain Retrieved 30 May 2021 Branches Ranks navy lk Sri Lanka Navy Retrieved 24 September 2021 Nya gradbeteckningar infors Forsvarsmakten 2019 10 01 Retrieved 2019 10 02 Les grades des officers de la marine emam defense tn in French Ministry of Defence Tunisia Retrieved 10 June 2021 TURKMENISTANYN KANUNY Harby borclulyk we harby gulluk hakynda Turkmenistanyn Mejlisinin Maglumatlary 2010 y 3 58 nji madda Turkmenistanyn 01 10 2011 y 234 IV Kanuny esasynda girizilen uytgetmeler we gosmacalar bilen LAW OF TURKMENISTAN On military service and military service Information of the Mejlis of Turkmenistan 2010 No 3 Article 58 as amended by the Law of Turkmenistan of October 1 2011 No 234 IV PDF milligosun gov tm in Turkmen Ministry of Defense Turkmenistan pp 28 29 Retrieved 2 June 2021 NAKAZ 20 11 2017 606 zakon rada gov ua in Ukrainian Ministry of Justice of Ukraine 13 December 2017 Retrieved 2 June 2021 Chapter 3 Rank and Command System of government command and organisation PDF The Queen s regulations for the Royal Navy 2017 pp 3 17 Retrieved 1 September 2021 a b U S Military Rank Insignia defense gov Department of Defense Retrieved 13 January 2022 Hudson Rex A Meditz Sandra W eds 1992 Chapter 5 National Security Uruguay A Country Study PDF 2nd ed Federal Research Division Library of Congress pp 222 223 ISBN 0 8444 0737 2 Retrieved 13 June 2021 Grados de Generales y Almirantes ejercito mil ve Government of Venezuela 28 August 2017 Archived from the original on 17 July 2019 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Admirals Admiral Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Admiral New International Encyclopedia 1905 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Admiral amp oldid 1134991972, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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