In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
◌̡ ◌̢ ◌˞
Hook
In Unicode
U+0321 ̡COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
U+0322 ̢COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
U+02DE ˞MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK
Letter ⟨Z⟩ with tophook - became letter ⟨⟩.
Letter ⟨X⟩ with two high hooks - became letter ⟨⟩.
It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter ⟨J⟩ from the letter ⟨I⟩, or the letter Eng ⟨ŋ⟩ from the letter ⟨N⟩. However, these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook.
Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and many languages use them (along with capitals) representing the same sounds.
The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter, curling to the left or to the right, finishing the ascender if present. It may then be referred to as a crook, in some languages like French[1] more commonly than in English that is less successful in mitigating the semantic overload of the hook term.
If the hook attaches to the bottom part of the letter, it is often called a palatal hook if it curls to the left, or a retroflex hook if it curls to the right.
The retroflex hook occurs on alveolar and post-alveolar IPA letters; it also occurs on vowel letters, which currently indicates the effect of a retroflex consonant on the vowel, but formally was an option for writing rhotic vowels.
Note that the "fishhook r", ɾ, is shaped like a fishhook. It does not have a hook diacritic despite its misleading Unicode name "R with fishhook".
Unicode has the combining diacritics U+0321 ̡COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW and U+0322 ̢COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW but these are not recommended to be used with letters,[where?] and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves. Instead Unicode recommends the use of characters that already include the hook. [citation needed]
The U+02DE˞MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK is used to mark an r-colored vowel.
hook, diacritic, vietnamese, diacritic, hook, above, other, uses, hook, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, remo. For the Vietnamese diacritic see Hook above For other uses see Hook disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hook diacritic news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message This article contains Latin text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Latin letters In typesetting the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side The orientation of the hook can change its meaning when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook It should not be mistaken with the hook above a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese or the rhotic hook used in the International Phonetic Alphabet HookIn UnicodeU 0321 COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOWU 0322 COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOWU 02DE MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK Letter Z with tophook became letter Letter X with two high hooks became letter Different types of hook diacritics Contents 1 Letters with hook 2 Unicode 3 See also 4 ReferencesLetters with hook editIt could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter J from the letter I or the letter Eng ŋ from the letter N However these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet and many languages use them along with capitals representing the same sounds The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter curling to the left or to the right finishing the ascender if present It may then be referred to as a crook in some languages like French 1 more commonly than in English that is less successful in mitigating the semantic overload of the hook term If the hook attaches to the bottom part of the letter it is often called a palatal hook if it curls to the left or a retroflex hook if it curls to the right The retroflex hook occurs on alveolar and post alveolar IPA letters it also occurs on vowel letters which currently indicates the effect of a retroflex consonant on the vowel but formally was an option for writing rhotic vowels Note that the fishhook r ɾ is shaped like a fishhook It does not have a hook diacritic despite its misleading Unicode name R with fishhook Latin alphabet Letters Name Hook position ᶏ A with retroflex hook bottom ᶐ Script a or alpha with retroflex hook bottom Ɓ ɓ B with hook 2 top Ꞗ ꞗ B with flourish left ᶀ B with palatal hook bottom Ƈ ƈ C with hook top ꞔ C with palatal hook bottom C with retroflex hook 3 bottom Ɗ ɗ D with hook 2 top Ɖ ɖ African d or d with tail 4 bottom nbsp ᶑ D with hook and tail 2 top and bottom ᶁ D with palatal hook bottom ꬴ E with flourish left ᶒ E with retroflex hook bottom ɚ Schwa with hook right ᶕ Schwa with retroflex hook bottom ᶓ Open e or epsilon with retroflex hook bottom ɝ Reversed open e or epsilon with hook right ᶔ Reversed open e or epsilon with retroflex hook bottom Ƒ ƒ F with hook bottom ᶂ F with palatal hook bottom Ɠ ɠ G with hook 2 top ʛ Small capital g with hook 2 top ᶃ G with palatal hook right ꬶ Script g with crossed tail bottom Ɦ ɦ ʱ H with hook top ꞕ H with palatal hook bottom right ɧ Heng with hook 4 top ʮ Turned h with fishhook top ʯ Turned h with fishhook and tail top and bottom ᶖ I with retroflex hook bottom Ʝ ʝ ᶨ J with crossed tail bottom ʄ Dotless j with stroke and hook 2 top Ƙ ƙ K with hook top ᶄ K with palatal hook bottom L with fishhook 5 right ᶅ ᶅ L with palatal hook bottom ɭ ᶩ L with retroflex hook bottom ꞎ L with retroflex hook and belt 6 7 bottom Ɱ ɱ ᶬ M with hook bottom ᶆ M with palatal hook bottom ꬺ M with crossed tail bottom Ɲ ɲ ᶮ N with left hook bottom left ᶇ N with palatal hook bottom right ɳ ᶯ N with retroflex hook bottom right ꬻ N with crossed tail bottom ꬼ Eng with crossed tail bottom Eng with palatal hook 5 bottom O with retroflex hook 5 bottom ᶗ Open o with retroflex hook bottom Ƥ ƥ P with hook top ᶈ P with palatal hook right Ꝓ ꝓ P with flourish left middle Ꝕ ꝕ P with squirrel tail left top ʠ Q with hook top Ɋ ɋ Small q with hook tail bottom Ɽ ɽ R with tail 4 bottom left ᶉ R with palatal hook bottom ɻ ʵ Turned r with hook bottom Turned r with palatal hook 5 bottom ⱹ Turned r with tail top ꭉ R with crossed tail bottom ꭊ Double r with crossed tail bottom ᶊ S with palatal hook bottom right Ʂ ʂ ᶳ S with retroflex hook bottom left Ȿ ȿ S with swash tail bottom right ᶋ Esh with palatal hook right ᶘ Esh with retroflex hook bottom Ƭ ƭ T with hook top ƫ ƫ T with palatal hook bottom Ʈ ʈ T with retroflex hook 4 bottom ꭒ ꭟ U with left hook top left ᶙ U with retroflex hook bottom ᶌ V with palatal hook bottom ⱱ V with right hook 8 4 top Ʋ ʋ ᶹ Script v or v with hook top Ⱳ ⱳ W with hook top right ᶍ X with palatal hook bottom right Ƴ ƴ Y with hook top right Ȥ ȥ Z with hook bottom Ᶎ ᶎ Z with palatal hook bottom ʐ ᶼ Z with retroflex hook bottom nbsp nbsp Z with top hook top right or top left Ɀ ɀ Z with swash tail bottom Ezh with palatal hook 5 right ᶚ Ezh with retroflex hook bottom ƺ Ezh with tail bottom Lezh with retroflex hook 7 bottom Retroflex click with retroflex hook 9 2 bottom Ꜭ ꜭ Cuatrillo tail bottom Ꜯ ꜯ Cuatrillo hook bottom Cyrillic alphabet Ӻ ӻ Ghe with stroke and hook bottom Ҋ ҋ Short i with tail bottom right Ӄ ӄ Ka with hook bottom right Ԓ ԓ El with hook bottom right Ӆ ӆ El with tail bottom right Ӎ ӎ Em with tail bottom right Ӈ ӈ En with hook bottom right Ԩ ԩ En with left hook bottom left Ӊ ӊ En with tail bottom right Ӽ ӽ Ha with hook bottom right Hook Latin ᶏᶐƁ ɓ ᶀꞖ ꞗƇ ƈ Ꞔ ꞔ Ɗ ɗ ᶁƉ ɖ ᶑ ᶒ ꬴᶕ ɚᶓᶔ ɝƑ ƒ ᶂƓ ɠ ʛ ᶃ ꬶꞪ ɦ ʱ ꞕɧ ʮ ʯᶖꞲ ʝ ᶨ ʄ Ƙ ƙ ᶄᶅ ᶪɭ ᶩ ꞎ Ɱ ɱ ᶬ ᶆꬺƝ ɲ ᶮɳ ᶯ ᶇꬻ ꬼ ᶗƤ ƥ ᶈꝒ ꝓ Ꝕ ꝕʠɊ ɋⱤ ɽ ᶉⱹ ɻ ʵ ꭉ ꭊⱾ ȿ ᶊꟅ ʂ ᶳᶋ ᶘƬ ƭƮ ʈ ƫ ᶵᶙ ꭒ ꭟᶌ ⱱ Ʋ ʋ ᶹⱲ ⱳᶍƳ ƴȤ ȥ ʐ ᶼⱿ ɀ Ᶎ ᶎ ᶚ ƺ Cyrillic Ӻ ӻҊ ҋӃ ӄԒ ԓӅ ӆӍ ӎӇ ӈԨ ԩӉ ӊӼ ӽ In IPA palatal hookUnicode editUnicode has the combining diacritics U 0321 COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW and U 0322 COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW but these are not recommended to be used with letters where and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves Instead Unicode recommends the use of characters that already include the hook citation needed The U 02DE MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK is used to mark an r colored vowel See also editHook above Palatal hook OgonekReferences edit As in the non standard French translation of the UCS ListeNoms a b c d e f g Miller Kirk Ashby Michael 2020 11 08 L2 20 253R Unicode request for IPA modifier letters b non pulmonic PDF Miller Kirk 2021 01 11 L2 21 041 Unicode request for additional para IPA letters PDF a b c d e Miller Kirk Ashby Michael 2020 11 08 L2 20 252R Unicode request for IPA modifier letters a pulmonic PDF a b c d e Miller Kirk 2020 07 11 L2 20 125R Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks PDF Priest Lorna 2008 07 28 L2 08 182 Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters PDF a b Miller Kirk Ball Martin 2020 07 11 L2 20 116R Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS PDF Priest Lorna Constable Peter 2005 08 09 N2945 Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters PDF Miller Kirk Sands Bonny 2020 07 10 L2 20 115R Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hook diacritic amp oldid 1221479798, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
