fbpx
Wikipedia

Cape Horn

Cape Horn (Spanish: Cabo de Hornos, pronounced [ˈkaβo ðe ˈoɾnos]) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which is the Diego Ramírez Islands), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.

Cape Horn
Naming
Native nameCabo de Hornos (Spanish)
Geography
Cape Horn
Location of Cape Horn in continental Chile
Country Chile
Region Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region
SubregionAntártica Chilena Province
Cape Horn is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. It marks both the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.

Cape Horn was identified by mariners and first rounded in 1616 by the Dutchmen Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire, who named it Kaap Hoorn after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs.

The need for boats and ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in August 1914. Sailing around Cape Horn is still widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting. Thus, a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape (many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island, or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point). Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Volvo Ocean Race, Velux 5 Oceans Race, and the solo Vendée Globe and Golden Globe Race, sail around the world via the Horn. Speed records for round-the-world sailing are recognized for following this route.

The islands around Cape Horn between South America and Antarctica

Geography and ecology Edit

 
Cape Horn, seen from the Chilean Navy station location. The small lighthouse can be seen as a white spot close to the horizon.

Cape Horn is located on Hornos Island in the Hermite Islands group, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.[1][unreliable source?][2] It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica. It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park.

The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse.[3][unreliable source?] A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptor José Balcells featuring the silhouette of an albatross, in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood.[4][unreliable source?] Due to severe winds characteristic of the region, the sculpture was blown over in 2014. A 2019 research expedition found the world's southernmost tree growing, a Magellan's beech mostly bent to the ground, on a northeast-facing slope at the island's southeast corner.[5] Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of the Magellanic penguin.[6][unreliable source?]

Climate Edit

The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; but a study in 1882–1883, found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.4 inches), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour (8.33 m/s; 18.64 mph), (5 Bf), with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour (27.78 m/s; 62.14 mph), (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons.[7] There are 278 days of rainfall (70 days snow) and 2,000 millimetres (79 inches) of annual rainfall[8]

 
A storm at Cape Horn

Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January.[9][unreliable source?] Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramírez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 miles) south-west in the Sea of Hoces, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in).[10][unreliable source?] Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5 percent of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30 percent of the time, often with poor visibility.[11]

Many stories are told of hazardous journeys "around the Horn", most describing fierce storms. Charles Darwin wrote: "One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks, peril and death."[12]

Being the southernmost point of land outside of Antarctica, the region experiences barely 7 hours of daylight during the June solstice, with Cape Horn itself having 6 hours and 57 minutes. The region experiences around 17+12 hours of daylight during the December solstice, and experiences only nautical twilight from civil dusk to civil dawn. White nights occur during the week around the December solstice.

Cape Horn yields a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfb), with abundant precipitation—much of which falls as sleet and snow.

Climate data for Diego Ramírez Islands (Isla Gonzalo)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5)
14.4
(57.9)
12.8
(55.0)
9.8
(49.6)
6.4
(43.5)
4.2
(39.6)
3.7
(38.7)
5.3
(41.5)
7.9
(46.2)
10.6
(51.1)
12.5
(54.5)
14.1
(57.4)
9.7
(49.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0)
7.5
(45.5)
6.6
(43.9)
5.6
(42.1)
4.5
(40.1)
3.7
(38.7)
3.2
(37.8)
3.2
(37.8)
3.6
(38.5)
4.7
(40.5)
5.5
(41.9)
6.5
(43.7)
5.2
(41.4)
Average low °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7)
6.2
(43.2)
5.0
(41.0)
3.2
(37.8)
1.0
(33.8)
−0.7
(30.7)
−1.1
(30.0)
−1.0
(30.2)
1.0
(33.8)
2.6
(36.7)
4.4
(39.9)
5.7
(42.3)
2.7
(36.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 126.0
(4.96)
135.3
(5.33)
137.4
(5.41)
134.4
(5.29)
107.4
(4.23)
109.4
(4.31)
107.6
(4.24)
97.7
(3.85)
100.0
(3.94)
93.7
(3.69)
99.3
(3.91)
119.3
(4.70)
1,367.5
(53.84)
Source: Meteorología Interactiva[13]

Political Edit

 
Southern tip of South America, showing Cape Horn

Cape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos, whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile.[14] Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape.

Modern navigation Edit

Many modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal, as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers. But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn, and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen. However, a number of cruise ships routinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other.[15] These often stop in Ushuaia or Punta Arenas as well as Port Stanley. Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and the Antarctic Peninsula will pass the Horn too, time and weather permitting.

Sailing routes Edit

A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major—although narrow—passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered. The Beagle Channel (named for the ship of Charles Darwin's expedition), between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route. Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.[16][unreliable source?]

All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning;[17][unreliable source?] given the narrowness of these routes, vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 800 kilometres (500 miles) wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.[18][unreliable source?]

"Rounding" vs "Doubling" the Horn Edit

Rounding Cape Horn can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat, or by cruise ship. "Doubling the Horn" is traditionally understood to involve sailing from a point above 50 degrees South in the Pacific around the Horn to a point above 50 degrees South in the Atlantic, and then sailing back against the prevailing westerly winds to a point above the 50th parallel south again back in the Pacific—a considerably more difficult and time-consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 miles (1,500 km) for each leg .[19] The 50th parallel south on both coasts of South America represent a set of benchmark latitudes of a Horn run,[20] and is a region of the ocean that according to Herman Melville, "takes the conceit out of fresh-water sailors, and steeps in a still saltier brine the saltiest".[21]

Shipping hazards Edit

 
View from an unidentified sailing ship during a storm at Cape Horn, between 1885 and 1954

Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south (for comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island/Rakiura at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south; Edinburgh 56° north).

The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds.[22] These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.

The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. At the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves.[23] In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 metres (98 feet).[24]

The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times;[25] modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the Global Challenge race.

Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit.[26] These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships have been wrecked, and many sailors have died attempting to round the Cape.

Lighthouses Edit

Two lighthouses are located near or in Cape Horn. The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited, and is commonly referred to as the Cape Horn lighthouse . However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse (ARLS CHI-030, 55°57′49″S 67°13′14″W / 55.96361°S 67.22056°W / -55.96361; -67.22056 (CHI-030)) and the memorial, are not located on Cape Horn (which is difficult to access either by land or sea), but on another land point about one mile east-northeast.[27]

On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4-metre (13-foot) fiberglass light tower, with a focal plane of 40 metres (130 feet) and a range of about 21 kilometres (13 miles). This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse (ARLS CHI-006, 55°58′38″S 67°15′46″W / 55.97722°S 67.26278°W / -55.97722; -67.26278 (CHI-006)), and as such the world's southernmost traditional lighthouse.[27] A few minor aids to navigation are located farther south, including one in the Diego Ramírez Islands and several in Antarctica.

Recreational and sport sailing Edit

 
Approaching Cape Horn from the south-west.

Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it for its own sake.[28][29][unreliable source?][30]

Joshua Slocum was the first single-handed yachtsman to successfully pass this way (in 1895) although in the end, extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper. If one had to go by strict definitions, the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the Irish 42-foot (13-metre) yacht Saoirse, sailed by Conor O'Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925.[1] In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west—the "wrong way"—in his boat Mary Jane, but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile.[31] The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Argentinian Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33-foot (10-metre) ketch Lehg II; a number of other sailors have since followed him,[32][unreliable source?] including Webb Chiles aboard "EGREGIOUS" who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single-handed. On March 31, 2010, 16-year-old Abby Sunderland became the youngest person to single-handedly sail around Cape Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe. In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition, headed by Nigel H. Seymour, rounded Cape Horn in the world's first ever 'sailing kayaks', called 'Kaymaran'; two seagoing kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any of the four sailing positions between the two kayaks.

Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day Around Alone race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the Vendée Globe, which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Its origins lie in the Whitbread Round the World Race first competed in 1973–74. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the Global Challenge race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.

The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (i.e. somersaulted end-over-end). They survived, and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano, Chile, and later attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over and dismasted for a second time by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.[33]

History Edit

Discovery Edit

 
Voyage of Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire in 1615/16

In 1526 the Spanish vessel the San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached Cape Horn, passing through 56° S where they thought to see Land's End. Since the discovery, the sea separating South America from Antarctica bears the name of its discoverer in Spanish sources. It appears as Mar de Hoces (Sea of Hoces) in most Spanish-language maps. In English charts however it is named the Drake Passage.

In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.[34]

By the early 17th century the Dutch East India Company was given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only known routes at the time to the Far East. To search for an alternate route and one to the unknown Terra Australis, Isaac Le Maire,[35] a wealthy Amsterdam merchant and Willem Schouten, a ship's master of Hoorn, contributed in equal shares to the enterprise, with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn.[36] Jacob Le Maire, Isaac's son, went on the journey as "chiefe Marchant and principall factor," in charge of trading aspects of the endeavour. The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were the Eendracht[37] of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard, and the Hoorn of 110 tons, of which Schouten's brother Johan was master. It was Eendracht then, with the crew of the recently wrecked Hoorn aboard,[38] that passed through the Le Maire Strait and Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery:

"In the evening 25 January 1616 the winde was South West, and that night wee went South with great waves or billowes out of the southwest, and very blew water, whereby wee judged, and held for certaine that ... it was the great South Sea, whereat we were exceeding glad to thinke that wee had discovered a way, which until that time, was unknowne to men, as afterward wee found it to be true."[39]
"... on 29 January 1616 we saw land againe lying north west and north northwest from us, which was the land that lay South from the straights of Magelan which reacheth Southward, all high hillie lande covered over with snow, ending with a sharpe point which wee called Cape Horne [Kaap Hoorn] ..."[18][39]

At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 kilometres (400 miles) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered only as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.[1]

Historic trade route Edit

 
The clipper route followed by ships sailing between the United Kingdom and Australia/ New Zealand passed around Cape Horn
 
Cape Horn as seen during the United States Exploring Expedition, depicted in watercolor by Alfred Thomas Agate

From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade. Sailing ships sailed round the Horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe;[40] these included the windjammers in the heyday of the Great Grain Race of the 1930s. Much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn.[41][42] The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.

The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship, or provide medical care, were in the Falkland Islands. The businesses there were so notorious for price-gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned at Port Stanley.

While most companies switched to steamers and later used the Panama canal, German steel-hulled sailing ships like the Flying P-Liners were designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn, as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australian grain trade. None of them were lost travelling around the Horn, but some, like the mighty Preußen, were victims of collisions in the busy English channel.

Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring—in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage—and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table.[43][44]

One particular historic attempt to round the Horn, that of HMS Bounty in 1788, has been immortalized in history due to the subsequent Mutiny on the Bounty. This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed (with varying historical accuracy) in three major motion pictures about Captain William Bligh's mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica. The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east-to-west sailing, before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa. Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny (this time west-to-east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific), in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants.[45]

The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, Flying P-Liner Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, carrying grain from Port Victoria, Australia, to Falmouth, England, in 1949.

Literature and culture Edit

Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties[46][unreliable source?] and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:

Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) the cry of "All hands ahoy!" was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. "Here comes Cape Horn!" said the chief mate; and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the little brig, which was no better than a bathing machine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole and over the knightheads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do; the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, and furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. Here was an end to our fine prospects....

After nine more days of headwinds and unabated storms, Dana reported that his ship, the "Pilgrim" finally cleared the turbulent waters of Cape Horn and turned northwards.[47]

Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species, described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:

... we closed in with the Barnevelts, and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks, about three o'clock doubled the weather-beaten Cape Horn. The evening was calm and bright, and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles. Cape Horn, however, demanded his tribute, and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth. We stood out to sea, and on the second day again made the land, when we saw on our weather-bow this notorious promontory in its proper form—veiled in a mist, and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water. Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens, and squalls of rain, with hail, swept by us with such extreme violence, that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove. This is a snug little harbour, not far from Cape Horn; and here, at Christmas-eve, we anchored in smooth water.[48]

William Jones, writing of his experience in 1905 as a fifteen-year-old apprentice on one of the last commercial sailing ships, noted the contrast between his ship, which would take two months and the lives of three sailors to round the Horn, and birds adapted to the region:

An albatross appears out of the murk, to examine us in our plight. The gale is of hurricane force, but the bird sails serenely and unhurriedly through the air, within a few feet of the ship's rail, on the windward side. Then it turns into the eye of the wind, and disappears in the murk —westward —without any discernible effort in its aerial gliding, while we are still drifting to leeward, incapable of emulating its brilliant defiance of the gusts.[49]

Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including By way of Cape Horn.[50] More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round-the-world voyage;[51] or with small crews.

Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the Horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in Cape Horn: The Logical Route,[52] and once single-handed. His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: "The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 miles (16 km) away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond."[53]

And John Masefield wrote: "Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck / And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb."[54]

A memorial presented in Robert FitzRoy's bicentenary (2005) commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830.

Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song entitled "Ghosts of Cape Horn".

In 1980 Keith F. Critchlow directed and produced the documentary film "Ghosts of Cape Horn", with the participation and archaeological consulting of famous underwater archaeologist Peter Throckmorton.

Further reading Edit

  • Around Cape Horn: A Maritime Artist/Historian's Account of His 1892 Voyage, by Charles G. Davis and Neal Parker. Down East Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-89272-646-2
  • Cape Horn. A Maritime History, by Robin Knox-Johnston. London Hodder&Stoughton ISBN 978-0-340-41527-6
  • Cape Horn: The Story of the Cape Horn Region, by Felix Riesenberg and William A. Briesemeister. Ox Bow Press, 1994. ISBN 978-1-881987-04-8
  • Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World, by Francisco Coloane. Latin American Literary Review Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1-891270-17-8
  • Gipsy Moth Circles the World, Sir Francis Chichester; International Marine, 2001. ISBN 978-0-07-136449-2
  • Haul Away! Teambuilding Lessons from a Voyage around Cape Horn, by Rob Duncan. Authorhouse, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4208-3032-3
  • Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives – A Deck's-Eye View of Cape Horn, by Dallas Murphy. Basic Books, 2004. ISBN 978-0-465-04759-8
  • En el Mar Austral, by Fray Mocho. University of Buenos Aires Press (La Serie del Siglo y Medio), 1960. An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist.
  • High Endeavours, by Miles Clark. Greystone, 2002. ISBN 978-1-55054-058-1 An account of the lives of the author's god-father Miles Smeeton, and his wife Beryl, including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn.
  • A world of my Own by Robin Knox-Johnston. An account of the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world via Cape Horn between 1968 and 1969.
  • Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego, by Javier Oyarzun. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica ISBN 978-84-7232-130-4.
  • Storm Passage by Webb Chiles. Times Books ISBN 978-0-8129-0703-2
  • The Last of the Cape Horners. Firsthand Accounts from the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships, edited by Spencer Apollonio. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, Inc. 2000. ISBN 978-1-57488-283-4
  • The Cape Horn Breed, by William H.S. Jones, 1956
  • The Log of a Limejuicer, by James P. Barker, 1933

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c Cape Horn the Terrible 2011-03-18 at the Wayback Machine, by Paolo Venanzangeli; from Nautical Web. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  2. ^ Cabo de Hornos, by Mariolina Rolfo and Giorgio Ardrizzi. From Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Nautical Guide, Editrice Incontri Nautici, 2004. ISBN 978-88-85986-34-3
  3. ^ Isla Hornos Lighthouse 2006-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, from Lighthouse Depot. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  4. ^ Cape Horn Memorial 2005-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, by Roberto Benavente; from Fundacion Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  5. ^ Welch, Craig (July 2020). "The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it". National Geographic. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  6. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Magellanic Penguin, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg 2012-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, James C. Cokendolpher and Dolly Lanfranco L.; from Texas Tech University, 1985. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  8. ^ Rescate en el Cabo de Hornos 2014-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 18 November 2012
  9. ^ Usuaia: Monthly Normals 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  10. ^ Isla Diego Ramirez: Monthly Normals 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, from Weather Underground. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  11. ^ U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World: Rounding Cape Horn, 1995. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  12. ^ cited in [1] 2013-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 18 November 2012
  13. ^ "Información climatológica de estaciones chilenas-Chile Sur" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  14. ^ (in Spanish) Cabo de Hornos designado Reserva de la Biósfera, from CONAF. Retrieved February 5, 2006. October 4, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "South America Cruises: Rounding the Horn". Avid Cruiser Cruise Reviews, Luxury Cruises, Expedition Cruises. September 5, 2012.
  16. ^ Sailing the Patagonian channels, Yachting Club CERN, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  17. ^ Winds of the World: The Williwaw, Weather Online. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  18. ^ a b Perilous Cape Horn 2011-12-11 at the Wayback Machine, by P.J. Gladnick; from eSsortment, 2002. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  19. ^ The fastest time on record for a commercial sailing ship working westward around the Horn, from 50 degrees South in the Atlantic to 50 degrees South in the Pacific, is 5 days and 14 hours, made in 1938 by the 4-mast barque Priwall of the Flying P-Line under Captain Adolf Hauth [Stark, p. 147]
  20. ^ The Last Time Around Cape Horn. The Historic 1949 Voyage of the Windjammer Pamir by William F. Stark. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2003; p. 147 ISBN 978-0-7867-1233-5
  21. ^ The World in a Man-o-War by Herman Melville. Chicago: Northwestern Univ. Press and The Newberry Library. 1970
  22. ^ Along the Clipper Way, Francis Chichester; p. 134. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966. ISBN 978-0-340-00191-2
  23. ^ Along the Clipper Way; pp. 151–52.
  24. ^ "Rogue Waves – Monsters of the deep: Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought". Economist Magazine. September 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  25. ^ Along the Clipper Way; pp. 72–73.
  26. ^ Atlas of Pilot Charts: South Pacific Ocean; Lighthouse Press, 2001. ISBN 978-1-57785-202-5
  27. ^ a b Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Southern Chile". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  28. ^ Rob Duncan's Quest for Cape Horn, by Rob Duncan. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  29. ^ The Modern Cape Horner 2006-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, from Victory Expeditions. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  30. ^ Cape Horn to Starboard 2005-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, from Lin and Larry Pardey. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  31. ^ The Circumnavigators, by Don Holm; Chapter 15. May 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ List Of Solo Circumnavigators, from the Joshua Slocum Society International. Retrieved February 12, 2006.
  33. ^ Once Is Enough, by Miles Smeeton. International Marine Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0-07-141431-9
  34. ^ Voyage of the Golden Hind 2005-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, from The Golden Hind. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  35. ^ it seems to have been Le Maire who pursued the idea of such a passage [A History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration by J.N.L.Baker. London: George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd. 1931, p. 149]
  36. ^ THE RELATION OF a Wonderful Voyage made by Willem Cornelison Schouten of Horne. Shewing how South from the Straights of Magelan in Terra Delfuego: he found and discovered a newe passage through the great South Seaes, and that way sayled round about the world. London: Imprinted by T.D. for Nathanaell Newbery, 1619 [Facsimile of the first edition in English. London: George Rainbird Limited for The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966], The Preface. "Translation thereof out of the Dutch, wherein it was written" by William Philip
  37. ^ called Unitie in the Philip translation
  38. ^ Hoorn was accidentally burned and destroyed on December 19, 1615 with no loss of life in Patagonia during a bungled cleaning attempt of the hull
  39. ^ a b The Relation, pp. 22–23
  40. ^ Along the Clipper Way; p. 7.
  41. ^ The Circumnavigators 2005-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, by Don Holm; Around the Three Capes. Prentice-Hall, NY, 1974. ISBN 978-0-13-134452-5 Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  42. ^ North America and the Cape Horn Route 2006-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, by Captain Harold D. Huycke; from Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  43. ^ A Voyage for Madmen, by Peter Nichols; pp. 4–5. Harper Collins, 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-095703-2
  44. ^ Covey Crump – "cape" 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, Commander A.T.L. Covey-Crump, RN, 1955; from the Royal Navy. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  45. ^ Bligh, William (1792), A Voyage to the South Sea For The Purpose Of Conveying The Bread-Fruit Tree To The West Indies, Including An Account Of The Mutiny On Board The Ship, Project Gutenberg EText-No.15411
  46. ^ Around Cape Horn, from Frank Petersohn. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  47. ^ Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative, by Richard Henry Dana; Chapter V, Cape Horn — A Visit. Signet Classics, 2000. ISBN 978-0-451-52759-2
  48. ^ , by Charles Darwin. National Geographic, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7922-6559-7.
  49. ^ [The Cape Horn Breed], by William H.S. Jones. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-9964, 1956.
  50. ^ By way of Cape Horn, by Alan John Villiers. (Out of print.)
  51. ^ Alone Through The Roaring Forties, Vito Dumas; McGraw-Hill Education, 2001. ISBN 978-0-07-137611-2
  52. ^ Cape Horn: The Logical Route; 14,216 Miles Without Port of Call, by Bernard Moitessier. Sheridan House, 2003. ISBN 978-1-57409-154-0
  53. ^ The Long Way, by Bernard Moitessier; p. 141. Sheridan House, 1995. ISBN 978-0-924486-84-5
  54. ^ "99. Rounding the Horn. John Masefield. Modern British Poetry". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  • The War with Cape Horn, by Alan Villiers. Published by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ISBN 9780684106243

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Cape Horn at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Cape Horn travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Guide: How to visit Cape Horn
  • Adventurer George Kourounis' expedition to Cape Horn
  • – Chilean sculptor José Balcells' article (Spanish)
  • – antique charts of the Cape Horn region
  • Sailing Way Down SouthEllen MacArthur's rendezvous at Cabo de Hornos
  • on BlooSee

55°58′48″S 67°17′21″W / 55.98000°S 67.28917°W / -55.98000; -67.28917

cape, horn, this, article, about, southern, headland, south, america, other, uses, disambiguation, spanish, cabo, hornos, pronounced, ˈkaβo, ˈoɾnos, southernmost, headland, tierra, fuego, archipelago, southern, chile, located, small, hornos, island, although, . This article is about the southern headland of South America For other uses see Cape Horn disambiguation Cape Horn Spanish Cabo de Hornos pronounced ˈkabo de ˈoɾnos is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile and is located on the small Hornos Island Although not the most southerly point of South America which is the Diego Ramirez Islands Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet Cape HornNamingNative nameCabo de Hornos Spanish GeographyCape HornLocation of Cape Horn in continental ChileCountry ChileRegionMagallanes y la Antartica Chilena RegionSubregionAntartica Chilena Province Cape Horn is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile and is located on the small Hornos Island It marks both the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet Cape Horn was identified by mariners and first rounded in 1616 by the Dutchmen Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire who named it Kaap Hoorn after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands For decades Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous owing to strong winds large waves strong currents and icebergs The need for boats and ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in August 1914 Sailing around Cape Horn is still widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting Thus a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point Several prominent ocean yacht races notably the Volvo Ocean Race Velux 5 Oceans Race and the solo Vendee Globe and Golden Globe Race sail around the world via the Horn Speed records for round the world sailing are recognized for following this route The islands around Cape Horn between South America and AntarcticaContents 1 Geography and ecology 1 1 Climate 1 2 Political 2 Modern navigation 2 1 Sailing routes 2 2 Rounding vs Doubling the Horn 2 3 Shipping hazards 2 4 Lighthouses 2 5 Recreational and sport sailing 3 History 3 1 Discovery 3 2 Historic trade route 4 Literature and culture 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksGeography and ecology EditSee also Magellanic moorland nbsp Cape Horn seen from the Chilean Navy station location The small lighthouse can be seen as a white spot close to the horizon Cape Horn is located on Hornos Island in the Hermite Islands group at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago 1 unreliable source 2 It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage the strait between South America and Antarctica It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island consisting of a residence utility building chapel and lighthouse 3 unreliable source A short distance from the main station is a memorial including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptor Jose Balcells featuring the silhouette of an albatross in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to round the Horn It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood 4 unreliable source Due to severe winds characteristic of the region the sculpture was blown over in 2014 A 2019 research expedition found the world s southernmost tree growing a Magellan s beech mostly bent to the ground on a northeast facing slope at the island s southeast corner 5 Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of the Magellanic penguin 6 unreliable source Climate Edit The climate in the region is generally cool owing to the southern latitude There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn but a study in 1882 1883 found an annual rainfall of 1 357 millimetres 53 4 inches with an average annual temperature of 5 2 C 41 4 F Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour 8 33 m s 18 64 mph 5 Bf with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour 27 78 m s 62 14 mph 10 Bf occurring in all seasons 7 There are 278 days of rainfall 70 days snow and 2 000 millimetres 79 inches of annual rainfall 8 nbsp A storm at Cape HornCloud coverage is generally extensive with averages from 5 2 eighths in May and July to 6 4 eighths in December and January 9 unreliable source Precipitation is high throughout the year the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands 109 kilometres 68 miles south west in the Sea of Hoces shows the greatest rainfall in March averaging 137 4 millimetres 5 41 in while October which has the least rainfall still averages 93 7 millimetres 3 69 in 10 unreliable source Wind conditions are generally severe particularly in winter In summer the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5 percent of the time with generally good visibility however in winter gale force winds occur up to 30 percent of the time often with poor visibility 11 Many stories are told of hazardous journeys around the Horn most describing fierce storms Charles Darwin wrote One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks peril and death 12 Being the southernmost point of land outside of Antarctica the region experiences barely 7 hours of daylight during the June solstice with Cape Horn itself having 6 hours and 57 minutes The region experiences around 17 1 2 hours of daylight during the December solstice and experiences only nautical twilight from civil dusk to civil dawn White nights occur during the week around the December solstice Cape Horn yields a subpolar oceanic climate Cfb with abundant precipitation much of which falls as sleet and snow Climate data for Diego Ramirez Islands Isla Gonzalo Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 14 7 58 5 14 4 57 9 12 8 55 0 9 8 49 6 6 4 43 5 4 2 39 6 3 7 38 7 5 3 41 5 7 9 46 2 10 6 51 1 12 5 54 5 14 1 57 4 9 7 49 5 Daily mean C F 7 2 45 0 7 5 45 5 6 6 43 9 5 6 42 1 4 5 40 1 3 7 38 7 3 2 37 8 3 2 37 8 3 6 38 5 4 7 40 5 5 5 41 9 6 5 43 7 5 2 41 4 Average low C F 6 5 43 7 6 2 43 2 5 0 41 0 3 2 37 8 1 0 33 8 0 7 30 7 1 1 30 0 1 0 30 2 1 0 33 8 2 6 36 7 4 4 39 9 5 7 42 3 2 7 36 9 Average precipitation mm inches 126 0 4 96 135 3 5 33 137 4 5 41 134 4 5 29 107 4 4 23 109 4 4 31 107 6 4 24 97 7 3 85 100 0 3 94 93 7 3 69 99 3 3 91 119 3 4 70 1 367 5 53 84 Source Meteorologia Interactiva 13 Political Edit nbsp Southern tip of South America showing Cape HornCape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos whose capital is Puerto Williams this in turn is part of Antartica Chilena Province whose capital is also Puerto Williams The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena Region of Chile 14 Puerto Toro a few miles south of Puerto Williams is the closest town to the cape Modern navigation EditMany modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen However a number of cruise ships routinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other 15 These often stop in Ushuaia or Punta Arenas as well as Port Stanley Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and the Antarctic Peninsula will pass the Horn too time and weather permitting Sailing routes Edit A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America The Strait of Magellan between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego is a major although narrow passage which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered The Beagle Channel named for the ship of Charles Darwin s expedition between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino offers a potential though difficult route Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn 16 unreliable source All of these however are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds which can strike a vessel with little or no warning 17 unreliable source given the narrowness of these routes vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks The open waters of the Drake Passage south of Cape Horn provide by far the widest route at about 800 kilometres 500 miles wide this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change and is the route used by most ships and sailboats despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions 18 unreliable source Rounding vs Doubling the Horn Edit Rounding Cape Horn can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat or by cruise ship Doubling the Horn is traditionally understood to involve sailing from a point above 50 degrees South in the Pacific around the Horn to a point above 50 degrees South in the Atlantic and then sailing back against the prevailing westerly winds to a point above the 50th parallel south again back in the Pacific a considerably more difficult and time consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 miles 1 500 km for each leg 19 The 50th parallel south on both coasts of South America represent a set of benchmark latitudes of a Horn run 20 and is a region of the ocean that according to Herman Melville takes the conceit out of fresh water sailors and steeps in a still saltier brine the saltiest 21 Shipping hazards Edit nbsp View from an unidentified sailing ship during a storm at Cape Horn between 1885 and 1954Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally the geography of the passage south of the Horn and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn at 56 south for comparison Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35 south Stewart Island Rakiura at the south end of New Zealand is 47 south Edinburgh 56 north The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40 south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land giving rise to the roaring forties and the even more wild furious fifties and screaming sixties These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties i e not far below 40 south latitude however rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56 south latitude well into the zone of fiercest winds 22 These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean free of any interruption from land At the Horn however these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper greatly increasing the hazard to ships If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind this can have the effect of further building up the waves 23 In addition to these normal waves the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves which can attain heights of up to 30 metres 98 feet 24 The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them i e from east to west This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times 25 modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn as they do in the Global Challenge race Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40 south Although the ice limit dips south around the horn icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area In the South Pacific in February summer in Southern Hemisphere icebergs are generally confined to below 50 south but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40 south Even in February the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit 26 These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world many ships have been wrecked and many sailors have died attempting to round the Cape Lighthouses Edit Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMapDownload coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates Two lighthouses are located near or in Cape Horn The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited and is commonly referred to as the Cape Horn lighthouse However the Chilean Navy station including the lighthouse ARLS CHI 030 55 57 49 S 67 13 14 W 55 96361 S 67 22056 W 55 96361 67 22056 CHI 030 and the memorial are not located on Cape Horn which is difficult to access either by land or sea but on another land point about one mile east northeast 27 On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4 metre 13 foot fiberglass light tower with a focal plane of 40 metres 130 feet and a range of about 21 kilometres 13 miles This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse ARLS CHI 006 55 58 38 S 67 15 46 W 55 97722 S 67 26278 W 55 97722 67 26278 CHI 006 and as such the world s southernmost traditional lighthouse 27 A few minor aids to navigation are located farther south including one in the Diego Ramirez Islands and several in Antarctica Recreational and sport sailing Edit nbsp Approaching Cape Horn from the south west Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world and so the growth in recreational long distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest and so many sailors seek it for its own sake 28 29 unreliable source 30 Joshua Slocum was the first single handed yachtsman to successfully pass this way in 1895 although in the end extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper If one had to go by strict definitions the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the Irish 42 foot 13 metre yacht Saoirse sailed by Conor O Brien with three friends who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925 1 In 1934 the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single handed from east to west the wrong way in his boat Mary Jane but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile 31 The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single handed via Cape Horn was Argentinian Vito Dumas who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33 foot 10 metre ketch Lehg II a number of other sailors have since followed him 32 unreliable source including Webb Chiles aboard EGREGIOUS who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single handed On March 31 2010 16 year old Abby Sunderland became the youngest person to single handedly sail around Cape Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition headed by Nigel H Seymour rounded Cape Horn in the world s first ever sailing kayaks called Kaymaran two seagoing kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any of the four sailing positions between the two kayaks Today there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race which was a single handed race this inspired the present day Around Alone race which circumnavigates with stops and the Vendee Globe which is non stop Both of these are single handed races and are held every four years The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years Its origins lie in the Whitbread Round the World Race first competed in 1973 74 The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew no assistance non stop Finally the Global Challenge race goes around the world the wrong way from east to west which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors however A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn the boat pitchpoled i e somersaulted end over end They survived and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano Chile and later attempted the passage again only to be rolled over and dismasted for a second time by another rogue wave which again they miraculously survived 33 History EditDiscovery Edit nbsp Voyage of Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire in 1615 16In 1526 the Spanish vessel the San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces member of the Loaisa expedition was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached Cape Horn passing through 56 S where they thought to see Land s End Since the discovery the sea separating South America from Antarctica bears the name of its discoverer in Spanish sources It appears as Mar de Hoces Sea of Hoces in most Spanish language maps In English charts however it is named the Drake Passage In September 1578 Sir Francis Drake in the course of his circumnavigation of the world passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent as previously believed Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south This discovery went unused for some time as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan 34 By the early 17th century the Dutch East India Company was given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope the only known routes at the time to the Far East To search for an alternate route and one to the unknown Terra Australis Isaac Le Maire 35 a wealthy Amsterdam merchant and Willem Schouten a ship s master of Hoorn contributed in equal shares to the enterprise with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn 36 Jacob Le Maire Isaac s son went on the journey as chiefe Marchant and principall factor in charge of trading aspects of the endeavour The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were the Eendracht 37 of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard and the Hoorn of 110 tons of which Schouten s brother Johan was master It was Eendracht then with the crew of the recently wrecked Hoorn aboard 38 that passed through the Le Maire Strait and Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery In the evening 25 January 1616 the winde was South West and that night wee went South with great waves or billowes out of the southwest and very blew water whereby wee judged and held for certaine that it was the great South Sea whereat we were exceeding glad to thinke that wee had discovered a way which until that time was unknowne to men as afterward wee found it to be true 39 on 29 January 1616 we saw land againe lying north west and north northwest from us which was the land that lay South from the straights of Magelan which reacheth Southward all high hillie lande covered over with snow ending with a sharpe point which wee called Cape Horne Kaap Hoorn 18 39 At the time it was discovered the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica only 650 kilometres 400 miles away across the Drake Passage was discovered only as recently as 1820 despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years 1 Historic trade route Edit nbsp The clipper route followed by ships sailing between the United Kingdom and Australia New Zealand passed around Cape Horn nbsp Cape Horn as seen during the United States Exploring Expedition depicted in watercolor by Alfred Thomas AgateFrom the 18th to the early 20th centuries Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world s trade Sailing ships sailed round the Horn carrying wool grain and gold from Australia back to Europe 40 these included the windjammers in the heyday of the Great Grain Race of the 1930s Much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn 41 42 The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping however owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship or provide medical care were in the Falkland Islands The businesses there were so notorious for price gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned at Port Stanley While most companies switched to steamers and later used the Panama canal German steel hulled sailing ships like the Flying P Liners were designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australian grain trade None of them were lost travelling around the Horn but some like the mighty Preussen were victims of collisions in the busy English channel Traditionally a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring in the left ear the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage and to dine with one foot on the table a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table 43 44 One particular historic attempt to round the Horn that of HMS Bounty in 1788 has been immortalized in history due to the subsequent Mutiny on the Bounty This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed with varying historical accuracy in three major motion pictures about Captain William Bligh s mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east to west sailing before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny this time west to east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants 45 The transcontinental railroads in North America as well as the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 in Central America led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade As steamships replaced sailing ships Flying P Liner Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo carrying grain from Port Victoria Australia to Falmouth England in 1949 Literature and culture EditCape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries it has featured in sea shanties 46 unreliable source and in many books about sailing One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana Jr in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn Just before eight o clock then about sundown in that latitude the cry of All hands ahoy was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway and hurrying upon deck we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south west and blackening the whole heavens Here comes Cape Horn said the chief mate and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up before it was upon us In a few moments a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before and as it was directly ahead the little brig which was no better than a bathing machine plunged into it and all the forward part of her was under water the sea pouring in through the bow ports and hawse hole and over the knightheads threatening to wash everything overboard In the lee scuppers it was up to a man s waist We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails and furled all the other sails and made all snug But this would not do the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea and the gale was growing worse and worse At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us We clewed down and hauled out the reef tackles again and close reefed the fore topsail and furled the main and hove her to on the starboard tack Here was an end to our fine prospects After nine more days of headwinds and unabated storms Dana reported that his ship the Pilgrim finally cleared the turbulent waters of Cape Horn and turned northwards 47 Charles Darwin in The Voyage of the Beagle a journal of the five year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species described his 1832 encounter with the Horn we closed in with the Barnevelts and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks about three o clock doubled the weather beaten Cape Horn The evening was calm and bright and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles Cape Horn however demanded his tribute and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth We stood out to sea and on the second day again made the land when we saw on our weather bow this notorious promontory in its proper form veiled in a mist and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens and squalls of rain with hail swept by us with such extreme violence that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove This is a snug little harbour not far from Cape Horn and here at Christmas eve we anchored in smooth water 48 William Jones writing of his experience in 1905 as a fifteen year old apprentice on one of the last commercial sailing ships noted the contrast between his ship which would take two months and the lives of three sailors to round the Horn and birds adapted to the region An albatross appears out of the murk to examine us in our plight The gale is of hurricane force but the bird sails serenely and unhurriedly through the air within a few feet of the ship s rail on the windward side Then it turns into the eye of the wind and disappears in the murk westward without any discernible effort in its aerial gliding while we are still drifting to leeward incapable of emulating its brilliant defiance of the gusts 49 Alan Villiers a modern day expert in traditional sailing ships wrote many books about traditional sailing including By way of Cape Horn 50 More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly such as Vito Dumas who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round the world voyage 51 or with small crews Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the Horn once with his wife Francoise described in Cape Horn The Logical Route 52 and once single handed His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage and of a peaceful night time passage of the Horn The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right I look there it is so close less than 10 miles 16 km away and right under the moon And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn I look I can hardly believe it So small and so huge A hillock pale and tender in the moonlight a colossal rock hard as diamond 53 And John Masefield wrote Cape Horn that tramples beauty into wreck And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb 54 A memorial presented in Robert FitzRoy s bicentenary 2005 commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830 Canadian singer songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song entitled Ghosts of Cape Horn In 1980 Keith F Critchlow directed and produced the documentary film Ghosts of Cape Horn with the participation and archaeological consulting of famous underwater archaeologist Peter Throckmorton Further reading EditAround Cape Horn A Maritime Artist Historian s Account of His 1892 Voyage by Charles G Davis and Neal Parker Down East Books 2004 ISBN 978 0 89272 646 2 Cape Horn A Maritime History by Robin Knox Johnston London Hodder amp Stoughton ISBN 978 0 340 41527 6 Cape Horn The Story of the Cape Horn Region by Felix Riesenberg and William A Briesemeister Ox Bow Press 1994 ISBN 978 1 881987 04 8 Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World by Francisco Coloane Latin American Literary Review Press 2003 ISBN 978 1 891270 17 8 Gipsy Moth Circles the World Sir Francis Chichester International Marine 2001 ISBN 978 0 07 136449 2 Haul Away Teambuilding Lessons from a Voyage around Cape Horn by Rob Duncan Authorhouse 2005 ISBN 978 1 4208 3032 3 Rounding the Horn Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers Drake Darwin Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives A Deck s Eye View of Cape Horn by Dallas Murphy Basic Books 2004 ISBN 978 0 465 04759 8 En el Mar Austral by Fray Mocho University of Buenos Aires Press La Serie del Siglo y Medio 1960 An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist High Endeavours by Miles Clark Greystone 2002 ISBN 978 1 55054 058 1 An account of the lives of the author s god father Miles Smeeton and his wife Beryl including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn A world of my Own by Robin Knox Johnston An account of the first solo non stop circumnavigation of the world via Cape Horn between 1968 and 1969 Expediciones espanolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego by Javier Oyarzun Madrid Ediciones Cultura Hispanica ISBN 978 84 7232 130 4 Storm Passage by Webb Chiles Times Books ISBN 978 0 8129 0703 2 The Last of the Cape Horners Firsthand Accounts from the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships edited by Spencer Apollonio Washington D C Brassey s Inc 2000 ISBN 978 1 57488 283 4 The Cape Horn Breed by William H S Jones 1956 The Log of a Limejuicer by James P Barker 1933See also EditBeagle conflict Border dispute between Chile and Argentina affecting the nearby Picton Lennox and Nueva islands Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve ReservesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Cape Horner Captain of a sailing ship Cape Leeuwin Most south westerly mainland point of the Australian continent the Australian landmark on the clipper route False Cape Horn Headland in Chile Garcia de Nodal expedition 1619 Spanish explorationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets the second passing around Cape Horn Patagonian Expedition Race annual endurance adventure race in the Chilean Patagonia regionPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Cape of Good Hope Great capesReferences Edit a b c Cape Horn the Terrible Archived 2011 03 18 at the Wayback Machine by Paolo Venanzangeli from Nautical Web Retrieved February 5 2006 Cabo de Hornos by Mariolina Rolfo and Giorgio Ardrizzi From Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Nautical Guide Editrice Incontri Nautici 2004 ISBN 978 88 85986 34 3 Isla Hornos Lighthouse Archived 2006 01 11 at the Wayback Machine from Lighthouse Depot Retrieved February 5 2006 Cape Horn Memorial Archived 2005 09 26 at the Wayback Machine by Roberto Benavente from Fundacion Caphorniers Chile Retrieved February 5 2006 Welch Craig July 2020 The tree at the bottom of the world and the wind blasted trek to find it National Geographic Retrieved July 13 2020 C Michael Hogan 2008 Magellanic Penguin GlobalTwitcher com ed Nicklas Stromberg Archived 2012 06 07 at the Wayback Machine Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago Archived 2007 09 30 at the Wayback Machine James C Cokendolpher and Dolly Lanfranco L from Texas Tech University 1985 Retrieved February 5 2006 Rescate en el Cabo de Hornos Archived 2014 11 14 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on 18 November 2012 Usuaia Monthly Normals Archived 2018 11 06 at the Wayback Machine from Weather Underground Retrieved February 5 2006 Isla Diego Ramirez Monthly Normals Archived 2018 11 06 at the Wayback Machine from Weather Underground Retrieved February 5 2006 U S Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World Rounding Cape Horn 1995 Retrieved February 5 2006 cited in 1 Archived 2013 10 12 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 18 November 2012 Informacion climatologica de estaciones chilenas Chile Sur in Spanish Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved September 6 2012 in Spanish Cabo de Hornos designado Reserva de la Biosfera from CONAF Retrieved February 5 2006 Archived October 4 2015 at the Wayback Machine South America Cruises Rounding the Horn Avid Cruiser Cruise Reviews Luxury Cruises Expedition Cruises September 5 2012 Sailing the Patagonian channels Yachting Club CERN 2005 Retrieved February 5 2006 Winds of the World The Williwaw Weather Online Retrieved February 5 2006 a b Perilous Cape Horn Archived 2011 12 11 at the Wayback Machine by P J Gladnick from eSsortment 2002 Retrieved January 19 2012 The fastest time on record for a commercial sailing ship working westward around the Horn from 50 degrees South in the Atlantic to 50 degrees South in the Pacific is 5 days and 14 hours made in 1938 by the 4 mast barque Priwall of the Flying P Line under Captain Adolf Hauth Stark p 147 The Last Time Around Cape Horn The Historic 1949 Voyage of the Windjammer Pamir by William F Stark New York Carroll amp Graf Publishers 2003 p 147 ISBN 978 0 7867 1233 5 The World in a Man o War by Herman Melville Chicago Northwestern Univ Press and The Newberry Library 1970 Along the Clipper Way Francis Chichester p 134 Hodder amp Stoughton 1966 ISBN 978 0 340 00191 2 Along the Clipper Way pp 151 52 Rogue Waves Monsters of the deep Huge freak waves may not be as rare as once thought Economist Magazine September 17 2009 Retrieved 2009 10 04 Along the Clipper Way pp 72 73 Atlas of Pilot Charts South Pacific Ocean Lighthouse Press 2001 ISBN 978 1 57785 202 5 a b Rowlett Russ Lighthouses of Southern Chile The Lighthouse Directory University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Retrieved 2012 01 17 Rob Duncan s Quest for Cape Horn by Rob Duncan Retrieved February 5 2006 The Modern Cape Horner Archived 2006 03 19 at the Wayback Machine from Victory Expeditions Retrieved February 5 2006 Cape Horn to Starboard Archived 2005 10 18 at the Wayback Machine from Lin and Larry Pardey Retrieved February 5 2006 The Circumnavigators by Don Holm Chapter 15 Archived May 10 2006 at the Wayback Machine List Of Solo Circumnavigators from the Joshua Slocum Society International Retrieved February 12 2006 Once Is Enough by Miles Smeeton International Marine Publishing 2003 ISBN 978 0 07 141431 9 Voyage of the Golden Hind Archived 2005 01 04 at the Wayback Machine from The Golden Hind Retrieved February 5 2006 it seems to have been Le Maire who pursued the idea of such a passage A History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration by J N L Baker London George G Harrap amp Co Ltd 1931 p 149 THE RELATION OF a Wonderful Voyage made by Willem Cornelison Schouten of Horne Shewing how South from the Straights of Magelan in Terra Delfuego he found and discovered a newe passage through the great South Seaes and that way sayled round about the world London Imprinted by T D for Nathanaell Newbery 1619 Facsimile of the first edition in English London George Rainbird Limited for The World Publishing Company Cleveland Ohio 1966 The Preface Translation thereof out of the Dutch wherein it was written by William Philip called Unitie in the Philip translation Hoorn was accidentally burned and destroyed on December 19 1615 with no loss of life in Patagonia during a bungled cleaning attempt of the hull a b The Relation pp 22 23 Along the Clipper Way p 7 The Circumnavigators Archived 2005 03 06 at the Wayback Machine by Don Holm Around the Three Capes Prentice Hall NY 1974 ISBN 978 0 13 134452 5 Retrieved February 5 2006 North America and the Cape Horn Route Archived 2006 02 27 at the Wayback Machine by Captain Harold D Huycke from Caphorniers Chile Retrieved February 5 2006 A Voyage for Madmen by Peter Nichols pp 4 5 Harper Collins 2001 ISBN 978 0 06 095703 2 Covey Crump cape Archived 2006 02 07 at the Wayback Machine Commander A T L Covey Crump RN 1955 from the Royal Navy Retrieved February 5 2006 Bligh William 1792 A Voyage to the South Sea For The Purpose Of Conveying The Bread Fruit Tree To The West Indies Including An Account Of The Mutiny On Board The Ship Project Gutenberg EText No 15411 Around Cape Horn from Frank Petersohn Retrieved February 5 2006 Two Years Before the Mast A Personal Narrative by Richard Henry Dana Chapter V Cape Horn A Visit Signet Classics 2000 ISBN 978 0 451 52759 2 The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin National Geographic 2004 ISBN 978 0 7922 6559 7 The Cape Horn Breed by William H S Jones Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56 9964 1956 By way of Cape Horn by Alan John Villiers Out of print Alone Through The Roaring Forties Vito Dumas McGraw Hill Education 2001 ISBN 978 0 07 137611 2 Cape Horn The Logical Route 14 216 Miles Without Port of Call by Bernard Moitessier Sheridan House 2003 ISBN 978 1 57409 154 0 The Long Way by Bernard Moitessier p 141 Sheridan House 1995 ISBN 978 0 924486 84 5 99 Rounding the Horn John Masefield Modern British Poetry Bartleby com Retrieved 2010 03 19 The War with Cape Horn by Alan Villiers Published by Charles Scribner s Sons 1971 ISBN 9780684106243External links Edit nbsp Media related to Cape Horn at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Cape Horn travel guide from Wikivoyage Guide How to visit Cape Horn International Association of Cape Horners Chilean Brotherhood of Cape Horn Captains Caphorniers Adventurer George Kourounis expedition to Cape Horn A monument at the end of the world Chilean sculptor Jose Balcells article Spanish Robert FitzRoy s commemorative plaque in Horn Island image Cape Horn Tierra Del Fuego Antarctica and South Georgia antique charts of the Cape Horn region Sailing Way Down South Ellen MacArthur s rendezvous at Cabo de Hornos Satellite image and infopoints on BlooSee 55 58 48 S 67 17 21 W 55 98000 S 67 28917 W 55 98000 67 28917 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cape Horn amp oldid 1175849621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.