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Dhaka

January 12, 2023

This article is about the capital city. For the division, see Dhaka division. For the district, see Dhaka district. For other uses, see Dhaka (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Senegal's capital city Dakar.

Dhaka (/ˈdɑːkə/ DAH-kə or /ˈdækə/ DAK-ə; Bengali: ঢাকা, romanized: Ḍhākā, Bengali pronunciation: [ˈɖʱaka]), formerly known as Dacca,[14] is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh, as well as the world's largest Bengali-speaking city. It is the ninth largest and seventh most densely populated city in the world with a population of 8.9 million residents as of 2011, and a population of over 21.7 million residents in the Greater Dhaka Area.[15][16] According to a Demographia survey, Dhaka has the most densely populated built-up urban area in the world, and is popularly described as such in the news media.[17][18] Dhaka is one of the major cities of South Asia and a major global Muslim-majority city. Dhaka ranks 39th in the world and 3rd in South Asia in terms of urban GDP. As part of the Bengal delta, the city is bounded by the Buriganga River, Turag River, Dhaleshwari River and Shitalakshya River.

Dhaka
ঢাকা
Dacca
Capital city
, Ahsan Manzil in Old Dhaka, Lalbagh Fort, Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka, Hatirjheel lakefront
Nickname: 
City of Mosques[1][2]
Dhaka
Location in Dhaka
Dhaka
Location in Dhaka Division
Dhaka
Location in Bangladesh
Dhaka
Location in Asia
Dhaka
Location in Earth
Coordinates: 23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889Coordinates: 23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889
CountryBangladesh
DivisionDhaka Division
DistrictDhaka District
Establishment1608
Government
 • TypeMayor - Council
 • BodyDNCC and DSCC
 • North MayorAtiqul Islam[3]
 • South MayorSheikh Fazle Noor Taposh[3]
 • Police CommissionerKhandker Golam Faruq
Area
[5][6]
 • Capital city305.47 km2 (117.94 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,161.17[4] km2 (834.432[4] sq mi)
Elevation
[7]
32 m (104.96 ft)
Population
 (2022)[8][9]
 • Capital city10,278,882
 • Rank1st
 • Density34,000/km2 (87,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
22,478,116
DemonymDhakaiya
Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)
Postal code
1000, 1100, 12xx, 13xx
HDI (2019)0.711[10]
high
Calling code02 [For Dhaka city only]
Metro GDP$405.872 Billion PPP[11]
PoliceDhaka Metropolitan Police
International airportHazrat Shahjalal International Airport
ISO 3166-2BD-13
Websitedncc.gov.bd (Dhaka North City Corporation)
dscc.gov.bd (Dhaka South City Corporation)

The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium. An early modern city developed from the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial centre of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka was the capital of a proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal for 75 years (1608–39 and 1660–1704). It was the hub of the muslin trade in Bengal and one of the most prosperous cities in the world. The Mughal city was named Jahangirnagar (City of Jahangir) in honour of the erstwhile ruling emperor Jahangir.[19][20][21] The city's wealthy Mughal elite included princes and the sons of Mughal emperors. The pre-colonial city's glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries when it was home to merchants from across Eurasia. The Port of Dhaka was a major trading post for both riverine and seaborne trade. The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid gardens, tombs, mosques, palaces and forts. The city was once called the Venice of the East.[22] Under British rule, the city saw the introduction of electricity, railways, cinemas, Western-style universities and colleges and a modern water supply. It became an important administrative and educational centre in the British Raj, as the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam province after 1905.[23] In 1947, after the end of British rule, the city became the administrative capital of East Pakistan. It was declared the legislative capital of Pakistan in 1962. In 1971, after the Liberation War, it became the capital of independent Bangladesh. In 2008, Dhaka celebrated 400 years as a municipal city.[24][25][26]

A beta-global city,[27] Dhaka is the center of political, economic and culture life in Bangladesh. It is the seat of the Government of Bangladesh, many Bangladeshi companies and leading Bangladeshi educational, scientific, research and cultural organizations. Since its establishment as a modern capital city; the population, area and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously. The city is now one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country. The city accounts for 35% of Bangladesh's economy.[28] The Dhaka Stock Exchange has over 750 listed companies. Dhaka hosts over 50 diplomatic missions as well as the headquarters of BIMSTEC, CIRDAP and the International Jute Study Group. Dhaka has a renowned culinary heritage. The city's culture is known for its rickshaws, biryani, art festivals and religious diversity. The old city is home to around 2000 buildings from the Mughal and British periods. Since 1947, the city saw significant growth in its publishing industry, including the emergence of a thriving press.[29] In Bengali literature, Dhaka's heritage has been reflected in the works of Akhteruzzaman Elias, Tahmima Anam, Shazia Omar and other Bangladeshi writers.[30]

Etymology

The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. Once dhak trees were very common in the area and the name may have originated from it. Alternatively, this name may refer to the hidden Hindu goddess Dhakeshwari, whose temple is located in the south-western part of the city.[31] Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a membranophone instrument, dhak which was played by order of Subahdar Islam Khan I during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610.[32]

Some references also say it was derived from a Prakrit dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; or Dhakka, used in the Rajtarangini for a watch-station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta as an eastern frontier kingdom.[33] According to Rajatarangini written by a Kashmiri Brahman, Kalhana,[34] the region was originally known as Dhakka. The word Dhakka means watchtower. Bikrampur and Sonargaon—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose.[34]

History

Main article: History of Dhaka
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Dhaka.
 
Dhaka was the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa

Pre-Mughal

The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium.[31] The region was part of the ancient district of Bikrampur, which was ruled by the Sena dynasty.[35] Under Islamic rule, it became part of the historic district of Sonargaon, the regional administrative hub of the Delhi and the Bengal Sultanates.[36] The Grand Trunk Road passed through the region, connecting it with North India, Central Asia and the southeastern port city of Chittagong. Before Dhaka, the capital of Bengal was Gour. Even earlier capitals included Pandua, Bikrampur and Sonargaon. The latter was also the seat of Isa Khan and his son Musa Khan, who both headed a confederation of twelve chieftains that resisted Mughal expansion in eastern Bengal during the late 16th century. Due to a change in the course of the Ganges, the strategic importance of Gour was lost. Dhaka was viewed with strategic importance due to the Mughal need to consolidate control in eastern Bengal. The Mughals also planned to extend their empire beyond into Assam and Arakan. Dhaka and Chittagong became the eastern frontiers of the Mughal Empire.

Early period of Mughal Bengal

 
Ruins of Lalbagh Fort
 
Prince Dara Shikoh and another man wearing muslin robes
 
Woman draped in muslin and holding a hookah in Dhaka in 1789

Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and eastern India, including the modern-day Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This province was known as Bengal Subah. Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of Bengal Subah (1610-1717). The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor Shaista Khan (1644-1677 and 1680-1688). Rice was then sold at eight maunds per rupee. Thomas Bowrey, an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670, wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit. He estimated the city to be more populated than London with 900,000 people.[37]

Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the proto-industrialisation of Bengal. It was the center of the muslin trade in Bengal, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets as far away as Central Asia.[38] Mughal India depended on Bengali products like rice, silk and cotton textiles. European East India Companies from Britain, Holland, France and Denmark also depended on Bengali products. Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, with many products being sold to Dutch ships in Bengali harbors and then transported to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. Bengal accounted for 50% of textiles and 80% of silks in Dutch textile imports from Asia.[39] Silk was also exported to premodern Japan.[40] The region had a large shipbuilding industry which supplied the Mughal Navy. The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223,250 tons annually, compared to 23,061 tons produced by North America from 1769 to 1771.[41] The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid out gardens. Caravanserai included the Bara Katra and Choto Katra. The architect of the palatial Bara Katra was Abul Qashim Al Hussaini Attabatayi Assemani.[42] According to inscriptions in the Bangladesh National Museum, the ownership of Bara Katra was entrusted to an Islamic waqf.[42] The Bara Katra also served as a residence for Mughal governors, including Prince Shah Shuja (the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan).[42] Dhaka was home to an array of Mughal bureaucrats and military officials, as well as members of the imperial family. The city was guarded by Mughal artillery like the Bibi Mariam Cannon (Lady Mary Cannon).

Islam Khan I was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city.[43] Khan named it "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. The main expansion of the city took place under governor Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (11.8 by 8.1 mi), with a population of nearly one million.[44] Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India.[45] The construction of Lalbagh Fort was commenced in 1678 by Prince Azam Shah, who was the governor of Bengal, a son of Emperor Aurangzeb and a future Mughal Emperor himself. The Lalbagh Fort was intended to be the viceregal residence of Mughal governors in eastern India. Before the fort's construction could be completed, the prince was recalled by Emperor Aurangzeb. The fort's construction was halted by Shaista Khan after the death of his daughter Pari Bibi, who is buried in a tomb in the center of the unfinished fort. Pari Bibi, whose name means Fairy Lady, was legendary for her beauty, engaged to Prince Azam Shah, and a potential future Mughal empress before her premature death.[46] Internal conflict in the Mughal court cut short Dhaka's growth as an imperial city. Prince Azam Shah's rivalry with Murshid Quli Khan resulted in Dhaka losing its status as the provincial capital. In 1717, the provincial capital was shifted to Murshidabad where Murshid Quli Khan declared himself as the Nawab of Bengal.

Naib Nizamat

 
Court of the Naib Nazim of Dhaka, the governor of Dhaka, Chittagong and Comilla under the Nawabs of Bengal

Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the Naib Nazim of Dhaka was in charge of the city. As the principal tax collector, the annual revenue of the Naib Nazim was 1 million rupees, which was a staggeringly high amount in that era.[47] The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, Comilla, and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who was allied with the French. Due to the defection of the Nawab's army chief Mir Jafar to the British side, the last Nawab lost the Battle of Plassey.

After the Battle of Buxar in 1765, the Treaty of Allahabad allowed the British East India Company to become the tax collector in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor in Delhi. The Naib Nazim continued to function until 1793, when all his powers were transferred to the East India Company. The city formally passed to the control of the East India Company in 1793. British military raids damaged a lot of the city's infrastructure.[48] The military conflict caused a sharp decline in the urban population.[49] Dhaka's fortunes received a boost with connections to the mercantile networks of the British Empire.[50] With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Dhaka became a leading center of the jute trade, as Bengal accounted for the largest share of the world's jute production.[51] But the British neglected Dhaka's industrial and urban development until the late 19th century. Income from the pre-colonial, proto-industrialized textile industry dried up. Bengali weavers went out of business after the imposition of a 75% tax on the export of cotton from Bengal,[52] as well as the surge in imports of cheap, British-manufactured fabrics after the advent of the spinning mule and steam power. Many of the city's weavers starved to death during Bengal's great famines under British rule.[53] The rapid growth of the colonial capital Calcutta contributed to the decline in Dhaka's population and economy in the early 1800s. In 1824, an Anglican bishop described Dhaka as a "city of magnificent ruins".[54]

Trade and migration

 
China (porcelain) belonging to a family of Old Dhaka in the 1800s.

Dhaka hosted factories of the English East India Company, the Dutch East India Company,[55] and French East India Company.[56] The property of the Ahsan Manzil was initially bought by the French for their factory and later sold to the Dhaka Nawab Family. The Portuguese were reportedly responsible for introducing cheese.[57][58] Dhaka saw an influx of migrants during the Mughal Empire. An Armenian community from the Safavid Empire settled in Dhaka and was involved in the city's textile trade, paying a 3.5% tax.[59] The Armenians were very active in the city's social life. They opened the Pogose School. Marwaris were the Hindu trading community. Dhaka also became home to Jews and Greeks.[60][61] The city has a Greek memorial. Several families of Dhaka's elite spoke Urdu and included Urdu poets. Persians also settled in the city to serve as administrators and military commanders of the Mughal government in Bengal.[62] The legacy of cosmopolitan trading communities lives on in the names of neighborhoods in Old Dhaka, including Farashganj (French Bazaar), Armanitola (Armenian Quarter) and Postogola (Portuguese Quarter).

According to those who lived in the historic city, "Dhaka was a courtly, genteel town – the very last flowering, in their telling, of Mughal etiquette and sensibility. It is this history that is today still reflected in the faded grandeur of the old city, now crumbling due to decades of neglect. The narrow, winding, high-walled lanes and alleyways, the old high-ceilinged houses with verandas and balconies, the old neighbourhoods, the graveyards and gardens, the mosques, the grand old mansions – these are all still there if one goes looking".[63] Railway stations, postal departments, civil service posts and river port stations were often staffed by Anglo-Indians.[64]

The city's hinterland supplied rice, jute, gunny sacks, turmeric, ginger, leather hides, silk, rugs, saltpeter,[65] salt,[66] sugar, indigo, cotton, and iron.[67] British opium policy in Bengal contributed to the Opium Wars with China. American traders collected artwork, handicrafts, terracotta, sculptures, religious and literary texts, manuscripts and military weapons from Bengal. Some objects from the region are on display in the Peabody Essex Museum.[67] The increase in international trade led to profits for many families in the city, allowing them to buy imported luxury goods.

British Raj

 
A horse racing derby taking place in Dhaka in 1890.
 
Dhaka was the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam in the British Raj between 1905 and 1912
 
Lord Curzon (standing far left) with early automobiles in Shahbag in 1904
 
Roof of the Old High Court Building, Dhaka overlooking the modern skyline

During the Indian mutiny of 1857, the city witnessed revolts by the Bengal Army.[68] Direct rule by the British crown was established following the successful quelling of the mutiny. It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family, which dominated the city's political and social elite. The Dhaka Cantonment was established as a base for the British Indian Army. The British developed the modern city around Ramna, Shahbag Garden and Victoria Park. Dhaka got its own version of the hansom cab as public transport in 1856.[69] The number of carriages increased from 60 in 1867 to 600 in 1889.[69]

A modern civic water system was introduced in 1874.[70] In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting Mymensingh and the Port of Narayanganj through Dhaka.[71] The city later became a hub of the Eastern Bengal State Railway.[71] The first film shown in Dhaka was screened on the riverfront Crown Theatre on 17 April 1898.[72] The film show was organized by the Bedford Bioscope Company.[72] The electricity supply began in 1901.[73]

This period is described as being "the colonial-era part of Dhaka, developed by the British during the early 20th century. Similar to colonial boroughs the length and breadth of the Subcontinent, this development was typified by stately government buildings, spacious tree-lined avenues, and sturdy white-washed bungalows set amidst always overgrown (the British never did manage to fully tame the landscape) gardens. Once upon a time, this was the new city; and even though it is today far from the ritziest part of town, the streets here are still wider and the trees more abundant and the greenery more evident than in any other part".[63]

Some of the early educational institutions established during the period of British rule include the Dhaka College, the Dhaka Medical School, the Eden College, St. Gregory's School, the Mohsinia Madrasa, Jagannath College and the Ahsanullah School of Engineering. Horse racing was a favourite pastime for elite residents in the city's Ramna Race Course beside the Dhaka Club.[74] The Viceroy of India would often dine and entertain with Bengali aristocrats in the city. Automobiles began appearing after the turn of the century. An 1937 Sunbeam-Talbot Ten was preserved in the Liberation War Museum. The Nawabs of Dhaka owned Rolls-Royces. Austin cars were widely used. Beauty Boarding was a popular inn and restaurant.

Dhaka's fortunes changed in the early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the first partition of Bengal in 1905, which restored Dhaka's status as a regional capital. The city became the seat of government for Eastern Bengal and Assam, with a jurisdiction covering most of modern-day Bangladesh and all of what is now Northeast India. The partition was the brainchild of Lord Curzon, who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal with a view to improve administration, education and business. Dhaka became the seat of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council. While Dhaka was the main capital throughout the year, Shillong acted as the summer retreat of the administration. Lieutenant Governors were in charge of the province. They resided in Dhaka. The Lt Governors included Sir Bampfylde Fuller (1905-1906), Sir Lancelot Hare (1906-1911) and Sir Charles Stuart Bayley (1911-1912). Their legacy lives on in the names of three major thoroughfares in modern Dhaka, including Hare Road,[75] Bayley Road, and Fuller Road.[76] The period saw the construction of stately buildings, including the High Court and Curzon Hall.

Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and Backergunge in Dacca Division; Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong and the Hill Tracts in Chittagong Division; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna and Malda in Rajshahi Division; Sylhet, Cachar, the Khasi and Jaintia Hills, the Naga Hills and the Lushai Hills in Surma Valley Division; and Goalpara, Kamrup, the Garo Hills, Darrang, Nowgong, Sibsagar and Lakhimpur in Assam Valley Division.[77] The province was bordered by Cooch Behar State, Hill Tipperah and the Kingdom of Bhutan.

On the political front, partition allowed Dhaka to project itself as the standard-bearer of Muslim communities in British India; as opposed to the heavily Hindu-dominated city of Calcutta.[51] In 1906, the All India Muslim League was founded in the city during a conference on liberal education hosted by the Nawab of Dhaka and the Aga Khan III. The Muslim population in Dhaka and eastern Bengal generally favored partition in the hopes of getting better jobs and educational opportunities. Many Bengalis, however, opposed the bifurcation of the ethnolinguistic region. The partition was annulled by an announcement of King George V during the Delhi Durbar in 1911. The British decided to reunite Bengal while the capital of India was shifted to New Delhi from Calcutta.

As a "splendid compensation" for the annulment of partition,[78] the British gave the city a newly formed university in the 1920s. The University of Dhaka was initially modelled on the residential style of the University of Oxford. It became known as the Oxford of the East because of its residential character. Like Oxford, students in Dhaka were affiliated with their halls of residence instead of their academic departments (this system was dropped after 1947 and students are now affiliated with academic departments).[79][80] The university's faculty included scientist Satyendra Nath Bose (who is the namesake of the Higgs boson); linguist Muhammad Shahidullah, Sir A F Rahman (the first Bengali vice-chancellor of the university); and historian R. C. Majumdar.[80] The university was established in 1921 by the Imperial Legislative Council. It started with three faculties and 12 departments, covering the subjects of Sanskrit, Bengali, English, liberal arts, history, Arabic, Islamic Studies, Persian, Urdu, philosophy, economics, politics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and law.

The East Bengal Cinematograph Company produced the first full-length silent movies in Dhaka during the 1920s, including Sukumari and The Last Kiss.[72] DEVCO, a subsidiary of the Occtavian Steel Company, began widescale power distribution in 1930.[73] The Tejgaon Airport was constructed during World War II as a base for Allied Forces. The Dhaka Medical College was established in 1946.

Metropolitan Dhaka

NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001.
 
Aerial view of Dhaka's main CBD in the 1980s
 
A typical residential neighborhood in the 1980s

The development of the "real city" began after the partition of India.[63] After partition, Dhaka became known as the second capital of Pakistan.[63][81] This was formalized in 1962 when Ayub Khan declared the city as the legislative capital under the 1962 constitution. New neighborhoods began to spring up in formerly baren and agrarian areas. These included Dhanmondi (rice granary), Katabon (thorn forest), Kathalbagan (jackfruit grove), Kalabagan (banana grove), and Gulshan (flower garden).[63] Living standards rapidly improved from the pre-partition standards.[82] The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the world's largest jute mill was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the Korean War.[83] People began building duplex houses. In 1961, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip witnessed the improved living standards of Dhaka's residents.[84] The Intercontinental hotel, designed by William B. Tabler, was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect Louis I. Kahn was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The East Pakistan Helicopter Service connected the city to regional towns.

The Dhaka Stock Exchange was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline Orient Airways began flights between Dhaka and Karachi on 6 June 1954. The Dhaka Improvement Trust was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959.[85] The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established a medical research centre (now called ICDDR,B) in the city in 1960.

The early period of political turbulence was seen between 1947 and 1952, particularly the Bengali Language Movement. From the mid-1960s, the Awami League's 6 point autonomy demands began giving rise to pro-independence aspirations across East Pakistan. In 1969, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released from prison amid a mass upsurge which led to the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1970. The city had an influential press with prominent newspapers like the Pakistan Observer, Ittefaq, Forum, and the Weekly Holiday. During the political and constitutional crisis in 1971, the military junta led by Yahya Khan refused to transfer power to the newly elected National Assembly, causing mass riots, civil disobedience and a movement for self-determination. On 7 March 1971, Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed a massive public gathering at the Ramna Race Course Maidan in Dhaka, in which he warned of an independence struggle.[86][87] Subsequently, East Pakistan came under a non-co-operation movement against the Pakistani state. On Pakistan's Republic Day (23 March 1971), Bangladeshi flags were hoisted throughout Dhaka in a show of resistance.[88]

On 25 March 1971, the Pakistan Army launched military operations under Operation Searchlight against the population of East Pakistan.[89] Dhaka bore the brunt of the army's atrocities, witnessing a genocide and a campaign of wide scale repression, with the arrest, torture and murder of the city's civilians, students, intelligentsia, political activists and religious minorities. The army faced mutinies from the East Pakistan Rifles and the Bengali police.[90] Large parts of the city were burnt and destroyed, including Hindu neighborhoods.[89] Much of the city's population was either displaced or forced to flee to the countryside.[91] In the ensuing Bangladesh War of Independence, the Bangladesh Forces launched regular guerrilla attacks and ambush operations against Pakistani forces. Dhaka was struck with numerous air raids by the Indian Air Force in December.[92][page needed] Dhaka witnessed the surrender of the west Pakistan forces in front of the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of Pakistan.[93]

After independence, Dhaka's population grew from several hundred thousand to several million in a span of five decades. Dhaka was declared the national capital by the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in 1972. The post-independence period witnessed rapid growth as Dhaka attracted migrant workers from across rural Bangladesh. 60% of population growth has been due to rural migration.[94] The city endured socialist unrest in the early 1970s, followed by a few years of martial law. The stock exchange and free market were restored in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Dhaka saw the inauguration of the National Parliament House (which won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture), a new international airport and the Bangladesh National Museum. Bangladesh pioneered the formation of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and hosted its first summit in Dhaka in 1985.[95] A mass uprising in 1990 led to the return of parliamentary democracy. Dhaka has hosted a trilateral summit between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1998;[96] the summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation in 1999 and conferences of the Commonwealth, SAARC, the OIC and United Nations agencies during various years.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.[97] Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million.[98] There has been increased foreign investment in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 2008 and 2011, the government of Bangladesh organized three years of celebrations to mark 400 years since Dhaka's founding as an early modern city.[24][25][26] But frequent hartals by political parties have greatly hampered the city's economy.[99] The hartal rate has declined since 2014. In some years, the city experienced a widespread flash flood during the monsoon.

Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world.[100] It is predicted to be one of the world's largest metropolises by 2025, along with Tokyo, Mexico City, Shanghai, Beijing and New York City.[101] Dhaka remains one of the poorest megacities. Most of its population are rural migrants, including climate refugees.[102] Blue-collar workers are often housed in slums. Congestion is one of the most prominent features of modern Dhaka. In 2014, it was reported that only 7% of the city was covered by roads.[103] The first phase of the Dhaka Metro is planned for opening in December 2022, coinciding with Bangladesh's 51st victory day.[104]

Geography

See also: Geography of Bangladesh

Topography

 
View of Dhaka from the International Space Station
 
Delonix regia trees beside Crescent Lake blooming during the summer

Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′N 90°22′E / 23.700°N 90.367°E / 23.700; 90.367, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 306.38 square kilometres (118.29 sq mi). Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.[105] Due to its location on the lowland plain of the Ganges Delta, the city is fringed by extensive mangroves and tidal flat ecosystems.[106] Dhaka District is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.

Cityscape

With the exception of Old Dhaka, which is an old bazaar-style neighborhood, the layout of the city follows a grid pattern with organic development influenced by traditional South Asian as well as Middle Eastern and Western patterns. Growth of the city is largely unplanned and is focused on the northern regions and around the city centre, where many of the more affluent neighborhoods may be found.[107] Most of the construction in the city consists of concrete high-rise buildings. Middle-class and upper-class housing, along with commercial and industrial areas, occupy most of the city; slums may be found in the outskirts and in less-visible areas such as alleyways. The most significant area of slums is found near the Buriganga River covering Kamrangirchar Thana.[108][107]

Dhaka does not have a well-defined central business district. Old Dhaka is the historic commercial center, but most development has moved to the north. The area around Motijheel is considered the "old" CBD, while to some extent Gulshan is considered the "new" CBD.[109] Many Bangladeshi government institutions can be found in Tejgaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, and Ramna.

Dhaka is among the most congested cities in the world, and traffic was estimated to cost the local economy US$3.9 billion per year in 2013. The average speed of a car travelling in Dhaka is estimated to be around 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph).[110] Most residents travel by rickshaw and green-coloured auto rickshaws powered by compressed natural gas, often referred to by locals as "CNGs". Much activity is centered around a few large roads, where road laws are rarely obeyed and street vendors and beggars are frequently encountered.[107][111][112]

 
Aerial view of Dhaka skyline, including the Independence Monument in Suhrawardy Udyan and the adjacent Ramna Park

Climate

Main article: Climate of Dhaka

Under the Köppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). The city has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and monthly means varying between 19 °C (66 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in May.[113] Approximately 87% of the average annual rainfall of 2,123 millimetres (83.6 inches) occurs between May and October.[113] According to the air quality index (AQI), the air of Dhaka is "unhealthy", and it posited third in the measurement of pollution.[114] Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.[115] Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.[115] Due to the unregulated manufacturing of brick and other causes, Dhaka is one of the most polluted world cities with very high levels of PM2.5 air pollution.[116]

Climate data for Dhaka (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.1
(88.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		40.6
(105.1) 		42.2
(108.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		37.4
(99.3) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		42.2
(108.0)
Average high °C (°F) 25.1
(77.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.6
(65.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		25.9
(78.6)
Average low °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		21.8
(71.2)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 7.5
(0.30) 		23.7
(0.93) 		61.7
(2.43) 		140.6
(5.54) 		278.4
(10.96) 		346.5
(13.64) 		375.5
(14.78) 		292.9
(11.53) 		340.0
(13.39) 		174.5
(6.87) 		31.1
(1.22) 		12.1
(0.48) 		2,084.5
(82.07)
Average rainy days 2 3 5 10 15 14 17 16 13 7 2 1 105
Average relative humidity (%) 71 64 62 71 76 82 83 82 83 78 73 73 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.3 225.3 256.3 237.8 220.9 142.2 131.5 140.6 152.7 228.6 236.3 242.6 2,435.1
Source 1: Bangladesh Meteorological Department[117][118][119]
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1934–1994),[120] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[121][122][123]


Parks and greenery

There are many parks within Dhaka City, including Ramna Park, Suhrawardy Udyan, Shishu Park, National Botanical Garden, Baldha Garden, Chandrima Uddan, Gulshan Park and Dhaka Zoo. There are lakes within city, such as Crescent Lake, Dhanmondi Lake, Baridhara-Gulshan Lake, Banani lake, Uttara Lake, Hatirjheel-Begunbari Lake and 300 Feet Road Prionty lake.[124]

Government

Capital city

 
The national parliament complex is surrounded by 200 acres of gardens in the center of the city

As the capital of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka is the home to numerous state and diplomatic institutions. The Bangabhaban is the official residence and workplace of the President of Bangladesh, who is the ceremonial head of state under the constitution. The National Parliament House is located in the modernist capital complex designed by Louis Kahn in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar. The Gonobhaban, the official residence of the Prime Minister, is situated on the north side of Parliament. The Prime Minister's Office is located in Tejgaon. Most ministries of the Government of Bangladesh are housed in the Bangladesh Secretariat.[125] The Supreme Court, the Dhaka High Court and the Foreign Ministry are located in the Ramna area. The Defence Ministry and the Ministry of Planning are located in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar.[125] The Armed Forces Division of the government of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Armed Forces headquarters are located in Dhaka Cantonment.[125] Several important installations of the Bangladesh Army are also situated in Dhaka and Mirpur Cantonments. The Bangladesh Navy's principal administrative and logistics base, BNS Haji Mohshin, is located in Dhaka.[126] The Bangladesh Air Force maintains the BAF Bangabandhu Air Base and BAF Khademul Bashar Air Base in Dhaka.[127]

Dhaka hosts 54 resident embassies and high commissions and numerous international organizations. Most diplomatic missions are located in the Gulshan and Baridhara areas of the city. The Agargaon area near Parliament is home to the country offices of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Islamic Development Bank.

Civic administration

History

The municipality of Dhaka was founded on 1 August 1864 and upgraded to "Metropolitan" status in 1978. In 1983, the Dhaka City Corporation was created as a self-governing entity to govern Dhaka.[128]

Under a new act in 1993, an election was held in 1994 for the first elected Mayor of Dhaka.[129] The Dhaka City Corporation ran the affairs of the city until November 2011.[130]

Municipal government

In 2011, Dhaka City Corporation was split into two separate corporations – Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation for ensuring better civic facilities.[131] These two corporations are headed by two mayors, who are elected by direct vote of the citizen for a 5-year period. The area within city corporations was divided into several wards, each having an elected commissioner. In total, the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.

Administrative agencies

Unlike other megacities worldwide, Dhaka is serviced by over two dozen government organizations under different ministries. Lack of coordination among them and centralization of all powers by the Government of Bangladesh keeps the development and maintenance of the city in a chaotic situation.[135]

Economy

See also: Economy of Dhaka
 
Gulshan Avenue

As the most densely industrialized region of the country, the Greater Dhaka Area accounts for 35% of Bangladesh's economy.[28] The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Dhaka as a beta− global city, in other words, one that is instrumental in linking their region into the world economy.[136] Major industrial areas are Tejgaon, Shyampur and Hazaribagh.[137] The city has a growing middle class, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.[33][138] Shopping malls serve as vital elements in the city's economy. The city has historically attracted numerous migrant workers.[139] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population[139][140] – rickshaw drivers alone number as many as 400,000.[141] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. The unemployment rate in Dhaka was 23% in 2013.[142]

Almost all large local conglomerates have their corporate offices located in Dhaka. Microcredit also began here and the offices of the Nobel Prize-winning Grameen Bank[143] and BRAC (the largest non-governmental development organisation in the world) are based in Dhaka.[144] Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city's landscape.[138] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and service sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.[139]

Dhaka has rising traffic congestion and inadequate infrastructure; the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten-year relief on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.[145]

CBDs

The Dhaka metropolitan area boasts of several central business districts (CBDs). In the southern part of the city, the riverfront of Old Dhaka is home to many small businesses, factories and trading companies. Near Old Dhaka lies Motijheel, which is the biggest CBD in Bangladesh. The Motijheel area developed since the 1960s. Motijheel is home to the Bangladesh Bank, the nation's central bank; as well as the headquarters of the largest state-owned banks, including Janata Bank, Pubali Bank, Sonali Bank and Rupali Bank. By the 1990s, the affluent residential neighborhoods of Gulshan, Banani and Uttara in the northern part of the city became major business centers and now hosts many international companies operating in Bangladesh. The Purbachal New Town Project is planned as the city's future CBD.

The following is a list of the main CBDs in Dhaka.

Industrial areas

Trade associations

Major trade associations based in the city include:

Stock market

The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) had a market capitalization of BDT 5,136,979.000 million in 2021.[146] Some of the largest companies listed on the DSE include:[147]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Bangladesh
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951335,760—    
1961507,921+51.3%
19711,373,718+170.5%
19813,265,663+137.7%
19916,620,697+102.7%
200110,284,947+55.3%
201114,730,537+43.2%
202222,478,116+52.6%
for Dhaka Agglomeration:[148]

The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to over 22 million as of 2022.[149] The population is growing by an estimated 3.3% per year,[149] one of the highest rates among Asian cities.[139] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.[139] According to the Far Eastern Economic Review, Dhaka will be home to 25 million people by the end of 2025.[150]

Ethnicity

The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaite and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Dhaka is also home to a large number of Bihari refugees, who are descendants of migrant Muslims from eastern India during 1947 and settled down in East Pakistan. The correct population of Biharis living in the city is ambiguous, but it is estimated that there are at least 300,000 Urdu-speakers in all of Bangladesh, mostly residing in old Dhaka and in refugee camps in Dhaka, although official figures estimate only 40,000.[151][152][153] Between 15,000 and 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal, Khasi, Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.[154]

Language

Language in Dhaka (2011)

  Bengali (98%)
  Urdu (1%)
  Others (1%)

Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali, the national language. Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Dhakaiya Kutti, Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. The city has both Bengali and English newspapers. Urdu, including Dhakaiya Urdu, is spoken by members of several non-Bengali communities, including the Biharis.[155]

Literacy

The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing quickly. It was estimated at 69.2% in 2001. The literacy rate had gone up to 74.6% by 2011[13] which is significantly higher than the national average of 72%.[156]

Religion

Religion in Dhaka City (2011)[157]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 95.72%
Hinduism
 
 3.60%
Christianity
 
 0.55%
Other or not stated
 
 0.13%

Islam is the dominant religion of the city, with 19.3 million of the city's population being Muslim, and a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There is also a small Shia sect, and an Ahmadiya community. Hinduism is the second-largest religion numbering around 1.47 million adherents. Smaller segments represent 1% and practice Christianity and Buddhism. In the city proper, over 8.5 million of the 8.9 million residents are Muslims, while 320,000 are Hindu and nearly 50,000 Christian.[158][157]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Dhaka

Literature

Dhaka is a major center for Bengali literature. It has been the hub of Bengali Muslim literature for more than a century. Its heritage also includes historic Urdu and Persian literary traditions. The Soldier in the Attic by Akhteruzzaman Elias is considered to be one of the best depictions of life in Old Dhaka and is set during Bengali uprisings in 1969. A Golden Age by Tahmima Anam is also set in Dhaka during the Bangladeshi war of independence and includes references to the Dhaka Club, the Dhaka University and the Dhanmondi area. The Dark Diamond by Shazia Omar traverses through Dhaka's history, beginning with the rule of Shaista Khan in the Mughal period.[159]

Festivals

 
The Central Shaheed Minar on Language Movement Day
 
Dhaka's annual Mangal Shobhajatra during the Bengali New Year is recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity

Annual celebrations for Language Martyrs' Day (21 February), Independence Day (26 March), and Victory Day (16 December) are prominently celebrated across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds. Many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.[160]Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on 14 April and is popularly celebrated across the city.[160] Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. Pahela Falgun, the first day of spring of the month Falgun in the Bengali calendar, is also celebrated in the city in a festive manner.[161] This day is marked with colourful celebration and traditionally, women wear yellow saris to celebrate this day. This celebration is also known as Basanta Utsab (Spring Festival). Nabanna is a harvest celebration, usually celebrated with food and dance and music on the 1st day of the month of Agrahayan of the Bengali year. Birthdays of Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam are observed respectively as Rabindra Jayanti and Nazrul Jayanti. The Ekushey Book Fair, which is arranged each year by Bangla Academy, takes place for the whole month of February. This event is dedicated to the martyrs who died on 21 February 1952 in a demonstration calling for the establishment of Bengali as one of the state languages of former East Pakistan. Shakrain Festival is an annual celebration observed with the flying of kites.[162] It is usually observed in the old part of the city at the end of Poush, the ninth month of the Bengali calendar (14 or 15 January in the Gregorian calendar).

The Islamic festivals of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Eid-E-Miladunnabi and Muharram; the Hindu festival of Durga Puja; the Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima; and the Christian festival of Christmas witness widespread celebrations across the city. Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.[163] The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam, national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore and mystic saint songwriter Lalon have a widespread following across Dhaka.[164] The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theatre Neighbourhood) which is the center of Dhaka's thriving theatre movement.[165] For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods.[166] Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls.[167] Two of the largest shopping malls in the city and the wider South Asian region are the Jamuna Future Park and Bashundhara City.

 
The Ekushey Book Fair is a major Bengali book fair

Cultural institutions

Annual and biennial cultural events

Cuisine

See also: Biryani and Bangladeshi cuisine
 
Dhaka has a popular style of mutton and potato biryani, known as the Kachi Biryani.

Historically, Dhaka has been the culinary capital of Bengal in terms of Mughlai cuisine. A distinct variant of Bengali-Mughlai cuisine evolved in the city. Chefs from Dhaka, the former Mughal provincial capital, served in the kitchens of the Nawabs of Bengal in Murshidabad. They invented the kachi biryani, which is a variant of biryani with mutton steaks and potatoes. One of the longest surviving outlets serving authentic kachi biryani is Fakhruddin's.[168] Kachi biryani is highly popular in Bangladeshi cuisine, with food critic and former MasterChef Australia judge Matt Preston praising its use of potatoes.[169] The Nawabi cuisine of Dhaka was notable for its patishapta dessert and the Kubali pulao. The korma recipe of the Nawab family was included by Madhur Jaffrey in her cookbook "Madhur Jaffrey's Ultimate Curry Bible".[170] Bakarkhani breads from Dhaka were served in the courts of Mughal rulers.[171] Since 1939, Haji biryani has been a leading biryani restaurant of the city. Dhaka also has a style of Murg Pulao (chicken biryani) which uses turmeric and malai (cream of milk) together.[172] Along with South Asian cuisine, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries.[138] Upmarket areas include many Thai, Japanese and Korean restaurants.[173]

During Ramadan, Chowkbazaar becomes a busy marketplace for iftar items. The jilapi of Dhaka are much thicker than counterparts in India and Pakistan.[174] The Shahi jilapi (king's jilapi) is one of the thickest jilapi produced. The phuchka is a popular street food. Dhaka hosts an array of Bengali dessert chains which sell a wide variety of sweets. Samosas and shingaras are also widely eaten traditional snacks. In recent years, the number of Bangladeshi-owned burger outlets have increased across the city. Notable bakeries include the Prince of Wales bakery in Old Dhaka and the Cooper's chain.

Architecture

See also: List of tallest buildings in Dhaka and Architecture of Dhaka

The architectural history of Dhaka can be subdivided into the Mughal, British and modern periods. As a result, Dhaka has landmarks of Mughal architecture, Indo-Saracenic architecture and modernist architecture. The oldest brick structure in the city is the Binat Bibi Mosque, which was built in 1454 in the Narinda area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (r. 1435 – 1459) of the Bengal Sultanate.[175][176] Old Dhaka is home to over 2000 buildings built between the 16th and 19th centuries, which form an integral part of Dhaka's cultural heritage. Modern Dhaka is often criticized as a concrete jungle.[177] But there are hidden gems in the concrete jungle, including traces of Dhaka's Mughal and colonial past; as well as landmarks of modernist architecture.

In the old part of the city, the fading grandeur of the Mughal era is evident in the crumbling, neglected caravanserai like Bara Katra and Choto Katra. Some structures like the Nimtali arch have been restored. The old city features narrow alleyways with high-walled lanes and houses with indoor courtyards.[63] The early 20th century government quarter in Ramna includes stately colonial buildings set amidst gardens and parks.[63] Among colonial buildings, the Curzon Hall stands out for "synthesizing imperial grandiosity with sporadic Mughal motifs, the imposing building symbolizes how the colonial administration sought to include elements of 'local' architecture as a way to show its sensitivity to native culture, which they hoped would counter growing nationalist sentiments among the natives".[178]

Amongst modernist buildings, the Grameenphone headquarters is described as "a paradigm setter for corporate Bangladesh".[178] The Museum of Independence and its attached national monument were inspired by the "land-water mysticism of deltaic Bengal" and the "evocative expansiveness of a Roman forum or the geographical assemblage of an Egyptian mastaba sanctuary".[178] Dhaka's Art Institute, designed by Muzharul Islam, was the pioneering building of Bengali regional modernism.[178] The vast expanse of the national parliament complex was designed by Louis Kahn. It is celebrated as Dhaka's pre-eminent civic space.[179] The national parliament complex comprises 200 acres (800,000 m2) in the heart of the city.[180] The Kamalapur railway station was designed by American architect Robert Boughey.[181] In the last few decades, Bangladesh's new wave of cultural architecture has been influenced by Bengali aesthetics and the environment.[182] City Centre Bangladesh is currently the tallest building in the city.

Publishing and media

See also: Mass media in Bangladesh

In 1849, the Kattra Press became the first printing press in the city. The name eludes to the katra, the Bengali word for caravanserai. In 1856, Dacca News became the first English language newspaper in the city. The Dacca News Press was the first commercial printing press in the city. Books published in Dhaka stirred discourse in the social and literary circles of Bengal. The Bengal Library Catalogue records the expansion of the publishing industry during the 1860s. Between 1877 and 1895, there were 45 printing presses in Dhaka. Between 1863 and 1900, more than a hundred Islamic puthi were published in Dhaka. Bookshops sprang up in Chowkbazaar, Islampur, Mughaltuli and Patuatuli. Albert Library was a den for leftwing activists.[29] After partition, the number of publishing houses in Dhaka rose from 27 in 1947 to 88 in 1966.[29] Prominent bookshops included Wheeler's bookstall and Presidency Library. Banglabazaar has since become the hub of the book trade.[29] Bookworm is a famous local book shop which has been located adjacent to the Prime Minister's Office for three decades, until being ordered to relocate in 2022.[183][184][185]

Dhaka is the center of the national media in Bangladesh. It is home to the state-owned Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar. In recent years, the number of privately-owned television channels and radio stations have increased greatly. There are over two dozen Bengali language television channels in the private sector, including 24 hour news channels. Radio is also popular across the city. Dhaka is home to national newspapers, including Bengali newspapers like Prothom Alo,[186] Ittefaq, Inqilab, Janakantha, and Jugantor; as well as English language newspapers The Daily Star,[187] The Financial Express, The Business Standard, Dhaka Tribune, and New Age. Broadcast media based in Dhaka include Gaan Bangla, Banglavision, DBC News, Somoy TV, Independent TV and Ekattor.

Education and research

See also: Education in Bangladesh
 
Curzon Hall is the home of the Faculty of Science, Dhaka University
 
The Teacher-Student Centre in Dhaka University, designed by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis, is one of the major student hubs of the city

Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into five levels: primary (from grades 1 to 5), junior (from grades 6 to 8), secondary (from grades 9 to 10), higher secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[188] The five years of primary education concludes with a Primary School Completion (PSC) Examination, the three years of junior education concludes with Junior School Certificate (JSC) Examination. Next, two years of secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of higher secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) Examination.[188] Education is mainly offered in Bengali. However, English is also widely taught and used. Many Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education alongside other subjects, which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in schools, colleges and madrasas.[188]

There are 52 universities in Dhaka. Dhaka College is the oldest institution for higher education in the city and among the earliest established in British India, founded in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of numerous public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes.[189] The University of Dhaka is the oldest public university[190] in the country which has more than 30,000 students and 1,800 faculty staff. It was established in 1921 being the first university in the region. The university has 23 research centers and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.[191] Eminent seats of higher education include Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Jagannath University and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College are two of the best medical colleges in the country.[192] Founded in 1875, the Dhaka Medical School was the first medical school in British East Bengal, which became Sir Salimullah Medical College in 1962.[193] Other government medical colleges are Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Mugda Medical College and Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka.

Learned societies and think tanks

Sports

 
Dhaka's main indoor stadium
 
Fireworks at the launch of a Bangladesh Premier League season

Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation.[194] Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by many schools, colleges and private entities. The Dhaka Metropolis cricket team represents Dhaka City in the National Cricket League, the oldest domestic first-class cricket competition in Bangladesh.[195] The Dhaka Premier League is the only domestic List A cricket tournament now in Bangladesh. It gained List A status in 2013–14 season.[196] In domestic Twenty20 cricket, Dhaka has a Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) franchise known as Minister Dhaka.[197]

Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official Test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.[198] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.[198] It hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup,[199] while the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, exclusively used for cricket, hosted 6 matches of the tournament including two quarter-final matches.[200] Dhaka has also hosted the South Asian Games three times, in 1985, 1993 and 2010. Dhaka is the first city to host the games three times. The Bangabandhu National Stadium was the main venue for all three editions.[201] Dhaka also hosted the ICC Men's T20 World Cup, along with Chittagong and Sylhet, in 2014.[202]

The Dhaka Derby between Mohammedan Sporting Club and Abahani, two of the most famous football teams in the country, maintaining a fierce rivalry over the years, especially in the Bangladesh Football Premier League and previously in the historic Dhaka League, which is the second oldest football league in South Asia, commencing in 1948.[203] Along with the two Dhaka giants, Brothers Union and Muktijoddha KC are also among the well renowned clubs residing in the capital.[204] The Bangabandhu National Stadium, also known as the Dhaka Stadium, has been the main venue for the Bangladesh national football team and Bangladesh women's national football team, since 2005.[205] Dhaka Stadium has also hosted the SAFF Championship on three occasions, the first being the 2003 edition, which Bangladesh went on to win.[206]

The National Sports Council, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation, is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Bangladesh Army Stadium, the Bir Sherestha Shaheed Shipahi Mostafa Kamal Stadium, the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium, the Maulana Bhasani Hockey Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground.[207] The Dhaka University Ground and the BUET Sports Ground host many intercollegiate tournaments.[208]

There are two golf courses in Dhaka, Army Golf Club and Kurmitola Golf Club.[209]

Transport

Public transportation

 
Cycle rickshaws are the most popular mode of transport in Dhaka
 
Double-decker bus of BRTC

Dhaka suffers some of the worst traffic congestion in the world. The city lacks an organized public transport system. Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport within the metro area, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day: the highest number in any city in the world.[138][210][211][212] However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government.[139][213] Relatively low-cost and non-polluting cycle rickshaws are superior to private cars, which are exclusively responsible for Dhaka's congestion.[214] The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine auto rickshaws with "green auto-rickshaws", which run on compressed natural gas.[215]

Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by numerous private companies and operators. There are three inter-district bus terminals in Dhaka, which are located in the Mohakhali, Saidabad and Gabtoli areas of the city. It is now planned to move three inter-district bus terminals to outside of the city.[216] Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata, Agartala, Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[217] Limited numbers of taxis are available. It is planned to raise the total number of taxis to 18,000 gradually.[218][219][220] Ride-sharing services like Uber and Pathao as well as scooters and privately owned cars are popular modes of transportation.

Metro

Main article: Dhaka Metro Rail

Dhaka Metro Rail (Bengali: ঢাকা মেট্রো রেল), colloquially known as the Dhaka Metro (Bengali: ঢাকা মেট্রো) is a mass rapid transit system serving Dhaka, Bangladesh. Together with the city's planned light rapid transit (LRT) system, it is expected to reduce congestion in the capital. It is a part of the 20-year long Strategic Transport Plan (STP) outlined by the Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA).[221] The first phase of Dhaka Metro's MRT Line 6 was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and commenced commercial operations on 28 December 2022, with metro services being available to the general commuters for the first time in the country the very next day.[222][223] The construction of MRT Line 6's second phase is scheduled to be completed by 2023.[224]

The network is planned to contain 6 lines. Currently there is 1 partially completed line, 2 under construction, and 4 have been proposed.

Before the opening of the Dhaka Metro Rail, Dhaka has been the biggest city in the world to not have a MRT system.

Operational
Line First run Stations Length (km) Terminals Depot
MRT 6
First Phase 		29 December 2022 Uttara North, Uttara Center, Uttara South, Pallabi, Mirpur-11, Mirpur-10, Kazipara, Shewrapara, Agargaon[225] 9[225] 11.73[225] Uttara Terminal Agargaon Uttara Terminal
Under construction/planned
Line Expected completion Stations Length (km) Terminals Interchange Stations Depot
MRT 1
(Airport Route) 		2026 Shahjalal International Airport Shahjalal International Airport Teminal 3, Khilkhet, Nadda, Notun Bazar, North Badda, Central Badda, Aftabnagar, Rampura, Malibagh, Rajarbagh, Kamalapur Railway Station 21 31.241 Shahjalal International Airport Kamalapur Railway Station Kamalapur Railway Station (MRT Line 1, 2, 4, 6), Notun Bazar (MRT Line 1, 5 North) Rupganj
MRT 1
(Purbachal Route) 		Notun Bazar, Nadda, Joar Sahara, Boalia, Mastul, Sheikh Hasina Cricket Stadium, Purbachal Centre, Purbachal East, Purbachal Terminal Notun Bazar Purbachal Terminal
MRT 2 2030 Gabtoli, Embankment Road, Bosila, Mohammadpur, Lalmatia, Dhanmondi-27, Sat Masjid Road, Zigatola, Dhanmondi-2, Science Laboratory, Elephant Road, New Market, Nilkhet, BUET, Azimpur, Dhaka Medical College, Wari, Motijheel, Arambagh, Kamalapur Railway Station, Mugda, Manda, Demra, Chittagong Road 22 24[226] Gabtoli Chittagong Road Gabotoli (MRT Line-5 North and South), Kamalapur Railway Station (MRT Line 1, 2, 4, 6) Hemayetpur
MRT 4 2030 Kamalapur Railway Station, Narayonganj 15 16[226] Kamalapur Railway Station Narayonganj Kamalapur Railway Station (MRT Line 1, 2, 4, 6)
MRT 5
(Northern Route) 		2028 Hemayetpur, Baliarpur, Bilamalia, Amin Bazar, Gabtoli, Darus Salam, Mirpur 1, Mirpur 10, Mirpur 14, Cantonment, Banani, Gulshan-2, Notun Bazar, United City 14 20 Hemayetpur United City Gabtoli (MRT Line-5 North and South), Notun Bazar (MRT Line 1, 5) Hemayetpur
MRT 5
(Southern Route) 		2030 Gabtoli, Technical Circle, Kallyanpur, Shyamoli, College Gate, Asad Gate, Russell Square, West Panthapath, Karwan Bazar, Hatirjheel, Tejgaon, Niketon, Aftabnagar West, Aftabnagar Center, Aftabnagar East and Dasherkandi 16 17.4 Gabtoli Dasherkandi Gabtoli (MRT Line-5 North and South) Dasherkandi
MRT 6
Second Phase 		2023 Bijoy Sarani, Farmgate, Kawran Bazar, Shahbag, Dhaka University, Bangladesh Secretariat, Motijheel, Kamalapur 8 9.53 Uttara Terminal Kamalapur Railway Station Kamalapur Railway Station (MRT Line 1, 2, 4, 6) Uttara Terminal
Total 104 128.741

Road

 
Mirpur flyover approaching Airport Road

Dhaka is connected to the other parts of the country through highway and railway links. Five of the eight major national highways of Bangladesh start from the city: N1, N2, N3, N5 and N8. Dhaka is also directly connected to the two longest routes of the Asian Highway Network: AH1 and AH2, as well as to the AH41 route. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata, Agartala, Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.[217][227] As of 2022, The elevated expressway is still under construction.[228] The Dhaka Elevated Expressway would run from Shahjalal International Airport-Kuril-Banani-Mohakhali-Tejgaon-Saatrasta-Moghbazar Rail Crossing-Khilgaon-Kamalapur-Golapbagh to Dhaka-Chittagong Highway at Kutubkhali Point. Dhaka Elevated Expressway is set to open in 2022 partially.[229] A second elevated expressway named Dhaka-Ashulia Elevated Expressway is expected to be opened in 2026.[230] Dhaka was introduced to Japanese automobiles in the late 1990's. This resulted in the car industry to bloom, but this also caused a rise in traffic to the streets of Dhaka.

Waterway

 
A water taxi on Hatirjheel

The Sadarghat River Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves for the transport of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh.[231] Inter-city and inter-district motor vessels and passenger-ferry services are used by many people to travel riverine regions of the country from the city. Water bus services are available on Buriganga River and Hatirjheel and Gulshan lakes. Water buses of the Buriganga River ferry passengers on the Sadarghat to Gabtali route.[232] Water taxis in Hatirjheel and Gulshan lakes provide connectivity via two routes, one route between Tejgaon and Gulshan and the other route between the Tejgaon and Rampura areas.[233]

Rail

See also: Dhaka Metro Rail
 
Trains in the Kamalapur railway station

Kamalapur railway station, situated in the north-east side of Motijheel, is the largest and busiest among the railway stations in the city.[181] It was designed by American architect Robert Boughey, and was completed in 1969.[234] The state-owned Bangladesh Railway provides suburban and national services, with regular express train services connecting Dhaka with other major urban areas, such as Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet and Rangpur.[235] The Maitree Express provides connection from Dhaka to Kolkata, one of the largest cities in India.[236]

In 2013, suburban services to Narayanganj and Gazipur cities were upgraded using diesel electric multiple unit trains.[237][238] The Dhaka Metro Rail feasibility study has been completed. A 20.1-kilometre (12.5 mi), $2.8-billion Phase 1 metro route is being negotiated by the Government with Japan International Cooperation Agency.[239] The first route, started from Uttara, a northern suburb of Dhaka, to agargaon, in the south of the capital.[240]It was eventually extended north to Uttara and truncated south to Motijheel.[241] Initiatives have been taken to extend MRT Line-6 from Motijheel to Kamalapur. Topographic Survey has already been completed. Social Survey in progress. The length of this part is 1.17 km. This will enable the passengers of Kamalapur railway station to travel by metro rail.[242] The route consists of 16 elevated stations each 180 metres (590 ft) long. Construction began on 26 June 2016.[243]

Air

See also: Shahjalal International Airport

Shahjalal International Airport, located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest international airport in the country.[244] The airport has an area of 1,981 acres (802 ha). The airport has a capacity of handling 15 million passengers annually,[245] and is predicted by the Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh to be sufficient to meet demand until 2026.[246] In 2014, it handled 6.1 million passengers, and 248,000 tonnes of cargo.[247] Average aircraft movement per day is around 190 flights.[248] It is the hub of all Bangladeshi airlines. Domestic service flies to Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Cox's Bazar, Jessore, Barisal, Saidpur and international services fly to major cities in Asia, Europe and the Middle East.[249][250] A third international terminal is under construction and it is expected to be operational in 2023.[251] According to the project design, the third terminal will have 12 boarding bridges and 12 conveyor belts. The terminal will have 115 check-in counters, 59 immigration desks. Another large scale airport known as Bangabandhu international airport has been proposed to be built outside Dhaka.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Dhaka
  • Sharuf Uddin Ahmed, ed. (1991). Dhaka -past present future. The Asiatic Society, Dhaka. ISBN 984-512-335-X.
  • Karim, Abdul (1992). History of Bengal, Mughal Period (I). Rajshahi.
  • Pryer, Jane (2003). Poverty and Vulnerability in Dhaka Slums: The Urban Livelihood Study. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-1864-1. OCLC 123337526.
  • Rabbani, Golam (1997). Dhaka, from Mughal outpost to metropolis. University Press, Dhaka. ISBN 984-05-1374-5.
  • Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1948). History of Bengal (II). Dhaka.
  • Taifoor, S.M. (1956). Glimpses of Old Dacca. Dhaka.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dhaka.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dhaka.
  • Capital Development Authority 29 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Dhaka North City Corporation
  • Dhaka South City Corporation
  • Dhaka Metropolitan Police website
  • Dhaka History
January 12, 2023
dhaka, this, article, about, capital, city, division, division, district, district, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, senegal, capital, city, dakar, ɑː, bengali, romanized, Ḍhākā, bengali, pronunciation, ˈɖʱaka, formerly, known, dacca, capital, larg. This article is about the capital city For the division see Dhaka division For the district see Dhaka district For other uses see Dhaka disambiguation Not to be confused with Senegal s capital city Dakar Dhaka ˈ d ɑː k e DAH ke or ˈ d ae k e DAK e Bengali ঢ ক romanized Ḍhaka Bengali pronunciation ˈɖʱaka formerly known as Dacca 14 is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh as well as the world s largest Bengali speaking city It is the ninth largest and seventh most densely populated city in the world with a population of 8 9 million residents as of 2011 and a population of over 21 7 million residents in the Greater Dhaka Area 15 16 According to a Demographia survey Dhaka has the most densely populated built up urban area in the world and is popularly described as such in the news media 17 18 Dhaka is one of the major cities of South Asia and a major global Muslim majority city Dhaka ranks 39th in the world and 3rd in South Asia in terms of urban GDP As part of the Bengal delta the city is bounded by the Buriganga River Turag River Dhaleshwari River and Shitalakshya River Dhaka ঢ ক DaccaCapital cityFrom top Shapla Square in Motijheel Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban in Sher e Bangla Nagar Ahsan Manzil in Old Dhaka Lalbagh Fort Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka Hatirjheel lakefrontNickname City of Mosques 1 2 DhakaLocation in DhakaShow map of DhakaDhakaLocation in Dhaka DivisionShow map of Dhaka divisionDhakaLocation in BangladeshShow map of BangladeshDhakaLocation in AsiaShow map of AsiaDhakaLocation in EarthShow map of EarthCoordinates 23 45 50 N 90 23 20 E 23 76389 N 90 38889 E 23 76389 90 38889 Coordinates 23 45 50 N 90 23 20 E 23 76389 N 90 38889 E 23 76389 90 38889CountryBangladeshDivisionDhaka DivisionDistrictDhaka DistrictEstablishment1608Government TypeMayor Council BodyDNCC and DSCC North MayorAtiqul Islam 3 South MayorSheikh Fazle Noor Taposh 3 Police CommissionerKhandker Golam FaruqArea 5 6 Capital city305 47 km2 117 94 sq mi Metro2 161 17 4 km2 834 432 4 sq mi Elevation 7 32 m 104 96 ft Population 2022 8 9 Capital city10 278 882 Rank1st Density34 000 km2 87 000 sq mi Metro22 478 116DemonymDhakaiyaTime zoneUTC 6 BST Postal code1000 1100 12xx 13xxHDI 2019 0 711 10 highCalling code02 For Dhaka city only Metro GDP 405 872 Billion PPP 11 PoliceDhaka Metropolitan PoliceInternational airportHazrat Shahjalal International AirportISO 3166 2BD 13Websitedncc wbr gov wbr bd Dhaka North City Corporation dscc wbr gov wbr bd Dhaka South City Corporation The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium An early modern city developed from the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial centre of the Mughal Empire Dhaka was the capital of a proto industrialised Mughal Bengal for 75 years 1608 39 and 1660 1704 It was the hub of the muslin trade in Bengal and one of the most prosperous cities in the world The Mughal city was named Jahangirnagar City of Jahangir in honour of the erstwhile ruling emperor Jahangir 19 20 21 The city s wealthy Mughal elite included princes and the sons of Mughal emperors The pre colonial city s glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries when it was home to merchants from across Eurasia The Port of Dhaka was a major trading post for both riverine and seaborne trade The Mughals decorated the city with well laid gardens tombs mosques palaces and forts The city was once called the Venice of the East 22 Under British rule the city saw the introduction of electricity railways cinemas Western style universities and colleges and a modern water supply It became an important administrative and educational centre in the British Raj as the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam province after 1905 23 In 1947 after the end of British rule the city became the administrative capital of East Pakistan It was declared the legislative capital of Pakistan in 1962 In 1971 after the Liberation War it became the capital of independent Bangladesh In 2008 Dhaka celebrated 400 years as a municipal city 24 25 26 A beta global city 27 Dhaka is the center of political economic and culture life in Bangladesh It is the seat of the Government of Bangladesh many Bangladeshi companies and leading Bangladeshi educational scientific research and cultural organizations Since its establishment as a modern capital city the population area and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously The city is now one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country The city accounts for 35 of Bangladesh s economy 28 The Dhaka Stock Exchange has over 750 listed companies Dhaka hosts over 50 diplomatic missions as well as the headquarters of BIMSTEC CIRDAP and the International Jute Study Group Dhaka has a renowned culinary heritage The city s culture is known for its rickshaws biryani art festivals and religious diversity The old city is home to around 2000 buildings from the Mughal and British periods Since 1947 the city saw significant growth in its publishing industry including the emergence of a thriving press 29 In Bengali literature Dhaka s heritage has been reflected in the works of Akhteruzzaman Elias Tahmima Anam Shazia Omar and other Bangladeshi writers 30 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre Mughal 2 2 Early period of Mughal Bengal 2 3 Naib Nizamat 2 4 Trade and migration 2 5 British Raj 2 6 Metropolitan Dhaka 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Cityscape 3 3 Climate 3 4 Parks and greenery 4 Government 4 1 Capital city 4 2 Civic administration 4 2 1 History 4 2 2 Municipal government 4 3 Administrative agencies 5 Economy 5 1 CBDs 5 2 Industrial areas 5 3 Trade associations 5 4 Stock market 6 Demographics 6 1 Ethnicity 6 2 Language 6 3 Literacy 6 4 Religion 7 Culture 7 1 Literature 7 2 Festivals 7 3 Cultural institutions 7 4 Annual and biennial cultural events 7 5 Cuisine 7 6 Architecture 7 7 Publishing and media 8 Education and research 8 1 Learned societies and think tanks 9 Sports 10 Transport 10 1 Public transportation 10 1 1 Metro 10 1 1 1 Operational 10 1 1 2 Under construction planned 10 2 Road 10 3 Waterway 10 4 Rail 10 5 Air 11 Twin towns sister cities 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEtymologyThe origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain Once dhak trees were very common in the area and the name may have originated from it Alternatively this name may refer to the hidden Hindu goddess Dhakeshwari whose temple is located in the south western part of the city 31 Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a membranophone instrument dhak which was played by order of Subahdar Islam Khan I during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610 32 Some references also say it was derived from a Prakrit dialect called Dhaka Bhasa or Dhakka used in the Rajtarangini for a watch station or it is the same as Davaka mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta as an eastern frontier kingdom 33 According to Rajatarangini written by a Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana 34 the region was originally known as Dhakka The word Dhakka means watchtower Bikrampur and Sonargaon the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose 34 HistoryMain article History of Dhaka For a chronological guide see Timeline of Dhaka Dhaka was the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal Bihar and Orissa Pre Mughal The history of urban settlements in the area of modern day Dhaka dates to the first millennium 31 The region was part of the ancient district of Bikrampur which was ruled by the Sena dynasty 35 Under Islamic rule it became part of the historic district of Sonargaon the regional administrative hub of the Delhi and the Bengal Sultanates 36 The Grand Trunk Road passed through the region connecting it with North India Central Asia and the southeastern port city of Chittagong Before Dhaka the capital of Bengal was Gour Even earlier capitals included Pandua Bikrampur and Sonargaon The latter was also the seat of Isa Khan and his son Musa Khan who both headed a confederation of twelve chieftains that resisted Mughal expansion in eastern Bengal during the late 16th century Due to a change in the course of the Ganges the strategic importance of Gour was lost Dhaka was viewed with strategic importance due to the Mughal need to consolidate control in eastern Bengal The Mughals also planned to extend their empire beyond into Assam and Arakan Dhaka and Chittagong became the eastern frontiers of the Mughal Empire Early period of Mughal Bengal Ruins of Lalbagh Fort Nimtali arch Prince Dara Shikoh and another man wearing muslin robes Woman draped in muslin and holding a hookah in Dhaka in 1789 Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal Bihar and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern day Bangladesh and eastern India including the modern day Indian states of West Bengal Bihar and Orissa This province was known as Bengal Subah Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of Bengal Subah 1610 1717 The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor Shaista Khan 1644 1677 and 1680 1688 Rice was then sold at eight maunds per rupee Thomas Bowrey an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670 wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit He estimated the city to be more populated than London with 900 000 people 37 Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire Dhaka played a key role in the proto industrialisation of Bengal It was the center of the muslin trade in Bengal leading to muslin being called daka in distant markets as far away as Central Asia 38 Mughal India depended on Bengali products like rice silk and cotton textiles European East India Companies from Britain Holland France and Denmark also depended on Bengali products Bengal accounted for 40 of Dutch imports from Asia with many products being sold to Dutch ships in Bengali harbors and then transported to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies Bengal accounted for 50 of textiles and 80 of silks in Dutch textile imports from Asia 39 Silk was also exported to premodern Japan 40 The region had a large shipbuilding industry which supplied the Mughal Navy The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223 250 tons annually compared to 23 061 tons produced by North America from 1769 to 1771 41 The Mughals decorated the city with well laid out gardens Caravanserai included the Bara Katra and Choto Katra The architect of the palatial Bara Katra was Abul Qashim Al Hussaini Attabatayi Assemani 42 According to inscriptions in the Bangladesh National Museum the ownership of Bara Katra was entrusted to an Islamic waqf 42 The Bara Katra also served as a residence for Mughal governors including Prince Shah Shuja the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan 42 Dhaka was home to an array of Mughal bureaucrats and military officials as well as members of the imperial family The city was guarded by Mughal artillery like the Bibi Mariam Cannon Lady Mary Cannon Islam Khan I was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city 43 Khan named it Jahangir Nagar City of Jahangir in honour of the Emperor Jahangir The name was dropped soon after the English conquered The main expansion of the city took place under governor Shaista Khan The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres 11 8 by 8 1 mi with a population of nearly one million 44 Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India 45 The construction of Lalbagh Fort was commenced in 1678 by Prince Azam Shah who was the governor of Bengal a son of Emperor Aurangzeb and a future Mughal Emperor himself The Lalbagh Fort was intended to be the viceregal residence of Mughal governors in eastern India Before the fort s construction could be completed the prince was recalled by Emperor Aurangzeb The fort s construction was halted by Shaista Khan after the death of his daughter Pari Bibi who is buried in a tomb in the center of the unfinished fort Pari Bibi whose name means Fairy Lady was legendary for her beauty engaged to Prince Azam Shah and a potential future Mughal empress before her premature death 46 Internal conflict in the Mughal court cut short Dhaka s growth as an imperial city Prince Azam Shah s rivalry with Murshid Quli Khan resulted in Dhaka losing its status as the provincial capital In 1717 the provincial capital was shifted to Murshidabad where Murshid Quli Khan declared himself as the Nawab of Bengal Naib Nizamat Court of the Naib Nazim of Dhaka the governor of Dhaka Chittagong and Comilla under the Nawabs of Bengal Under the Nawabs of Bengal the Naib Nazim of Dhaka was in charge of the city As the principal tax collector the annual revenue of the Naib Nazim was 1 million rupees which was a staggeringly high amount in that era 47 The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy The Naib Nazim was in charge of Dhaka Division which included Dhaka Comilla and Chittagong Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757 who was allied with the French Due to the defection of the Nawab s army chief Mir Jafar to the British side the last Nawab lost the Battle of Plassey After the Battle of Buxar in 1765 the Treaty of Allahabad allowed the British East India Company to become the tax collector in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor in Delhi The Naib Nazim continued to function until 1793 when all his powers were transferred to the East India Company The city formally passed to the control of the East India Company in 1793 British military raids damaged a lot of the city s infrastructure 48 The military conflict caused a sharp decline in the urban population 49 Dhaka s fortunes received a boost with connections to the mercantile networks of the British Empire 50 With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Dhaka became a leading center of the jute trade as Bengal accounted for the largest share of the world s jute production 51 But the British neglected Dhaka s industrial and urban development until the late 19th century Income from the pre colonial proto industrialized textile industry dried up Bengali weavers went out of business after the imposition of a 75 tax on the export of cotton from Bengal 52 as well as the surge in imports of cheap British manufactured fabrics after the advent of the spinning mule and steam power Many of the city s weavers starved to death during Bengal s great famines under British rule 53 The rapid growth of the colonial capital Calcutta contributed to the decline in Dhaka s population and economy in the early 1800s In 1824 an Anglican bishop described Dhaka as a city of magnificent ruins 54 Trade and migration China porcelain belonging to a family of Old Dhaka in the 1800s Dhaka hosted factories of the English East India Company the Dutch East India Company 55 and French East India Company 56 The property of the Ahsan Manzil was initially bought by the French for their factory and later sold to the Dhaka Nawab Family The Portuguese were reportedly responsible for introducing cheese 57 58 Dhaka saw an influx of migrants during the Mughal Empire An Armenian community from the Safavid Empire settled in Dhaka and was involved in the city s textile trade paying a 3 5 tax 59 The Armenians were very active in the city s social life They opened the Pogose School Marwaris were the Hindu trading community Dhaka also became home to Jews and Greeks 60 61 The city has a Greek memorial Several families of Dhaka s elite spoke Urdu and included Urdu poets Persians also settled in the city to serve as administrators and military commanders of the Mughal government in Bengal 62 The legacy of cosmopolitan trading communities lives on in the names of neighborhoods in Old Dhaka including Farashganj French Bazaar Armanitola Armenian Quarter and Postogola Portuguese Quarter According to those who lived in the historic city Dhaka was a courtly genteel town the very last flowering in their telling of Mughal etiquette and sensibility It is this history that is today still reflected in the faded grandeur of the old city now crumbling due to decades of neglect The narrow winding high walled lanes and alleyways the old high ceilinged houses with verandas and balconies the old neighbourhoods the graveyards and gardens the mosques the grand old mansions these are all still there if one goes looking 63 Railway stations postal departments civil service posts and river port stations were often staffed by Anglo Indians 64 The city s hinterland supplied rice jute gunny sacks turmeric ginger leather hides silk rugs saltpeter 65 salt 66 sugar indigo cotton and iron 67 British opium policy in Bengal contributed to the Opium Wars with China American traders collected artwork handicrafts terracotta sculptures religious and literary texts manuscripts and military weapons from Bengal Some objects from the region are on display in the Peabody Essex Museum 67 The increase in international trade led to profits for many families in the city allowing them to buy imported luxury goods British Raj A horse racing derby taking place in Dhaka in 1890 Dhaka was the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam in the British Raj between 1905 and 1912 Lord Curzon standing far left with early automobiles in Shahbag in 1904 Roof of the Old High Court Building Dhaka overlooking the modern skyline During the Indian mutiny of 1857 the city witnessed revolts by the Bengal Army 68 Direct rule by the British crown was established following the successful quelling of the mutiny It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family which dominated the city s political and social elite The Dhaka Cantonment was established as a base for the British Indian Army The British developed the modern city around Ramna Shahbag Garden and Victoria Park Dhaka got its own version of the hansom cab as public transport in 1856 69 The number of carriages increased from 60 in 1867 to 600 in 1889 69 A modern civic water system was introduced in 1874 70 In 1885 the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge 1000 mm rail line connecting Mymensingh and the Port of Narayanganj through Dhaka 71 The city later became a hub of the Eastern Bengal State Railway 71 The first film shown in Dhaka was screened on the riverfront Crown Theatre on 17 April 1898 72 The film show was organized by the Bedford Bioscope Company 72 The electricity supply began in 1901 73 This period is described as being the colonial era part of Dhaka developed by the British during the early 20th century Similar to colonial boroughs the length and breadth of the Subcontinent this development was typified by stately government buildings spacious tree lined avenues and sturdy white washed bungalows set amidst always overgrown the British never did manage to fully tame the landscape gardens Once upon a time this was the new city and even though it is today far from the ritziest part of town the streets here are still wider and the trees more abundant and the greenery more evident than in any other part 63 Some of the early educational institutions established during the period of British rule include the Dhaka College the Dhaka Medical School the Eden College St Gregory s School the Mohsinia Madrasa Jagannath College and the Ahsanullah School of Engineering Horse racing was a favourite pastime for elite residents in the city s Ramna Race Course beside the Dhaka Club 74 The Viceroy of India would often dine and entertain with Bengali aristocrats in the city Automobiles began appearing after the turn of the century An 1937 Sunbeam Talbot Ten was preserved in the Liberation War Museum The Nawabs of Dhaka owned Rolls Royces Austin cars were widely used Beauty Boarding was a popular inn and restaurant Dhaka s fortunes changed in the early 20th century British neglect of Dhaka s urban development was overturned with the first partition of Bengal in 1905 which restored Dhaka s status as a regional capital The city became the seat of government for Eastern Bengal and Assam with a jurisdiction covering most of modern day Bangladesh and all of what is now Northeast India The partition was the brainchild of Lord Curzon who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal with a view to improve administration education and business Dhaka became the seat of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council While Dhaka was the main capital throughout the year Shillong acted as the summer retreat of the administration Lieutenant Governors were in charge of the province They resided in Dhaka The Lt Governors included Sir Bampfylde Fuller 1905 1906 Sir Lancelot Hare 1906 1911 and Sir Charles Stuart Bayley 1911 1912 Their legacy lives on in the names of three major thoroughfares in modern Dhaka including Hare Road 75 Bayley Road and Fuller Road 76 The period saw the construction of stately buildings including the High Court and Curzon Hall Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions including the Assam Valley Division Chittagong Division Dacca Division Rajshahi Division and the Surma Valley Division There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam including Dacca Mymensingh Faridpur and Backergunge in Dacca Division Tippera Noakhali Chittagong and the Hill Tracts in Chittagong Division Rajshahi Dinajpur Jalpaiguri Rangpur Bogra Pabna and Malda in Rajshahi Division Sylhet Cachar the Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Naga Hills and the Lushai Hills in Surma Valley Division and Goalpara Kamrup the Garo Hills Darrang Nowgong Sibsagar and Lakhimpur in Assam Valley Division 77 The province was bordered by Cooch Behar State Hill Tipperah and the Kingdom of Bhutan On the political front partition allowed Dhaka to project itself as the standard bearer of Muslim communities in British India as opposed to the heavily Hindu dominated city of Calcutta 51 In 1906 the All India Muslim League was founded in the city during a conference on liberal education hosted by the Nawab of Dhaka and the Aga Khan III The Muslim population in Dhaka and eastern Bengal generally favored partition in the hopes of getting better jobs and educational opportunities Many Bengalis however opposed the bifurcation of the ethnolinguistic region The partition was annulled by an announcement of King George V during the Delhi Durbar in 1911 The British decided to reunite Bengal while the capital of India was shifted to New Delhi from Calcutta As a splendid compensation for the annulment of partition 78 the British gave the city a newly formed university in the 1920s The University of Dhaka was initially modelled on the residential style of the University of Oxford It became known as the Oxford of the East because of its residential character Like Oxford students in Dhaka were affiliated with their halls of residence instead of their academic departments this system was dropped after 1947 and students are now affiliated with academic departments 79 80 The university s faculty included scientist Satyendra Nath Bose who is the namesake of the Higgs boson linguist Muhammad Shahidullah Sir A F Rahman the first Bengali vice chancellor of the university and historian R C Majumdar 80 The university was established in 1921 by the Imperial Legislative Council It started with three faculties and 12 departments covering the subjects of Sanskrit Bengali English liberal arts history Arabic Islamic Studies Persian Urdu philosophy economics politics physics chemistry mathematics and law The East Bengal Cinematograph Company produced the first full length silent movies in Dhaka during the 1920s including Sukumari and The Last Kiss 72 DEVCO a subsidiary of the Occtavian Steel Company began widescale power distribution in 1930 73 The Tejgaon Airport was constructed during World War II as a base for Allied Forces The Dhaka Medical College was established in 1946 Metropolitan Dhaka source source source source source source NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001 Aerial view of Dhaka s main CBD in the 1980s A typical residential neighborhood in the 1980s The development of the real city began after the partition of India 63 After partition Dhaka became known as the second capital of Pakistan 63 81 This was formalized in 1962 when Ayub Khan declared the city as the legislative capital under the 1962 constitution New neighborhoods began to spring up in formerly baren and agrarian areas These included Dhanmondi rice granary Katabon thorn forest Kathalbagan jackfruit grove Kalabagan banana grove and Gulshan flower garden 63 Living standards rapidly improved from the pre partition standards 82 The economy began to industrialize On the outskirts of the city the world s largest jute mill was built The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the Korean War 83 People began building duplex houses In 1961 Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip witnessed the improved living standards of Dhaka s residents 84 The Intercontinental hotel designed by William B Tabler was opened in 1966 Estonian American architect Louis I Kahn was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh s parliament The East Pakistan Helicopter Service connected the city to regional towns The Dhaka Stock Exchange was opened on 28 April 1954 The first local airline Orient Airways began flights between Dhaka and Karachi on 6 June 1954 The Dhaka Improvement Trust was established in 1956 to coordinate the city s development The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959 85 The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established a medical research centre now called ICDDR B in the city in 1960 The early period of political turbulence was seen between 1947 and 1952 particularly the Bengali Language Movement From the mid 1960s the Awami League s 6 point autonomy demands began giving rise to pro independence aspirations across East Pakistan In 1969 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released from prison amid a mass upsurge which led to the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1970 The city had an influential press with prominent newspapers like the Pakistan Observer Ittefaq Forum and the Weekly Holiday During the political and constitutional crisis in 1971 the military junta led by Yahya Khan refused to transfer power to the newly elected National Assembly causing mass riots civil disobedience and a movement for self determination On 7 March 1971 Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed a massive public gathering at the Ramna Race Course Maidan in Dhaka in which he warned of an independence struggle 86 87 Subsequently East Pakistan came under a non co operation movement against the Pakistani state On Pakistan s Republic Day 23 March 1971 Bangladeshi flags were hoisted throughout Dhaka in a show of resistance 88 On 25 March 1971 the Pakistan Army launched military operations under Operation Searchlight against the population of East Pakistan 89 Dhaka bore the brunt of the army s atrocities witnessing a genocide and a campaign of wide scale repression with the arrest torture and murder of the city s civilians students intelligentsia political activists and religious minorities The army faced mutinies from the East Pakistan Rifles and the Bengali police 90 Large parts of the city were burnt and destroyed including Hindu neighborhoods 89 Much of the city s population was either displaced or forced to flee to the countryside 91 In the ensuing Bangladesh War of Independence the Bangladesh Forces launched regular guerrilla attacks and ambush operations against Pakistani forces Dhaka was struck with numerous air raids by the Indian Air Force in December 92 page needed Dhaka witnessed the surrender of the west Pakistan forces in front of the Bangladesh India Allied Forces on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of Pakistan 93 After independence Dhaka s population grew from several hundred thousand to several million in a span of five decades Dhaka was declared the national capital by the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in 1972 The post independence period witnessed rapid growth as Dhaka attracted migrant workers from across rural Bangladesh 60 of population growth has been due to rural migration 94 The city endured socialist unrest in the early 1970s followed by a few years of martial law The stock exchange and free market were restored in the late 1970s In the 1980s Dhaka saw the inauguration of the National Parliament House which won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture a new international airport and the Bangladesh National Museum Bangladesh pioneered the formation of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC and hosted its first summit in Dhaka in 1985 95 A mass uprising in 1990 led to the return of parliamentary democracy Dhaka has hosted a trilateral summit between India Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1998 96 the summit of the D 8 Organization for Economic Cooperation in 1999 and conferences of the Commonwealth SAARC the OIC and United Nations agencies during various years In the 1990s and 2000s Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns 97 Between 1990 and 2005 the city s population doubled from 6 million to 12 million 98 There has been increased foreign investment in the city particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors Between 2008 and 2011 the government of Bangladesh organized three years of celebrations to mark 400 years since Dhaka s founding as an early modern city 24 25 26 But frequent hartals by political parties have greatly hampered the city s economy 99 The hartal rate has declined since 2014 In some years the city experienced a widespread flash flood during the monsoon Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world 100 It is predicted to be one of the world s largest metropolises by 2025 along with Tokyo Mexico City Shanghai Beijing and New York City 101 Dhaka remains one of the poorest megacities Most of its population are rural migrants including climate refugees 102 Blue collar workers are often housed in slums Congestion is one of the most prominent features of modern Dhaka In 2014 it was reported that only 7 of the city was covered by roads 103 The first phase of the Dhaka Metro is planned for opening in December 2022 coinciding with Bangladesh s 51st victory day 104 GeographySee also Geography of Bangladesh Topography View of Dhaka from the International Space Station Delonix regia trees beside Crescent Lake blooming during the summer Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23 42 N 90 22 E 23 700 N 90 367 E 23 700 90 367 on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 306 38 square kilometres 118 29 sq mi Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land which is flat and close to sea level This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones 105 Due to its location on the lowland plain of the Ganges Delta the city is fringed by extensive mangroves and tidal flat ecosystems 106 Dhaka District is bounded by the districts of Gazipur Tangail Munshiganj Rajbari Narayanganj Manikganj Cityscape With the exception of Old Dhaka which is an old bazaar style neighborhood the layout of the city follows a grid pattern with organic development influenced by traditional South Asian as well as Middle Eastern and Western patterns Growth of the city is largely unplanned and is focused on the northern regions and around the city centre where many of the more affluent neighborhoods may be found 107 Most of the construction in the city consists of concrete high rise buildings Middle class and upper class housing along with commercial and industrial areas occupy most of the city slums may be found in the outskirts and in less visible areas such as alleyways The most significant area of slums is found near the Buriganga River covering Kamrangirchar Thana 108 107 Dhaka does not have a well defined central business district Old Dhaka is the historic commercial center but most development has moved to the north The area around Motijheel is considered the old CBD while to some extent Gulshan is considered the new CBD 109 Many Bangladeshi government institutions can be found in Tejgaon Sher e Bangla Nagar and Ramna Dhaka is among the most congested cities in the world and traffic was estimated to cost the local economy US 3 9 billion per year in 2013 The average speed of a car travelling in Dhaka is estimated to be around 20 kilometres per hour 12 mph 110 Most residents travel by rickshaw and green coloured auto rickshaws powered by compressed natural gas often referred to by locals as CNGs Much activity is centered around a few large roads where road laws are rarely obeyed and street vendors and beggars are frequently encountered 107 111 112 Aerial view of Dhaka skyline including the Independence Monument in Suhrawardy Udyan and the adjacent Ramna Park Climate Main article Climate of Dhaka Under the Koppen climate classification Dhaka has a tropical savanna climate Koppen Aw The city has a distinct monsoonal season with an annual average temperature of 26 C 79 F and monthly means varying between 19 C 66 F in January and 29 C 84 F in May 113 Approximately 87 of the average annual rainfall of 2 123 millimetres 83 6 inches occurs between May and October 113 According to the air quality index AQI the air of Dhaka is unhealthy and it posited third in the measurement of pollution 114 Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city 115 Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi storied buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with pollution such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity 115 Due to the unregulated manufacturing of brick and other causes Dhaka is one of the most polluted world cities with very high levels of PM2 5 air pollution 116 vteClimate data for Dhaka 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 31 1 88 0 34 4 93 9 40 6 105 1 42 2 108 0 41 1 106 0 36 7 98 1 35 0 95 0 36 1 97 0 36 7 98 1 37 4 99 3 34 4 93 9 30 6 87 1 42 2 108 0 Average high C F 25 1 77 2 28 3 82 9 32 5 90 5 33 8 92 8 33 4 92 1 32 5 90 5 31 8 89 2 32 1 89 8 32 0 89 6 31 8 89 2 29 7 85 5 26 5 79 7 30 8 87 4 Daily mean C F 18 6 65 5 22 0 71 6 26 3 79 3 28 4 83 1 28 8 83 8 29 0 84 2 28 7 83 7 28 9 84 0 28 5 83 3 27 4 81 3 24 0 75 2 20 0 68 0 25 9 78 6 Average low C F 13 1 55 6 16 2 61 2 20 8 69 4 23 8 74 8 24 8 76 6 26 2 79 2 26 3 79 3 26 4 79 5 25 9 78 6 23 9 75 0 19 4 66 9 14 8 58 6 21 8 71 2 Record low C F 6 1 43 0 6 7 44 1 10 6 51 1 16 7 62 1 14 4 57 9 19 4 66 9 21 1 70 0 21 7 71 1 21 1 70 0 17 2 63 0 11 1 52 0 7 2 45 0 6 1 43 0 Average rainfall mm inches 7 5 0 30 23 7 0 93 61 7 2 43 140 6 5 54 278 4 10 96 346 5 13 64 375 5 14 78 292 9 11 53 340 0 13 39 174 5 6 87 31 1 1 22 12 1 0 48 2 084 5 82 07 Average rainy days 2 3 5 10 15 14 17 16 13 7 2 1 105Average relative humidity 71 64 62 71 76 82 83 82 83 78 73 73 75Mean monthly sunshine hours 220 3 225 3 256 3 237 8 220 9 142 2 131 5 140 6 152 7 228 6 236 3 242 6 2 435 1Source 1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department 117 118 119 Source 2 Sistema de Clasificacion Bioclimatica Mundial extremes 1934 1994 120 Deutscher Wetterdienst sun 1961 1990 121 122 123 Parks and greenery There are many parks within Dhaka City including Ramna Park Suhrawardy Udyan Shishu Park National Botanical Garden Baldha Garden Chandrima Uddan Gulshan Park and Dhaka Zoo There are lakes within city such as Crescent Lake Dhanmondi Lake Baridhara Gulshan Lake Banani lake Uttara Lake Hatirjheel Begunbari Lake and 300 Feet Road Prionty lake 124 GovernmentCapital city The national parliament complex is surrounded by 200 acres of gardens in the center of the city As the capital of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Dhaka is the home to numerous state and diplomatic institutions The Bangabhaban is the official residence and workplace of the President of Bangladesh who is the ceremonial head of state under the constitution The National Parliament House is located in the modernist capital complex designed by Louis Kahn in Sher e Bangla Nagar The Gonobhaban the official residence of the Prime Minister is situated on the north side of Parliament The Prime Minister s Office is located in Tejgaon Most ministries of the Government of Bangladesh are housed in the Bangladesh Secretariat 125 The Supreme Court the Dhaka High Court and the Foreign Ministry are located in the Ramna area The Defence Ministry and the Ministry of Planning are located in Sher e Bangla Nagar 125 The Armed Forces Division of the government of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Armed Forces headquarters are located in Dhaka Cantonment 125 Several important installations of the Bangladesh Army are also situated in Dhaka and Mirpur Cantonments The Bangladesh Navy s principal administrative and logistics base BNS Haji Mohshin is located in Dhaka 126 The Bangladesh Air Force maintains the BAF Bangabandhu Air Base and BAF Khademul Bashar Air Base in Dhaka 127 Dhaka hosts 54 resident embassies and high commissions and numerous international organizations Most diplomatic missions are located in the Gulshan and Baridhara areas of the city The Agargaon area near Parliament is home to the country offices of the United Nations the World Bank the Asian Development Bank and the Islamic Development Bank Civic administration Nagar Bhaban is the seat of the Dhaka South City Corporation History The municipality of Dhaka was founded on 1 August 1864 and upgraded to Metropolitan status in 1978 In 1983 the Dhaka City Corporation was created as a self governing entity to govern Dhaka 128 Under a new act in 1993 an election was held in 1994 for the first elected Mayor of Dhaka 129 The Dhaka City Corporation ran the affairs of the city until November 2011 130 Municipal government In 2011 Dhaka City Corporation was split into two separate corporations Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation for ensuring better civic facilities 131 These two corporations are headed by two mayors who are elected by direct vote of the citizen for a 5 year period The area within city corporations was divided into several wards each having an elected commissioner In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas RAJUK is responsible for coordinating urban development in the Greater Dhaka area 132 DMP is responsible for maintaining law and order within the metro area It was established in 1976 DMP has 56 police stations as administrative units 133 134 Administrative agencies Unlike other megacities worldwide Dhaka is serviced by over two dozen government organizations under different ministries Lack of coordination among them and centralization of all powers by the Government of Bangladesh keeps the development and maintenance of the city in a chaotic situation 135 Agency Service Parent agencyDhaka North City CorporationDhaka South City Corporation Public service Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Co operatives Local Government DivisionDhaka Metropolitan Police Law enforcement Ministry of Home Affairs Bangladesh PoliceRAJUK Urban planning Ministry of Housing and Public WorksDhaka Electric Supply Company LimitedDhaka Power Distribution Company Limited Power distribution Ministry of Power Energy and Mineral Resources Power DivisionDhaka WASA Water supply Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Co operatives Local Government DivisionDhaka Transport Coordination Authority Transport Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges Road Transport and Highways DivisionEconomySee also Economy of Dhaka Gulshan Avenue Kawran Bazar Bangladesh Bank Building Uttara As the most densely industrialized region of the country the Greater Dhaka Area accounts for 35 of Bangladesh s economy 28 The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Dhaka as a beta global city in other words one that is instrumental in linking their region into the world economy 136 Major industrial areas are Tejgaon Shyampur and Hazaribagh 137 The city has a growing middle class driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods 33 138 Shopping malls serve as vital elements in the city s economy The city has historically attracted numerous migrant workers 139 Hawkers peddlers small shops rickshaw transport roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population 139 140 rickshaw drivers alone number as many as 400 000 141 Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour while about 800 000 work in the textile industry The unemployment rate in Dhaka was 23 in 2013 142 Almost all large local conglomerates have their corporate offices located in Dhaka Microcredit also began here and the offices of the Nobel Prize winning Grameen Bank 143 and BRAC the largest non governmental development organisation in the world are based in Dhaka 144 Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom new high rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city s landscape 138 Growth has been especially strong in the finance banking manufacturing telecommunications and service sectors while tourism hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy 139 Dhaka has rising traffic congestion and inadequate infrastructure the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten year relief on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka 145 CBDs The Dhaka metropolitan area boasts of several central business districts CBDs In the southern part of the city the riverfront of Old Dhaka is home to many small businesses factories and trading companies Near Old Dhaka lies Motijheel which is the biggest CBD in Bangladesh The Motijheel area developed since the 1960s Motijheel is home to the Bangladesh Bank the nation s central bank as well as the headquarters of the largest state owned banks including Janata Bank Pubali Bank Sonali Bank and Rupali Bank By the 1990s the affluent residential neighborhoods of Gulshan Banani and Uttara in the northern part of the city became major business centers and now hosts many international companies operating in Bangladesh The Purbachal New Town Project is planned as the city s future CBD The following is a list of the main CBDs in Dhaka Motijheel Kawran Bazar Paltan Dhanmondi Gulshan Banani Uttara Mirpur Bashundhara Residential Area Panthapath Maghbazar MohakhaliIndustrial areas Tejgaon Old Dhaka SavarTrade associations Major trade associations based in the city include Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce amp Industries FBCCI Dhaka Chamber of Commerce amp Industry DCCI Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry MCCI Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BGMEA Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association BKMEA Newspaper Owners Association of Bangladesh NOAB Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh REHAB Stock market The Dhaka Stock Exchange DSE had a market capitalization of BDT 5 136 979 000 million in 2021 146 Some of the largest companies listed on the DSE include 147 Grameenphone BEXIMCO BSRM Titas Gas Summit Group The City Bank BRAC Bank IDLC Finance Limited Square Pharmaceuticals Eastern Bank Limited Orion GroupDemographicsSee also Demographics of Bangladesh Historical populationYearPop 1951335 760 1961507 921 51 3 19711 373 718 170 5 19813 265 663 137 7 19916 620 697 102 7 200110 284 947 55 3 201114 730 537 43 2 202222 478 116 52 6 for Dhaka Agglomeration 148 The city in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area is home to over 22 million as of 2022 update 149 The population is growing by an estimated 3 3 per year 149 one of the highest rates among Asian cities 139 The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region which accounted for 60 of the city s growth in the 1960s and 1970s More recently the city s population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s 139 According to the Far Eastern Economic Review Dhaka will be home to 25 million people by the end of 2025 150 Ethnicity The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh The long standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaite and have a distinctive dialect and culture Dhaka is also home to a large number of Bihari refugees who are descendants of migrant Muslims from eastern India during 1947 and settled down in East Pakistan The correct population of Biharis living in the city is ambiguous but it is estimated that there are at least 300 000 Urdu speakers in all of Bangladesh mostly residing in old Dhaka and in refugee camps in Dhaka although official figures estimate only 40 000 151 152 153 Between 15 000 and 20 000 of the Rohingya Santal Khasi Garo Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city 154 Language Language in Dhaka 2011 Bengali 98 Urdu 1 Others 1 Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali the national language Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Dhakaiya Kutti Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population English is spoken by a large segment of the population especially for business purposes The city has both Bengali and English newspapers Urdu including Dhakaiya Urdu is spoken by members of several non Bengali communities including the Biharis 155 Literacy The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing quickly It was estimated at 69 2 in 2001 The literacy rate had gone up to 74 6 by 2011 13 which is significantly higher than the national average of 72 156 Religion Religion in Dhaka City 2011 157 Religion PercentIslam 95 72 Hinduism 3 60 Christianity 0 55 Other or not stated 0 13 Islam is the dominant religion of the city with 19 3 million of the city s population being Muslim and a majority belonging to the Sunni sect There is also a small Shia sect and an Ahmadiya community Hinduism is the second largest religion numbering around 1 47 million adherents Smaller segments represent 1 and practice Christianity and Buddhism In the city proper over 8 5 million of the 8 9 million residents are Muslims while 320 000 are Hindu and nearly 50 000 Christian 158 157 CultureMain article Culture of Dhaka Literature Dhaka is a major center for Bengali literature It has been the hub of Bengali Muslim literature for more than a century Its heritage also includes historic Urdu and Persian literary traditions The Soldier in the Attic by Akhteruzzaman Elias is considered to be one of the best depictions of life in Old Dhaka and is set during Bengali uprisings in 1969 A Golden Age by Tahmima Anam is also set in Dhaka during the Bangladeshi war of independence and includes references to the Dhaka Club the Dhaka University and the Dhanmondi area The Dark Diamond by Shazia Omar traverses through Dhaka s history beginning with the rule of Shaista Khan in the Mughal period 159 Festivals The Central Shaheed Minar on Language Movement Day Dhaka s annual Mangal Shobhajatra during the Bengali New Year is recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity Annual celebrations for Language Martyrs Day 21 February Independence Day 26 March and Victory Day 16 December are prominently celebrated across the city Dhaka s people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the liberation war These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds Many schools and colleges organise fairs festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate 160 Pohela Baishakh the Bengali New Year falls annually on 14 April and is popularly celebrated across the city 160 Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations Pahela Falgun the first day of spring of the month Falgun in the Bengali calendar is also celebrated in the city in a festive manner 161 This day is marked with colourful celebration and traditionally women wear yellow saris to celebrate this day This celebration is also known as Basanta Utsab Spring Festival Nabanna is a harvest celebration usually celebrated with food and dance and music on the 1st day of the month of Agrahayan of the Bengali year Birthdays of Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam are observed respectively as Rabindra Jayanti and Nazrul Jayanti The Ekushey Book Fair which is arranged each year by Bangla Academy takes place for the whole month of February This event is dedicated to the martyrs who died on 21 February 1952 in a demonstration calling for the establishment of Bengali as one of the state languages of former East Pakistan Shakrain Festival is an annual celebration observed with the flying of kites 162 It is usually observed in the old part of the city at the end of Poush the ninth month of the Bengali calendar 14 or 15 January in the Gregorian calendar The Islamic festivals of Eid ul Fitr Eid ul Adha Eid E Miladunnabi and Muharram the Hindu festival of Durga Puja the Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima and the Christian festival of Christmas witness widespread celebrations across the city Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands traditional folk music remains widely popular 163 The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore and mystic saint songwriter Lalon have a widespread following across Dhaka 164 The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para Theatre Neighbourhood which is the center of Dhaka s thriving theatre movement 165 For much of recent history Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods 166 Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls 167 Two of the largest shopping malls in the city and the wider South Asian region are the Jamuna Future Park and Bashundhara City Tomb of Kazi Nazrul Islam The Ekushey Book Fair is a major Bengali book fair Cultural institutions Bengal Foundation Chhayanaut Institute of Fine Arts Nazrul Institute Samdani Art Foundation Shilpakala AcademyAnnual and biennial cultural events Bengal Classical Music Festival Chobi Mela International Photography Festival Dhaka Art Summit Dhaka Lit Fest Dhaka World Music Festival Dhaka International Book Fair Dhaka International Trade Fair Ekushey Book FairCuisine See also Biryani and Bangladeshi cuisine Dhaka has a popular style of mutton and potato biryani known as the Kachi Biryani Historically Dhaka has been the culinary capital of Bengal in terms of Mughlai cuisine A distinct variant of Bengali Mughlai cuisine evolved in the city Chefs from Dhaka the former Mughal provincial capital served in the kitchens of the Nawabs of Bengal in Murshidabad They invented the kachi biryani which is a variant of biryani with mutton steaks and potatoes One of the longest surviving outlets serving authentic kachi biryani is Fakhruddin s 168 Kachi biryani is highly popular in Bangladeshi cuisine with food critic and former MasterChef Australia judge Matt Preston praising its use of potatoes 169 The Nawabi cuisine of Dhaka was notable for its patishapta dessert and the Kubali pulao The korma recipe of the Nawab family was included by Madhur Jaffrey in her cookbook Madhur Jaffrey s Ultimate Curry Bible 170 Bakarkhani breads from Dhaka were served in the courts of Mughal rulers 171 Since 1939 Haji biryani has been a leading biryani restaurant of the city Dhaka also has a style of Murg Pulao chicken biryani which uses turmeric and malai cream of milk together 172 Along with South Asian cuisine a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries 138 Upmarket areas include many Thai Japanese and Korean restaurants 173 During Ramadan Chowkbazaar becomes a busy marketplace for iftar items The jilapi of Dhaka are much thicker than counterparts in India and Pakistan 174 The Shahi jilapi king s jilapi is one of the thickest jilapi produced The phuchka is a popular street food Dhaka hosts an array of Bengali dessert chains which sell a wide variety of sweets Samosas and shingaras are also widely eaten traditional snacks In recent years the number of Bangladeshi owned burger outlets have increased across the city Notable bakeries include the Prince of Wales bakery in Old Dhaka and the Cooper s chain Architecture See also List of tallest buildings in Dhaka and Architecture of Dhaka The architectural history of Dhaka can be subdivided into the Mughal British and modern periods As a result Dhaka has landmarks of Mughal architecture Indo Saracenic architecture and modernist architecture The oldest brick structure in the city is the Binat Bibi Mosque which was built in 1454 in the Narinda area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah r 1435 1459 of the Bengal Sultanate 175 176 Old Dhaka is home to over 2000 buildings built between the 16th and 19th centuries which form an integral part of Dhaka s cultural heritage Modern Dhaka is often criticized as a concrete jungle 177 But there are hidden gems in the concrete jungle including traces of Dhaka s Mughal and colonial past as well as landmarks of modernist architecture In the old part of the city the fading grandeur of the Mughal era is evident in the crumbling neglected caravanserai like Bara Katra and Choto Katra Some structures like the Nimtali arch have been restored The old city features narrow alleyways with high walled lanes and houses with indoor courtyards 63 The early 20th century government quarter in Ramna includes stately colonial buildings set amidst gardens and parks 63 Among colonial buildings the Curzon Hall stands out for synthesizing imperial grandiosity with sporadic Mughal motifs the imposing building symbolizes how the colonial administration sought to include elements of local architecture as a way to show its sensitivity to native culture which they hoped would counter growing nationalist sentiments among the natives 178 Amongst modernist buildings the Grameenphone headquarters is described as a paradigm setter for corporate Bangladesh 178 The Museum of Independence and its attached national monument were inspired by the land water mysticism of deltaic Bengal and the evocative expansiveness of a Roman forum or the geographical assemblage of an Egyptian mastaba sanctuary 178 Dhaka s Art Institute designed by Muzharul Islam was the pioneering building of Bengali regional modernism 178 The vast expanse of the national parliament complex was designed by Louis Kahn It is celebrated as Dhaka s pre eminent civic space 179 The national parliament complex comprises 200 acres 800 000 m2 in the heart of the city 180 The Kamalapur railway station was designed by American architect Robert Boughey 181 In the last few decades Bangladesh s new wave of cultural architecture has been influenced by Bengali aesthetics and the environment 182 City Centre Bangladesh is currently the tallest building in the city Architecture of Dhaka Haturia House a single floor house built in the Curzon Hall style Ruplal House and the Buriganga River Ahsan Manzil was the residence of the Nawabs of Dhaka Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque A building designed by Rafiq Azam Chistia Palace is a modernist castle and one of the most famous private residences in Dhaka ABC Tower on Kemal Ataturk Avenue Bait Ur Rouf Mosque designed by Marina Tabassum Gulshan Society Mosque designed by Kashef Mahboob ChowdhuryPublishing and media See also Mass media in Bangladesh In 1849 the Kattra Press became the first printing press in the city The name eludes to the katra the Bengali word for caravanserai In 1856 Dacca News became the first English language newspaper in the city The Dacca News Press was the first commercial printing press in the city Books published in Dhaka stirred discourse in the social and literary circles of Bengal The Bengal Library Catalogue records the expansion of the publishing industry during the 1860s Between 1877 and 1895 there were 45 printing presses in Dhaka Between 1863 and 1900 more than a hundred Islamic puthi were published in Dhaka Bookshops sprang up in Chowkbazaar Islampur Mughaltuli and Patuatuli Albert Library was a den for leftwing activists 29 After partition the number of publishing houses in Dhaka rose from 27 in 1947 to 88 in 1966 29 Prominent bookshops included Wheeler s bookstall and Presidency Library Banglabazaar has since become the hub of the book trade 29 Bookworm is a famous local book shop which has been located adjacent to the Prime Minister s Office for three decades until being ordered to relocate in 2022 183 184 185 Dhaka is the center of the national media in Bangladesh It is home to the state owned Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar In recent years the number of privately owned television channels and radio stations have increased greatly There are over two dozen Bengali language television channels in the private sector including 24 hour news channels Radio is also popular across the city Dhaka is home to national newspapers including Bengali newspapers like Prothom Alo 186 Ittefaq Inqilab Janakantha and Jugantor as well as English language newspapers The Daily Star 187 The Financial Express The Business Standard Dhaka Tribune and New Age Broadcast media based in Dhaka include Gaan Bangla Banglavision DBC News Somoy TV Independent TV and Ekattor Education and researchSee also Education in Bangladesh Curzon Hall is the home of the Faculty of Science Dhaka University The Teacher Student Centre in Dhaka University designed by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis is one of the major student hubs of the city Dhaka has the largest number of schools colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city The education system is divided into five levels primary from grades 1 to 5 junior from grades 6 to 8 secondary from grades 9 to 10 higher secondary from grades 11 to 12 and tertiary 188 The five years of primary education concludes with a Primary School Completion PSC Examination the three years of junior education concludes with Junior School Certificate JSC Examination Next two years of secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate SSC Examination Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of higher secondary or intermediate training which culminate in a Higher Secondary School Certificate HSC Examination 188 Education is mainly offered in Bengali However English is also widely taught and used Many Muslim families send their children to attend part time courses or even to pursue full time religious education alongside other subjects which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in schools colleges and madrasas 188 There are 52 universities in Dhaka Dhaka College is the oldest institution for higher education in the city and among the earliest established in British India founded in 1841 Since independence Dhaka has seen the establishment of numerous public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes 189 The University of Dhaka is the oldest public university 190 in the country which has more than 30 000 students and 1 800 faculty staff It was established in 1921 being the first university in the region The university has 23 research centers and 70 departments faculties and institutes 191 Eminent seats of higher education include Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology BUET Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU Jagannath University and Sher e Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College are two of the best medical colleges in the country 192 Founded in 1875 the Dhaka Medical School was the first medical school in British East Bengal which became Sir Salimullah Medical College in 1962 193 Other government medical colleges are Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Mugda Medical College and Armed Forces Medical College Dhaka Learned societies and think tanks The Bangla Academy Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka Bangla Academy Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Bangladesh Enterprise Institute Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs Bangladesh Institute of Peace amp Security Studies Centre for Policy Dialogue Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh International Jute Study Group IBA Dhaka Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization Yunus CentreSports Dhaka s main indoor stadium Fireworks at the launch of a Bangladesh Premier League season Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation 194 Teams are fielded in intra city and national competitions by many schools colleges and private entities The Dhaka Metropolis cricket team represents Dhaka City in the National Cricket League the oldest domestic first class cricket competition in Bangladesh 195 The Dhaka Premier League is the only domestic List A cricket tournament now in Bangladesh It gained List A status in 2013 14 season 196 In domestic Twenty20 cricket Dhaka has a Bangladesh Premier League BPL franchise known as Minister Dhaka 197 Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official Test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India 198 The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches but now exclusively hosts football matches 198 It hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup 199 while the Sher e Bangla National Cricket Stadium exclusively used for cricket hosted 6 matches of the tournament including two quarter final matches 200 Dhaka has also hosted the South Asian Games three times in 1985 1993 and 2010 Dhaka is the first city to host the games three times The Bangabandhu National Stadium was the main venue for all three editions 201 Dhaka also hosted the ICC Men s T20 World Cup along with Chittagong and Sylhet in 2014 202 The Dhaka Derby between Mohammedan Sporting Club and Abahani two of the most famous football teams in the country maintaining a fierce rivalry over the years especially in the Bangladesh Football Premier League and previously in the historic Dhaka League which is the second oldest football league in South Asia commencing in 1948 203 Along with the two Dhaka giants Brothers Union and Muktijoddha KC are also among the well renowned clubs residing in the capital 204 The Bangabandhu National Stadium also known as the Dhaka Stadium has been the main venue for the Bangladesh national football team and Bangladesh women s national football team since 2005 205 Dhaka Stadium has also hosted the SAFF Championship on three occasions the first being the 2003 edition which Bangladesh went on to win 206 The National Sports Council responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Bangladesh Army Stadium the Bir Sherestha Shaheed Shipahi Mostafa Kamal Stadium the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium the Maulana Bhasani Hockey Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground 207 The Dhaka University Ground and the BUET Sports Ground host many intercollegiate tournaments 208 There are two golf courses in Dhaka Army Golf Club and Kurmitola Golf Club 209 TransportPublic transportation Cycle rickshaws are the most popular mode of transport in Dhaka Double decker bus of BRTC Dhaka suffers some of the worst traffic congestion in the world The city lacks an organized public transport system Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport within the metro area with close to 400 000 rickshaws running each day the highest number in any city in the world 138 210 211 212 However only about 85 000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government 139 213 Relatively low cost and non polluting cycle rickshaws are superior to private cars which are exclusively responsible for Dhaka s congestion 214 The government has overseen the replacement of two stroke engine auto rickshaws with green auto rickshaws which run on compressed natural gas 215 Public buses are operated by the state run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation BRTC and by numerous private companies and operators There are three inter district bus terminals in Dhaka which are located in the Mohakhali Saidabad and Gabtoli areas of the city It is now planned to move three inter district bus terminals to outside of the city 216 Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata Agartala Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka 217 Limited numbers of taxis are available It is planned to raise the total number of taxis to 18 000 gradually 218 219 220 Ride sharing services like Uber and Pathao as well as scooters and privately owned cars are popular modes of transportation Metro Main article Dhaka Metro Rail Dhaka Metro Rail Bengali ঢ ক ম ট র র ল colloquially known as the Dhaka Metro Bengali ঢ ক ম ট র is a mass rapid transit system serving Dhaka Bangladesh Together with the city s planned light rapid transit LRT system it is expected to reduce congestion in the capital It is a part of the 20 year long Strategic Transport Plan STP outlined by the Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority DTCA 221 The first phase of Dhaka Metro s MRT Line 6 was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and commenced commercial operations on 28 December 2022 with metro services being available to the general commuters for the first time in the country the very next day 222 223 The construction of MRT Line 6 s second phase is scheduled to be completed by 2023 224 The network is planned to contain 6 lines Currently there is 1 partially completed line 2 under construction and 4 have been proposed Before the opening of the Dhaka Metro Rail Dhaka has been the biggest city in the world to not have a MRT system Operational Line First run Stations Length km Terminals DepotMRT 6First Phase 29 December 2022 Uttara North Uttara Center Uttara South Pallabi Mirpur 11 Mirpur 10 Kazipara Shewrapara Agargaon 225 9 225 11 73 225 Uttara Terminal Agargaon Uttara TerminalUnder construction planned Line Expected completion Stations Length km Terminals Interchange Stations DepotMRT 1 Airport Route 2026 Shahjalal International Airport Shahjalal International Airport Teminal 3 Khilkhet Nadda Notun Bazar North Badda Central Badda Aftabnagar Rampura Malibagh Rajarbagh Kamalapur Railway Station 21 31 241 Shahjalal International Airport Kamalapur Railway Station Kamalapur Railway Station MRT Line 1 2 4 6 Notun Bazar MRT Line 1 5 North RupganjMRT 1 Purbachal Route Notun Bazar Nadda Joar Sahara Boalia Mastul Sheikh Hasina Cricket Stadium Purbachal Centre Purbachal East Purbachal Terminal Notun Bazar Purbachal TerminalMRT 2 2030 Gabtoli Embankment Road Bosila Mohammadpur Lalmatia Dhanmondi 27 Sat Masjid Road Zigatola Dhanmondi 2 Science Laboratory Elephant Road New Market Nilkhet BUET Azimpur Dhaka Medical College Wari Motijheel Arambagh Kamalapur Railway Station Mugda Manda Demra Chittagong Road 22 24 226 Gabtoli Chittagong Road Gabotoli MRT Line 5 North and South Kamalapur Railway Station MRT Line 1 2 4 6 HemayetpurMRT 4 2030 Kamalapur Railway Station Narayonganj 15 16 226 Kamalapur Railway Station Narayonganj Kamalapur Railway Station MRT Line 1 2 4 6 MRT 5 Northern Route 2028 Hemayetpur Baliarpur Bilamalia Amin Bazar Gabtoli Darus Salam Mirpur 1 Mirpur 10 Mirpur 14 Cantonment Banani Gulshan 2 Notun Bazar United City 14 20 Hemayetpur United City Gabtoli MRT Line 5 North and South Notun Bazar MRT Line 1 5 HemayetpurMRT 5 Southern Route 2030 Gabtoli Technical Circle Kallyanpur Shyamoli College Gate Asad Gate Russell Square West Panthapath Karwan Bazar Hatirjheel Tejgaon Niketon Aftabnagar West Aftabnagar Center Aftabnagar East and Dasherkandi 16 17 4 Gabtoli Dasherkandi Gabtoli MRT Line 5 North and South DasherkandiMRT 6Second Phase 2023 Bijoy Sarani Farmgate Kawran Bazar Shahbag Dhaka University Bangladesh Secretariat Motijheel Kamalapur 8 9 53 Uttara Terminal Kamalapur Railway Station Kamalapur Railway Station MRT Line 1 2 4 6 Uttara TerminalTotal 104 128 741Road Mirpur flyover approaching Airport Road Dhaka is connected to the other parts of the country through highway and railway links Five of the eight major national highways of Bangladesh start from the city N1 N2 N3 N5 and N8 Dhaka is also directly connected to the two longest routes of the Asian Highway Network AH1 and AH2 as well as to the AH41 route Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata Agartala Guwahati and Shillong have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka 217 227 As of 2022 The elevated expressway is still under construction 228 The Dhaka Elevated Expressway would run from Shahjalal International Airport Kuril Banani Mohakhali Tejgaon Saatrasta Moghbazar Rail Crossing Khilgaon Kamalapur Golapbagh to Dhaka Chittagong Highway at Kutubkhali Point Dhaka Elevated Expressway is set to open in 2022 partially 229 A second elevated expressway named Dhaka Ashulia Elevated Expressway is expected to be opened in 2026 230 Dhaka was introduced to Japanese automobiles in the late 1990 s This resulted in the car industry to bloom but this also caused a rise in traffic to the streets of Dhaka Waterway A water taxi on Hatirjheel The Sadarghat River Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves for the transport of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh 231 Inter city and inter district motor vessels and passenger ferry services are used by many people to travel riverine regions of the country from the city Water bus services are available on Buriganga River and Hatirjheel and Gulshan lakes Water buses of the Buriganga River ferry passengers on the Sadarghat to Gabtali route 232 Water taxis in Hatirjheel and Gulshan lakes provide connectivity via two routes one route between Tejgaon and Gulshan and the other route between the Tejgaon and Rampura areas 233 Rail See also Dhaka Metro Rail Trains in the Kamalapur railway station Kamalapur railway station situated in the north east side of Motijheel is the largest and busiest among the railway stations in the city 181 It was designed by American architect Robert Boughey and was completed in 1969 234 The state owned Bangladesh Railway provides suburban and national services with regular express train services connecting Dhaka with other major urban areas such as Chittagong Rajshahi Khulna Sylhet and Rangpur 235 The Maitree Express provides connection from Dhaka to Kolkata one of the largest cities in India 236 In 2013 suburban services to Narayanganj and Gazipur cities were upgraded using diesel electric multiple unit trains 237 238 The Dhaka Metro Rail feasibility study has been completed A 20 1 kilometre 12 5 mi 2 8 billion Phase 1 metro route is being negotiated by the Government with Japan International Cooperation Agency 239 The first route started from Uttara a northern suburb of Dhaka to agargaon in the south of the capital 240 It was eventually extended north to Uttara and truncated south to Motijheel 241 Initiatives have been taken to extend MRT Line 6 from Motijheel to Kamalapur Topographic Survey has already been completed Social Survey in progress The length of this part is 1 17 km This will enable the passengers of Kamalapur railway station to travel by metro rail 242 The route consists of 16 elevated stations each 180 metres 590 ft long Construction began on 26 June 2016 243 Air See also Shahjalal International Airport Biman jets in Shahjalal International Airport Shahjalal International Airport located 15 kilometres 9 3 mi north of Dhaka city centre is the largest and busiest international airport in the country 244 The airport has an area of 1 981 acres 802 ha The airport has a capacity of handling 15 million passengers annually 245 and is predicted by the Civil Aviation Authority Bangladesh to be sufficient to meet demand until 2026 246 In 2014 it handled 6 1 million passengers and 248 000 tonnes of cargo 247 Average aircraft movement per day is around 190 flights 248 It is the hub of all Bangladeshi airlines Domestic service flies to Chittagong Sylhet Rajshahi Cox s Bazar Jessore Barisal Saidpur and international services fly to major cities in Asia Europe and the Middle East 249 250 A third international terminal is under construction and it is expected to be operational in 2023 251 According to the project design the third terminal will have 12 boarding bridges and 12 conveyor belts The terminal will have 115 check in counters 59 immigration desks Another large scale airport known as Bangabandhu international airport has been proposed to be built outside Dhaka Twin towns sister cities Kolkata India 252 New York City United States 253 Guangzhou China 253 Bucharest Romania 254 Lima Peru 255 See alsoList of districts and suburbs of Dhaka List of places of worship in Dhaka city List of largest cities List of metropolitan areas in Asia List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees List of urban agglomerations in Asia Mia Shaheb MoidanReferences The tales of urban street children Is there anything we could do Dhaka Tribune 10 December 2019 Are we willing to know more of Dhaka The Daily Star 4 May 2018 a b Hasan Mahmud states 3 reasons behind low voter turnout The Daily Star UNB 2 February 2020 Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 Retrieved 2 February 2020 a b Dhaka Metropolitan City Area Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 Retrieved 29 September 2017 Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee Mahbubur Rahman Khan 7 May 2016 Govt to double size of Dhaka city area The Daily Star Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 Retrieved 1 March 2017 Dhaka City expands by more than double after inclusion of 16 union councils bdnews24 com 9 May 2016 Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 Retrieved 1 March 2017 Dhaka Bangladesh Map National Geographic Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 Retrieved 6 September 2009 Dhaka Bangladesh City Districts and Subdistricts Population Statistics Charts and Map www citypopulation de Retrieved 19 January 2022 Population amp Housing Census 2011 PDF Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics p 41 Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 15 December 2015 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Retrieved 21 June 2021 Dhaka Bangladesh GDP and Income Distribution www canback com Retrieved 1 July 2020 Evolving Urban Form Dhaka Newgeography com www newgeography com Retrieved 19 January 2022 a b District Statistics 2011 Dhaka PDF Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics December 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 24 April 2015 Retrieved 14 May 2015 Choguill C L 2012 New Communities for Urban Squatters Lessons from the Plan That Failed in Dhaka Bangladesh 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Dhaka Slums The Urban Livelihood Study Ashgate Publishing ISBN 0 7546 1864 1 OCLC 123337526 Rabbani Golam 1997 Dhaka from Mughal outpost to metropolis University Press Dhaka ISBN 984 05 1374 5 Sarkar Sir Jadunath 1948 History of Bengal II Dhaka Taifoor S M 1956 Glimpses of Old Dacca Dhaka External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dhaka Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dhaka Capital Development Authority Archived 29 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Dhaka North City Corporation Dhaka South City Corporation Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority Dhaka Metropolitan Police website Dhaka History span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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