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Republic of the Rio Grande

October 15, 2023

Not to be confused with the contemporaneous Riograndense Republic in Brazil.

The Republic of the Rio Grande (Spanish: República del Río Grande) was one of a series of independence movements in Mexico against the unitary government dominated by Antonio López de Santa Anna, including the Republic of Texas, and the second Republic of Yucatán. Insurgents fighting against the Centralist Republic of Mexico sought to establish the Republic of the Rio Grande as an independent nation in northern Mexico. The rebellion lasted from 17 January to 6 November 1840.

Republic of the Rio Grande
República del Río Grande
1840
StatusUnrecognized state
CapitalLaredo
Common languagesSpanish
GovernmentRepublic
President 
• 1840
Jesús de Cárdenas
History 
17 January 1840
• Surrender of Antonio Canales in Camargo
6 November 1840
CurrencyPeso
Today part ofMexico
United States
Later moved to Guerrero, Tamaulipas, and in March 1840 to Victoria, Texas until disestablishment.

Background Edit

After a decade of strife, Mexico won its independence from the Kingdom of Spain in 1821. After a failed attempt at a monarchy, Mexico adopted a new constitution, the 1824 Constitution. This new constitution established los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, or "the United Mexican States," as a federal republic. During the war for independence, many rebels were driven to Coahuila and Nuevo León, where this revolutionary mentality won the hearts and minds of the people.[1]

In 1833, General Santa Anna was elected to his first term as president and was, at the time of his election, in support of the federal republic. However, after some members of government angered Santa Anna's political allies, Santa Anna decided to start a centralized government.[2] Santa Anna suspended the constitution, disbanded Congress and made himself the center of power in Mexico.[citation needed] States were converted into departments without political or fiscal autonomy by replacing elected governors with appointed ones and substituting for state assemblies with juntas under Santa Anna's policies. Dismayed by these policies and the perception that the government was deaf to the complaints and plight of the residents in the north, Republic leaders aimed to expel the officials appointed by the central government and restore the Constitution of 1824.[3] On November 3, 1838, one of the republic leaders, Antonio Canales Rosillo, issued a pronunciamiento against the government and in favor of federalism.

Resistance Edit

In January 1839, Antonio Canales summoned a convention at the office of the Justice of the Peace in Laredo where the Constitution of 1824 was unanimously approved. Canales immediately began building an army and scoured the countryside looking for recruits; among those recruits were Texan Colonels Reuben Ross and Samuel Jordan.[4] Intending to use the property of the church and convents to pay volunteers,[5] in 1839 and 1840, Canales was able to freely travel both sides of the Rio Grande, and recruited a small army of both Tejano and Mexican vaqueros and Caddo Indians, as well as receiving the assistance of the Texian Auxiliary Corps.

On 3 October Canales and his army marched to the town of Mier, where they faced the Mexican army. During the battle, Colonels Reuben Ross and Samuel Jordan charged at the centralist forces and encircled them in a hacienda, where the Mexican army was forced to surrender. Three hundred and fifty centralist soldiers who were taken prisoner ultimately defected and enlisted in Canales’ army.[6] After the battle, Canales was seen as a hero throughout Northern Mexico and many towns began to support his cause. Within a few days, recruits, supplies, and cash were being sent to him.[4]

Canales lingered in Mier for forty days before heading to Matamoros, a port town where another Centrist force was residing. In twenty-eight days, his one thousand man army reached the town only to find Mexican General Valentín Canalizo there with fifteen-hundred troops. Outmanned, Canales decided to withdraw and attack General Mariano Arista at Monterrey instead. Colonel Ross, appalled by this withdrawal, left Canales’ army, taking fifty Texans with him. At Monterrey, General Canales sent three hundred cavalry under the command of Colonel José Antonio Zapata to lure Arista out of town. While Arista left the town unguarded to engage with Zapata, General Canales’ army took a convent on the outskirts of town. However, on December 27, General Arista sent spies to Canales’ army and bribed seven hundred Mexicans to abandon their army. Upon discovering this the next morning, Canales and the remnants of his army fled the battle.[6]

Rebellion Edit

A New Republic Edit

 
The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic.
  Territory proclaimed its independence
  Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas
  Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande
  Rebellions

On the 17 January 1840 a meeting was held at the Oreveña Ranch near Laredo.[7] A group of notables from the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas advocated for a rebellion seeking secession from Mexico and formation of their own federal republic with Laredo as the capital. However, those states' own congresses and governments never took any action to support the insurgents, and requested the help of the Central government in Mexico City to aid the local state armies.[8] Despite the lack of support from the state governments, the Republic of the Rio Grande was formed. The new Republic had an official newspaper: “Correo del Rio Bravo del Norte” and their state motto was Dios, Libertad y Convención (God, Liberty, and Convention).[1]

 
The Republic of Rio Grande was a brief attempt to create an independent nation inside northern Mexico. The insurgency lasted from 17 January to 6 November 1840.

The insurgents designated their own officials for the new republic. They were:

 
This building, the capitol of the Republic of the Rio Grande, is now the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum in Laredo. It showcases the history of the rebellion and the restoration of three rooms in a period hacienda.

Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos (24-25 March 1840) Edit

Main article: Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos

Shortly after the formation of the Republic of the Rio Grande, word arrived that General Arista was in the Rio Grande valley. Texan Samuel Jordan urged Canales to retreat to Texas to recruit more Texans but Canales refused. Consequently, Samuel Jordan and 60 of his men left General Canales’ army. While Canales and the army decided to fight, President Cardenas and the new government fled to Victoria, Texas.[6]

Canales and his army met Arista outside the town of Santa Rita de Morelos. Needing provisions, Antonio Zapata and 30 men rode into town where Arista's men soon surrounded them. Outnumbered by 1,800 men, Zapata surrendered. General Arista offered to pardon Antonio Zapata under the condition that he swore allegiance to Mexico, but he refused. On 29 March 1840, Antonio Zapata was executed and his head placed on a spike in the town of Guerrero as a reminder to his wife, children, and federalists. While Zapata was being held prisoner, General Canales engaged Arista at San Fernando, losing 250 of his four hundred men in the process. After this defeat, Antonio Canales had no other option except to flee to Texas.[6]

Texas's role in the Rebellion Edit

From the beginning, President Cardenas realized that the success of the Republic of the Rio Grande depended on Texan support.[4] Texas also had conflicting interests on whether to support the new Republic or not. On one hand, the formation of the Republic of the Rio Grande would create a buffer state between Mexico and Texas, postponing any possible intentions Mexico had for the reinvasion of Texas; on the other hand, Texas needed Mexico to recognize its independence and supporting the new Republic would certainly anger them. Texas's official stance on the issue was neutral, but president Mirabeau Lamar secretly encouraged Texans to volunteer in Canales's army and gave Canales access to Texan arms and ammunition.[9]

Battle of Saltillo (25 October 1840) Edit

Main article: Battle of Saltillo

In Texas, Canales rebuilt his new army at San Patricio under Colonel Samuel Jordan. The new army consisted of 300 Mexicans, 80 Cane Indians, and 410 Texans. With the new army, Canales marched out of Texas and was able to recapture the towns of Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, and Camargo.

Soon after, Canales ordered 350 men, under the command of Samuel Jordan and Canales’ brother-in-law Juan Molano, to steal horses for future operations. After Jordan and Molano sacked the city of Ciudad Victoria and installed a new state government, they marched to Saltillo where the Mexican General Montoya was residing. Unbeknown to Jordan, Juan Molano had secretly switched sides and joined the centralist forces.

On 25 October 1840, the Mexican army under Montoya faced the army of the Republic of the Rio Grande under the command of Colonel Lopez (who had secretly switched allegiance to General Montoya as well). Colonel Lopez ordered Jordan and his men to move into a mountain gorge. Upon realizing the trap, Jordan, his men, and the remaining loyal vaqueros to the Rio Grande Republic turned around and took refuge in a hacienda. The Mexican army attacked the hacienda in full force but was unable to capture the Texans before they retreated. The Mexican army lost four hundred men[dubious – discuss] attacking the hacienda while the Texans only lost five.[6]

Defeat Edit

After the defeat at Saltillo, General Canales secretly entered negotiations with General Arista and on November 6, 1840, Antonio Canales surrendered at Camargo. Canales soon accepted a position as an officer in Santa Anna's army. As part of conditions of surrender, no harm would come to the property or safety of former members of the republic. The Republic's debts would be assumed as well.[1] A few days after Canales's surrender, President Cardenas and other officials entered Laredo to officially surrender.

Flag of the republic Edit

 
This is a sketch from 1840 created by a Centralist spy in the Federalist army camp of Jose Carbajal.[10][11]

The flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande has a blue hoist with three white stars run evenly along the hoist.[10][12][13] The three stars represent the three states that seceded: Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.[14][15] The fly is split into three bands, one white, one red, and one black.[10][12][13]

Legacy Edit

Remnants of the republic's effect can be seen in:

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c De La Garza, Beatriz (2013). From the Republic of the Rio Grande: A Personal History of the Place and the People. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 1–22 – via ProQuest ebrary.
  2. ^ Wilfred H. Callcott, "SANTA ANNA, ANTONIO LOPEZ DE," Handbook of Texas Online [1], accessed September 23, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  3. ^ Valerio-Jiménez, Omar (2012). River of Hope: Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 125.
  4. ^ a b c Lindheim, Milton. "The Republic of the Rio Grande". Texas AMU. W.M. Morrison, Publishing Co. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  5. ^ “Northern Mexico—New Republic of the Rio Grande.” American Masonic Register and Literary Companion (1839-1847) 1, no. 43 (jun 27 1840): 338.
  6. ^ a b c d e Coppock, Mike (2005). "The Republic of the Rio Grande". Wild West. History Reference Center. 18: 46–52 – via EBSCOhost.
  7. ^ The text of the constitution is available in Dippel, Horst, ed., Constitutions of the world from the late 18th century to the middle of the 19th century America Vol. 1. Constitutional documents of the United States of America Pt. 6. Rio Grande – Texas, München Saur 2008, ISBN 978-3-598-35756-5, pp. 9–13, “Ley orgánica de la República del Río Grande (1840)”
  8. ^ David M. Vigness, "REPUBLIC OF THE RIO GRANDE," Handbook of Texas Online [2], accessed September 23, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  9. ^ Vigness, David M. “Relations of the Republic of Texas and the Republic of the Rio Grande.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (1954): 312-21.
  10. ^ a b c Ceballos Ramirez, Manuel (May–August 2006). "La conformación del noreste histórico mexicano: larga duración, identidad y geopolítica". Secuencia (in Spanish). 65: 9–37. eISSN 2395-8464. ISSN 0186-0348. Por otra parte, se ha aducido el separatismo del noreste por el hecho de que entre sus filas se portara una bandera que, dividida en una franja vertical y tres horizontales, representaba a los tres estados orientales, pues en la vertical también incluía tres estrellas. El color de la franja vertical era azul, y el de las horizontales eran plateado (o blanco), rojo y negro. Mariano Arista supo de la existencia de esta bandera por los informes que le rindió un espía, quien adernás la dibuío en un anexo, y así lo remitió Arista al ministro de Guerra a principios de septiembre de 1840." Translation: "On the other hand, the separatism of the northeast has been adduced due to the fact that a flag was carried among its ranks that, divided into a vertical stripe and three horizontal ones, represented the three eastern states, since the vertical one also included three stars. The color of the vertical stripe was blue, and that of the horizontal ones were silver (or white), red and black. Mariano Arista found out about the existence of this flag from reports given to him by a spy, who also drew it in an appendix, and Arista sent it to the Minister of War at the beginning of September 1840.
  11. ^ XI/481.3/1548, f. 87. Mexico City, Mexico: Archivo Histórico de la Defensa Nacional, courtesy of the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum, Webb County Heritage Foundation.
  12. ^ a b Gallegos, Juan Jose (December 2005). "Last Drop of My Blood": Col. Antonio Zapata: A Life and Times on Mexico's Rio Grande Frontier, 1797–1840 (MA). University of Houston. pp. 145–146, 145n163. A flag flown by J. M. J. Carvajal on his campsite near the Nueces River after Zapata and Canales' defeat in Morelos is shown in Figure 5-1. This flag contains three horizontal bands of white, red and black with a blue vertical band on the left side containing three white stars in the blue field. One could conjecture that the three bands and the three stars symbolize the three Mexican states mentioned above. Furthermore, it would be reasonable to assume that this flag design was the same used prior to the Federalist defeat in Morelos.
  13. ^ a b "[Sketch of the Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande]" (1840) [manuscript]. Courtesy of the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum, Webb County Heritage Foundation, Laredo, TX, ID: XI/481.3/1548, p. f. 87. Mexico City, Mexico: Archivo Histórico de la Defensa Nacional.
  14. ^ Saenz de los Reyes, Emiliano (1994). "The Transcripts of the First Annual Palo Alto Conference". In Aaron P. Mahr Yáñez (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Palo Alto Conference. First Annual Palo Alto Conference (in Spanish). Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site, Brownsville, TX: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. p. 148. OCLC 32985554. Las tres estrellas pudieran haber simbolizado los tres estados directamente implicados." Translation: "The three stars may have symbolized the three states directly involved.
  15. ^ Gallegos, Juan Jose (December 2005). "Last Drop of My Blood": Col. Antonio Zapata: A Life and Times on Mexico's Rio Grande Frontier, 1797–1840 (MA). University of Houston. p. 145n163. A Matamoros newspaper reported that the flag featured three stars symbolizing the departments of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon and Coahuila; see El Ancla, September 14, 1840, Matamoros.
General
  • Anonymous (January 11, 2014), , Webb County Heritage Foundation, archived from the original on May 12, 2014
  • Antonio Canales Rosillo from the Handbook of Texas Online
  • Antonio López de Santa Anna from the Handbook of Texas Online
  • Coppock, Mike. 2005. "The Republic of the Rio Grande." Wild West 18, no. 4: 46–52. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed November 1, 2016).
  • De la Garza, Beatriz. From the Republic of the Rio Grande: A Personal History of the Place and the People. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.
  • Lack, Paul D. (2022). Searching for the Republic of the Rio Grande: Northern Mexico and Texas, 1838–1840. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-1-68283-126-7.
  • The Laredo Morning Times Online edition
  • Lindheim, Milton. The Republic of the Rio Grande. Waco, TX: W.M. Morrison, Publishing Co., 1964.
  • "Mexico – Filibustering: Republic of the Rio Grande," Flags of the World.
  • "Northern Mexico—New Republic of the Rio Grande." American Masonic Register and Literary Companion (1839-1847) 1, no. 43 (jun 27 1840): 338.
  • Republic of the Rio Grande from the Handbook of Texas Online
  • "The Republic of the Rio Grande: A Story of Its Rise and Fall," Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas.
  • Valerio-Jiménez, Omar S. River of Hope: Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.
  • Vigness, David M. "Relations of the Republic of Texas and the Republic of the Rio Grande." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (1954): 312–21.
  • Yahoo! News article mentioning Republic of the Rio Grande in a present-day context

Further reading Edit

  • Arambula, Odie (November 8, 2008). "Republic of the Rio Grande started in Revilla". In Gonzalez, Josh (ed.). ISSUU - The Zapata Times.
  • Jaques, Tony, ed. (2007). "Santa Rita De Morelos". Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 9780313335396.

27°31′N 99°29′W / 27.517°N 99.483°W / 27.517; -99.483

October 15, 2023
republic, grande, confused, with, contemporaneous, riograndense, republic, brazil, spanish, república, río, grande, series, independence, movements, mexico, against, unitary, government, dominated, antonio, lópez, santa, anna, including, republic, texas, secon. Not to be confused with the contemporaneous Riograndense Republic in Brazil The Republic of the Rio Grande Spanish Republica del Rio Grande was one of a series of independence movements in Mexico against the unitary government dominated by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna including the Republic of Texas and the second Republic of Yucatan Insurgents fighting against the Centralist Republic of Mexico sought to establish the Republic of the Rio Grande as an independent nation in northern Mexico The rebellion lasted from 17 January to 6 November 1840 Republic of the Rio GrandeRepublica del Rio Grande1840FlagStatusUnrecognized stateCapitalLaredoCommon languagesSpanishGovernmentRepublicPresident 1840Jesus de CardenasHistory Siete Leyes17 January 1840 Surrender of Antonio Canales in Camargo6 November 1840CurrencyPesoPreceded by Succeeded byCoahuilaNuevo LeonTamaulipasRepublic of Texas CoahuilaNuevo LeonTamaulipasRepublic of TexasToday part ofMexico United StatesLater moved to Guerrero Tamaulipas and in March 1840 to Victoria Texas until disestablishment Contents 1 Background 1 1 Resistance 2 Rebellion 2 1 A New Republic 2 2 Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos 24 25 March 1840 2 3 Texas s role in the Rebellion 2 4 Battle of Saltillo 25 October 1840 3 Defeat 4 Flag of the republic 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingBackground EditAfter a decade of strife Mexico won its independence from the Kingdom of Spain in 1821 After a failed attempt at a monarchy Mexico adopted a new constitution the 1824 Constitution This new constitution established los Estados Unidos Mexicanos or the United Mexican States as a federal republic During the war for independence many rebels were driven to Coahuila and Nuevo Leon where this revolutionary mentality won the hearts and minds of the people 1 In 1833 General Santa Anna was elected to his first term as president and was at the time of his election in support of the federal republic However after some members of government angered Santa Anna s political allies Santa Anna decided to start a centralized government 2 Santa Anna suspended the constitution disbanded Congress and made himself the center of power in Mexico citation needed States were converted into departments without political or fiscal autonomy by replacing elected governors with appointed ones and substituting for state assemblies with juntas under Santa Anna s policies Dismayed by these policies and the perception that the government was deaf to the complaints and plight of the residents in the north Republic leaders aimed to expel the officials appointed by the central government and restore the Constitution of 1824 3 On November 3 1838 one of the republic leaders Antonio Canales Rosillo issued a pronunciamiento against the government and in favor of federalism Resistance Edit In January 1839 Antonio Canales summoned a convention at the office of the Justice of the Peace in Laredo where the Constitution of 1824 was unanimously approved Canales immediately began building an army and scoured the countryside looking for recruits among those recruits were Texan Colonels Reuben Ross and Samuel Jordan 4 Intending to use the property of the church and convents to pay volunteers 5 in 1839 and 1840 Canales was able to freely travel both sides of the Rio Grande and recruited a small army of both Tejano and Mexican vaqueros and Caddo Indians as well as receiving the assistance of the Texian Auxiliary Corps On 3 October Canales and his army marched to the town of Mier where they faced the Mexican army During the battle Colonels Reuben Ross and Samuel Jordan charged at the centralist forces and encircled them in a hacienda where the Mexican army was forced to surrender Three hundred and fifty centralist soldiers who were taken prisoner ultimately defected and enlisted in Canales army 6 After the battle Canales was seen as a hero throughout Northern Mexico and many towns began to support his cause Within a few days recruits supplies and cash were being sent to him 4 Canales lingered in Mier for forty days before heading to Matamoros a port town where another Centrist force was residing In twenty eight days his one thousand man army reached the town only to find Mexican General Valentin Canalizo there with fifteen hundred troops Outmanned Canales decided to withdraw and attack General Mariano Arista at Monterrey instead Colonel Ross appalled by this withdrawal left Canales army taking fifty Texans with him At Monterrey General Canales sent three hundred cavalry under the command of Colonel Jose Antonio Zapata to lure Arista out of town While Arista left the town unguarded to engage with Zapata General Canales army took a convent on the outskirts of town However on December 27 General Arista sent spies to Canales army and bribed seven hundred Mexicans to abandon their army Upon discovering this the next morning Canales and the remnants of his army fled the battle 6 Rebellion EditA New Republic Edit nbsp The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic Territory proclaimed its independence Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande RebellionsOn the 17 January 1840 a meeting was held at the Orevena Ranch near Laredo 7 A group of notables from the states of Coahuila Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas advocated for a rebellion seeking secession from Mexico and formation of their own federal republic with Laredo as the capital However those states own congresses and governments never took any action to support the insurgents and requested the help of the Central government in Mexico City to aid the local state armies 8 Despite the lack of support from the state governments the Republic of the Rio Grande was formed The new Republic had an official newspaper Correo del Rio Bravo del Norte and their state motto was Dios Libertad y Convencion God Liberty and Convention 1 nbsp The Republic of Rio Grande was a brief attempt to create an independent nation inside northern Mexico The insurgency lasted from 17 January to 6 November 1840 The insurgents designated their own officials for the new republic They were Jesus de Cardenas A former lawyer and political chief of the Northern Department of Tamaulipas He was sworn in as president of the new Republic Antonio Canales The commander in chief of the new republic and one of the founding fathers of the republic Juan Nepomuceno Molano A council representative for Tamaulipas Francisco Vidaurri y Villasenor A council representative for Coahuila Manuel Maria de Llano A council representative for Nuevo Leon Juan Francisco Farias Secretary of State Jose Maria Jesus Carbajal Secretary of State after Farias nbsp This building the capitol of the Republic of the Rio Grande is now the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum in Laredo It showcases the history of the rebellion and the restoration of three rooms in a period hacienda Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos 24 25 March 1840 Edit Main article Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos Shortly after the formation of the Republic of the Rio Grande word arrived that General Arista was in the Rio Grande valley Texan Samuel Jordan urged Canales to retreat to Texas to recruit more Texans but Canales refused Consequently Samuel Jordan and 60 of his men left General Canales army While Canales and the army decided to fight President Cardenas and the new government fled to Victoria Texas 6 Canales and his army met Arista outside the town of Santa Rita de Morelos Needing provisions Antonio Zapata and 30 men rode into town where Arista s men soon surrounded them Outnumbered by 1 800 men Zapata surrendered General Arista offered to pardon Antonio Zapata under the condition that he swore allegiance to Mexico but he refused On 29 March 1840 Antonio Zapata was executed and his head placed on a spike in the town of Guerrero as a reminder to his wife children and federalists While Zapata was being held prisoner General Canales engaged Arista at San Fernando losing 250 of his four hundred men in the process After this defeat Antonio Canales had no other option except to flee to Texas 6 Texas s role in the Rebellion Edit From the beginning President Cardenas realized that the success of the Republic of the Rio Grande depended on Texan support 4 Texas also had conflicting interests on whether to support the new Republic or not On one hand the formation of the Republic of the Rio Grande would create a buffer state between Mexico and Texas postponing any possible intentions Mexico had for the reinvasion of Texas on the other hand Texas needed Mexico to recognize its independence and supporting the new Republic would certainly anger them Texas s official stance on the issue was neutral but president Mirabeau Lamar secretly encouraged Texans to volunteer in Canales s army and gave Canales access to Texan arms and ammunition 9 Battle of Saltillo 25 October 1840 Edit Main article Battle of Saltillo In Texas Canales rebuilt his new army at San Patricio under Colonel Samuel Jordan The new army consisted of 300 Mexicans 80 Cane Indians and 410 Texans With the new army Canales marched out of Texas and was able to recapture the towns of Laredo Guerrero Mier and Camargo Soon after Canales ordered 350 men under the command of Samuel Jordan and Canales brother in law Juan Molano to steal horses for future operations After Jordan and Molano sacked the city of Ciudad Victoria and installed a new state government they marched to Saltillo where the Mexican General Montoya was residing Unbeknown to Jordan Juan Molano had secretly switched sides and joined the centralist forces On 25 October 1840 the Mexican army under Montoya faced the army of the Republic of the Rio Grande under the command of Colonel Lopez who had secretly switched allegiance to General Montoya as well Colonel Lopez ordered Jordan and his men to move into a mountain gorge Upon realizing the trap Jordan his men and the remaining loyal vaqueros to the Rio Grande Republic turned around and took refuge in a hacienda The Mexican army attacked the hacienda in full force but was unable to capture the Texans before they retreated The Mexican army lost four hundred men dubious discuss attacking the hacienda while the Texans only lost five 6 Defeat EditAfter the defeat at Saltillo General Canales secretly entered negotiations with General Arista and on November 6 1840 Antonio Canales surrendered at Camargo Canales soon accepted a position as an officer in Santa Anna s army As part of conditions of surrender no harm would come to the property or safety of former members of the republic The Republic s debts would be assumed as well 1 A few days after Canales s surrender President Cardenas and other officials entered Laredo to officially surrender Flag of the republic Edit nbsp This is a sketch from 1840 created by a Centralist spy in the Federalist army camp of Jose Carbajal 10 11 The flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande has a blue hoist with three white stars run evenly along the hoist 10 12 13 The three stars represent the three states that seceded Coahuila Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas 14 15 The fly is split into three bands one white one red and one black 10 12 13 Legacy EditRemnants of the republic s effect can be seen in Zapata County Texas as well as the city of Zapata are named in honor of Republic of the Rio Grande cavalry commander Colonel Jose Antonio de Zapata Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol Building Museum is located in Laredo Texas As an addition to the historical six flags over Texas the Laredo Morning Times newspaper adds a seventh flag to its banner the flag for the Republic of the Rio Grande See also EditJuan Bautista Alvarado leader of the California Revolt Filibuster military List of historical unrecognized states Revolt of 1837 New Mexico References Edit a b c De La Garza Beatriz 2013 From the Republic of the Rio Grande A Personal History of the Place and the People Austin University of Texas Press pp 1 22 via ProQuest ebrary Wilfred H Callcott SANTA ANNA ANTONIO LOPEZ DE Handbook of Texas Online 1 accessed September 23 2011 Published by the Texas State Historical Association Valerio Jimenez Omar 2012 River of Hope Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands Durham NC Duke University Press p 125 a b c Lindheim Milton The Republic of the Rio Grande Texas AMU W M Morrison Publishing Co Retrieved November 1 2016 Northern Mexico New Republic of the Rio Grande American Masonic Register and Literary Companion 1839 1847 1 no 43 jun 27 1840 338 a b c d e Coppock Mike 2005 The Republic of the Rio Grande Wild West History Reference Center 18 46 52 via EBSCOhost The text of the constitution is available in Dippel Horst ed Constitutions of the world from the late 18th century to the middle of the 19th century America Vol 1 Constitutional documents of the United States of America Pt 6 Rio Grande Texas Munchen Saur 2008 ISBN 978 3 598 35756 5 pp 9 13 Ley organica de la Republica del Rio Grande 1840 David M Vigness REPUBLIC OF THE RIO GRANDE Handbook of Texas Online 2 accessed September 23 2011 Published by the Texas State Historical Association Vigness David M Relations of the Republic of Texas and the Republic of the Rio Grande The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 57 no 3 1954 312 21 a b c Ceballos Ramirez Manuel May August 2006 La conformacion del noreste historico mexicano larga duracion identidad y geopolitica Secuencia in Spanish 65 9 37 eISSN 2395 8464 ISSN 0186 0348 Por otra parte se ha aducido el separatismo del noreste por el hecho de que entre sus filas se portara una bandera que dividida en una franja vertical y tres horizontales representaba a los tres estados orientales pues en la vertical tambien incluia tres estrellas El color de la franja vertical era azul y el de las horizontales eran plateado o blanco rojo y negro Mariano Arista supo de la existencia de esta bandera por los informes que le rindio un espia quien adernas la dibuio en un anexo y asi lo remitio Arista al ministro de Guerra a principios de septiembre de 1840 Translation On the other hand the separatism of the northeast has been adduced due to the fact that a flag was carried among its ranks that divided into a vertical stripe and three horizontal ones represented the three eastern states since the vertical one also included three stars The color of the vertical stripe was blue and that of the horizontal ones were silver or white red and black Mariano Arista found out about the existence of this flag from reports given to him by a spy who also drew it in an appendix and Arista sent it to the Minister of War at the beginning of September 1840 XI 481 3 1548 f 87 Mexico City Mexico Archivo Historico de la Defensa Nacional courtesy of the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum Webb County Heritage Foundation a b Gallegos Juan Jose December 2005 Last Drop of My Blood Col Antonio Zapata A Life and Times on Mexico s Rio Grande Frontier 1797 1840 MA University of Houston pp 145 146 145n163 A flag flown by J M J Carvajal on his campsite near the Nueces River after Zapata and Canales defeat in Morelos is shown in Figure 5 1 This flag contains three horizontal bands of white red and black with a blue vertical band on the left side containing three white stars in the blue field One could conjecture that the three bands and the three stars symbolize the three Mexican states mentioned above Furthermore it would be reasonable to assume that this flag design was the same used prior to the Federalist defeat in Morelos a b Sketch of the Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande 1840 manuscript Courtesy of the Republic of the Rio Grande Museum Webb County Heritage Foundation Laredo TX ID XI 481 3 1548 p f 87 Mexico City Mexico Archivo Historico de la Defensa Nacional Saenz de los Reyes Emiliano 1994 The Transcripts of the First Annual Palo Alto Conference In Aaron P Mahr Yanez ed Proceedings of the First Annual Palo Alto Conference First Annual Palo Alto Conference in Spanish Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site Brownsville TX U S Dept of the Interior p 148 OCLC 32985554 Las tres estrellas pudieran haber simbolizado los tres estados directamente implicados Translation The three stars may have symbolized the three states directly involved Gallegos Juan Jose December 2005 Last Drop of My Blood Col Antonio Zapata A Life and Times on Mexico s Rio Grande Frontier 1797 1840 MA University of Houston p 145n163 A Matamoros newspaper reported that the flag featured three stars symbolizing the departments of Tamaulipas Nuevo Leon and Coahuila see El Ancla September 14 1840 Matamoros GeneralAnonymous January 11 2014 The Republic of the Rio Grande Webb County Heritage Foundation archived from the original on May 12 2014 Antonio Canales Rosillo from the Handbook of Texas Online Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna from the Handbook of Texas Online Coppock Mike 2005 The Republic of the Rio Grande Wild West 18 no 4 46 52 History Reference Center EBSCOhost accessed November 1 2016 De la Garza Beatriz From the Republic of the Rio Grande A Personal History of the Place and the People Austin University of Texas Press 2013 Lack Paul D 2022 Searching for the Republic of the Rio Grande Northern Mexico and Texas 1838 1840 Texas Tech University Press ISBN 978 1 68283 126 7 The Laredo Morning Times Online edition Lindheim Milton The Republic of the Rio Grande Waco TX W M Morrison Publishing Co 1964 Mexico Filibustering Republic of the Rio Grande Flags of the World Northern Mexico New Republic of the Rio Grande American Masonic Register and Literary Companion 1839 1847 1 no 43 jun 27 1840 338 Republic of the Rio Grande from the Handbook of Texas Online The Republic of the Rio Grande A Story of Its Rise and Fall Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas Valerio Jimenez Omar S River of Hope Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands Durham NC Duke University Press 2013 Vigness David M Relations of the Republic of Texas and the Republic of the Rio Grande The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 57 no 3 1954 312 21 Yahoo News article mentioning Republic of the Rio Grande in a present day contextFurther reading EditArambula Odie November 8 2008 Republic of the Rio Grande started in Revilla In Gonzalez Josh ed ISSUU The Zapata Times Jaques Tony ed 2007 Santa Rita De Morelos Dictionary of Battles and Sieges P Z Greenwood Publishing Group p 290 ISBN 9780313335396 27 31 N 99 29 W 27 517 N 99 483 W 27 517 99 483 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of the Rio Grande amp oldid 1179360782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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