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Baffin Bay

January 19, 2023

This article is about the Arctic bay. For the Texas bay, see Baffin Bay (Texas).

Baffin Bay (Inuktitut: Saknirutiak Imanga;[3] Greenlandic: Avannaata Imaa;[4] French: Baie de Baffin),[a] located between Baffin Island and the west coast of Greenland, is defined by the International Hydrographic Organization as a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.[6]: Art.23  It is sometimes considered a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean.[1][2][7] It is connected to the Atlantic via Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. The narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean. The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. However, a polynya of about 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi), known as the North Water, opens in summer on the north near Smith Sound.[8] Most of the aquatic life of the bay is concentrated near that region.

Baffin Bay
Baffin Bay
Coordinates74°N 68°W / 74°N 68°W / 74; -68 (Baffin Bay)Coordinates: 74°N 68°W / 74°N 68°W / 74; -68 (Baffin Bay)
Basin countriesCanada and Greenland
Max. length1,450 km (900 mi)
Max. width110–650 km (68–404 mi)
Surface area689,000 km2 (266,000 sq mi)
Average depth861 m (2,825 ft)
Max. depth2,136 m (7,008 ft)
Water volume593,000 km3 (142,000 cu mi)
References[1][2]

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of Baffin Bay as follows:[6]

On the North. A line from Cape Sheridan, Grant Land (82°35′N 60°45′W / 82.583°N 60.750°W / 82.583; -60.750) to Cape Bryant, Greenland.

On the East. The West Coast of Greenland.

On the South. The parallel of 70° North between Greenland and Baffin Land.

On the West. The Eastern limits of the North-West Passages [The East Coast of Ellesmere Island between C. Sheridan and Cape Norton Shaw (76°29′N 78°30′W / 76.483°N 78.500°W / 76.483; -78.500), thence across to Phillips Point (Coburg Island) through this Island to Marina Peninsula (75°55′N 79°10′W / 75.917°N 79.167°W / 75.917; -79.167) and across to Cape Fitz Roy (Devon Island) down the East Coast to Cape Sherard (Cape Osborn) (74°35′N 80°30′W / 74.583°N 80.500°W / 74.583; -80.500) and across to Cape Liverpool, Bylot Island (73°44′N 77°50′W / 73.733°N 77.833°W / 73.733; -77.833); down the East coast of this island to Cape Graham Moore, its southeastern point, and thence across to Cape Macculloch (72°29′N 75°08′W / 72.483°N 75.133°W / 72.483; -75.133) and down the East coast of Baffin Island to East Bluff, its Southeastern extremity, and thence the Eastern limit of Hudson Strait].

— International Hydrographic Organization, Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition

History

 
Dorset, Norse, and Thule cultures 900-1500

The area of the bay has been inhabited since c. 500 BC. Around AD 1200, the initial Dorset settlers were replaced by the Thule (the later Inuit) peoples. Recent excavations also suggest that the Norse colonization of the Americas reached the shores of Baffin Bay sometime between the 10th and 15th centuries. The English explorer John Davis was the first recorded European to enter the bay, arriving in 1585.[9] In 1612, a group of English merchants formed the "Company of Merchants of London, Discoverers of the North-West Passage". Their governor Thomas Smythe organized five expeditions to explore the northern coasts of Canada in search of a maritime passage to the Far East. Henry Hudson and Thomas Button explored Hudson Bay, William Gibbons Labrador, and Robert Bylot Hudson Strait and the area which became known as Baffin's Bay after his pilot William Baffin.[10] Aboard Discovery, Baffin charted the area and named Lancaster, Smith, and Jones Sounds after members of his company.[11] By the completion of his 1616 voyage, Baffin held out no hope of an ice-free passage and the area remained unexplored for another two centuries.[11][12] Over time, his account came to be doubted until it was confirmed by John Ross's 1818 voyage.[13] More advanced scientific studies followed in 1928, in the 1930s and after World War II by Danish, American and Canadian expeditions.[2]

Currently, there are a few Inuit settlements on the Canadian coast of the bay, including Arctic Bay (population 690), Pond Inlet (1,315) and Clyde River (820). Those settlements are accessed and supplied by air and annual sealifts. In 1975, a town was built at Nanisivik to support lead and zinc production at the Nanisivik Mine—the first Canadian mine in the Arctic. The mine was closed in 2002 due to declining resources and metal prices. Whereas the town still has a functional seaport and an airport, as of the 2006 census, it has an official population of zero.[14][15][16]

Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933. This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle. It caused no damage because of its offshore location and the small number of the nearby onshore communities. The northwestern part of the bay remains one of the most seismically active regions in eastern Canada. Five earthquakes of magnitude 6 have occurred here since 1933. The latest strong earthquake occurred on 15 April 2010 and had the magnitude of 5.1.[17]

 
Robeson Channel, Hall Basin, Kennedy Channel, Kane Basin, and Nares Strait are all south of the northern limit of Baffin Bay between Cape Sheridan and Cape Bryant (unmarked).

Geography and geology

See also: Jakobshavn Glacier
 
Major North Atlantic currents.

Baffin Bay is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by the Baffin Island in the west, Greenland in the east, and Ellesmere Island in the north. It connects to the Atlantic through the Davis Strait, and to the Arctic through several narrow channels of Nares Strait. It is a northwestern extension of the North Atlantic and Labrador Sea. It can also be viewed as a long strait separating Baffin Island and Greenland.[2][18]

The bay is less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep near the coast, where the sea bottom is covered with gravel, crushed stone and sand. In the center, there is a deep pit called the Baffin Basin, reaching 2,136 m (7,008 ft) (see depth map), which is mostly covered in silt. Currents form a cyclonic circulation. On the eastern periphery, in summer, the West Greenland Current transports water from the Atlantic Ocean to the North. In its western part, the Baffin Island Current brings the Arctic waters to the south.[1]

Climate, hydrology and hydrochemistry

 
An iceberg at the edge of the Baffin Bay's sea ice.

The climate is Arctic with frequent storms, especially in winter. Average January temperatures are −20 °C (−4 °F) in the south and −28 °C (−18 °F) in the north. In July, the average temperature is 7 °C (45 °F). The annual precipitation is 100–250 mm (3.9–9.8 in) on the Greenland side and about twice as much near Baffin Island.[2]

The water temperature at the surface is below −1 °C (30 °F) in winter. In summer, it varies from 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) in the south-east to 0 °C (32 °F) and below at north-west. The salinity exceeds 34‰ (parts per thousand) in winter. In summer, it is 32‰ on the east and 30–31‰ on the west. Deep waters are formed as a result of mixing of Arctic and Atlantic waters; their temperature is about −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) and salinity is 34.5 ‰. In winter, 80% of the bay is covered with continuous ice, floating ice and fast ice. In some winters, the continuous ice stretches from shore to shore. The ice is most abundant in March and least in August–September. In summer, drifting ice remains in the central and western parts of the bay. Numerous icebergs are formed in this period and are brought, together with ice, to the Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland.[1][19]

The tides are semidiurnal, with an average height of 4 m (13 ft) and the maximum of 9 m (30 ft). Their speed varies between 1 and 3.7 km/h (0.62 and 2.30 mph) hour and the direction by as much as 180°. This variability results in the collision and crushing of fresh, old, and pack ice.[2] Winds are predominantly north-western through the whole year. South-eastern and eastern winds are common in July and August.[1][19]

North Water

Main article: North Water Polynya

Between May and July (sometimes April), a significant portion of navigable open water (polynya) forms at the extreme north of the bay, presumably due to the relatively warm Greenland Current.[2] With an area of about 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi) in summer, it is the largest polynya of the Canadian Arctic and covers the Smith Sound between the Ellesmere Island and Greenland. This polynya has a stable position and existed for at least 9,000 years. It was first described in 1616 by William Baffin and was named North Water by whalers of the 18–19th centuries.[19][20]

Wildlife

 
Fog over Baffin Bay

The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton and is characterized by abundant fauna. Of about 20,000 beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are concentrated at the North Water.[21] Other abundant animals of the region include walrus, narwhal, harp seal, bearded seal, ringed seal, bowhead whale, rorquals and polar bear. All aquatic mammals crucially depend on the availability of open water; they have very limited ability to maintain breathing holes in ice and are all vulnerable to attacks by the polar bear when breathing at the holes. The seals and walrus occupy areas of fast ice, which is essential for giving birth and raising the pups. Bearded seals feed near the bottom of the bay and therefore are restricted to the shallow waters. Ringed seal is the most common meal of the polar bear. It is also an occasional prey of the walrus and Arctic fox.[22] Most large animals of the bay are being traditionally hunted, but the hunting has been restricted in the 20th century in order to preserve the wildlife population. For example, the quota for polar bears in the bay area is 105 per year.[23]

There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch, willow, alder and plants adapted to salty soils, as well as lyme grass, mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming. Resident fish species include polar cod, Arctic flounder (Pleuronectidae, Liopsetta), four-horned sculpin and capelin, whereas cod, haddock, herring, halibut, and rattail migrate from the Atlantic. The birds are represented by the little auk, snowy owl, willow ptarmigan, rock ptarmigan, gyrfalcon, Arctic redpoll and guillemots. Most of them migrate to the south during the winter.[2][24][25]

Oil and gas

Main article: Petroleum exploration in the Arctic

The US Geological Survey has estimated that at least 13% of the world's undiscovered oil deposits and 30% of the world's undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic, with the seas around Greenland potentially holding large amounts of natural gas and lesser amounts of crude oil and natural-gas liquids.[26][27] Accordingly, the Greenland authorities have offered a large number of off-shore concessions for potential hydrocarbon (oil and gas) extraction. The largest concession-areas are located in seas west of Greenland; primarily in Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait, but with several smaller concessions in the Greenland Sea in the east also.[28][29][30][31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Former names include Baffin's Bay and Baffin's Sea.[5]
  1. ^ a b c d e Baffin Bay 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Baffin Bay, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  3. ^ Baffin Bay. Wissenladen.de. Retrieved on 2013-03-22.
  4. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  5. ^ EB (1878).
  6. ^ a b "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  7. ^ Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-5410-706-4.
  8. ^ Circulation and generation of the North Water Polynya, Northern Baffin Bay. (PDF). Retrieved on 2013-03-22.
  9. ^ John Davis, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  10. ^ Markham (1881).
  11. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Baffin, William" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 192
  12. ^ W. S. Wallace, "", The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. II, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, pp. 307–310.
  13. ^ Farley Mowat (1967). The Polar Passion: The Quest for the North Pole. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, p. 43
  14. ^ "Government will continue seeking positive legacy from Nanisivik mine closure, minister says". from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
  15. ^ Canadian Mines Handbook 2003–2004. Toronto, Ontario: Business Information Group. 2003. ISBN 0-919336-60-4.
  16. ^ Statistics Canada 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. 2.statcan.ca (6 December 2010). Retrieved on 2013-03-22.
  17. ^ The 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
  18. ^ EB (1911).
  19. ^ a b c National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (January 2005). Prostar Sailing Directions 2005 Greenland and Iceland Enroute. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-57785-753-2.
  20. ^ Elisabeth Levac; Anne De Vernal & Weston Blake, Jr (2001). (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 16 (4): 353. Bibcode:2001JQS....16..353L. doi:10.1002/jqs.614. S2CID 140572982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011.
  21. ^ COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Beluga Whale. Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca (31 July 2012). Retrieved on 2013-03-22.
  22. ^ K. J. Finley & W. E. Renaud (1980). "Marine Mammals Inhabiting the Baffin Bay North Water in Winter" (PDF). Arctic. 33 (4): 724–738. doi:10.14430/arctic2592.
  23. ^ Proposed Baffin Bay polar bear quota rejected, CBC News, 28 January 2010
  24. ^ E. C. Pielou (1 November 1994). A naturalist's guide to the Arctic. pp. 235, 292. ISBN 978-0-226-66814-7.
  25. ^ Maurice L. Schwartz (2005). Encyclopedia of coastal science. p. 48. ISBN 1-4020-1903-3.
  26. ^ "90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic". US Geological Survey (USGS). 23 July 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland" (PDF). US Geological Survey (USGS). May 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  28. ^ Lisa Gregoire (15 May 2014). "Greenland pushing ahead with oil and gas development". Nunatsiaq Online. Nunatsiaq News. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  29. ^ . Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  30. ^ (PDF). Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  31. ^ . Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland). 31 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.

References

  • Baffin, William (1881), Markham, Clements R. (ed.), The Voyages of William Baffin, 1612–1622, Hakluyt Society.
  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Baffin's Bay" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 229
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Baffin Bay and Baffin Land" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–193

External links

  • Logbooks of the "Séduisante" (Schooner) (1910) at Dartmouth College Library

January 19, 2023
baffin, this, article, about, arctic, texas, texas, inuktitut, saknirutiak, imanga, greenlandic, avannaata, imaa, french, baie, baffin, located, between, baffin, island, west, coast, greenland, defined, international, hydrographic, organization, marginal, arct. This article is about the Arctic bay For the Texas bay see Baffin Bay Texas Baffin Bay Inuktitut Saknirutiak Imanga 3 Greenlandic Avannaata Imaa 4 French Baie de Baffin a located between Baffin Island and the west coast of Greenland is defined by the International Hydrographic Organization as a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean 6 Art 23 It is sometimes considered a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean 1 2 7 It is connected to the Atlantic via Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea The narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas However a polynya of about 80 000 km2 31 000 sq mi known as the North Water opens in summer on the north near Smith Sound 8 Most of the aquatic life of the bay is concentrated near that region Baffin BayBaffin BayCoordinates74 N 68 W 74 N 68 W 74 68 Baffin Bay Coordinates 74 N 68 W 74 N 68 W 74 68 Baffin Bay Basin countriesCanada and GreenlandMax length1 450 km 900 mi Max width110 650 km 68 404 mi Surface area689 000 km2 266 000 sq mi Average depth861 m 2 825 ft Max depth2 136 m 7 008 ft Water volume593 000 km3 142 000 cu mi References 1 2 Contents 1 Extent 2 History 3 Geography and geology 4 Climate hydrology and hydrochemistry 5 North Water 6 Wildlife 7 Oil and gas 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksExtent EditThe International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of Baffin Bay as follows 6 On the North A line from Cape Sheridan Grant Land 82 35 N 60 45 W 82 583 N 60 750 W 82 583 60 750 to Cape Bryant Greenland On the East The West Coast of Greenland On the South The parallel of 70 North between Greenland and Baffin Land On the West The Eastern limits of the North West Passages The East Coast of Ellesmere Island between C Sheridan and Cape Norton Shaw 76 29 N 78 30 W 76 483 N 78 500 W 76 483 78 500 thence across to Phillips Point Coburg Island through this Island to Marina Peninsula 75 55 N 79 10 W 75 917 N 79 167 W 75 917 79 167 and across to Cape Fitz Roy Devon Island down the East Coast to Cape Sherard Cape Osborn 74 35 N 80 30 W 74 583 N 80 500 W 74 583 80 500 and across to Cape Liverpool Bylot Island 73 44 N 77 50 W 73 733 N 77 833 W 73 733 77 833 down the East coast of this island to Cape Graham Moore its southeastern point and thence across to Cape Macculloch 72 29 N 75 08 W 72 483 N 75 133 W 72 483 75 133 and down the East coast of Baffin Island to East Bluff its Southeastern extremity and thence the Eastern limit of Hudson Strait International Hydrographic Organization Limits of Oceans and Seas 3rd editionHistory Edit Dorset Norse and Thule cultures 900 1500 The area of the bay has been inhabited since c 500 BC Around AD 1200 the initial Dorset settlers were replaced by the Thule the later Inuit peoples Recent excavations also suggest that the Norse colonization of the Americas reached the shores of Baffin Bay sometime between the 10th and 15th centuries The English explorer John Davis was the first recorded European to enter the bay arriving in 1585 9 In 1612 a group of English merchants formed the Company of Merchants of London Discoverers of the North West Passage Their governor Thomas Smythe organized five expeditions to explore the northern coasts of Canada in search of a maritime passage to the Far East Henry Hudson and Thomas Button explored Hudson Bay William Gibbons Labrador and Robert Bylot Hudson Strait and the area which became known as Baffin s Bay after his pilot William Baffin 10 Aboard Discovery Baffin charted the area and named Lancaster Smith and Jones Sounds after members of his company 11 By the completion of his 1616 voyage Baffin held out no hope of an ice free passage and the area remained unexplored for another two centuries 11 12 Over time his account came to be doubted until it was confirmed by John Ross s 1818 voyage 13 More advanced scientific studies followed in 1928 in the 1930s and after World War II by Danish American and Canadian expeditions 2 Currently there are a few Inuit settlements on the Canadian coast of the bay including Arctic Bay population 690 Pond Inlet 1 315 and Clyde River 820 Those settlements are accessed and supplied by air and annual sealifts In 1975 a town was built at Nanisivik to support lead and zinc production at the Nanisivik Mine the first Canadian mine in the Arctic The mine was closed in 2002 due to declining resources and metal prices Whereas the town still has a functional seaport and an airport as of the 2006 census it has an official population of zero 14 15 16 Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7 3 magnitude earthquake in 1933 This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle It caused no damage because of its offshore location and the small number of the nearby onshore communities The northwestern part of the bay remains one of the most seismically active regions in eastern Canada Five earthquakes of magnitude 6 have occurred here since 1933 The latest strong earthquake occurred on 15 April 2010 and had the magnitude of 5 1 17 Robeson Channel Hall Basin Kennedy Channel Kane Basin and Nares Strait are all south of the northern limit of Baffin Bay between Cape Sheridan and Cape Bryant unmarked Geography and geology EditSee also Jakobshavn Glacier Major North Atlantic currents Baffin Bay is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by the Baffin Island in the west Greenland in the east and Ellesmere Island in the north It connects to the Atlantic through the Davis Strait and to the Arctic through several narrow channels of Nares Strait It is a northwestern extension of the North Atlantic and Labrador Sea It can also be viewed as a long strait separating Baffin Island and Greenland 2 18 The bay is less than 1 000 m 3 300 ft deep near the coast where the sea bottom is covered with gravel crushed stone and sand In the center there is a deep pit called the Baffin Basin reaching 2 136 m 7 008 ft see depth map which is mostly covered in silt Currents form a cyclonic circulation On the eastern periphery in summer the West Greenland Current transports water from the Atlantic Ocean to the North In its western part the Baffin Island Current brings the Arctic waters to the south 1 Climate hydrology and hydrochemistry Edit An iceberg at the edge of the Baffin Bay s sea ice The climate is Arctic with frequent storms especially in winter Average January temperatures are 20 C 4 F in the south and 28 C 18 F in the north In July the average temperature is 7 C 45 F The annual precipitation is 100 250 mm 3 9 9 8 in on the Greenland side and about twice as much near Baffin Island 2 The water temperature at the surface is below 1 C 30 F in winter In summer it varies from 4 5 C 39 41 F in the south east to 0 C 32 F and below at north west The salinity exceeds 34 parts per thousand in winter In summer it is 32 on the east and 30 31 on the west Deep waters are formed as a result of mixing of Arctic and Atlantic waters their temperature is about 0 5 C 31 1 F and salinity is 34 5 In winter 80 of the bay is covered with continuous ice floating ice and fast ice In some winters the continuous ice stretches from shore to shore The ice is most abundant in March and least in August September In summer drifting ice remains in the central and western parts of the bay Numerous icebergs are formed in this period and are brought together with ice to the Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland 1 19 The tides are semidiurnal with an average height of 4 m 13 ft and the maximum of 9 m 30 ft Their speed varies between 1 and 3 7 km h 0 62 and 2 30 mph hour and the direction by as much as 180 This variability results in the collision and crushing of fresh old and pack ice 2 Winds are predominantly north western through the whole year South eastern and eastern winds are common in July and August 1 19 North Water EditMain article North Water Polynya Between May and July sometimes April a significant portion of navigable open water polynya forms at the extreme north of the bay presumably due to the relatively warm Greenland Current 2 With an area of about 80 000 km2 31 000 sq mi in summer it is the largest polynya of the Canadian Arctic and covers the Smith Sound between the Ellesmere Island and Greenland This polynya has a stable position and existed for at least 9 000 years It was first described in 1616 by William Baffin and was named North Water by whalers of the 18 19th centuries 19 20 Wildlife Edit Fog over Baffin Bay The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton and is characterized by abundant fauna Of about 20 000 beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay some 15 000 are concentrated at the North Water 21 Other abundant animals of the region include walrus narwhal harp seal bearded seal ringed seal bowhead whale rorquals and polar bear All aquatic mammals crucially depend on the availability of open water they have very limited ability to maintain breathing holes in ice and are all vulnerable to attacks by the polar bear when breathing at the holes The seals and walrus occupy areas of fast ice which is essential for giving birth and raising the pups Bearded seals feed near the bottom of the bay and therefore are restricted to the shallow waters Ringed seal is the most common meal of the polar bear It is also an occasional prey of the walrus and Arctic fox 22 Most large animals of the bay are being traditionally hunted but the hunting has been restricted in the 20th century in order to preserve the wildlife population For example the quota for polar bears in the bay area is 105 per year 23 There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores including birch willow alder and plants adapted to salty soils as well as lyme grass mosses and lichens These serve as food for caribou and rodents such as lemming Resident fish species include polar cod Arctic flounder Pleuronectidae Liopsetta four horned sculpin and capelin whereas cod haddock herring halibut and rattail migrate from the Atlantic The birds are represented by the little auk snowy owl willow ptarmigan rock ptarmigan gyrfalcon Arctic redpoll and guillemots Most of them migrate to the south during the winter 2 24 25 Oil and gas EditMain article Petroleum exploration in the Arctic The US Geological Survey has estimated that at least 13 of the world s undiscovered oil deposits and 30 of the world s undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic with the seas around Greenland potentially holding large amounts of natural gas and lesser amounts of crude oil and natural gas liquids 26 27 Accordingly the Greenland authorities have offered a large number of off shore concessions for potential hydrocarbon oil and gas extraction The largest concession areas are located in seas west of Greenland primarily in Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait but with several smaller concessions in the Greenland Sea in the east also 28 29 30 31 See also Edit Geography portal1968 Thule Air Base B 52 crashNotes Edit Former names include Baffin s Bay and Baffin s Sea 5 a b c d e Baffin Bay Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian a b c d e f g h Baffin Bay Encyclopaedia Britannica on line Baffin Bay Wissenladen de Retrieved on 2013 03 22 Den gronlandske Lods Geodatastyrelsen PDF Archived from the original PDF on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 7 May 2016 EB 1878 a b Limits of Oceans and Seas 3rd edition PDF International Hydrographic Organization 1953 Retrieved 28 December 2020 Reddy M P M 2001 Descriptive Physical Oceanography Taylor amp Francis p 8 ISBN 978 90 5410 706 4 Circulation and generation of the North Water Polynya Northern Baffin Bay PDF Retrieved on 2013 03 22 John Davis Encyclopaedia Britannica on line Markham 1881 a b Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Baffin William Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 192 W S Wallace Discovery and Exploration of Canada The Encyclopedia of Canada Vol II Toronto University Associates of Canada 1948 pp 307 310 Farley Mowat 1967 The Polar Passion The Quest for the North Pole Toronto McClelland and Stewart Limited p 43 Government will continue seeking positive legacy from Nanisivik mine closure minister says Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 Retrieved 2007 08 20 Canadian Mines Handbook 2003 2004 Toronto Ontario Business Information Group 2003 ISBN 0 919336 60 4 Statistics Canada Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 statcan ca 6 December 2010 Retrieved on 2013 03 22 The 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake EB 1911 a b c National Geospatial intelligence Agency January 2005 Prostar Sailing Directions 2005 Greenland and Iceland Enroute p 73 ISBN 978 1 57785 753 2 Elisabeth Levac Anne De Vernal amp Weston Blake Jr 2001 Sea surface conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay during the Holocene palynological evidence PDF Journal of Quaternary Science 16 4 353 Bibcode 2001JQS 16 353L doi 10 1002 jqs 614 S2CID 140572982 Archived from the original PDF on 11 May 2011 COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Beluga Whale Dsp psd pwgsc gc ca 31 July 2012 Retrieved on 2013 03 22 K J Finley amp W E Renaud 1980 Marine Mammals Inhabiting the Baffin Bay North Water in Winter PDF Arctic 33 4 724 738 doi 10 14430 arctic2592 Proposed Baffin Bay polar bear quota rejected CBC News 28 January 2010 E C Pielou 1 November 1994 A naturalist s guide to the Arctic pp 235 292 ISBN 978 0 226 66814 7 Maurice L Schwartz 2005 Encyclopedia of coastal science p 48 ISBN 1 4020 1903 3 90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1 670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic US Geological Survey USGS 23 July 2008 Retrieved 17 April 2016 Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland PDF US Geological Survey USGS May 2008 Retrieved 17 April 2016 Lisa Gregoire 15 May 2014 Greenland pushing ahead with oil and gas development Nunatsiaq Online Nunatsiaq News Retrieved 17 April 2016 Current Licences Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum Greenland Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2016 Map of exclusive hydrocarbon licences PDF Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum Greenland February 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2016 Approved Hydrocarbon Activities Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum Greenland 31 October 2015 Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2016 References EditBaffin William 1881 Markham Clements R ed The Voyages of William Baffin 1612 1622 Hakluyt Society Baynes T S ed 1878 Baffin s Bay Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 3 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 229 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Baffin Bay and Baffin Land Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 192 193External links EditLogbooks of the Seduisante Schooner 1910 at Dartmouth College Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baffin Bay amp oldid 1117201007, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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