fbpx
Wikipedia

Edgar Allan Poe

February 15, 2023

"Poe" and "Edgar Poe" redirect here. For other uses, see Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation), Poe (disambiguation), and Edgar Poe (A Series of Unfortunate Events).

Edgar Allan Poe (/poʊ/; né Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States, and of American literature. He was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story, and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre, as well as a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction.[1] He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[2]

Edgar Allan Poe
1849 "Annie" daguerreotype of Poe
BornEdgar Poe
(1809-01-19)January 19, 1809
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedOctober 7, 1849(1849-10-07) (aged 40)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1836; died 1847)​
Parents
Relatives
Signature

Poe was born in Boston, the second child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.[3] His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when his mother died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he was with them well into young adulthood. He attended the University of Virginia but left after a year due to lack of money. He quarreled with John Allan over the funds for his education, and his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army under an assumed name, he published his first collection, Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife in 1829. Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declared a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and parted ways with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose, and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In 1836, he married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, but she died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, he published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, aged 40, under mysterious circumstances. The cause of his death remains unknown, and has been variously attributed to many causes including disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.[4]

Poe and his works influenced literature around the world, as well as specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. He and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre.

Early life

 
Plaque in Boston marking the approximate location of Poe's birth

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actor David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. He had an elder brother, William, and a younger sister, Rosalie.[5] Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated from County Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.[6]

His father abandoned the family in 1810,[7] and his mother died a year later from consumption (pulmonary tuberculosis). Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.[8] The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",[9] although they never formally adopted him.[10]

The Allan family had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.[9] The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe attended the grammar school for a short period in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland (where Allan was born) before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Manor House School at Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.[11]

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.[12] In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,[13] leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $18,000,000 in 2021).[14] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.[15]

Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the University of Virginia in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.[16][17] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high dropout rate.[18] During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.[19] Poe gave up on the university after a year but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another man, Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer,[20] and started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.[21]

Military career

 
Poe was first stationed at Boston's Fort Independence while in the Army.

Poe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the United States Army as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". He claimed that he was 22 years old even though he was 18.[22] He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month.[20] That year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.[23] Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery, and had his monthly pay doubled.[24] He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve); he then sought to end his five-year enlistment early. He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who would allow Poe to be discharged only if he reconciled with Allan. Poe wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.[25]

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him.[26] Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.[27] In September of that year, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"[28] in a review of his poetry by influential critic John Neal, prompting Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal[29] in his second book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.[30]

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.[31] In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.[32] The marriage and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.[33] Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. He tactically pleaded not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing that he would be found guilty.[34]

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers.[35] It was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and including a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The City in the Sea".[36] Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been in ill health, in part due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.[37]

Publishing career

After his brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer, but he chose a difficult time in American publishing to do so.[38] He was one of the first Americans to live by writing alone[2][39] and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law.[40] American publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.[39] The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837.[41] There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.[42] Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,[43] and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.[44]

 
Poe (then aged 26) obtained a license in 1835 to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm (then aged 13). They were married for 11 years until her death, which may have inspired some of his writing.

After his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose, likely based on John Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine.[45] He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in a Bottle".[46] The story brought him to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835,[47] but White discharged him within a few weeks for being drunk on the job.[48] Poe returned to Baltimore where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were married at that time.[49] He was 26 and she was 13.

Poe was reinstated by White after promising good behavior, and he went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.[5] He published several poems, book reviews, critiques, and stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.[49][50]

Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838.[51] In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger. Also in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, though he made little money from it and it received mixed reviews.[52]

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal called The Stylus,[53] although he originally intended to call it The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for his prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."[54] The journal was never produced before Poe's death.

Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at the then-very-successful monthly Graham's Magazine.[55] In the last number of Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration of the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period."[56]

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position within the administration of President John Tyler, claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party.[57] He hoped to be appointed to the United States Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler's son Robert,[58] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.[59] Poe failed to show up for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.[60] Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were filled by others.[61]

 
Cottage in Fordham (The Bronx) where Poe spent his last years

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, or tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her throat.[62] She only partially recovered, and Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of her illness. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.[63] There Poe alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.[64] On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,[65] though he was paid only $9 for its publication.[66] It was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".[67]

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846,[63] and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in the Bronx. That home, now known as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John's College, now Fordham University.[68] Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.[69] Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.[70]

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship.[71] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.[72]

Death

Main article: Death of Edgar Allan Poe
 
Edgar Allan Poe is buried at Westminster Hall in Baltimore, Maryland (Lat: 39.29027; Long: −76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in Baltimore, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.[73] He was taken to the Washington Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.[74] Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".[74] All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe's death certificate.[75]

Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.[76] The actual cause of death remains a mystery.[77] Speculation has included delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,[4] cholera,[78] carbon monoxide poisoning,[79] and rabies.[80] One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from cooping, a form of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.[81]

Griswold's "Memoir"

Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".[82]

The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig" on the day that Poe was buried. It was soon further published throughout the country. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."[83] "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.[84]

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman and included Poe's letters as evidence.[84] Many of his claims were either lies or distortions; for example, it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict.[85] Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,[86] including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety".[87] Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.[88] Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as forgeries.[89]

Literary style and themes

 
1845 portrait by Samuel Stillman Osgood

Genres

Poe's best-known fiction works are Gothic horror,[90] adhering to the genre's conventions to appeal to the public taste.[91] His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.[92] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism[93] which Poe strongly disliked.[94] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on Boston Common,[95][96] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"[97] lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".[94] Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".[98]

Beyond horror, Poe also wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic effect, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.[91] "Metzengerstein" is the first story that Poe is known to have published[99] and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.[100] Poe also reinvented science fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Balloon-Hoax".[101]

Poe wrote much of his work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market tastes.[102] To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences, such as phrenology[103] and physiognomy.[104]

Literary theory

Poe's writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as "The Poetic Principle".[105] He disliked didacticism[106] and allegory,[107] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.[108] He believed that work of quality should be brief and focus on a specific single effect.[105] To that end, he believed that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.[109]

Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he really followed this system, however. T. S. Eliot said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."[110] Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".[111]

Legacy

 
Illustration by French impressionist Édouard Manet for the Stéphane Mallarmé translation of "The Raven", 1875 (digitally restored)

Influence

During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.[112] Poe's caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".[113] A favorite target of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was often defended by his literary friends in what was later called "The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.[114] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".[115]

Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[116] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.[117]

Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[118] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".[119] Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[120] Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago".[121] In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.[122]

Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on the genre.[123] In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".[124] Lovecraft's earlier stories express a significant influence from Poe.[125] A later work, At the Mountains of Madness, quotes him and was influenced by The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket.[126] Lovecraft also made extensive use of Poe's unity of effect in his fiction.[127] Alfred Hitchcock once said, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films".[128] Many references to Poe's works are present in Vladimir Nabokov's novels.[129]

Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned imitators.[130] One trend among imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.[131]

 
Poe, in a modern retouched version of the "Ultima Thule" daguerreotype

Even so, Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[116] William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".[132] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",[133] and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".[134] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[135]

It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one copy sold at Christie's auctioneers in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[136]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 years,[137][138] as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.[139][140] Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.[141] For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,[141] but insisted that it was still true[142] and considered it to be his career masterpiece.[143] Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.[144]

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in cryptography. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.[145] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.[146] Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.[145] The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.[147]

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other is probably based on a poem by Hester Thrale.[148][149]

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.[150] Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World War II.[151]

In popular culture

As a character

Main articles: Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television and film

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.[152] Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.[153] Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.[154]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

 
The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site in Philadelphia is one of several preserved former residences of Poe.

No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society.[155]

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe).[156] It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society. Of the several homes that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the last house has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843–1844, is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.[157] Poe's final home is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx.[69]

In Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth.[158][159][160][161] The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".[162][161] A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,[163] but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".[164]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.[165][166][167] The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. poet laureate Robert Pinsky.[168]

Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Side where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. On Sullivan's Island in Charleston, South Carolina, the setting of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In Fell's Point, Baltimore, a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.[169]

Photographs

 
1848 "Ultima Thule" daguerreotype of Poe

Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse great interest among literary historians.[170] Notable among them are:

  • "Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to honor the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester
  • "Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Main article: Poe Toaster

Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,[171] and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.[172] The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.[173]

List of selected works

Main article: Edgar Allan Poe bibliography

Short stories

Poetry

Other works

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Stableford 2003, pp. 18–19.
  2. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 138.
  3. ^ Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-60949-607-4. OCLC 779472206.
  4. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 256
  5. ^ a b Allen 1927
  6. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 13.
  7. ^ Canada 1997.
  8. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 8.
  9. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 9
  10. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 61.
  11. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 16–18.
  12. ^ PoeMuseum.org 2006.
  13. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 20.
  14. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  15. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 27–28.
  16. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 29–30.
  17. ^ University of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1st, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10
  18. ^ Meyers 1992, pp. 21–22.
  19. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 32–34.
  20. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 32
  21. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 41.
  22. ^ Cornelius 2002, p. 13.
  23. ^ Meyers 1992, pp. 33–34.
  24. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 35.
  25. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 43–47.
  26. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 38.
  27. ^ Cornelius 2002, pp. 13–14.
  28. ^ Sears 1978, p. 114, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.
  29. ^ Lease 1972, p. 130.
  30. ^ Sova 2001, p. 5.
  31. ^ Krutch 1926, p. 32.
  32. ^ Cornelius 2002, p. 14.
  33. ^ Meyers 1992, pp. 54–55.
  34. ^ Hecker 2005, pp. 49–51.
  35. ^ Meyers 1992, pp. 50–51.
  36. ^ Hecker 2005, pp. 53–54.
  37. ^ Quinn 1998, pp. 187–188.
  38. ^ Whalen 2001, p. 64.
  39. ^ a b Quinn 1998, p. 305
  40. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 247.
  41. ^ Whalen 2001, p. 74.
  42. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 99.
  43. ^ Whalen 2001, p. 82.
  44. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 139.
  45. ^ Lease 1972, p. 132.
  46. ^ Sova 2001, p. 162.
  47. ^ Sova 2001, p. 225.
  48. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 73.
  49. ^ a b Silverman 1991, p. 124.
  50. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 85.
  51. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 137.
  52. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 113.
  53. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 119.
  54. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 159.
  55. ^ Sova 2001, pp. 39, 99.
  56. ^ Graham, George; Embury, E.; Peterson, Charles; Stephens, A.; Poe, Edgar (December 1841). "The Closing Year". Graham's Magazine. Philadelphia, PA: George R. Graham. Retrieved December 2, 2020. We began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-five thousand subscribers, and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has as yet seen only its dawning. (See page 308 of pdf.)
  57. ^ Quinn 1998, pp. 321–322.
  58. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 186.
  59. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 144.
  60. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 187.
  61. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 188.
  62. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 179.
  63. ^ a b Sova 2001, p. 34.
  64. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 455.
  65. ^ Hoffman 1998, p. 80.
  66. ^ Ostrom 1987, p. 5.
  67. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 530.
  68. ^ Schroth, Raymond A. Fordham: A History and Memoir. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.
  69. ^ a b BronxHistoricalSociety.org 2007.
  70. ^ Weekes 2002, p. 149.
  71. ^ Benton 1987, p. 19.
  72. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 628.
  73. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 638.
  74. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 255
  75. ^ Bramsback 1970, p. 40.
  76. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 435–436.
  77. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 435.
  78. ^ CrimeLibrary.com 2008.
  79. ^ Geiling, Natasha. "The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  80. ^ Benitez 1996.
  81. ^ Walsh 2000, pp. 32–33.
  82. ^ Van Luling, Todd (January 19, 2017). "A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught You Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  83. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 259: To read Griswold's full obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
  84. ^ a b Hoffman 1998, p. 14
  85. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 693.
  86. ^ Sova 2001, p. 101.
  87. ^ Lease 1972, p. 194, quoting Neal.
  88. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 263.
  89. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 699.
  90. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 64.
  91. ^ a b Royot 2002, p. 57
  92. ^ Kennedy 1987, p. 3.
  93. ^ Koster 2002, p. 336.
  94. ^ a b Ljunquist 2002, p. 15
  95. ^ Royot 2002, pp. 61–62.
  96. ^ "(Introduction)" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library). The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston. The Trustees of Boston College. March 31, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  97. ^ Hayes 2002, p. 16.
  98. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 169.
  99. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 88.
  100. ^ Fisher 1993, pp. 142, 149.
  101. ^ Tresch 2002, p. 114.
  102. ^ Whalen 2001, p. 67.
  103. ^ Hungerford 1930, pp. 209–231.
  104. ^ Grayson 2005, pp. 56–77.
  105. ^ a b Krutch 1926, p. 225
  106. ^ Kagle 1990, p. 104.
  107. ^ Poe 1847, pp. 252–256.
  108. ^ Wilbur 1967, p. 99.
  109. ^ Jannaccone 1974, p. 3.
  110. ^ Hoffman 1998, p. 76.
  111. ^ Krutch 1926, p. 98.
  112. ^ Quinn 1998, p. 432.
  113. ^ Zimmerman, Brett (2005). Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-7735-2899-4.
  114. ^ Lewis, Paul (March 6, 2011). "Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's case against the Boston literati". boston.com. Globe Newspaper Company. from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  115. ^ "Longfellow's Serenity and Poe's Prediction" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  116. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 258
  117. ^ Harner 1990, p. 218.
  118. ^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 103.
  119. ^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 206.
  120. ^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 364.
  121. ^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 372.
  122. ^ McCrum, Robert (November 23, 2013). "The 100 best novels: No 10 – The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)". The Guardian. from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  123. ^ Joshi 1996, p. 382.
  124. ^ Pedersen 2018, pp. 172–173; Joshi 2013, p. 263; St. Armand 1975, p. 129.
  125. ^ Jamneck 2012, pp. 126–151; St. Armand 1975, pp. 129–130.
  126. ^ Lovecraft 2009; Jamneck 2012, pp. 126–151; Cannon 1989, pp. 101–103.
  127. ^ Joshi 2017, pp. x–xi.
  128. ^ "Edgar Allan Poe". The Guardian. July 22, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  129. ^ Brian Boyd on Speak, Memory 2014-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Vladimir Nabokov Centennial, Random House, Inc.
  130. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 281.
  131. ^ Carlson 1996, p. 476.
  132. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 274.
  133. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 265.
  134. ^ New York Times 1894.
  135. ^ Huxley 1967, p. 32.
  136. ^ New York Daily News 2009.
  137. ^ Cappi 1994.
  138. ^ Rombeck 2005.
  139. ^ Harrison 1987.
  140. ^ Smoot & Davidson 1994.
  141. ^ a b Meyers 1992, p. 214
  142. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 399.
  143. ^ Meyers 1992, p. 219.
  144. ^ Sova 2001, p. 82.
  145. ^ a b Silverman 1991, p. 152
  146. ^ Rosenheim 1997, pp. 2, 6.
  147. ^ Friedman 1993, pp. 40–41.
  148. ^ "Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem (“Nuptial Repartee”) that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, Morning Herald of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author." From Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014: p. 111.
  149. ^ Donn, Jeff. . Tulsa World. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  150. ^ Rosenheim 1997, p. 15.
  151. ^ Rosenheim 1997, p. 146.
  152. ^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 209.
  153. ^ Gargano 1967, p. 165.
  154. ^ Maslin 2006.
  155. ^ The Raven Society 2014.
  156. ^ Edgar Allan Poe Society 2007.
  157. ^ Burns 2006.
  158. ^ . The Raven Returns: Edgar Allan Poe Bicentennial Celebration. The Trustees of Boston College. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  159. ^ "Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place". Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com. Groundspeak, Inc. from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  160. ^ Van Hoy 2007.
  161. ^ a b Glenn 2007
  162. ^ "An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862" (Exhibition). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  163. ^ "Edgar Allan Poe Square". The City Record, and Boston News-letter. from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  164. ^ "Edgar Allan Poe Square". Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com. Groundspeak, Inc. from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  165. ^ Fox, Jeremy C. (February 1, 2013). "Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality". boston.com (Boston Globe). from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  166. ^ Kaiser, Johanna (April 23, 2012). "Boston chooses life-size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer's ties to city". boston.com (Boston Globe). from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  167. ^ "About the project". Edgar Allan Poe Square Public Art Project. Edgar Allan Poe Foundation of Boston, Inc. from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  168. ^ Lee, M.G. (October 5, 2014). "Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed". The Boston Globe. from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  169. ^ Lake 2006, p. 195.
  170. ^ Deas, Michael J. (1989). The Portraits and Daguerreotypes of Edgar Allan Poe. University of Virginia. pp. 47–51. ISBN 978-0-8139-1180-9.
  171. ^ Hall 2007.
  172. ^ Associated Press 2007.
  173. ^ "Poe Toaster tribute is 'nevermore'". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Company. January 19, 2010. from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.

Sources

  • Allen, Hervey (1927). "Introduction". The Works of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. OCLC 1050810755.
  • . Fox News. Associated Press. August 15, 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
  • Benitez, R, Michael (September 15, 1996). "Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not Telltale Alcohol". The New York Times. Based on Benitez, R.M. (1996). "A 39-year-old man with mental status change". Maryland Medical Journal. 45 (9): 765–769. PMID 8810221.
  • Benton, Richard P. (1987). "Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-9616449-1-8.
  • Bramsback, Birgit (1970). "The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe: An Attempt at Reassessment". Studia Neophilologica. XLII: 40. doi:10.1080/00393277008587456.
  • BronxHistoricalSociety.org (2007). . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
  • Burns, Niccole (November 15, 2006). . School of Communication – University of Miami. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  • Cappi, Alberto (1994). "Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35: 177–192. Bibcode:1994QJRAS..35..177C.
  • Canada, Mark, ed. (1997). . Canada's America. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
  • CrimeLibrary.com (2008). . TruTV.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  • Carlson, Eric Walter (1996). A Companion to Poe Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26506-8.
  • Cannon, Peter (1989). H. P. Lovecraft. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Vol. 549. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-7539-0. OCLC 246440364 – via Gale.
  • Cornelius, Kay (2002). "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe". In Harold Bloom (ed.). Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-6173-2.
  • Edgar Allan Poe Society (2007). "The Baltimore Poe House and Museum". eapoe.org. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  • Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (1993). "Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax (1971)". On Poe: The Best from American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 142–149. ISBN 978-0-8223-1311-3.
  • Foye, Raymond, ed. (1980). The Unknown Poe (Paperback ed.). San Francisco, CA: City Lights. ISBN 978-0-87286-110-7.
  • Frank, Frederick S.; Magistrale, Anthony (1997). The Poe Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27768-9.
  • Friedman, William F. (1993). "Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer (1936)". On Poe: The Best from American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 40–54. ISBN 978-0-8223-1311-3.
  • Gargano, James W. (1967). "The Question of Poe's Narrators". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-13-684963-6.
  • Glenn, Joshua (April 9, 2007). . The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  • Grayson, Eric (2005). "Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe". Mode 1: 56–77.
  • Hall, Wiley (August 15, 2007). "Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  • Harner, Gary Wayne (1990). "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. ISBN 978-0-9616449-2-5.
  • Harrison, Edward (1987). Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-19270-6.
  • Harrowitz, Nancy (1984), "The Body of the Detective Model: Charles S. Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe", in Eco, Umberto; Sebeok, Thomas (eds.), The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce, Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana University Press, pp. 179–197, ISBN 978-0-253-35235-4. Harrowitz discusses Poe's "tales of ratiocination" in the light of Charles Sanders Peirce's logic of making good guesses or abductive reasoning.
  • Hayes, Kevin J. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79326-1.
  • Hecker, William J. (2005), Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8071-3054-4
  • Hoffman, Daniel (1998) [1972]. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2321-8.
  • Hungerford, Edward (1930). "Poe and Phrenology". American Literature. 1 (3): 209–231. doi:10.2307/2920231. JSTOR 2920231.
  • Huxley, Aldous (1967). "Vulgarity in Literature". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-13-684963-6.
  • Jamneck, Lynne (2012). "Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft". Lovecraft Annual (6): 126–151. ISSN 1935-6102. JSTOR 26868454.
  • Jannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos) (1974). "The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe". Poe Studies. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x.
  • Joshi, S.T. (2013). "Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'". In Joshi, S.T. (ed.). Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–264. ISBN 978-0-8108-9235-4. OCLC 1026953908.
  • Joshi, S.T. (1996). H. P. Lovecraft: A Life (First ed.). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. ISBN 0-940884-89-5. OCLC 34906142.
  • Joshi, S.T. (2017). "Foreword". In Moreland, Sean (ed.). The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp. ix–xiv. ISBN 978-1-61146-241-8. OCLC 973481779.
  • Kagle, Steven E. (1990). "The Corpse Within Us". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. ISBN 978-0-9616449-2-5.
  • Kennedy, J. Gerald (1987). Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03773-9.
  • Koster, Donald N. (2002). "Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature". In Galens, David (ed.). Literary Movements for Students Vol. 1. Detroit: Thompson Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-6518-0. OCLC 865552323.
  • Krutch, Joseph Wood (1926). Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. (1992 reprint: ISBN 978-0-7812-6835-6)
  • Lake, Matt (2006). Weird Maryland. New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4027-3906-4.
  • Lease, Benjamin (1972). That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46969-0.
  • Ljunquist, Kent (2002). "The poet as critic". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–20. ISBN 978-0-521-79727-6.
  • Lovecraft, H.P. (August 20, 2009). "At the Mountains of Madness". The H. P. Lovecraft Archive. from the original on February 25, 2017.
  • Maslin, Janet (June 6, 2006). "The Poe Shadow". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  • Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy (Paperback ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-0-8154-1038-6.
  • Neimeyer, Mark (2002). "Poe and Popular Culture". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–224. ISBN 978-0-521-79727-6.
  • Nelson, Randy F. (1981). The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86576-008-0.
  • New York Daily News (December 5, 2009). "Edgar Allan Poe's first book from 1827 sells for $662,500; record price for American literature". Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  • New York Times (May 20, 1894). "Emerson's Estimate of Poe". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
  • Ostrom, John Ward (1987). "Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp. 37–47. ISBN 978-0-9616449-1-8.
  • * Pedersen, Jan B.W. (2018). "Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside". Lovecraft Annual (12): 165–173. ISSN 1935-6102. JSTOR 26868565.
  • Poe, Edgar Allan (November 1847). "Tale-Writing – Nathaniel Hawthorne". Godey's Ladies Book: 252–256. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  • . PoeMuseum.org. 2006. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009.
  • Quinn, Arthur Hobson (1998). Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5730-0. (Originally published in 1941 by New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.)
  • The Raven Society (2014). "History". University of Virginia alumni. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  • Rombeck, Terry (January 22, 2005). "Poe's little-known science book reprinted". Lawrence Journal-World & News.
  • Rosenheim, Shawn James (1997). The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5332-6.
  • Royot, Daniel (2002), "Poe's Humor", in Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57–71, ISBN 978-0-521-79326-1
  • Sears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7230-2.
  • Silverman, Kenneth (1991). Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance (Paperback ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-092331-0.
  • Smoot, George; Davidson, Keay (1994). Wrinkles in Time (Reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-380-72044-6.
  • Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-4161-9.
  • Stableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–31. ISBN 978-0-521-01657-5.
  • St. Armand, Barton Levi (1975). "H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent". Caliban. 12 (1): 127–155. doi:10.3406/calib.1975.1046. eISSN 2431-1766. S2CID 220649713.
  • Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–132. ISBN 978-0-521-79326-1.
  • Van Hoy, David C. (February 18, 2007). "The Fall of the House of Edgar". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  • Walsh, John Evangelist (2000) [1968]. Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances behind 'The Mystery of Marie Roget'. New York: St. Martins Minotaur. ISBN 978-0-8135-0567-1. (1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press)
  • Weekes, Karen (2002). "Poe's feminine ideal". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–162. ISBN 978-0-521-79326-1.
  • Whalen, Terance (2001). "Poe and the American Publishing Industry". In Kennedy, J. Gerald (ed.). A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–94. ISBN 978-0-19-512150-6.
  • Wilbur, Richard (1967). "The House of Poe". In Regan, Robert (ed.). Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-13-684963-6.

Further reading

  • Ackroyd, Peter (2008). Poe: A Life Cut Short. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-6988-6.
  • Bittner, William (1962). Poe: A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-09686-7.
  • George Washington Eveleth (1922). Thomas Ollive Mabbott (ed.). The letters from George W. Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe. Bulletin of the New York Public Library. Vol. 26 (reprint ed.). The New York Public Library.
  • Hutchisson, James M. (2005). Poe. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-721-3.
  • Poe, Harry Lee (2008). Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-4351-0469-3.
  • Pope-Hennessy, Una (1934). Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849: A Critical Biography. New York: Haskell House.
  • Robinson, Marilynne, "On Edgar Allan Poe", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXII, no. 2 (February 5, 2015), pp. 4, 6.
  • Tresch, John (2021). The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-3742-4785-0.
  • Baab-Muguira, Catherine (September 2021). Poe for Your Problems. New York: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-9909-0.

External links

Listen to this article (33 minutes)
 
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 22 November 2008 (2008-11-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)

February 15, 2023
edgar, allan, edgar, redirect, here, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, edgar, series, unfortunate, events, edgar, january, 1809, october, 1849, american, writer, poet, editor, literary, critic, best, known, poetry, short, stories, particularly, tale. Poe and Edgar Poe redirect here For other uses see Edgar Allan Poe disambiguation Poe disambiguation and Edgar Poe A Series of Unfortunate Events Edgar Allan Poe p oʊ ne Edgar Poe January 19 1809 October 7 1849 was an American writer poet editor and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and of American literature He was one of the country s earliest practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre as well as a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction 1 He is the first well known American writer to earn a living through writing alone resulting in a financially difficult life and career 2 Edgar Allan Poe1849 Annie daguerreotype of PoeBornEdgar Poe 1809 01 19 January 19 1809Boston Massachusetts U S DiedOctober 7 1849 1849 10 07 aged 40 Baltimore Maryland U S Alma materUniversity of VirginiaUnited States Military AcademySpouseVirginia Eliza Clemm m 1836 died 1847 wbr ParentsDavid Poe Jr Elizabeth ArnoldRelativesWilliam Henry Leonard Poe brother Rosalie Mackenzie Poe sister SignaturePoe was born in Boston the second child of actors David and Elizabeth Eliza Poe 3 His father abandoned the family in 1810 and when his mother died the following year Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond Virginia They never formally adopted him but he was with them well into young adulthood He attended the University of Virginia but left after a year due to lack of money He quarreled with John Allan over the funds for his education and his gambling debts In 1827 having enlisted in the United States Army under an assumed name he published his first collection Tamerlane and Other Poems credited only to a Bostonian Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan s wife in 1829 Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point declared a firm wish to be a poet and writer and parted ways with Allan Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals becoming known for his own style of literary criticism His work forced him to move among several cities including Baltimore Philadelphia and New York City In 1836 he married his 13 year old cousin Virginia Clemm but she died of tuberculosis in 1847 In January 1845 he published his poem The Raven to instant success He planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn later renamed The Stylus but before it could be produced he died in Baltimore on October 7 1849 aged 40 under mysterious circumstances The cause of his death remains unknown and has been variously attributed to many causes including disease alcoholism substance abuse and suicide 4 Poe and his works influenced literature around the world as well as specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography He and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature music films and television A number of his homes are dedicated museums The Mystery Writers of America present an annual Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre Contents 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 Publishing career 4 Death 4 1 Griswold s Memoir 5 Literary style and themes 5 1 Genres 5 2 Literary theory 6 Legacy 6 1 Influence 6 2 Physics and cosmology 6 3 Cryptography 7 In popular culture 7 1 As a character 7 2 Preserved homes landmarks and museums 7 3 Photographs 7 4 Poe Toaster 8 List of selected works 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Citations 10 2 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External linksEarly life Plaque in Boston marking the approximate location of Poe s birth Edgar Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts on January 19 1809 the second child of American actor David Poe Jr and English born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe He had an elder brother William and a younger sister Rosalie 5 Their grandfather David Poe had emigrated from County Cavan Ireland around 1750 6 His father abandoned the family in 1810 7 and his mother died a year later from consumption pulmonary tuberculosis Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan a successful merchant in Richmond Virginia who dealt in a variety of goods including cloth wheat tombstones tobacco and slaves 8 The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name Edgar Allan Poe 9 although they never formally adopted him 10 The Allan family had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812 John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son 9 The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815 and Poe attended the grammar school for a short period in Irvine Ayrshire Scotland where Allan was born before rejoining the family in London in 1816 There he studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817 He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby s Manor House School at Stoke Newington then a suburb 4 miles 6 km north of London 11 Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820 In 1824 he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette 12 In March 1825 Allan s uncle and business benefactor William Galt died who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond 13 leaving Allan several acres of real estate The inheritance was estimated at 750 000 equivalent to 18 000 000 in 2021 14 By summer 1825 Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two story brick house called Moldavia 15 Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the University of Virginia in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages 16 17 The university was in its infancy established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson It had strict rules against gambling horses guns tobacco and alcohol but these rules were mostly ignored Jefferson enacted a system of student self government allowing students to choose their own studies make their own arrangements for boarding and report all wrongdoing to the faculty The unique system was still in chaos and there was a high dropout rate 18 During his time there Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes purchase texts and procure and furnish a dormitory Allan did send additional money and clothes but Poe s debts increased 19 Poe gave up on the university after a year but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another man Alexander Shelton He traveled to Boston in April 1827 sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer 20 and started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period 21 Military career Poe was first stationed at Boston s Fort Independence while in the Army Poe was unable to support himself so he enlisted in the United States Army as a private on May 27 1827 using the name Edgar A Perry He claimed that he was 22 years old even though he was 18 22 He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month 20 That year he released his first book a 40 page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems attributed with the byline by a Bostonian Only 50 copies were printed and the book received virtually no attention 23 Poe s regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston South Carolina and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on November 8 1827 Poe was promoted to artificer an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery and had his monthly pay doubled 24 He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery the highest rank that a non commissioned officer could achieve he then sought to end his five year enlistment early He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer Lieutenant Howard who would allow Poe to be discharged only if he reconciled with Allan Poe wrote a letter to Allan who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe s pleas Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother s illness Frances Allan died on February 28 1829 and Poe visited the day after her burial Perhaps softened by his wife s death Allan agreed to support Poe s attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point New York 25 Poe was finally discharged on April 15 1829 after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him 26 Before entering West Point he moved to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe s first cousin his brother Henry and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe 27 In September of that year Poe received the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard 28 in a review of his poetry by influential critic John Neal prompting Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal 29 in his second book Al Aaraaf Tamerlane and Minor Poems published in Baltimore in 1829 30 Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1 1830 31 In October 1830 Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson 32 The marriage and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe 33 Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court martialed On February 8 1831 he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations classes or church He tactically pleaded not guilty to induce dismissal knowing that he would be found guilty 34 Poe left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poems simply titled Poems The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause raising a total of 170 They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers 35 It was printed by Elam Bliss of New York labeled as Second Edition and including a page saying To the U S Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated The book once again reprinted the long poems Tamerlane and Al Aaraaf but also six previously unpublished poems including early versions of To Helen Israfel and The City in the Sea 36 Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt brother and cousin in March 1831 His elder brother Henry had been in ill health in part due to problems with alcoholism and he died on August 1 1831 37 Publishing careerAfter his brother s death Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer but he chose a difficult time in American publishing to do so 38 He was one of the first Americans to live by writing alone 2 39 and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law 40 American publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans 39 The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837 41 There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time fueled in part by new technology but many did not last beyond a few issues 42 Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised 43 and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance 44 Poe then aged 26 obtained a license in 1835 to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm then aged 13 They were married for 11 years until her death which may have inspired some of his writing After his early attempts at poetry Poe had turned his attention to prose likely based on John Neal s critiques in The Yankee magazine 45 He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama Politian The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story MS Found in a Bottle 46 The story brought him to the attention of John P Kennedy a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas W White editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835 47 but White discharged him within a few weeks for being drunk on the job 48 Poe returned to Baltimore where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22 1835 though it is unknown if they were married at that time 49 He was 26 and she was 13 Poe was reinstated by White after promising good behavior and he went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother He remained at the Messenger until January 1837 During this period Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3 500 5 He published several poems book reviews critiques and stories in the paper On May 16 1836 he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed by Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house with a witness falsely attesting Clemm s age as 21 49 50 Poe s novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838 51 In the summer of 1839 he became assistant editor of Burton s Gentleman s Magazine He published numerous articles stories and reviews enhancing his reputation as a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger Also in 1839 the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes though he made little money from it and it received mixed reviews 52 In June 1840 Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal called The Stylus 53 although he originally intended to call it The Penn as it would have been based in Philadelphia He bought advertising space for his prospectus in the June 6 1840 issue of Philadelphia s Saturday Evening Post Prospectus of the Penn Magazine a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A Poe 54 The journal was never produced before Poe s death Poe left Burton s after about a year and found a position as writer and co editor at the then very successful monthly Graham s Magazine 55 In the last number of Graham s for 1841 Poe was among the co signatories to an editorial note of celebration of the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year Perhaps the editors of no magazine either in America or in Europe ever sat down at the close of a year to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now Our success has been unexampled almost incredible We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period 56 Around this time Poe attempted to secure a position within the administration of President John Tyler claiming that he was a member of the Whig Party 57 He hoped to be appointed to the United States Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler s son Robert 58 an acquaintance of Poe s friend Frederick Thomas 59 Poe failed to show up for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid September 1842 claiming to have been sick though Thomas believed that he had been drunk 60 Poe was promised an appointment but all positions were filled by others 61 Cottage in Fordham The Bronx where Poe spent his last years One evening in January 1842 Virginia showed the first signs of consumption or tuberculosis while singing and playing the piano which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her throat 62 She only partially recovered and Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of her illness He left Graham s and attempted to find a new position for a time angling for a government post He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal and later its owner 63 There Poe alienated himself from other writers by publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism though Longfellow never responded 64 On January 29 1845 Poe s poem The Raven appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation It made Poe a household name almost instantly 65 though he was paid only 9 for its publication 66 It was concurrently published in The American Review A Whig Journal under the pseudonym Quarles 67 The Broadway Journal failed in 1846 63 and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham New York in the Bronx That home now known as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road Nearby Poe befriended the Jesuits at St John s College now Fordham University 68 Virginia died at the cottage on January 30 1847 69 Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe s frequent theme of the death of a beautiful woman stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life including his wife 70 Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife s death He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman who lived in Providence Rhode Island Their engagement failed purportedly because of Poe s drinking and erratic behavior There is also strong evidence that Whitman s mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship 71 Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster 72 DeathMain article Death of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is buried at Westminster Hall in Baltimore Maryland Lat 39 29027 Long 76 62333 the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain On October 3 1849 Poe was found semiconscious in Baltimore in great distress and in need of immediate assistance according to Joseph W Walker who found him 73 He was taken to the Washington Medical College where he died on Sunday October 7 1849 at 5 00 in the morning 74 Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own He is said to have repeatedly called out the name Reynolds on the night before his death though it is unclear to whom he was referring His attending physician said that Poe s final words were Lord help my poor soul 74 All of the relevant medical records have been lost including Poe s death certificate 75 Newspapers at the time reported Poe s death as congestion of the brain or cerebral inflammation common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism 76 The actual cause of death remains a mystery 77 Speculation has included delirium tremens heart disease epilepsy syphilis meningeal inflammation 4 cholera 78 carbon monoxide poisoning 79 and rabies 80 One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe s death resulted from cooping a form of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate sometimes leading to violence and even murder 81 Griswold s Memoir Immediately after Poe s death his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted high profile obituary under a pseudonym filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic and which described him as a person who walked the streets in madness or melancholy with lips moving in indistinct curses or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers never for himself for he felt or professed to feel that he was already damned 82 The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed Ludwig on the day that Poe was buried It was soon further published throughout the country The piece began Edgar Allan Poe is dead He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday This announcement will startle many but few will be grieved by it 83 Ludwig was soon identified as Griswold an editor critic and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842 Griswold somehow became Poe s literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy s reputation after his death 84 Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called Memoir of the Author which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works There he depicted Poe as a depraved drunken drug addled madman and included Poe s letters as evidence 84 Many of his claims were either lies or distortions for example it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict 85 Griswold s book was denounced by those who knew Poe well 86 including John Neal who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a Rhadamanthus who is not to be bilked of his fee a thimble full of newspaper notoriety 87 Griswold s book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an evil man 88 Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as forgeries 89 Literary style and themes 1845 portrait by Samuel Stillman Osgood Genres Poe s best known fiction works are Gothic horror 90 adhering to the genre s conventions to appeal to the public taste 91 His most recurring themes deal with questions of death including its physical signs the effects of decomposition concerns of premature burial the reanimation of the dead and mourning 92 Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre a literary reaction to transcendentalism 93 which Poe strongly disliked 94 He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as Frog Pondians after the pond on Boston Common 95 96 and ridiculed their writings as metaphor run mad 97 lapsing into obscurity for obscurity s sake or mysticism for mysticism s sake 94 Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists only the pretenders and sophists among them 98 Beyond horror Poe also wrote satires humor tales and hoaxes For comic effect he used irony and ludicrous extravagance often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity 91 Metzengerstein is the first story that Poe is known to have published 99 and his first foray into horror but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre 100 Poe also reinvented science fiction responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in The Balloon Hoax 101 Poe wrote much of his work using themes aimed specifically at mass market tastes 102 To that end his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences such as phrenology 103 and physiognomy 104 Literary theory Poe s writing reflects his literary theories which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as The Poetic Principle 105 He disliked didacticism 106 and allegory 107 though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface Works with obvious meanings he wrote cease to be art 108 He believed that work of quality should be brief and focus on a specific single effect 105 To that end he believed that the writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea 109 Poe describes his method in writing The Raven in the essay The Philosophy of Composition and he claims to have strictly followed this method It has been questioned whether he really followed this system however T S Eliot said It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation he might have taken a little more pains over it the result hardly does credit to the method 110 Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization 111 Legacy Illustration by French impressionist Edouard Manet for the Stephane Mallarme translation of The Raven 1875 digitally restored Influence During his lifetime Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic Fellow critic James Russell Lowell called him the most discriminating philosophical and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America suggesting rhetorically that he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink 112 Poe s caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a tomahawk man 113 A favorite target of Poe s criticism was Boston s acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow who was often defended by his literary friends in what was later called The Longfellow War Poe accused Longfellow of the heresy of the didactic writing poetry that was preachy derivative and thematically plagiarized 114 Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow s reputation and style of poetry would decline concluding We grant him high qualities but deny him the Future 115 Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States 116 Poe is particularly respected in France in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire Baudelaire s translations became definitive renditions of Poe s work in Continental Europe 117 Poe s early detective fiction tales featuring C Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said Each of Poe s detective stories is a root from which a whole literature has developed Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it 118 The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the Edgars 119 Poe s work also influenced science fiction notably Jules Verne who wrote a sequel to Poe s novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields 120 Science fiction author H G Wells noted Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago 121 In 2013 The Guardian cited Pym as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle Henry James B Traven and David Morrell 122 Horror author and historian H P Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe s horror tales dedicating an entire section of his long essay Supernatural Horror in Literature to his influence on the genre 123 In his letters Lovecraft described Poe as his God of Fiction 124 Lovecraft s earlier stories express a significant influence from Poe 125 A later work At the Mountains of Madness quotes him and was influenced by The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 126 Lovecraft also made extensive use of Poe s unity of effect in his fiction 127 Alfred Hitchcock once said It s because I liked Edgar Allan Poe s stories so much that I began to make suspense films 128 Many references to Poe s works are present in Vladimir Nabokov s novels 129 Like many famous artists Poe s works have spawned imitators 130 One trend among imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be channeling poems from Poe s spirit One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863 in which she claimed to have received new compositions by Poe s spirit The compositions were re workings of famous Poe poems such as The Bells but which reflected a new positive outlook 131 Poe in a modern retouched version of the Ultima Thule daguerreotype Even so Poe has also received criticism This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation 116 William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him vulgar 132 Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to The Raven by saying I see nothing in it 133 and derisively referred to Poe as the jingle man 134 Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe s writing falls into vulgarity by being too poetical the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger 135 It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe s first book Tamerlane and Other Poems In December 2009 one copy sold at Christie s auctioneers in New York City for 662 500 a record price paid for a work of American literature 136 Physics and cosmology Eureka A Prose Poem an essay written in 1848 included a cosmological theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 years 137 138 as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers paradox 139 140 Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition 141 For this reason he considered it a work of art not science 141 but insisted that it was still true 142 and considered it to be his career masterpiece 143 Even so Eureka is full of scientific errors In particular Poe s suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets 144 Cryptography Poe had a keen interest in cryptography He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander s Weekly Express Messenger inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve 145 In July 1841 Poe had published an essay called A Few Words on Secret Writing in Graham s Magazine Capitalizing on public interest in the topic he wrote The Gold Bug incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story 146 Poe s success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture His keen analytical abilities which were so evident in his detective stories allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved and he used this to his advantage 145 The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines 147 Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name W B Tyler were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively One was a quote from Joseph Addison s play Cato the other is probably based on a poem by Hester Thrale 148 149 Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime William Friedman America s foremost cryptologist was heavily influenced by Poe 150 Friedman s initial interest in cryptography came from reading The Gold Bug as a child an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan s PURPLE code during World War II 151 In popular cultureAs a character Main articles Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television and film The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character often in order to represent the mad genius or tormented artist and in order to exploit his personal struggles 152 Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities 153 Often fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl 154 Preserved homes landmarks and museums The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site in Philadelphia is one of several preserved former residences of Poe No childhood home of Poe is still standing including the Allan family s Moldavia estate The oldest standing home in Richmond the Old Stone House is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum though Poe never lived there The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family and also features several rare first printings of Poe works 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826 it is preserved and available for visits Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society 155 The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe 156 It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society Of the several homes that Poe his wife Virginia and his mother in law Maria rented in Philadelphia only the last house has survived The Spring Garden home where the author lived in 1843 1844 is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site 157 Poe s final home is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx 69 In Boston a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe s birth 158 159 160 161 The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists also the street has since been renamed Charles Street South 162 161 A square at the intersection of Broadway Fayette and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor 163 but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged In 2009 the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets two blocks north of his birthplace was designated Edgar Allan Poe Square 164 In March 2014 fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture known as Poe Returning to Boston at this location The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life sized Poe striding against the wind accompanied by a flying raven his suitcase lid has fallen open leaving a paper trail of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him 165 166 167 The public unveiling on October 5 2014 was attended by former U S poet laureate Robert Pinsky 168 Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Side where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York A plaque suggests that Poe wrote The Raven here On Sullivan s Island in Charleston South Carolina the setting of Poe s tale The Gold Bug and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie there is a restaurant called Poe s Tavern In Fell s Point Baltimore a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death Known as The Horse You Came in On local lore insists that a ghost whom they call Edgar haunts the rooms above 169 Photographs 1848 Ultima Thule daguerreotype of Poe Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue to arouse great interest among literary historians 170 Notable among them are Ultima Thule far discovery to honor the new photographic technique taken in November 1848 in Providence Rhode Island probably by Edwin H Manchester Annie given to Poe s friend Annie L Richmond probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell Massachusetts photographer unknownPoe Toaster Main article Poe Toaster Between 1949 and 2009 a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe s original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the Poe Toaster Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried he claimed on August 15 2007 that he had started the tradition in 1949 Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church His story has not been confirmed 171 and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate 172 The Poe Toaster s last appearance was on January 19 2009 the day of Poe s bicentennial 173 List of selected worksMain article Edgar Allan Poe bibliography Short stories The Black Cat The Cask of Amontillado A Descent into the Maelstrom The Facts in the Case of M Valdemar The Fall of the House of Usher The Gold Bug Hop Frog The Imp of the Perverse Ligeia The Masque of the Red Death Morella The Murders in the Rue Morgue Never Bet the Devil Your Head The Oval Portrait The Pit and the Pendulum The Premature Burial The Purloined Letter The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether The Tell Tale Heart Loss of Breath Poetry Al Aaraaf Annabel Lee The Bells The City in the Sea The Conqueror Worm A Dream Within a Dream Eldorado Eulalie The Haunted Palace To Helen Lenore Tamerlane The Raven Ulalume Other works Politian 1835 Poe s only play The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 1838 Poe s only complete novel The Journal of Julius Rodman 1840 Poe s second unfinished novel The Balloon Hoax 1844 A journalistic hoax printed as a true story The Philosophy of Composition 1846 Essay Eureka A Prose Poem 1848 Essay The Poetic Principle 1848 Essay The Light House 1849 Poe s last incomplete workSee also Speculative fiction Horror portal Poetry portal Biography portalEdgar Allan Poe and music Edgar Allan Poe in television and film Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture List of coupled cousins USS E A Poe IX 103 ReferencesCitations Stableford 2003 pp 18 19 a b Meyers 1992 p 138 Semtner Christopher P 2012 Edgar Allan Poe s Richmond the Raven in the River City Charleston SC History Press p 15 ISBN 978 1 60949 607 4 OCLC 779472206 a b Meyers 1992 p 256 a b Allen 1927 Quinn 1998 p 13 Canada 1997 Meyers 1992 p 8 a b Meyers 1992 p 9 Quinn 1998 p 61 Silverman 1991 pp 16 18 PoeMuseum org 2006 Meyers 1992 p 20 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved April 16 2022 Silverman 1991 pp 27 28 Silverman 1991 pp 29 30 University of Virginia A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia Second Session Commencing February 1st 1826 Charlottesville VA Chronicle Steam Book Printing House 1880 p 10 Meyers 1992 pp 21 22 Silverman 1991 pp 32 34 a b Meyers 1992 p 32 Silverman 1991 p 41 Cornelius 2002 p 13 Meyers 1992 pp 33 34 Meyers 1992 p 35 Silverman 1991 pp 43 47 Meyers 1992 p 38 Cornelius 2002 pp 13 14 Sears 1978 p 114 quoting a letter from Poe to Neal Lease 1972 p 130 Sova 2001 p 5 Krutch 1926 p 32 Cornelius 2002 p 14 Meyers 1992 pp 54 55 Hecker 2005 pp 49 51 Meyers 1992 pp 50 51 Hecker 2005 pp 53 54 Quinn 1998 pp 187 188 Whalen 2001 p 64 a b Quinn 1998 p 305 Silverman 1991 p 247 Whalen 2001 p 74 Silverman 1991 p 99 Whalen 2001 p 82 Meyers 1992 p 139 Lease 1972 p 132 Sova 2001 p 162 Sova 2001 p 225 Meyers 1992 p 73 a b Silverman 1991 p 124 Meyers 1992 p 85 Silverman 1991 p 137 Meyers 1992 p 113 Meyers 1992 p 119 Silverman 1991 p 159 Sova 2001 pp 39 99 Graham George Embury E Peterson Charles Stephens A Poe Edgar December 1841 The Closing Year Graham s Magazine Philadelphia PA George R Graham Retrieved December 2 2020 We began the year almost unknown certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers we close it with a list of twenty five thousand subscribers and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has as yet seen only its dawning See page 308 of pdf Quinn 1998 pp 321 322 Silverman 1991 p 186 Meyers 1992 p 144 Silverman 1991 p 187 Silverman 1991 p 188 Silverman 1991 p 179 a b Sova 2001 p 34 Quinn 1998 p 455 Hoffman 1998 p 80 Ostrom 1987 p 5 Silverman 1991 p 530 Schroth Raymond A Fordham A History and Memoir New York Fordham University Press 2008 22 25 a b BronxHistoricalSociety org 2007 Weekes 2002 p 149 Benton 1987 p 19 Quinn 1998 p 628 Quinn 1998 p 638 a b Meyers 1992 p 255 Bramsback 1970 p 40 Silverman 1991 pp 435 436 Silverman 1991 p 435 CrimeLibrary com 2008 Geiling Natasha The Still Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved May 3 2021 Benitez 1996 Walsh 2000 pp 32 33 Van Luling Todd January 19 2017 A Vengeful Arch Nemesis Taught You Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe Huffington Post Retrieved July 23 2019 Meyers 1992 p 259 To read Griswold s full obituary see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource a b Hoffman 1998 p 14 Quinn 1998 p 693 Sova 2001 p 101 Lease 1972 p 194 quoting Neal Meyers 1992 p 263 Quinn 1998 p 699 Meyers 1992 p 64 a b Royot 2002 p 57 Kennedy 1987 p 3 Koster 2002 p 336 a b Ljunquist 2002 p 15 Royot 2002 pp 61 62 Introduction Exhibition at Boston Public Library The Raven in the Frog Pond Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston The Trustees of Boston College March 31 2010 Retrieved May 26 2012 Hayes 2002 p 16 Silverman 1991 p 169 Silverman 1991 p 88 Fisher 1993 pp 142 149 Tresch 2002 p 114 Whalen 2001 p 67 Hungerford 1930 pp 209 231 Grayson 2005 pp 56 77 a b Krutch 1926 p 225 Kagle 1990 p 104 Poe 1847 pp 252 256 Wilbur 1967 p 99 Jannaccone 1974 p 3 Hoffman 1998 p 76 Krutch 1926 p 98 Quinn 1998 p 432 Zimmerman Brett 2005 Edgar Allan Poe Rhetoric and Style Montreal McGill Queen s University Press pp 85 87 ISBN 978 0 7735 2899 4 Lewis Paul March 6 2011 Quoth the detective Edgar Allan Poe s case against the Boston literati boston com Globe Newspaper Company Archived from the original on June 3 2013 Retrieved April 9 2013 Longfellow s Serenity and Poe s Prediction Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society Forgotten Chapters of Boston s Literary History The Trustees of Boston College July 30 2012 Retrieved May 22 2012 a b Meyers 1992 p 258 Harner 1990 p 218 Frank amp Magistrale 1997 p 103 Neimeyer 2002 p 206 Frank amp Magistrale 1997 p 364 Frank amp Magistrale 1997 p 372 McCrum Robert November 23 2013 The 100 best novels No 10 The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe 1838 The Guardian Archived from the original on September 11 2016 Retrieved August 8 2016 Joshi 1996 p 382 Pedersen 2018 pp 172 173 Joshi 2013 p 263 St Armand 1975 p 129 Jamneck 2012 pp 126 151 St Armand 1975 pp 129 130 Lovecraft 2009 Jamneck 2012 pp 126 151 Cannon 1989 pp 101 103 Joshi 2017 pp x xi Edgar Allan Poe The Guardian July 22 2008 Retrieved February 14 2019 Brian Boyd on Speak Memory Archived 2014 06 29 at the Wayback Machine Vladimir Nabokov Centennial Random House Inc Meyers 1992 p 281 Carlson 1996 p 476 Meyers 1992 p 274 Silverman 1991 p 265 New York Times 1894 Huxley 1967 p 32 New York Daily News 2009 Cappi 1994 Rombeck 2005 Harrison 1987 Smoot amp Davidson 1994 a b Meyers 1992 p 214 Silverman 1991 p 399 Meyers 1992 p 219 Sova 2001 p 82 a b Silverman 1991 p 152 Rosenheim 1997 pp 2 6 Friedman 1993 pp 40 41 Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text I find that it previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4 1840 and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem Nuptial Repartee that first appeared in the June 21 1813 Morning Herald of London A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale i e Hester Lynch Piozzi in Harvard s library hints that she may be the true author From Edgar Allan Poe The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins Boston New Harvest Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2014 p 111 Donn Jeff Poe s puzzle decoded but meaning is mystery Tulsa World Archived from the original on August 17 2020 Retrieved June 2 2020 Rosenheim 1997 p 15 Rosenheim 1997 p 146 Neimeyer 2002 p 209 Gargano 1967 p 165 Maslin 2006 The Raven Society 2014 Edgar Allan Poe Society 2007 Burns 2006 Poe amp Boston 2009 The Raven Returns Edgar Allan Poe Bicentennial Celebration The Trustees of Boston College Archived from the original on July 30 2013 Retrieved May 26 2012 Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking com Groundspeak Inc Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved May 11 2012 Van Hoy 2007 a b Glenn 2007 An Interactive Map of Literary Boston 1794 1862 Exhibition Forgotten Chapters of Boston s Literary History The Trustees of Boston College July 30 2012 Retrieved May 22 2012 Edgar Allan Poe Square The City Record and Boston News letter Archived from the original on July 10 2010 Retrieved May 11 2011 Edgar Allan Poe Square Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking com Groundspeak Inc Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved May 11 2012 Fox Jeremy C February 1 2013 Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality boston com Boston Globe Archived from the original on April 30 2015 Retrieved April 9 2013 Kaiser Johanna April 23 2012 Boston chooses life size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer s ties to city boston com Boston Globe Archived from the original on May 29 2013 Retrieved April 9 2013 About the project Edgar Allan Poe Square Public Art Project Edgar Allan Poe Foundation of Boston Inc Archived from the original on April 23 2013 Retrieved April 9 2013 Lee M G October 5 2014 Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed The Boston Globe Archived from the original on July 2 2015 Retrieved July 2 2015 Lake 2006 p 195 Deas Michael J 1989 The Portraits and Daguerreotypes of Edgar Allan Poe University of Virginia pp 47 51 ISBN 978 0 8139 1180 9 Hall 2007 Associated Press 2007 Poe Toaster tribute is nevermore The Baltimore Sun Tribune Company January 19 2010 Archived from the original on January 20 2012 Retrieved January 19 2012 Sources Allen Hervey 1927 Introduction The Works of Edgar Allan Poe New York P F Collier amp Son OCLC 1050810755 Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe s Grave Fox News Associated Press August 15 2007 Archived from the original on December 22 2007 Retrieved December 15 2007 Benitez R Michael September 15 1996 Poe s Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies Not Telltale Alcohol The New York Times Based on Benitez R M 1996 A 39 year old man with mental status change Maryland Medical Journal 45 9 765 769 PMID 8810221 Benton Richard P 1987 Poe s Literary Labors and Rewards In Fisher Benjamin Franklin IV ed Myths and Reality The Mysterious Mr Poe Baltimore The Edgar Allan Poe Society pp 1 25 ISBN 978 0 9616449 1 8 Bramsback Birgit 1970 The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe An Attempt at Reassessment Studia Neophilologica XLII 40 doi 10 1080 00393277008587456 BronxHistoricalSociety org 2007 Edgar Allan Poe Cottage Archived from the original on October 11 2007 Burns Niccole November 15 2006 Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia School of Communication University of Miami Archived from the original on December 15 2007 Retrieved October 13 2007 Cappi Alberto 1994 Edgar Allan Poe s Physical Cosmology Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 35 177 192 Bibcode 1994QJRAS 35 177C Canada Mark ed 1997 Edgar Allan Poe Chronology Canada s America Archived from the original on May 18 2007 Retrieved June 3 2007 CrimeLibrary com 2008 Death Suspicion Cholera TruTV com Archived from the original on June 5 2008 Retrieved May 9 2008 Carlson Eric Walter 1996 A Companion to Poe Studies Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 26506 8 Cannon Peter 1989 H P Lovecraft Twayne s United States Authors Series Vol 549 Boston Twayne ISBN 0 8057 7539 0 OCLC 246440364 via Gale Cornelius Kay 2002 Biography of Edgar Allan Poe In Harold Bloom ed Bloom s BioCritiques Edgar Allan Poe Philadelphia PA Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 978 0 7910 6173 2 Edgar Allan Poe Society 2007 The Baltimore Poe House and Museum eapoe org Retrieved October 13 2007 Fisher Benjamin Franklin IV 1993 Poe s Metzengerstein Not a Hoax 1971 On Poe The Best from American Literature Durham NC Duke University Press pp 142 149 ISBN 978 0 8223 1311 3 Foye Raymond ed 1980 The Unknown Poe Paperback ed San Francisco CA City Lights ISBN 978 0 87286 110 7 Frank Frederick S Magistrale Anthony 1997 The Poe Encyclopedia Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 27768 9 Friedman William F 1993 Edgar Allan Poe Cryptographer 1936 On Poe The Best from American Literature Durham NC Duke University Press pp 40 54 ISBN 978 0 8223 1311 3 Gargano James W 1967 The Question of Poe s Narrators In Regan Robert ed Poe A Collection of Critical Essays Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall p 165 ISBN 978 0 13 684963 6 Glenn Joshua April 9 2007 The house of Poe mystery solved The Boston Globe Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved October 7 2019 Grayson Eric 2005 Weird Science Weirder Unity Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe Mode 1 56 77 Hall Wiley August 15 2007 Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend USA Today Associated Press Retrieved October 7 2019 Harner Gary Wayne 1990 Edgar Allan Poe in France Baudelaire s Labor of Love In Fisher Benjamin Franklin IV ed Poe and His Times The Artist and His Milieu Baltimore The Edgar Allan Poe Society ISBN 978 0 9616449 2 5 Harrison Edward 1987 Darkness at Night A Riddle of the Universe Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 19270 6 Harrowitz Nancy 1984 The Body of the Detective Model Charles S Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe in Eco Umberto Sebeok Thomas eds The Sign of Three Dupin Holmes Peirce Bloomington IN History Workshop Indiana University Press pp 179 197 ISBN 978 0 253 35235 4 Harrowitz discusses Poe s tales of ratiocination in the light of Charles Sanders Peirce s logic of making good guesses or abductive reasoning Hayes Kevin J 2002 The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 79326 1 Hecker William J 2005 Private Perry and Mister Poe The West Point Poems Baton Rouge LA Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 3054 4 Hoffman Daniel 1998 1972 Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 2321 8 Hungerford Edward 1930 Poe and Phrenology American Literature 1 3 209 231 doi 10 2307 2920231 JSTOR 2920231 Huxley Aldous 1967 Vulgarity in Literature In Regan Robert ed Poe A Collection of Critical Essays Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall p 32 ISBN 978 0 13 684963 6 Jamneck Lynne 2012 Tekeli li Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H P Lovecraft Lovecraft Annual 6 126 151 ISSN 1935 6102 JSTOR 26868454 Jannaccone Pasquale translated by Peter Mitilineos 1974 The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe Poe Studies 7 1 1 13 doi 10 1111 j 1754 6095 1974 tb00224 x Joshi S T 2013 Lovecraft s Dunsanian Studies In Joshi S T ed Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany Scarecrow Press pp 241 264 ISBN 978 0 8108 9235 4 OCLC 1026953908 Joshi S T 1996 H P Lovecraft A Life First ed West Warwick Rhode Island Necronomicon Press ISBN 0 940884 89 5 OCLC 34906142 Joshi S T 2017 Foreword In Moreland Sean ed The Lovecraftian Poe Essays on Influence Reception Interpretation and Transformation Bethlehem Pennsylvania Lehigh University Press pp ix xiv ISBN 978 1 61146 241 8 OCLC 973481779 Kagle Steven E 1990 The Corpse Within Us In Fisher Benjamin Franklin IV ed Poe and His Times The Artist and His Milieu Baltimore The Edgar Allan Poe Society ISBN 978 0 9616449 2 5 Kennedy J Gerald 1987 Poe Death and the Life of Writing New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 03773 9 Koster Donald N 2002 Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature In Galens David ed Literary Movements for Students Vol 1 Detroit Thompson Gale ISBN 978 0 7876 6518 0 OCLC 865552323 Krutch Joseph Wood 1926 Edgar Allan Poe A Study in Genius New York Alfred A Knopf 1992 reprint ISBN 978 0 7812 6835 6 Lake Matt 2006 Weird Maryland New York Sterling Publishing ISBN 978 1 4027 3906 4 Lease Benjamin 1972 That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution Chicago Illinois University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 46969 0 Ljunquist Kent 2002 The poet as critic In Hayes Kevin J ed The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 7 20 ISBN 978 0 521 79727 6 Lovecraft H P August 20 2009 At the Mountains of Madness The H P Lovecraft Archive Archived from the original on February 25 2017 Maslin Janet June 6 2006 The Poe Shadow The New York Times Retrieved October 13 2007 Meyers Jeffrey 1992 Edgar Allan Poe His Life and Legacy Paperback ed New York Cooper Square Press ISBN 978 0 8154 1038 6 Neimeyer Mark 2002 Poe and Popular Culture In Hayes Kevin J ed The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 205 224 ISBN 978 0 521 79727 6 Nelson Randy F 1981 The Almanac of American Letters Los Altos CA William Kaufmann Inc ISBN 978 0 86576 008 0 New York Daily News December 5 2009 Edgar Allan Poe s first book from 1827 sells for 662 500 record price for American literature Retrieved December 24 2009 New York Times May 20 1894 Emerson s Estimate of Poe The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2008 Ostrom John Ward 1987 Poe s Literary Labors and Rewards In Fisher Benjamin Franklin IV ed Myths and Reality The Mysterious Mr Poe Baltimore The Edgar Allan Poe Society pp 37 47 ISBN 978 0 9616449 1 8 Pedersen Jan B W 2018 Howard Phillips Lovecraft Romantic on the Nightside Lovecraft Annual 12 165 173 ISSN 1935 6102 JSTOR 26868565 Poe Edgar Allan November 1847 Tale Writing Nathaniel Hawthorne Godey s Ladies Book 252 256 Retrieved March 24 2007 Celebrate Edgar Allan Poe s 197th Birthday at the Poe museum PoeMuseum org 2006 Archived from the original on January 5 2009 Quinn Arthur Hobson 1998 Edgar Allan Poe A Critical Biography Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 5730 0 Originally published in 1941 by New York Appleton Century Crofts Inc The Raven Society 2014 History University of Virginia alumni Retrieved May 18 2014 Rombeck Terry January 22 2005 Poe s little known science book reprinted Lawrence Journal World amp News Rosenheim Shawn James 1997 The Cryptographic Imagination Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 5332 6 Royot Daniel 2002 Poe s Humor in Hayes Kevin J ed The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 57 71 ISBN 978 0 521 79326 1 Sears Donald A 1978 John Neal Boston Twayne Publishers ISBN 978 0 8057 7230 2 Silverman Kenneth 1991 Edgar A Poe Mournful and Never Ending Remembrance Paperback ed New York Harper Perennial ISBN 978 0 06 092331 0 Smoot George Davidson Keay 1994 Wrinkles in Time Reprint ed New York Harper Perennial ISBN 978 0 380 72044 6 Sova Dawn B 2001 Edgar Allan Poe A to Z The Essential Reference to His Life and Work Paperback ed New York Checkmark Books ISBN 978 0 8160 4161 9 Stableford Brian 2003 Science fiction before the genre In James Edward Mendlesohn Farah eds The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 15 31 ISBN 978 0 521 01657 5 St Armand Barton Levi 1975 H P Lovecraft New England Decadent Caliban 12 1 127 155 doi 10 3406 calib 1975 1046 eISSN 2431 1766 S2CID 220649713 Tresch John 2002 Extra Extra Poe invents science fiction In Hayes Kevin J ed The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 113 132 ISBN 978 0 521 79326 1 Van Hoy David C February 18 2007 The Fall of the House of Edgar The Boston Globe Retrieved October 7 2019 Walsh John Evangelist 2000 1968 Poe the Detective The Curious Circumstances behind The Mystery of Marie Roget New York St Martins Minotaur ISBN 978 0 8135 0567 1 1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press Weekes Karen 2002 Poe s feminine ideal In Hayes Kevin J ed The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 148 162 ISBN 978 0 521 79326 1 Whalen Terance 2001 Poe and the American Publishing Industry In Kennedy J Gerald ed A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe New York Oxford University Press pp 63 94 ISBN 978 0 19 512150 6 Wilbur Richard 1967 The House of Poe In Regan Robert ed Poe A Collection of Critical Essays Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall p 99 ISBN 978 0 13 684963 6 Further readingAckroyd Peter 2008 Poe A Life Cut Short London Chatto amp Windus ISBN 978 0 7011 6988 6 Bittner William 1962 Poe A Biography Boston Little Brown and Company ISBN 978 0 316 09686 7 George Washington Eveleth 1922 Thomas Ollive Mabbott ed The letters from George W Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe Bulletin of the New York Public Library Vol 26 reprint ed The New York Public Library Hutchisson James M 2005 Poe Jackson University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1 57806 721 3 Poe Harry Lee 2008 Edgar Allan Poe An Illustrated Companion to His Tell Tale Stories New York Metro Books ISBN 978 1 4351 0469 3 Pope Hennessy Una 1934 Edgar Allan Poe 1809 1849 A Critical Biography New York Haskell House Robinson Marilynne On Edgar Allan Poe The New York Review of Books vol LXII no 2 February 5 2015 pp 4 6 Tresch John 2021 The Reason for the Darkness of the Night Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science New York Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 978 0 3742 4785 0 Baab Muguira Catherine September 2021 Poe for Your Problems New York Running Press ISBN 978 0 7624 9909 0 External linksEdgar Allan Poe at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article 33 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 22 November 2008 2008 11 22 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Works by Edgar Allan Poe in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Edgar Allan Poe at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Edgar Allan Poe at Internet Archive Works by Edgar Allan Poe at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Works by Edgar Allan Poe at Open Library Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore Poe Museum in Richmond Virginia Edgar Allan Poe s Personal Correspondence Shapell Manuscript Foundation Edgar Allan Poe s Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin Funeral honours Edgar Allan Poe BBC News with video 2009 10 11 Selected Stories from American Studies at the University of Virginia Edgar Allan Poe at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Edgar Allan Poe at Library of Congress Authorities with 944 catalog records Finding aid to Edgar Allan Poe papers at Columbia University Rare Book amp Manuscript Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edgar Allan Poe amp oldid 1138293869, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.