Wikipedia
Voiceless retroflex fricative
The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
| Voiceless retroflex fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʂ | |||
| IPA Number | 136 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0282 | ||
| X-SAMPA | s` | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
| Voiceless retroflex approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɻ̊ | |
| IPA Number | 152 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\`_0 |
Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.
Features
Schematic mid-sagittal section
Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].
The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | амш | [amʂ] | 'day' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | пшъашъэ | [pʂ̻aːʂ̻a] (help·info) | 'girl' | Laminal. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 石/shí | [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] | 'stone' | Apical. See Mandarin phonology |
| Emilian-Romagnol | Romagnol | sé | [ˈʂĕ] | 'yes' | Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead. |
| Faroese | fýrs | [fʊʂ] | 'eighty' | ||
| bert | [pɛɻ̊ʈ] | 'only' | Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[2] See Faroese phonology | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | कष्ट | [ˈkəʂʈ] | 'trouble' | See Hindi phonology |
| Kannada | ಕಷ್ಟ | [kaʂʈa] | 'difficult' | See Kannada phonology | |
| Khanty | Most northern dialects | шаш | [ʂɑʂ] | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects. |
| Lower Sorbian[3][4] | glažk | [ˈɡläʂk] | 'glass' | ||
| Malayalam | കഷ്ടം | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords. | |
| Mapudungun[5] | trukur | [ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ] | 'fog' | Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[5] | |
| Marathi | ऋषी | [ɾuʂiː] | 'sage' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | षष्ठी | [sʌʂʈʰi] | 'Shashthi (day)' | Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | norsk | [nɔʂk] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Oʼodham | Cuk-Ṣon | [tʃʊk ʂɔn] | Tucson | ||
| Pashto | Southern dialect | ښودل | [ ʂodəl] | 'to show' | |
| Polish | Standard[6] | szum | [ʂ̻um] (help·info) | 'rustle' | After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8] | schowali | [ʂxɔˈväli] | 'they hid' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie). | |
| Suwałki dialect[9] | |||||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[10] | șură | ['ʂurə] | 'barn' | Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology |
| Transylvanian dialects[10] | |||||
| Russian[6] | шут | [ʂut̪] | 'jester' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[11][12] | шал / šal | [ʂȃ̠l] | 'scarf' | Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian_phonology | |
| Slovak[13] | šatka | [ˈʂätkä] | 'kerchief' | ||
| Swedish | fors | [fɔʂ] | 'rapids' | Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | கஷ்டம் | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | కష్టం | Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology | |||
| Toda[14] | [pɔʂ] | '(clan name)' | Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[15] | ||
| Torwali[16] | ݜیݜ | [ʂeʂ] | 'thin rope' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʂ̺a] | 'head' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Upper Sorbian | Some dialects[17][18] | [example needed] | — | — | Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[3] See Upper Sorbian phonology |
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects[19] | sữa | [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] | 'milk' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yi | ꏂ/shy | [ʂ̺ɹ̩˧] | 'gold' | ||
| Yurok[20] | segep | [ʂɛɣep] | 'coyote' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | [example needed] | — | — | Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u]. |
Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
| Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɻ̝̊ | |
| ɻ̊˔ | |
| IPA Number | 152 402B 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\`_0_r |
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ormuri[22] | [example needed] | |||
See also
Notes
- ^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
- ^ a b Hamann (2004), p. 65
- ^ Karaś, Halina. . Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
- ^ Taras, Barbara. . Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
- ^ Karaś, Halina. . Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
- ^ a b c Pop (1938), p. 31.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
- ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
- ^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
- ^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD). Prague: Charles University. p. 59.
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Hamann, Silke (2004), (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0