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Republic of Yucatán

February 16, 2024

The Republic of Yucatán (Spanish: República de Yucatán) was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century. The first Republic of Yucatán, founded May 29, 1823, willingly joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later.[1][2] The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico. It remained independent for seven years, after which it rejoined the United Mexican States. The area of the former republic includes the modern Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. The Republic of Yucatán usually refers to the second republic (1841–1848).

Republic of Yucatán
República de Yucatán (Spanish)
1841–1848
Seal
CapitalMérida
Common languagesSpanish (de facto)
Yucatec Maya
Religion
Roman Catholic
GovernmentRepublic
President 
• 1840–1841 (first)
Santiago Méndez
• 1847–1848 (last)
Miguel Barbachano
History 
• Independence
March 16 1841
• Disestablished
July 14 1848
CurrencyMexican Peso ($)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part ofMexico
Belize
Separatist movements generated in response to the shift from a Federal Republic to a Centralist Republic.
  Territory that proclaimed independence
  Territory claimed by the separatist Republic of Texas
  Territory claimed by the separatist Republic of the Rio Grande
  Rebellions

The Republic of Yucatán was governed by the Constitution of 1841 which guaranteed individual rights, religious freedom and what was then a new legal form called amparo (English: protection).[3] The 1847 Caste War caused the Republic of Yucatán to request military aid from Mexico. This was given on the condition that the Republic rejoin the Mexican Federation.

Colonial era and independence from Spain edit

Main article: Viceroyalty of New Spain

In 1617, Yucatán was administered as a Captaincy General of New Spain. Its geographical position gave it some autonomy. During the Spanish Viceroyalty, the province and captaincy of Yucatán covered the current territories of Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatán, plus, nominally, the northern territories of the Petén and the territory that is currently Belize. In 1786, the Spanish Crown implemented the system of Intendencias and the territory changed its name to Intendency of Yucatán, which included the same territories.[4]

War of Mexican Independence edit

 
The United Mexican States under the Constitution of 1824.
 
Captaincy General of Yucatán

In 1810, the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued the Grito de Dolores (in effect a call for independence) in Dolores near Guanajuato. An army of insurgents began an eleven-year war of independence that culminated in a Mexican victory over the viceroy's armies. In 1821 the Mexicans offered the crown of the new Mexican Empire to Ferdinand VII or to a member of the Spanish royal family that he would designate. After the refusal of the Spanish monarchy to recognize the independence of Mexico, the ejército Trigarante (Army of the Three Guarantees), led by Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero, cut all political and economic dependence on Spain. The Plan of Iguala established Roman Catholicism as Mexico's religion and equality for all social and ethnic groups in the new empire. These goals were summarized as "Religion, Independence and Unity" (Religión, Independencia y Unión).[5]

Once the independence of the Mexican Empire was declared, Agustín de Iturbide was designated President of the Regency; because of his great popularity and prestige, the Interim Board gave him full authority. Elections for the Constituent Congress took place in December 1821 and in January 1822.[6] There is no accurate record of how many deputies were elected, but it has been estimated at about 126, plus 52 given to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Chiapas, former captaincies which also agreed to the Plan of Iguala.[7]

José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, called The Mexican Thinker, proposed the right of Agustín de Iturbide to be emperor. On May 19, 1822 Valentín Gómez Farías presented a proposal signed by a minority of 42 deputies to proclaim Iturbide as Emperor, citing his extraordinary services as El Libertador (The Liberator). The masses also supported the appointment. Lorenzo de Zavala, a republican and liberal, objected, claiming that the Iturbide's supporters included the old viceroyalty leadership: the clergy, the nobility, and the army (including such men as Antonio López de Santa Anna). Regardless, Iturbide's coronation took place on July 21, 1822 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, and he became emperor of Mexico as Agustin I.[8]

Impact of Mexican independence edit

Just as Yucatán's geographical remoteness from the center of New Spain, specifically from Mexico City, had limited the influence of the viceroy on Yucatecan governance, so did it limit the military effects of Mexico's war of independence. Among the enlightened Yucatecan, the war encouraged a liberated spirit. The Yucatecan intelligentsia met regularly to discuss the war for independence in central Mexico at the Church of San Juan, located in Mérida, Yucatán. From this church they received their name, the Sanjuanistas. After the promulgation of the Constitution of Cádiz in 1812, Sanjuanistas grew in number, including Vicente María Velázquez (Chaplain of the church of San Juan), Manuel Jiménez Solís, Lorenzo de Zavala and José Matías Quintana, father of Andrés Quintana Roo. In 1814 King Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution of Cádiz, and those who gathered in the church of San Juan were persecuted. Some of them arrested and imprisoned, including Lorenzo de Zavala, José Francisco Bates, and José Matias Quintana.

In 1820, Lorenzo de Zavala, a former Sanjuanista, formed the Patriotic Confederation. A schism developed within the Confederation that resulted in two opposing groups. One included the supporters of the Spanish government and the Constitution of Cádiz. The other, led by Zavala, sought complete independence from Spain. To eliminate the opposition, Mariano Carrillo Albornoz, then governor, forced Zavala and another former Sanjuanista, Manuel Garcia Sosa, to accept posts as deputies of the Cortes (legislative assembly of Spain) and sent them to Madrid; he ordered the other liberals imprisoned.[9]

Federal pact with Mexico edit

Echeverri, who succeeded Carrillo Albornoz in 1821, proclaimed the independence of the peninsula and sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the Mexican Empire. This incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.[5]

In December 1822 Antonio López de Santa Anna and General Guadalupe Victoria signed the Plan de Casa Mata, a pact through which they sought to abolish the monarchy and transform Mexico into a republic. Initially a supporter of Iturbide, Santa Anna had adopted the republican cause. Agustín I was forced to abdicate and left the country. In May 1823, following Iturbide's resignation, Victoria became the first president of Mexico and Santa Anna became governor of Yucatán. Yucatán joined as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823.[2] Both were founding states of the United Mexican States.

The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 fully satisfied the ideals of the Yucatecan. The Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 reflects the agreement in principles:

Yucatán swears that recognizes and responds to the government of Mexico, only if it is liberal and representative; and with the condition that: The union of Yucatán is that of a Federated Republic, and not otherwise, and therefore entitled to form their particular Constitution and establish the laws that it deems necessary to its happiness.[10]

In the Mexican government, two policies competed for primacy at that time. The Federalists argued for the balance of power among the three branches of state: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Centralists centered all authority on President of the Republic. Federalists ruled in Mexico from the birth of the Republic until 1835, and this corresponds with calm, peaceful relations between Mexico and the Yucatán. In 1835 the Centralists took power in Mexico and appointed the governor of Yucatán. As the Yucatán lost more and more off its autonomy, its people considered more seriously the possibility of their own independence and the formation of a second republic.[11][12][13]

Second Republic of Yucatán edit

An important case set a precedent for the independence of the Yucatán and the formation of a new republic. As Mexico had won its independence from Spain, several provinces on the periphery of New Spain had been subsumed into the new Mexican empire and its successor state, the Republic of Mexico, or the United States of Mexico. One of its northernmost territories, Texas, had been populated mostly by settlers from the United States. Mexican centralization conflicted with the ideas of the Anglo-Texans, who decided to seek US volunteers for their own independence. With that support, Texas attained independence and emerged as a republic. The first vice-president of the Republic of Texas was Lorenzo de Zavala, a Mexican born in Yucatán and Minister of Finance in the government of the second Mexican president Vicente Guerrero.[14]

Declaration of independence edit

 
Map of México in 1847.

The federal army of Yucatán, commanded by Captain Santiago Imán, took the city of Valladolid and on February 12, 1840 issued a report, which stated that federalism should be restored as a form of government to combat poverty in the country. The act required the reestablishment of the Mexican Constitution of 1824. Six days later, in the presence of troops of the garrison of Mérida (the Yucatán capital city) under the command of Anastasio Torrens, and many supporters, Captain Santiago Imán proclaimed the independence of the Yucatecan territory. On June 6, 1840, the city of Campeche surrendered to the Yucatecan Federalists after a military siege. The central government of Mexico declared war on the Yucatán.

On March 16, 1841 at the first City Council meeting in Mérida, a crowd led by Miguel Barbachano Terrazo (future governor of Yucatán) broke into the room calling for the independence of Yucatán. Some members of this group lowered the Mexican flag, without considering the consequences, raising in its place a flag called the Yucatecan. Officially a few days after the Mexican flag was removed from boats and buildings in favor of the Yucatecan flag.

On October 1, 1841, the local Chamber of Deputies adopted the Act of Independence of the Yucatán Peninsula. The first article stated:

The people of Yucatán, in the full exercise of its sovereignty is becoming free and independent republic of the Mexican nation....

The Yucatán flag was hoisted first in the government building of the town of Yucatec on March 16, 1841, in protest at Santa Anna's centralization of Mexico.[15] "The flag of Yucatán is divided into two fields: on the left, a field of green; and on the right, another divided in turn into three, red top and bottom, and white in the middle. The field of green features five stars standing for the five departments into which Yucatán was divided by a decree of November 30, 1840, namely: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Campeche, and Tekax."[16] The colors of the flag of the Yucatán are identical to those of the Mexican flag, in contrast to the flag of the other republic to declare independence from Mexico, the Republic of Texas, which used the colors of the flag of the United States.[17][15]

Yucatecan Constitution of 1841 edit

 
The Republic was divided into 5 districts.

The innovative 1841 Constitution of Yucatán was based on the Constitution of the State of Yucatán in 1825 but also contained a reform package drafted by the liberal lawyer Manuel Crescencio García Rejón. It was promulgated on March 31, 1841 and entered into force on May 16.

Important rights included individual rights as the fundamental rights of all citizens of the state either at home or abroad; the declaration of freedom of religion, in article 79: "none to be molested for his religious views, and those who come to settle in the country, as their descendants, have secured him the public and private exercise of their respective religions"; Article 69 established trial by a jury of peers. Article 73 abolished required civil or military service. Section I of Article 62 re-established the Amparo, the process of legal protection which is based on the idea of limiting the power of government authorities.[18]

Santa Anna's coup and the Mexican rapprochement edit

 
Andrés Quintana Roo

In October 1841, Antonio López de Santa Anna became president in a coup d'état, replacing Anastasio Bustamante. Santa Anna radicalized the centralist position of his government. He commissioned Andrés Quintana Roo, a native of Mérida, to negotiate with the Yucatecan authorities and Congress about rejoining Mexico. Quintana Roo's commission succeeded and the treaties of 28 and 29 November 1841 were signed. In them, Yucatán retained its own customs and tariff laws, and the free entry of goods to ports of the Republic was allowed to continue, among other benefits to Yucatán.[19]

But the central government in Mexico City ignored these treaties. Instead, the central government demanded that Yucatán rejoin Mexico without conditions and fully accept the Plan of Tacubaya, and that Yucatán territory should be subject to all laws of Congress established by Santa Anna. It also required that Yucatán break all relations with the Republic of Texas, because Mexico was at war with the Texans. Attempts were made through several diplomatic channels to resolve the problems, but all failed.[3]

Armed invasion of the Peninsula edit

 
Pacabtún farm. It is currently within the City of Mérida and is privately owned.

Failing in the attempt to subdue Yucatán with words, Santa Anna sent armed forces to the peninsula to hunt for the federalists. In August 1842, a Mexican naval squadron formed off Carmen Island (now Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche), including four warships and commanded by Captain Thomas Marin. Marin demanded that Yucatán return to Mexico. A few days later his soldiers took the island without encountering armed resistance.[20]

Control of this island gave the Mexican military a strategic base between the Mexican mainland and the Yucatecan peninsula. Water travel provided the fastest route between Yucatán and Mexico. There were no land routes through the jungles, and the sharp curve of the peninsula meant that the shortest distance between Valladolid, and Mexico City was over water.[21]

Marin's small force was reinforced by Santa Anna's army of 4,000 men brought from Veracruz, and moved to his next goal: Campeche, a city that was protected by thick walls, built during the colonial era to defend the city from pirate attacks. The Mexican army took the city of Champoton, and after several failed attempts to take Campeche decided to go on to the capital, Mérida. The army landed at the port of Telchac Puerto and took one by one Telchac Pueblo, Motul, and Tixkokob.[20]

The Mexican army arrived at Pacabtún's farm near Mérida, where they learned that Yucatán had already prepared the defense of Mérida, reinforced by 11,000 Mayan indigenous soldiers. On April 24, 1843, Mexican General Peña y Barragán surrendered and agreed to withdraw his troops by sea to Tampico in the state of Tamaulipas.[22]

Rapprochement: temporary return to Mexico edit

Despite the withdrawal, Santa Anna refused to recognize the independence of Yucatán and banned the entry of ships under flag of Yucatán to Mexican territory. He also prohibited the transit of Mexican ships to Yucatán. This overturned all Yucatecan trade with the mainland of Mexico, causing deep economic problems. Barbachano, knowing that Santa Anna was defeated in the military by Yucatán, decided to negotiate with the central government.[11][19]

Yucatán proposed several conditions to the central government. Santa Anna agreed to several conditions giving full autonomy to the Yucatán on December 5, 1843. Yucatán resumed trade with Mexico and the Republic retained its sovereignty.[23] However, the situation would be short-lived. The Mexican government on February 21, 1844 ruled that unique rights and autonomy awarded to Yucatán were unconstitutional. In late 1845, the Mexican Congress revoked the Conventions of December 1843 and the Assembly of Yucatán to declare its independence on January 1, 1846.[23]

Second period of separation edit

Yucatán had additional conflicts besides the one with Mexico. Political Yucatecans were divided between the partisans of Mérida, led by Miguel Barbachano, and the partisans of Campeche, led by Santiago Méndez. This rivalry was so pointed that by early 1847 Yucatán had a government in both camps. To this should also be added a third group, the indigenous Maya peoples, who formed the bulk of the Yucatecan military and manual labor force.[24][25][26]

In 1846, the Mexican government returned to the 1824 Constitution, restoring Mexican federalism. The Mérida-Barbachano faction received the news enthusiastically and agreed to rejoin Mexico on November 2, 1846. On the other side, the Campeche-Méndez faction claimed that any reunion with Mexico would involve Yucatán in war with the United States. In October 1846, the US Navy took Ciudad del Carmen, and blockaded Yucatán. On January 21, 1847, Santiago Méndez moved the Yucatán capital to Campeche which, within a few months, was also cut off by the US Navy from trade with Texas, Mérida and Mexico.

But meanwhile, widespread resentment and discontent had developed among the Mayan population. They paid high taxes, provided most manual and unskilled labor, and formed most of the rank and file of the military, while subject to discrimination and institutional racism by the wealthy whites and mestizos who controlled the regional government (including both the Campeche and Merida factions).[27][28][29][30] additionally, the Mayan people had historically always lived in extreme poverty,[31][32][33][34] They had endured these conditions since the Spanish conquest.[35]

On July 30, 1847, at Tepich, the Mayans revolted, launching what became the Caste War.[36][37]

 
A scene from the Caste War. Oil on canvas, anonymous, painted circa 1850.

Between the American blockade and the Mayan uprising, the Méndez government faced a critical problem of internal security and protection of trade. Méndez sent a delegation, led by Judge José Rovira, to Washington D.C. to argue that Yucatán's neutrality in the Mexican–American War should protect it from hostile blockade.[38] They highlighted the Yucatán independence from Mexico based on the injustices committed by the Mexican central government and that their trade with the Gulf of Mexico was crucial.[39] Rovira apparently considered suggesting the annexation of the Yucatán by the United States.[40] A second delegation headed by Justo Sierra O'Reilly sent in 1848 did offer the annexation of the entire peninsula to the United States, a project that was strongly supported by Sierra O'Reilly, as documented by the 1938 publication of his diary of this trip and the discussions he held with American politicians.[41]

The Méndez government succeeded in recovering part of Yucatán territory lost to the Maya: the cities Izamal, Tunkás, Ticul, Tekax, and Yaxcabá as well as Calotmul and Valladolid, with the help of troops from Mexico. Marcelo Pat's death, the son of Jacinto, forced him to abandon the struggle.[42] Eventually, the Caste War overwhelmed Yucatán efforts at security and internal stability.[43][44][45]

In desperation, President Santiago Méndez offered Yucatecan sovereignty in exchange for military assistance to the governor of the island of Cuba, the admiral of Jamaica, and the ministers of Spain and the United Kingdom, but none responded to his pleas, although the British did sell the Yucatecans arms and supplies through their colony in Belize.[46] In addition to this, the British also received thousands of Yucatecan and Mayan refugees in Belize who were trying to escape the war.[47] Finally, and as mentioned above, the Yucatecan delegation in Washington made a formal offer for the annexation of Yucatán to the United States, an argument that appealed to some of the radical expansionists and the Young America movement.[48] President James Knox Polk was pleased with the idea and the "Yucatán Bill" passed the U.S. House of Representatives, but was discarded by the Senate.[49][41][50] The war with Mexico had become more complicated than anticipated, and the Congress of the United States did not want a second war with the natives of Yucatán.[51] In the end, although the United States did not formally intervene in the war of the castes or to secure the independence of Yucatan, dozens of American citizens fought for the Republic of Yucatan as mercenaries, most of them being veterans of the Mexican-American war which had recently concluded.[52]

Final return to Mexico edit

Méndez decided to return the government of Yucatán to Miguel Barbachano, who took office in April 1848. The first thing Barbachano did as governor was inform the government of Mexico, who resided in the city of Querétaro, the distressing situation of the war of castes and seek economic and military assistance.[53]

Mexican President José Joaquín Herrera, was welcomed to Barbachano, and July 14 of 1848 gave 150,000 pesos to Yucatán (of 3 million that the U.S. gave to Mexico as payment for territory acquired in the Mexican–American War) and sent arms and ammunition to Yucatán. The Mexican Government sent the following message to Barbachano:

Mr. Governor, will be useless after exposure to me the wishes of the nation, the feelings of the representatives, and the conduct of the Government of Yucatán if I don't extended for the purpose of convincing the intensity of interest in the fate of the excited state and the government decision to save. For all the current administration should not be remembered past misfortunes, but as a harsh lesson that we all have a duty to repair indicates both misfortune. The President sees no more than one in Yucatán and very interesting part of the Union, or its citizens more than our brothers handed over to the relentless fury of the wild.[54]

The rebellion of the indigenous Maya was put down in August 1848 and August 17 of that year, Barbachano ordered the resumption of a confederation of Mexico and the restoration of the 1825 Constitution of Yucatán.

Another of the consequences of the war of the castes was that it altered the international geopolitical divisions of the region between Guatemala and Mexico: since 1823 the biggest and northernmost province of Guatemala, Petén, attempted to annex itself to the state of Yucatán; however, the annexation project was put off several times and finally shelved around 1856 as the war worsened and the Mayans scored several victories.[55]

In fiction edit

  • La Casta Divina, a Mexican film about Yucatán during independence.[56]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "La Historia de la República de Yucatán" (in Spanish).
  2. ^ a b Benson, Nettie Lee (1994) [1955]. La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano. Centro de Estudios Históricos. Translated by Mario A. Zamudio Vega (2nd ed.). Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México: El Colegio de México/Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 9789681205867 – via Google Books.
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  4. ^ "Razón de la jurisdicción y territorio del Reino de la Nueva..." (in Spanish).
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  6. ^ "Decreto de 17 de Noviembre de 1821. Sobre convocatoria á Cortes" (in Spanish).
  7. ^ "Decreto de la regencia que declaró que la provincia de Chiapas queda separada del gobierno español y de la capital de Guatemala y agregada a México" (in Spanish).
  8. ^ Gobierno Federal de Mexico. . Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  9. ^ Zoraida Vazquez, Josefina (1997). De la crisis monárquica a la independencia (1808–1821).
  10. ^ Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán. "Instalación del Primer Congreso Constituyente de Yucatán". Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  11. ^ a b Flores Escalante, Justo Miguel (10 May 2005). Serna Rodríguez, Ana María; Pardo Hernández, Claudia Patricia; López Martínez, Jesús; Marín Martínez, Francisco Rafael (eds.). "El primer experimento centralista en Yucatán: El proyecto de gobierno de José Segundo Carvajal (1829–1831)" (PDF). Secuencia. Revista de historia y ciencias sociales (in Spanish). Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora. 10 (31): 46–76. doi:10.18234/secuencia.v0i62.913. ISSN 0186-0348. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
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  14. ^ (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-31.
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  16. ^ Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, historian
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  18. ^ Rodríguez Gaona, Roberto (2006). El control constitucional de la reforma a la Constitución. Cuadernos "Bartolomé de las Casas" (in Spanish). Vol. 37. Madrid, Spain: Editorial Dykinson S.L./Instituto Bartolomé de las Casas/Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. ISBN 9788497728690.
  19. ^ a b Zuleta Miranda, María Cecilia (10 January 1995). Serna Rodríguez, Ana María; Pardo Hernández, Claudia Patricia; López Martínez, Jesús; Marín Martínez, Francisco Rafael (eds.). . Secuencia. Revista de historia y ciencias sociales (in Spanish). Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora. 10 (31): 23–50. doi:10.18234/secuencia.v0i31.491. ISSN 0186-0348. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
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  21. ^ Chatelain, Neil P. (12 June 2014). "Chapter One: Mexican Flagged". In Elliott, Billy; Becher, Bill; Steinbach, Joe (eds.). Fought Like Devils: The Confederate Gunboat Mcrae. Bloomington, Indiana, US: AuthorHouse (Author Solutions). pp. 1–7. ISBN 9781496915306. Retrieved 20 August 2021 – via Google Books.
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  24. ^ Bolio Ortíz, Juan Pablo (1 January 2012). Aparicio Barrera, Capitán Juan; Libreros Morales, Juan Alberto; Arce Fernández, Ramón; Guillén Lasierra, Francesc (eds.). "Vulneración a los derechos fundamentales de los indígenas en Yucatán 1848–1860. En el contexto de Guerra de la Castas" (PDF). Revista Logos, Ciencia & Tecnología (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Policía Nacional de Colombia. 3 (2): 89–96. ISSN 2145-549X. Retrieved 20 August 2021 – via Redalyc.
  25. ^ Gabbert 2019, p. 38-47, 4. Misery and Everyday Violence: Lower-Class Rural Life.
  26. ^ Gabbert 2019, p. 149-151, 13. The Social Composition of the Rebel Movement.
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  56. ^ Julián Pastor (director), Eduardo Luján (screenwriter), José Ortiz Ramos (cinematography), Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (music), Ignacio López Tarso (actor), Ana Luisa Peluffo (actress), Pedro Armendáriz Jr. (actor), Jorge Martínez de Hoyos (actor) (1977). La casta divina (Motion picture) (in Spanish). Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México: CONACINE/Directores Asociados S.A. Event occurs at 1–110 minutes.

Further reading edit

  • Diccionario Quintana Roo Enciclopedia Regional, Héctor Campillo Cuautli, Fernández Editores, México, 1988. (pp. 18–19)
  • Cordourier, Alfonso y otros, Historia y Geografía de Yucatán, EPSA, México 1997 ISBN 968-417-347-4
  • Miguel Barbachano al Exmo. Sr. Ministro de Relaciones de la República, Mérida, 17 de abril de 1848. Archivo General de la Nación, Gobernación, sin sección, vol. 356, exp. 5.
  • Ferrer Muñoz, Manuel (1 January 2002). Salzar Ugarte, Pedro; Marván Laborde, María; Márquez Romero, Raúl; Trujillo Sandoval, Mariana; Caballero Rueda, Alejandra Paola; Vega Gómez, Juan; Hernández Pacheco, Federico (eds.). "Cuarto de siglo de constitucionalismo en Yucatán (1825–1850)". Anuario Mexicano de Historia del Derecho (in Spanish). Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México: Instituto de Invstigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 14 (1): 101–127. ISSN 0188-0837. OCLC 45082015 – via ResearchGate.
  • Durán Esquivel, José Susano (14 September 2000). Menéndez Losa, Carlos R. (ed.). "Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán". El Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán, México: Grupo Megamedia/Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca, S.A. de C.V. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  • Gabbert, Wolfgang (22 August 2019). Greve, Sunniva (ed.). Violence and The Caste War of Yucatán. Cambridge Latin American Studies. Vol. 116 (1st ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108666930. ISBN 9781108491747. LCCN 2019008499. OCLC 1090704474. S2CID 202373402. Retrieved 21 August 2021 – via Google Books.
  • La Historia de la República de Yucatán
  • Yucatán en el siglo XIX

February 16, 2024
republic, yucatán, spanish, república, yucatán, sovereign, state, during, periods, nineteenth, century, first, founded, 1823, willingly, joined, mexican, federation, federated, december, 1823, less, than, seven, months, later, second, began, 1841, with, declar. The Republic of Yucatan Spanish Republica de Yucatan was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century The first Republic of Yucatan founded May 29 1823 willingly joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatan on December 23 1823 less than seven months later 1 2 The second Republic of Yucatan began in 1841 with its declaration of independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico It remained independent for seven years after which it rejoined the United Mexican States The area of the former republic includes the modern Mexican states of Yucatan Campeche and Quintana Roo The Republic of Yucatan usually refers to the second republic 1841 1848 Republic of YucatanRepublica de Yucatan Spanish 1841 1848Flag SealCapitalMeridaCommon languagesSpanish de facto Yucatec MayaReligionRoman CatholicGovernmentRepublicPresident 1840 1841 first Santiago Mendez 1847 1848 last Miguel BarbachanoHistory IndependenceMarch 16 1841 DisestablishedJuly 14 1848CurrencyMexican Peso Preceded by Succeeded byYucatan state YucatanChan Santa CruzToday part ofMexicoBelizeSeparatist movements generated in response to the shift from a Federal Republic to a Centralist Republic Territory that proclaimed independence Territory claimed by the separatist Republic of Texas Territory claimed by the separatist Republic of the Rio Grande RebellionsThe Republic of Yucatan was governed by the Constitution of 1841 which guaranteed individual rights religious freedom and what was then a new legal form called amparo English protection 3 The 1847 Caste War caused the Republic of Yucatan to request military aid from Mexico This was given on the condition that the Republic rejoin the Mexican Federation Contents 1 Colonial era and independence from Spain 1 1 War of Mexican Independence 1 2 Impact of Mexican independence 1 3 Federal pact with Mexico 2 Second Republic of Yucatan 2 1 Declaration of independence 2 2 Yucatecan Constitution of 1841 2 3 Santa Anna s coup and the Mexican rapprochement 2 4 Armed invasion of the Peninsula 2 5 Rapprochement temporary return to Mexico 3 Second period of separation 4 Final return to Mexico 5 In fiction 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingColonial era and independence from Spain editMain article Viceroyalty of New Spain In 1617 Yucatan was administered as a Captaincy General of New Spain Its geographical position gave it some autonomy During the Spanish Viceroyalty the province and captaincy of Yucatan covered the current territories of Campeche Quintana Roo Tabasco and Yucatan plus nominally the northern territories of the Peten and the territory that is currently Belize In 1786 the Spanish Crown implemented the system of Intendencias and the territory changed its name to Intendency of Yucatan which included the same territories 4 War of Mexican Independence edit nbsp The United Mexican States under the Constitution of 1824 nbsp Captaincy General of YucatanIn 1810 the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued the Grito de Dolores in effect a call for independence in Dolores near Guanajuato An army of insurgents began an eleven year war of independence that culminated in a Mexican victory over the viceroy s armies In 1821 the Mexicans offered the crown of the new Mexican Empire to Ferdinand VII or to a member of the Spanish royal family that he would designate After the refusal of the Spanish monarchy to recognize the independence of Mexico the ejercito Trigarante Army of the Three Guarantees led by Agustin de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero cut all political and economic dependence on Spain The Plan of Iguala established Roman Catholicism as Mexico s religion and equality for all social and ethnic groups in the new empire These goals were summarized as Religion Independence and Unity Religion Independencia y Union 5 Once the independence of the Mexican Empire was declared Agustin de Iturbide was designated President of the Regency because of his great popularity and prestige the Interim Board gave him full authority Elections for the Constituent Congress took place in December 1821 and in January 1822 6 There is no accurate record of how many deputies were elected but it has been estimated at about 126 plus 52 given to Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Chiapas former captaincies which also agreed to the Plan of Iguala 7 Jose Joaquin Fernandez de Lizardi called The Mexican Thinker proposed the right of Agustin de Iturbide to be emperor On May 19 1822 Valentin Gomez Farias presented a proposal signed by a minority of 42 deputies to proclaim Iturbide as Emperor citing his extraordinary services as El Libertador The Liberator The masses also supported the appointment Lorenzo de Zavala a republican and liberal objected claiming that the Iturbide s supporters included the old viceroyalty leadership the clergy the nobility and the army including such men as Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Regardless Iturbide s coronation took place on July 21 1822 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and he became emperor of Mexico as Agustin I 8 Impact of Mexican independence edit Just as Yucatan s geographical remoteness from the center of New Spain specifically from Mexico City had limited the influence of the viceroy on Yucatecan governance so did it limit the military effects of Mexico s war of independence Among the enlightened Yucatecan the war encouraged a liberated spirit The Yucatecan intelligentsia met regularly to discuss the war for independence in central Mexico at the Church of San Juan located in Merida Yucatan From this church they received their name the Sanjuanistas After the promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz in 1812 Sanjuanistas grew in number including Vicente Maria Velazquez Chaplain of the church of San Juan Manuel Jimenez Solis Lorenzo de Zavala and Jose Matias Quintana father of Andres Quintana Roo In 1814 King Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution of Cadiz and those who gathered in the church of San Juan were persecuted Some of them arrested and imprisoned including Lorenzo de Zavala Jose Francisco Bates and Jose Matias Quintana In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala a former Sanjuanista formed the Patriotic Confederation A schism developed within the Confederation that resulted in two opposing groups One included the supporters of the Spanish government and the Constitution of Cadiz The other led by Zavala sought complete independence from Spain To eliminate the opposition Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then governor forced Zavala and another former Sanjuanista Manuel Garcia Sosa to accept posts as deputies of the Cortes legislative assembly of Spain and sent them to Madrid he ordered the other liberals imprisoned 9 Federal pact with Mexico edit Echeverri who succeeded Carrillo Albornoz in 1821 proclaimed the independence of the peninsula and sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatan into the Mexican Empire This incorporation took place on November 2 1821 5 In December 1822 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and General Guadalupe Victoria signed the Plan de Casa Mata a pact through which they sought to abolish the monarchy and transform Mexico into a republic Initially a supporter of Iturbide Santa Anna had adopted the republican cause Agustin I was forced to abdicate and left the country In May 1823 following Iturbide s resignation Victoria became the first president of Mexico and Santa Anna became governor of Yucatan Yucatan joined as the Federated Republic of Yucatan on December 23 1823 2 Both were founding states of the United Mexican States The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 fully satisfied the ideals of the Yucatecan The Constitution of Yucatan of 1825 reflects the agreement in principles Yucatan swears that recognizes and responds to the government of Mexico only if it is liberal and representative and with the condition that The union of Yucatan is that of a Federated Republic and not otherwise and therefore entitled to form their particular Constitution and establish the laws that it deems necessary to its happiness 10 In the Mexican government two policies competed for primacy at that time The Federalists argued for the balance of power among the three branches of state executive legislative and judicial The Centralists centered all authority on President of the Republic Federalists ruled in Mexico from the birth of the Republic until 1835 and this corresponds with calm peaceful relations between Mexico and the Yucatan In 1835 the Centralists took power in Mexico and appointed the governor of Yucatan As the Yucatan lost more and more off its autonomy its people considered more seriously the possibility of their own independence and the formation of a second republic 11 12 13 Second Republic of Yucatan editAn important case set a precedent for the independence of the Yucatan and the formation of a new republic As Mexico had won its independence from Spain several provinces on the periphery of New Spain had been subsumed into the new Mexican empire and its successor state the Republic of Mexico or the United States of Mexico One of its northernmost territories Texas had been populated mostly by settlers from the United States Mexican centralization conflicted with the ideas of the Anglo Texans who decided to seek US volunteers for their own independence With that support Texas attained independence and emerged as a republic The first vice president of the Republic of Texas was Lorenzo de Zavala a Mexican born in Yucatan and Minister of Finance in the government of the second Mexican president Vicente Guerrero 14 Declaration of independence edit nbsp Map of Mexico in 1847 The federal army of Yucatan commanded by Captain Santiago Iman took the city of Valladolid and on February 12 1840 issued a report which stated that federalism should be restored as a form of government to combat poverty in the country The act required the reestablishment of the Mexican Constitution of 1824 Six days later in the presence of troops of the garrison of Merida the Yucatan capital city under the command of Anastasio Torrens and many supporters Captain Santiago Iman proclaimed the independence of the Yucatecan territory On June 6 1840 the city of Campeche surrendered to the Yucatecan Federalists after a military siege The central government of Mexico declared war on the Yucatan On March 16 1841 at the first City Council meeting in Merida a crowd led by Miguel Barbachano Terrazo future governor of Yucatan broke into the room calling for the independence of Yucatan Some members of this group lowered the Mexican flag without considering the consequences raising in its place a flag called the Yucatecan Officially a few days after the Mexican flag was removed from boats and buildings in favor of the Yucatecan flag On October 1 1841 the local Chamber of Deputies adopted the Act of Independence of the Yucatan Peninsula The first article stated The people of Yucatan in the full exercise of its sovereignty is becoming free and independent republic of the Mexican nation The Yucatan flag was hoisted first in the government building of the town of Yucatec on March 16 1841 in protest at Santa Anna s centralization of Mexico 15 The flag of Yucatan is divided into two fields on the left a field of green and on the right another divided in turn into three red top and bottom and white in the middle The field of green features five stars standing for the five departments into which Yucatan was divided by a decree of November 30 1840 namely Merida Izamal Valladolid Campeche and Tekax 16 The colors of the flag of the Yucatan are identical to those of the Mexican flag in contrast to the flag of the other republic to declare independence from Mexico the Republic of Texas which used the colors of the flag of the United States 17 15 Yucatecan Constitution of 1841 edit nbsp The Republic was divided into 5 districts The innovative 1841 Constitution of Yucatan was based on the Constitution of the State of Yucatan in 1825 but also contained a reform package drafted by the liberal lawyer Manuel Crescencio Garcia Rejon It was promulgated on March 31 1841 and entered into force on May 16 Important rights included individual rights as the fundamental rights of all citizens of the state either at home or abroad the declaration of freedom of religion in article 79 none to be molested for his religious views and those who come to settle in the country as their descendants have secured him the public and private exercise of their respective religions Article 69 established trial by a jury of peers Article 73 abolished required civil or military service Section I of Article 62 re established the Amparo the process of legal protection which is based on the idea of limiting the power of government authorities 18 Santa Anna s coup and the Mexican rapprochement edit nbsp Andres Quintana RooIn October 1841 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became president in a coup d etat replacing Anastasio Bustamante Santa Anna radicalized the centralist position of his government He commissioned Andres Quintana Roo a native of Merida to negotiate with the Yucatecan authorities and Congress about rejoining Mexico Quintana Roo s commission succeeded and the treaties of 28 and 29 November 1841 were signed In them Yucatan retained its own customs and tariff laws and the free entry of goods to ports of the Republic was allowed to continue among other benefits to Yucatan 19 But the central government in Mexico City ignored these treaties Instead the central government demanded that Yucatan rejoin Mexico without conditions and fully accept the Plan of Tacubaya and that Yucatan territory should be subject to all laws of Congress established by Santa Anna It also required that Yucatan break all relations with the Republic of Texas because Mexico was at war with the Texans Attempts were made through several diplomatic channels to resolve the problems but all failed 3 Armed invasion of the Peninsula edit nbsp Pacabtun farm It is currently within the City of Merida and is privately owned Failing in the attempt to subdue Yucatan with words Santa Anna sent armed forces to the peninsula to hunt for the federalists In August 1842 a Mexican naval squadron formed off Carmen Island now Ciudad del Carmen Campeche including four warships and commanded by Captain Thomas Marin Marin demanded that Yucatan return to Mexico A few days later his soldiers took the island without encountering armed resistance 20 Control of this island gave the Mexican military a strategic base between the Mexican mainland and the Yucatecan peninsula Water travel provided the fastest route between Yucatan and Mexico There were no land routes through the jungles and the sharp curve of the peninsula meant that the shortest distance between Valladolid and Mexico City was over water 21 Marin s small force was reinforced by Santa Anna s army of 4 000 men brought from Veracruz and moved to his next goal Campeche a city that was protected by thick walls built during the colonial era to defend the city from pirate attacks The Mexican army took the city of Champoton and after several failed attempts to take Campeche decided to go on to the capital Merida The army landed at the port of Telchac Puerto and took one by one Telchac Pueblo Motul and Tixkokob 20 The Mexican army arrived at Pacabtun s farm near Merida where they learned that Yucatan had already prepared the defense of Merida reinforced by 11 000 Mayan indigenous soldiers On April 24 1843 Mexican General Pena y Barragan surrendered and agreed to withdraw his troops by sea to Tampico in the state of Tamaulipas 22 Rapprochement temporary return to Mexico edit Despite the withdrawal Santa Anna refused to recognize the independence of Yucatan and banned the entry of ships under flag of Yucatan to Mexican territory He also prohibited the transit of Mexican ships to Yucatan This overturned all Yucatecan trade with the mainland of Mexico causing deep economic problems Barbachano knowing that Santa Anna was defeated in the military by Yucatan decided to negotiate with the central government 11 19 Yucatan proposed several conditions to the central government Santa Anna agreed to several conditions giving full autonomy to the Yucatan on December 5 1843 Yucatan resumed trade with Mexico and the Republic retained its sovereignty 23 However the situation would be short lived The Mexican government on February 21 1844 ruled that unique rights and autonomy awarded to Yucatan were unconstitutional In late 1845 the Mexican Congress revoked the Conventions of December 1843 and the Assembly of Yucatan to declare its independence on January 1 1846 23 Second period of separation editYucatan had additional conflicts besides the one with Mexico Political Yucatecans were divided between the partisans of Merida led by Miguel Barbachano and the partisans of Campeche led by Santiago Mendez This rivalry was so pointed that by early 1847 Yucatan had a government in both camps To this should also be added a third group the indigenous Maya peoples who formed the bulk of the Yucatecan military and manual labor force 24 25 26 In 1846 the Mexican government returned to the 1824 Constitution restoring Mexican federalism The Merida Barbachano faction received the news enthusiastically and agreed to rejoin Mexico on November 2 1846 On the other side the Campeche Mendez faction claimed that any reunion with Mexico would involve Yucatan in war with the United States In October 1846 the US Navy took Ciudad del Carmen and blockaded Yucatan On January 21 1847 Santiago Mendez moved the Yucatan capital to Campeche which within a few months was also cut off by the US Navy from trade with Texas Merida and Mexico But meanwhile widespread resentment and discontent had developed among the Mayan population They paid high taxes provided most manual and unskilled labor and formed most of the rank and file of the military while subject to discrimination and institutional racism by the wealthy whites and mestizos who controlled the regional government including both the Campeche and Merida factions 27 28 29 30 additionally the Mayan people had historically always lived in extreme poverty 31 32 33 34 They had endured these conditions since the Spanish conquest 35 On July 30 1847 at Tepich the Mayans revolted launching what became the Caste War 36 37 nbsp A scene from the Caste War Oil on canvas anonymous painted circa 1850 Between the American blockade and the Mayan uprising the Mendez government faced a critical problem of internal security and protection of trade Mendez sent a delegation led by Judge Jose Rovira to Washington D C to argue that Yucatan s neutrality in the Mexican American War should protect it from hostile blockade 38 They highlighted the Yucatan independence from Mexico based on the injustices committed by the Mexican central government and that their trade with the Gulf of Mexico was crucial 39 Rovira apparently considered suggesting the annexation of the Yucatan by the United States 40 A second delegation headed by Justo Sierra O Reilly sent in 1848 did offer the annexation of the entire peninsula to the United States a project that was strongly supported by Sierra O Reilly as documented by the 1938 publication of his diary of this trip and the discussions he held with American politicians 41 The Mendez government succeeded in recovering part of Yucatan territory lost to the Maya the cities Izamal Tunkas Ticul Tekax and Yaxcaba as well as Calotmul and Valladolid with the help of troops from Mexico Marcelo Pat s death the son of Jacinto forced him to abandon the struggle 42 Eventually the Caste War overwhelmed Yucatan efforts at security and internal stability 43 44 45 In desperation President Santiago Mendez offered Yucatecan sovereignty in exchange for military assistance to the governor of the island of Cuba the admiral of Jamaica and the ministers of Spain and the United Kingdom but none responded to his pleas although the British did sell the Yucatecans arms and supplies through their colony in Belize 46 In addition to this the British also received thousands of Yucatecan and Mayan refugees in Belize who were trying to escape the war 47 Finally and as mentioned above the Yucatecan delegation in Washington made a formal offer for the annexation of Yucatan to the United States an argument that appealed to some of the radical expansionists and the Young America movement 48 President James Knox Polk was pleased with the idea and the Yucatan Bill passed the U S House of Representatives but was discarded by the Senate 49 41 50 The war with Mexico had become more complicated than anticipated and the Congress of the United States did not want a second war with the natives of Yucatan 51 In the end although the United States did not formally intervene in the war of the castes or to secure the independence of Yucatan dozens of American citizens fought for the Republic of Yucatan as mercenaries most of them being veterans of the Mexican American war which had recently concluded 52 Final return to Mexico editMendez decided to return the government of Yucatan to Miguel Barbachano who took office in April 1848 The first thing Barbachano did as governor was inform the government of Mexico who resided in the city of Queretaro the distressing situation of the war of castes and seek economic and military assistance 53 Mexican President Jose Joaquin Herrera was welcomed to Barbachano and July 14 of 1848 gave 150 000 pesos to Yucatan of 3 million that the U S gave to Mexico as payment for territory acquired in the Mexican American War and sent arms and ammunition to Yucatan The Mexican Government sent the following message to Barbachano Mr Governor will be useless after exposure to me the wishes of the nation the feelings of the representatives and the conduct of the Government of Yucatan if I don t extended for the purpose of convincing the intensity of interest in the fate of the excited state and the government decision to save For all the current administration should not be remembered past misfortunes but as a harsh lesson that we all have a duty to repair indicates both misfortune The President sees no more than one in Yucatan and very interesting part of the Union or its citizens more than our brothers handed over to the relentless fury of the wild 54 The rebellion of the indigenous Maya was put down in August 1848 and August 17 of that year Barbachano ordered the resumption of a confederation of Mexico and the restoration of the 1825 Constitution of Yucatan Another of the consequences of the war of the castes was that it altered the international geopolitical divisions of the region between Guatemala and Mexico since 1823 the biggest and northernmost province of Guatemala Peten attempted to annex itself to the state of Yucatan however the annexation project was put off several times and finally shelved around 1856 as the war worsened and the Mayans scored several victories 55 In fiction editLa Casta Divina a Mexican film about Yucatan during independence 56 See also editYucatan Republic of Texas Republic of the Rio Grande Revolt of 1837 New Mexico California Revolt led by Juan Bautista Alvarado Mexican American War Caste War Territorial evolution of MexicoReferences edit La Historia de la Republica de Yucatan in Spanish a b Benson Nettie Lee 1994 1955 La diputacion provincial y el federalismo mexicano Centro de Estudios Historicos Translated by Mario A Zamudio Vega 2nd ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico El Colegio de Mexico Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ISBN 9789681205867 via Google Books a b Torres Martinez Ruben 15 January 2018 Ponce Nestor Fabriol Anais Ferlampin Archer Christine Lesage Claire Bouvet Leveque Laurence Bregeault Krembser Nelly eds Defendiendo la periferia Texas y Yucatan Independencias triunfantes y frustradas Amerika Memoires identites territoires in Spanish Rennes France Centre d Etudes des Langues et Litteratures Anciennes et Modernes Universite Rennes 2 9 18 doi 10 4000 amerika 10090 ISSN 2107 0806 S2CID 165402501 Razon de la jurisdiccion y territorio del Reino de la Nueva in Spanish a b Ancona Eligio 1889 1878 Heredia Arguellez Manuel ed Yucatan desde la epoca mas remota hasta nuestros dias in Spanish Vol 3 4th ed Barcelona Cataluna Espana Imprenta de Jaime Jesus Roviralta p 42 Decreto de 17 de Noviembre de 1821 Sobre convocatoria a Cortes in Spanish Decreto de la regencia que declaro que la provincia de Chiapas queda separada del gobierno espanol y de la capital de Guatemala y agregada a Mexico in Spanish Gobierno Federal de Mexico 21 de julio de 1822 Agustin de Iturbide es coronado emperador de Mexico Archived from the original on October 6 2010 Retrieved September 9 2010 Zoraida Vazquez Josefina 1997 De la crisis monarquica a la independencia 1808 1821 Archivo General del Estado de Yucatan Instalacion del Primer Congreso Constituyente de Yucatan Retrieved September 9 2010 a b Flores Escalante Justo Miguel 10 May 2005 Serna Rodriguez Ana Maria Pardo Hernandez Claudia Patricia Lopez Martinez Jesus Marin Martinez Francisco Rafael eds El primer experimento centralista en Yucatan El proyecto de gobierno de Jose Segundo Carvajal 1829 1831 PDF Secuencia Revista de historia y ciencias sociales in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones Dr Jose Maria Luis Mora 10 31 46 76 doi 10 18234 secuencia v0i62 913 ISSN 0186 0348 Retrieved 20 August 2021 Iturriaga Acevedo Eugenia 1 March 2019 Gimenez Montiel Gilberto Suarez Hugo Jose Peimbert Frias Guillermo Anibal Vazquez Dominguez Barbara Desiree eds El regionalismo yucateco frente al discurso nacionalista mexicano PDF Cultura y Representaciones Sociales in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 13 26 16 39 doi 10 28965 2019 26 02 ISSN 2007 8110 Figueroa Magana Jorge Enrique 1 May 2013 Estrada Saavedra Marco Blanco Emilio eds El pais como ningun otro Un analisis empirico del regionalismo yucateco PDF Estudios Sociologicos de el Colegio de Mexico in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico El Colegio de Mexico 31 92 511 550 doi 10 24201 ES 2013V31N92 69 ISSN 0185 4186 JSTOR 23622291 Lorenzo de Zavala in Spanish Archived from the original on 2012 03 31 a b Yates Sosa Rafael 29 March 2012 Elliot Bill ed El Fin Del Mundo Maya Y La Ex Republica De Yucatan in Spanish Bloomington Indiana United States of America Palibrio ISBN 9781463320393 via Google Books Rodolfo Menendez de la Pena historian Zavala Silvio Duch Colell Juan Antochiw Kolpa Michel et al Illustrations and graphics by Miguel Angel Martinez de la Fuente 1998 Casares G Canton Raul ed Yucatan en el tiempo F L Yucatan en el tiempo Enciclopedia alfabetica in Spanish Vol 3 1st ed Merida Yucatan Mexico Inversiones Cares S A de C V ISBN 9789709071030 Rodriguez Gaona Roberto 2006 El control constitucional de la reforma 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Neil P 12 June 2014 Chapter One Mexican Flagged In Elliott Billy Becher Bill Steinbach Joe eds Fought Like Devils The Confederate Gunboat Mcrae Bloomington Indiana US AuthorHouse Author Solutions pp 1 7 ISBN 9781496915306 Retrieved 20 August 2021 via Google Books Dumond Don E 1997 5 Year of Turmoil In Ross Dan ed The Machete and the Cross Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan 1st ed Lincoln Nebraska US University of Nebraska Press University of Oregon Foundation ISBN 9780803217065 via Google Books a b Berzunza Pinto Ramon 1 October 1962 Cosio Villegas Daniel ed El constitucionalismo en Yucatan PDF Historia Mexicana in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico El Colegio de Mexico 12 2 274 295 ISSN 0185 0172 JSTOR 25135165 via JSTOR Bolio Ortiz Juan Pablo 1 January 2012 Aparicio Barrera Capitan Juan Libreros Morales Juan Alberto Arce Fernandez Ramon Guillen Lasierra Francesc eds Vulneracion a los derechos fundamentales de los indigenas en Yucatan 1848 1860 En el contexto de Guerra de la Castas PDF Revista Logos Ciencia amp Tecnologia in Spanish Bogota Colombia Policia Nacional de Colombia 3 2 89 96 ISSN 2145 549X Retrieved 20 August 2021 via Redalyc Gabbert 2019 p 38 47 4 Misery and Everyday Violence Lower Class Rural Life Gabbert 2019 p 149 151 13 The Social Composition of the Rebel Movement Iturriaga Eugenia 23 March 2016 2016 Capitulo III La elite yucateca a traves de la historia Las elites de la Ciudad Blanca Discursos racistas sobre la Otredad PDF in Spanish 2nd ed Merida Yucatan Mexico Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y en Ciencias Sociales CEPHCIS Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Red de Investigacion Interdisciplinaria sobre Identidades Racismo y Xenofobia en America Latina Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia pp 107 125 ISBN 978 607 02 8762 6 Sauri Riancho Dulce Maria 2 September 2016 Capitulo II Regiones Historicas 3 Separatismo y autonomia en el siglo XIX Imaginar un pais hacer una nacion PDF Elites y desigualdad regional Los casos de Yucatan y Nuevo Leon PhD in Spanish Merida Yucatan Mexico Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social CIESAS pp 144 171 Arroyo Vazquez Maria de la Luz Gomez Begona Hidalgo Plaza Urbano Jimenez Diaz Maria Begona Oseira Ruth L Munoz Blanco Jose Miguel Peludo Gomez Rosario Ruiz Diaz Luis 30 November 1993 Perez Herrero Pedro Varela Torrecilla Carmen Bonor Juan Luis Fernandez Marquinez Yolanda eds Elites y relaciones de poder en el Yucatan contemporaneo Situacion historiografica PDF IV Mesa Redonda Internacional Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Mayas Religion y sociedad en el area maya in Spanish Madrid Spain Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Mayas Instituto de Cooperacion Iberoamericana pp 277 282 ISBN 9788460532262 OCLC 33696931 Gabbert Wolfgang 1 March 2004 Castaneda Quetzil E ed Of friends and foes the Caste War and ethnicity in Yucatan Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology Arlington Virginia United States of America American Anthropological Association Wiley 9 1 90 118 doi 10 1525 jlca 2004 9 1 90 ISSN 1935 4940 OCLC 970445026 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Rugeley Terry 2000 1996 One A Rural Society in the New Century In Devens Robert Durante Dawn Gilg Adrienne eds Yucatan s Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War 2nd ed Austin Texas United States of America University of Texas Press pp 1 32 ISBN 9780292774704 via Google Books Morgan Kasey Diserens Leventhal Richard M 23 June 2020 Zhang Ginny Kang Jisuk Aloe Carla eds Maya of the Past Present and Future Heritage Anthropological Archaeology and the Study of the Caste War of Yucatan Heritage Basel Switzerland Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute MDPI 3 2 511 527 doi 10 3390 heritage3020030 Fallaw Ben W 1 April 1997 Schwaller John F ed Cardenas and the Caste War that Wasn t State Power and Indigenismo in Post Revolutionary Yucatan The Americas Oceanside California United States of America Academy of American Franciscan History Franciscan School of Theology Cambridge University Press 53 4 551 557 doi 10 2307 1008148 ISSN 0003 1615 JSTOR 1008148 S2CID 143879816 Rugeley Terry 1992 Origins of the Caste War A social history of rural Yucatan 1800 1847 PhD Houston Texas United States of America University of Houston Alexander Rani T 2014 2012 Chapter 13 Maya Collapse or Resilience Lessons from the Spanish Conquest and the Caste War of Yucatan In Braswell Geoffrey E ed The Ancient Maya of Mexico Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands Approaches to anthropological archaeology 2nd ed London United Kingdom Routledge Taylor amp Francis pp 325 348 doi 10 4324 9781315728667 ISBN 9781315728667 via Google Books Rugeley Terry 20 June 2012 Sanchez Flores Diana Luz de Nogueira Iriarte Benigno Solano Aguirre Ivan Medina David Rodriguez Leonardo Reyes Ramirez Ana Elizabeth eds Violencia y verdades Cinco mitos sobre la guerra de castas en Yucatan PDF La Palabra y el Hombre Revista de la Universidad Veracruzana in Spanish Xalapa Veracruz Mexico Universidad Veracruzana 7 21 27 32 ISSN 0185 5727 Joseph Gilbert M 1 February 1985 Few Martha Morgan Zachary Restall Matthew Solari Amara Mannion Sean eds From Caste War to Class War The Historiography of Modern Yucatan c 1750 1940 Hispanic American Historical Review University Park Pennsylvania United States of America Duke University Press 65 1 111 134 doi 10 1215 00182168 65 1 111 ISSN 0018 2168 OCLC 1752092 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Zuleta Miranda Maria Cecilia 1998 1997 Capitulo 21 Yucatan y la guerra con Estados Unidos Una neutralidad anunciada In Zoraida Vazquez Josefina ed Mexico al tiempo de su guerra con Estados Unidos 1846 1848 Seccion de Obras de Historia in Spanish 2nd ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico El Colegio de Mexico Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores Mexico Fondo de Cultura Economica FCE pp 578 615 doi 10 2307 j ctv3f8npp ISBN 978 607 628 826 9 JSTOR j ctv3f8npp Retrieved 20 August 2021 via JSTOR Remmers Lawrence James 1981 Henequen the Caste War and economy of Yucatan 1846 1883 The roots of dependence in a Mexican region PDF UCLA History Department PhD Los Angeles California United States of America University of California Los Angeles via ProQuest Ayala Anguiano Armando 1 April 2006 Ayala Anguiano Armando Anaya Guillermo Ruben Cuevas Luis eds Como se ofrecio a Estados Unidos la peninsula yucateca Extra Contenido in Spanish Mexico City Distrito Federal Mexico Editorial Contenido S A de C V 1 ISSN 0188 7130 OCLC 651175682 a b Sierra O Reilly Justo 1938 Perez Martinez Hector ed Diario de nuestro viaje a los Estados Unidos y al Canada la pretendida anexion de Yucatan in Spanish 1st ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Antigua Libreria Robredo de Jose Porrua e hijos Reed Nelson 2007 1964 3 Rebelion 1847 1848 In Rojo Vicente Azorin Jose Espresate Jordi Espresate Quico eds La guerra de castas de Yucatan Biblioteca Era in Spanish Vol 10 Translated by Felix Blanco 22nd ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Ediciones Era pp 61 81 ISBN 9789684111929 via Google Books Quezada Sergio 1997 1 Laja y mas laja In Garcia Venus Rojas Rabiela Teresa Pimentel Socorro eds Los pies de la Republica Los mayas peninsulares 1550 1750 PDF Historia de los pueblos indigenas de Mexico in Spanish Vol I 1st ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social Instituto Nacional Indigenista pp 17 22 ISBN 9789684962590 via Google Books Reed Nelson 2007 1964 4 La crisis 1848 In Rojo Vicente Azorin Jose Espresate Jordi Espresate Quico eds La guerra de castas de Yucatan Biblioteca Era in Spanish Vol 10 Translated by Felix Blanco 22nd ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Ediciones Era pp 82 103 ISBN 9789684111929 via Google Books Stephens Michele McArdle 2017 Caste Wars in Yucatan In Derby Lauren Elsey Brenda Palacios Guillermo Prado Fabricio Soto Laveaga Gabriela Mor Jessica Stites Wakild Emily Walker Charles Webre Stephen Wood Stephanie eds Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199366439 013 386 ISBN 978 0 19 936643 9 Archived from the original on 30 December 2018 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Paetzold Christopher 1995 The British participation in the Caste War of Yucatan 1847 1901 Master of Arts Ottawa Canada Dalhousie University National Library of Canada Bibliotheque nationale du Canada ISBN 9780315989184 OCLC 46507848 Mongey Vanessa 17 March 2021 Rao Gautham Fernandez Angela Kroncke Jedidiah Kamali Elizabeth Papp eds Protecting Foreigners The Refugee Crisis on the Belize Yucatan Border 1847 71 Law and History Review University Mississippi United States of America American Society for Legal History Cambridge University Press 39 1 69 95 doi 10 1017 S0738248020000322 ISSN 0738 2480 S2CID 232252458 Archived from the original on 19 March 2021 Schoultz Lara 1998 Beneath the United States A History of U S Policy Toward Latin America 1st ed Cambridge Massachusetts United States of America Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674043282 via Google Books Urioste Jose E 2 August 2019 Alonzo Ruiz Antonio Carmon Stephanie eds The Caste War of Yucatan The Yucatan Times Merida Yucatan Mexico The Yucatan Times Newsblog Editorial Archived from the original on 3 August 2019 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Schoultz 1998 p 39 58 3 Struggling over Slavery in the Caribbean Ayala Anguiano Armando 1 May 2006 Ayala Anguiano Armando Anaya Guillermo Ruben Cuevas Luis eds Como se ofrecio a Estados Unidos la peninsula yucateca Extra Contenido in Spanish Mexico City Distrito Federal Mexico Editorial Contenido S A de C V 2 ISSN 0188 7130 OCLC 651175682 Careaga Viliesid Lorena 12 February 1994 Joseph Harriett Denise Knopp Anthony Murphy Douglas A eds Papers of the Second Palo Alto Conference Second Palo Alto Conference in Spanish Palo Alto Texas United States of America United States Department of the Interior University of Texas at Brownsville Texas Southmost College pp 110 118 via Google Books Reed Nelson 2007 1964 8 Fin de la Guerra de Castas 1852 1855 In Rojo Vicente Azorin Jose Espresate Jordi Espresate Quico eds La guerra de castas de Yucatan Biblioteca Era in Spanish Vol 10 Translated by Felix Blanco 22nd ed Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Ediciones Era pp 149 160 ISBN 9789684111929 via Google Books Campos Garcia Melchor Jose 2004 De provincia a estado de la Republica Mexicana La peninsula de Yucatan 1786 1835 in Spanish 1st ed Merida Yucatan Mexico Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan ISBN 9789686843897 Caso Barrera Laura 2011 Basail Rodriguez Alain Rodriguez Ramos Maria Isabel Medina Villafuerte Irma Cecilia Moguel Mandujano Guillermo eds Union y libertad El intento de union de El Peten a Yucatan en 1823 PDF LiminaR Estudios Sociales y Humanisticos in Spanish San Cristobal de las Casas Chiapas Mexico Centro de Estudios Superiores de Mexico y Centroamerica CESMECA de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas UNICACH IX 2 149 164 doi 10 29043 liminar v9i2 93 ISSN 2007 8900 Julian Pastor director Eduardo Lujan screenwriter Jose Ortiz Ramos cinematography Joaquin Gutierrez Heras music Ignacio Lopez Tarso actor Ana Luisa Peluffo actress Pedro Armendariz Jr actor Jorge Martinez de Hoyos actor 1977 La casta divina Motion picture in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico CONACINE Directores Asociados S A Event occurs at 1 110 minutes Further reading editDiccionario Quintana Roo Enciclopedia Regional Hector Campillo Cuautli Fernandez Editores Mexico 1988 pp 18 19 Cordourier Alfonso y otros Historia y Geografia de Yucatan EPSA Mexico 1997 ISBN 968 417 347 4 Miguel Barbachano al Exmo Sr Ministro de Relaciones de la Republica Merida 17 de abril de 1848 Archivo General de la Nacion Gobernacion sin seccion vol 356 exp 5 Ferrer Munoz Manuel 1 January 2002 Salzar Ugarte Pedro Marvan Laborde Maria Marquez Romero Raul Trujillo Sandoval Mariana Caballero Rueda Alejandra Paola Vega Gomez Juan Hernandez Pacheco Federico eds Cuarto de siglo de constitucionalismo en Yucatan 1825 1850 Anuario Mexicano de Historia del Derecho in Spanish Ciudad de Mexico Distrito Federal Mexico Instituto de Invstigaciones Juridicas de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 14 1 101 127 ISSN 0188 0837 OCLC 45082015 via ResearchGate Duran Esquivel Jose Susano 14 September 2000 Menendez Losa Carlos R ed Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatan El Diario de Yucatan in Spanish Merida Yucatan Mexico Grupo Megamedia Compania Tipografica Yucateca S A de C V Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Gabbert Wolfgang 22 August 2019 Greve Sunniva ed Violence and The Caste War of Yucatan Cambridge Latin American Studies Vol 116 1st ed Cambridge United Kingdom Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781108666930 ISBN 9781108491747 LCCN 2019008499 OCLC 1090704474 S2CID 202373402 Retrieved 21 August 2021 via Google Books 17 de agosto de 1848 Yucatan se anexa nuevamente a la Republica Mexicana redescolar ilce edu mx 2000 La Historia de la Republica de Yucatan Todas las desgracias anteriores no deben recordarse Yucatan en el siglo XIX Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of Yucatan amp oldid 1190045164, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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